Article(id=1320883828252590370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320881884691808691, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030038, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1741104000000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852845489, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1782835200000, pubDateStr=2026-07-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852845489, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852845489, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852845489, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320881884691808691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='13', pageStart='1', pageEnd='522', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1782835200000', pubDateStr='2026-07-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852382109, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852382109, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=69, endPage=77, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320883828458111267, articleId=1320883828252590370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Research on the Performance and Structural Characteristics of Metal Salt Ion-regulated Sugar-based Fish Gelatin Emulsion Gel, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In the pursuit of developing high-quality low-salt fish gelatin emulsion gel products, this study undertook a comprehensive investigation into the effects of varying concentration gradients of potassium chloride (KCl) and calcium chloride (CaCl2) on the gel properties and structural characteristics of glycosylated fish gelatin emulsion gels. Specifically, the concentration gradients examined were 100, 200, 400, and 800 mmol/L. A multifaceted experimental approach was employed, encompassing analyses of particle size, Zeta potential, texture profile analysis (TPA), water holding capacity, rheological properties, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results demonstrated that as the salt ion concentration increased, several key parameters exhibited significant changes. The absolute value of Zeta potential, along with gelstrength, hardness, adhesiveness, chewiness, and water holding capacity of the glycosylated fish gelatin emulsion gels, were all markedly reduced. In contrast, the particle size displayed an increasing trend. Furthermore, the impact of CaCl2 on the gel properties was substantially more pronounced than that of KCl. Under conditions of high salt ion concentration (800 mmol/L), the viscoelasticity and deformation resistance of the emulsion gels were significantly compromised. The gel network structure became loosened, and the formation process was considerably hindered. The findings revealed that excess salt ions disrupted hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions, thereby inhibiting protein cross-linking and ultimately leading to a reduction in the properties of the emulsion gels.

, authors=Yue CHAO, Qiuyu LU, Shengnan ZHAN, Qiaoming LOU, Tao HUANG*, authorsList=Yue CHAO, Qiuyu LU, Shengnan ZHAN, Qiaoming LOU, Tao HUANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Tao HUANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320883831675142450, articleId=1320883828252590370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=金属盐离子调控糖基化鱼明胶乳液凝胶性能及结构特性研究, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为开发高品质低盐鱼明胶乳液凝胶制品,本研究系统探究了不同浓度梯度(100、200、400、800 mmol/L)氯化钾(KCl)与氯化钙(CaCl2)对糖基化鱼明胶乳液凝胶的凝胶性能及结构特性的影响。通过粒径、Zeta电位、质构剖面分析(TPA)、持水力、流变特性及扫描电镜(SEM)等实验分析表明,随着盐离子浓度升高,糖基化鱼明胶乳液凝胶的Zeta电位绝对值、凝胶强度、硬度、胶粘性、咀嚼性和持水力均显著降低,粒径增大,且氯化钙对凝胶特性的影响显著高于氯化钾。在高浓度盐离子(800 mmol/L)条件下,乳液凝胶的粘弹性和抗变形能力显著降低,凝胶网络结构疏松,形成受到显著抑制。研究表明,过量盐离子通过竞争性结合蛋白质极性基团削弱氢键,并通过增强离子强度干扰疏水相互作用,抑制蛋白质分子交联,最终导致凝胶网络结构坍塌,从而降低乳液凝胶的性能。

, authors=晁玥, 卢秋予, 湛胜楠, 楼乔明, 黄涛*, authorsList=晁玥, 卢秋予, 湛胜楠, 楼乔明, 黄涛, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=黄涛, authorNote=

晁玥(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:水产品贮藏与加工,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
黄涛(1987−),男,博士,特聘研究员,研究方向:水产品贮藏与加工,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=XAyLHKhzAhEHVNvITkiZVQ==, magXml=HXe0CeRHqWnbHQ1+6oG19A==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=sANqyYYsg0abAm+nrWNpvw==, pdfFileSize=4929941, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=oKBKI5HUISS1P59Y7skUnA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=IZypnxYyzC40mUbCxBFMGw==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320883831985520951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883828252590370, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=cy15029873164@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320883832065212729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883828252590370, authorId=1320883831985520951, language=EN, stringName=Yue CHAO, firstName=Yue, middleName=null, lastName=CHAO, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=College of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315000, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1320883832136515898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883828252590370, authorId=1320883831985520951, language=CN, stringName=晁玥, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=宁波大学食品科学与工程学院,浙江宁波 315000, bio={"content":"

晁玥(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:水产品贮藏与加工,E-mail:

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晁玥(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:水产品贮藏与加工,E-mail:

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Food Chemistry, 2021, 346: 128956., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320883831897440563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883828252590370, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320883831905829172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883828252590370, companyId=1320883831897440563, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320883831918412085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883828252590370, companyId=1320883831897440563, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=宁波大学食品科学与工程学院,浙江宁波 315000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320883836163047773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883828252590370, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Effect of different concentrations of KCl and CaCl2 on the potential of FG-Glu (a) and FG-βCD (b) emulsions, figureFileSmall=FpSxqHemm7e3heWQKqNh+Q==, figureFileBig=oKBKI5HUISS1P59Y7skUnA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883836230156638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883828252590370, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同浓度KCl和CaCl2对FG-Glu(a)和FG-βCD(b)乳液电位的影响

注:不同小写字母表示具有显著性差异(P<0.05),图2~图4同。

, figureFileSmall=FpSxqHemm7e3heWQKqNh+Q==, figureFileBig=oKBKI5HUISS1P59Y7skUnA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883836402123103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883828252590370, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effect of different concentrations of KCl and CaCl2 on the particle size of FG-Glu (a) and FG-βCD (b) emulsions, figureFileSmall=27V4zVnoh5dmk80TqZihuQ==, figureFileBig=3VQaaWcyuei5XpewOmlsqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883836465037664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883828252590370, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同浓度KCl和CaCl2对FG-Glu(a)和FG-βCD(b)乳液粒径的影响, figureFileSmall=27V4zVnoh5dmk80TqZihuQ==, figureFileBig=3VQaaWcyuei5XpewOmlsqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883836532146529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883828252590370, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effect of different concentrations of KCl and CaCl2 on the gel strength of FG-Glu (a) and FG-βCD (b) emulsion gels, figureFileSmall=ChVEyezqtxJsf16I/DvXmg==, figureFileBig=bd/drA8OJP4znnFvKKN5wQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883836607644002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883828252590370, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同浓度的KCl和CaCl2对FG-Glu(a)和FG-βCD(b)乳液凝胶凝胶强度的影响, figureFileSmall=ChVEyezqtxJsf16I/DvXmg==, figureFileBig=bd/drA8OJP4znnFvKKN5wQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883836683141475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883828252590370, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effect of different concentrations of KCl and CaCl2 on the WHC of FG-Glu (a) and FG-βCD (b) emulsion gels, figureFileSmall=/su5vPOXL6ascN2c6oqytQ==, figureFileBig=FuccTd8Ji7O35BlwEBjDvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883836762833252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883828252590370, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同浓度的KCl和CaCl2对FG-Glu(a)和FG-βCD(b)乳液凝胶持水力的影响, figureFileSmall=/su5vPOXL6ascN2c6oqytQ==, figureFileBig=FuccTd8Ji7O35BlwEBjDvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883836821553509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883828252590370, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effect of strain on G' and G" of glycosylated FG emulsion gels treated with different concentrations of KCl and CaCl2, figureFileSmall=oew8O+g+rWRhNaPtPvOAUg==, figureFileBig=ldYWIPvvpe/Byonb5mwALg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883836888662374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883828252590370, language=CN, label=图5, caption=应变对不同浓度KCl和CaCl2处理的糖基化FG乳液凝胶G'和G"的影响

注:(a)KCl处理FG-Glu乳液凝胶应变测试;(b)CaCl2处理FG-Glu乳液凝胶应变测试;(c)KCl处理FG-βCD乳液凝胶应变测试;(d)CaCl2处理FG-βCD乳液凝胶应变测试。

, figureFileSmall=oew8O+g+rWRhNaPtPvOAUg==, figureFileBig=ldYWIPvvpe/Byonb5mwALg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883836959965543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883828252590370, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Effect of frequency on G' and G" of glycosylated FG emulsion gels treated with different concentrations of KCl and CaCl2, figureFileSmall=8iuHdQNRSzbxstYpA3GA+g==, figureFileBig=FJ6CfciKfwyrwKMDTt9yzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883837031268712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883828252590370, language=CN, label=图6, caption=频率对不同浓度KCl和CaCl2处理的糖基化FG乳液凝胶G'和G"的影响

注:(a)KCl处理FG-Glu乳液凝胶频率扫描;(b)CaCl2处理FG-Glu乳液凝胶频率扫描;(c)KCl处理FG-βCD乳液凝胶频率扫描;(d)CaCl2处理FG-βCD乳液凝胶频率扫描。

, figureFileSmall=8iuHdQNRSzbxstYpA3GA+g==, figureFileBig=FJ6CfciKfwyrwKMDTt9yzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883837098377577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883828252590370, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Effect of different concentrations of KCl and CaCl2 on the microstructure of glycosylation FG emulsion gels, figureFileSmall=vmkM0u5NvpIIWCSL819MyQ==, figureFileBig=EaJthI24b3DApRvam3urQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883837157097834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883828252590370, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同浓度KCl和CaCl2对糖基化FG乳液凝胶微观结构的影响, figureFileSmall=vmkM0u5NvpIIWCSL819MyQ==, figureFileBig=EaJthI24b3DApRvam3urQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883837211623787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883828252590370, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Effect of different concentrations of KCl and CaCl2 on TPA of glycosylated FG emulsion gels

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品盐浓度及种类硬度(N)粘附性弹性(%)内聚性(%)胶粘性(N)咀嚼性(N)回弹性
FG−4.93±0.06d−0.57±0.21b0.96±0.02ab0.91±0.01a4.47±0.08c4.27±0.11cd0.74±0.01ab
FG-Glu100 mmol/L KCl6.26±0.06a−1.05±0.09c0.93±0.01b0.89±0.04a5.56±0.31a5.19±0.33a0.74±0.04ab
200 mmol/L KCl5.57±0.24bc−0.66±0.41bc0.94±0.02ab0.90±0.02a5.01±0.34b4.70±0.25b0.74±0.03ab
400 mmol/L KCl5.39±0.21c−0.86±0.22bc0.94±0.01ab0.90±0.01a4.87±0.14b4.56±0.19bc0.77±0.04a
800 mmol/L KCl4.26±0.08e−0.48±0.13ab0.95±0.01ab0.90±0.01a3.85±0.08d3.67±0.06e0.76±0.02a
100 mmol/L CaCl26.15±0.05a−0.68±0.17bc0.95±0.01ab0.91±0.00a5.58±0.05a5.31±0.08a0.76±0.01a
200 mmol/L CaCl25.65±0.09b−0.83±0.30bc0.94±0.01ab0.89±0.01a5.05±0.05b4.75±0.08b0.76±0.01a
400 mmol/LCaCl24.85±0.10d−0.47±0.05ab0.96±0.00a0.89±0.01a4.32±0.06c4.15±0.05d0.75±0.02ab
800 mmol/L CaCl21.87±0.12f−0.14±0.05a0.94±0.02ab0.68±0.05b1.28±0.16e1.21±0.17f0.70±0.05b
FG−4.93±0.06f−0.57±0.21ab0.96±0.02a0.91±0.01ab4.47±0.08fg4.27±0.11e0.74±0.01ab
FG-βCD100 mmol/L KCl7.18±0.30a−0.72±0.29b0.96±0.02a0.92±0.00a6.60±0.30a6.33±0.38a0.78±0.01a
200 mmol/L KCl6.39±0.28c−0.81±0.29b0.95±0.02a0.91±0.00ab5.82±0.26c5.51±0.38c0.78±0.01a
400 mmol/L KCl5.37±0.11e−0.64±0.66ab0.94±0.03a0.90±0.00ab4.85±0.10e4.56±0.07e0.74±0.03ab
800 mmol/L KCl4.77±0.04f−0.35±0.14ab0.97±0.01a0.92±0.01ab4.37±0.02g4.22±0.06e0.77±0.00ab
100 mmol/L CaCl26.84±0.18b−0.94±0.03b0.94±0.01a0.92±0.01a6.28±0.20b5.92±0.24b0.78±0.01a
200 mmol/L CaCl26.02±0.03d−0.77±0.42b0.95±0.02a0.89±0.03b5.35±0.20d5.07±0.29d0.75±0.03ab
400 mmol/L CaCl25.23±0.07e−0.74±0.15b0.94±0.01a0.90±0.01ab4.72±0.09ef4.45±0.08e0.77±0.01ab
800 mmol/L CaCl22.40±0.10g−0.10±0.05a0.97±0.01a0.76±0.02c1.83±0.13h1.77±0.14f0.73±0.05b
), ArticleFig(id=1320883837282926956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883828252590370, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同浓度的KCl和CaCl2对糖基化FG乳液凝胶TPA的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品盐浓度及种类硬度(N)粘附性弹性(%)内聚性(%)胶粘性(N)咀嚼性(N)回弹性
FG−4.93±0.06d−0.57±0.21b0.96±0.02ab0.91±0.01a4.47±0.08c4.27±0.11cd0.74±0.01ab
FG-Glu100 mmol/L KCl6.26±0.06a−1.05±0.09c0.93±0.01b0.89±0.04a5.56±0.31a5.19±0.33a0.74±0.04ab
200 mmol/L KCl5.57±0.24bc−0.66±0.41bc0.94±0.02ab0.90±0.02a5.01±0.34b4.70±0.25b0.74±0.03ab
400 mmol/L KCl5.39±0.21c−0.86±0.22bc0.94±0.01ab0.90±0.01a4.87±0.14b4.56±0.19bc0.77±0.04a
800 mmol/L KCl4.26±0.08e−0.48±0.13ab0.95±0.01ab0.90±0.01a3.85±0.08d3.67±0.06e0.76±0.02a
100 mmol/L CaCl26.15±0.05a−0.68±0.17bc0.95±0.01ab0.91±0.00a5.58±0.05a5.31±0.08a0.76±0.01a
200 mmol/L CaCl25.65±0.09b−0.83±0.30bc0.94±0.01ab0.89±0.01a5.05±0.05b4.75±0.08b0.76±0.01a
400 mmol/LCaCl24.85±0.10d−0.47±0.05ab0.96±0.00a0.89±0.01a4.32±0.06c4.15±0.05d0.75±0.02ab
800 mmol/L CaCl21.87±0.12f−0.14±0.05a0.94±0.02ab0.68±0.05b1.28±0.16e1.21±0.17f0.70±0.05b
FG−4.93±0.06f−0.57±0.21ab0.96±0.02a0.91±0.01ab4.47±0.08fg4.27±0.11e0.74±0.01ab
FG-βCD100 mmol/L KCl7.18±0.30a−0.72±0.29b0.96±0.02a0.92±0.00a6.60±0.30a6.33±0.38a0.78±0.01a
200 mmol/L KCl6.39±0.28c−0.81±0.29b0.95±0.02a0.91±0.00ab5.82±0.26c5.51±0.38c0.78±0.01a
400 mmol/L KCl5.37±0.11e−0.64±0.66ab0.94±0.03a0.90±0.00ab4.85±0.10e4.56±0.07e0.74±0.03ab
800 mmol/L KCl4.77±0.04f−0.35±0.14ab0.97±0.01a0.92±0.01ab4.37±0.02g4.22±0.06e0.77±0.00ab
100 mmol/L CaCl26.84±0.18b−0.94±0.03b0.94±0.01a0.92±0.01a6.28±0.20b5.92±0.24b0.78±0.01a
200 mmol/L CaCl26.02±0.03d−0.77±0.42b0.95±0.02a0.89±0.03b5.35±0.20d5.07±0.29d0.75±0.03ab
400 mmol/L CaCl25.23±0.07e−0.74±0.15b0.94±0.01a0.90±0.01ab4.72±0.09ef4.45±0.08e0.77±0.01ab
800 mmol/L CaCl22.40±0.10g−0.10±0.05a0.97±0.01a0.76±0.02c1.83±0.13h1.77±0.14f0.73±0.05b
), ArticleFig(id=1320883837366813037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883828252590370, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Effect of different concentrations of K+ and Ca2+ on the rheological performance parameters of glycosylated FG emulsion gels

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品盐浓度及种类KnR2
FG−1144.480.030.94
FG-Glu100 mmol/L KCl1903.710.020.98
200 mmol/L KCl1717.540.020.99
400 mmol/L KCl1530.220.021.00
800 mmol/L KCl858.380.020.98
100 mmol/L CaCl21619.940.020.99
200 mmol/L CaCl21494.650.020.97
400 mmol/L CaCl21403.820.030.95
800 mmol/L CaCl2653.400.070.96
FG-βCD100 mmol/L KCl2047.560.020.96
200 mmol/L KCl1938.030.021.00
400 mmol/L KCl1648.050.020.99
800 mmol/L KCl1070.770.020.96
100 mmol/L CaCl22047.390.020.99
200 mmol/L CaCl21853.130.020.93
400 mmol/L CaCl21246.070.020.94
800 mmol/L CaCl2886.390.060.95
), ArticleFig(id=1320883837475864942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883828252590370, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同浓度K+和Ca2+对糖基化FG乳液凝胶流变性能参数的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品盐浓度及种类KnR2
FG−1144.480.030.94
FG-Glu100 mmol/L KCl1903.710.020.98
200 mmol/L KCl1717.540.020.99
400 mmol/L KCl1530.220.021.00
800 mmol/L KCl858.380.020.98
100 mmol/L CaCl21619.940.020.99
200 mmol/L CaCl21494.650.020.97
400 mmol/L CaCl21403.820.030.95
800 mmol/L CaCl2653.400.070.96
FG-βCD100 mmol/L KCl2047.560.020.96
200 mmol/L KCl1938.030.021.00
400 mmol/L KCl1648.050.020.99
800 mmol/L KCl1070.770.020.96
100 mmol/L CaCl22047.390.020.99
200 mmol/L CaCl21853.130.020.93
400 mmol/L CaCl21246.070.020.94
800 mmol/L CaCl2886.390.060.95
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金属盐离子调控糖基化鱼明胶乳液凝胶性能及结构特性研究
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晁玥 , 卢秋予 , 湛胜楠 , 楼乔明 , 黄涛 *
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(13): 69-77
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (13) : 69 -77
金属盐离子调控糖基化鱼明胶乳液凝胶性能及结构特性研究
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晁玥 , 卢秋予, 湛胜楠, 楼乔明, 黄涛*
作者信息
  • 宁波大学食品科学与工程学院,浙江宁波 315000
通讯作者:
黄涛(1987−),男,博士,特聘研究员,研究方向:水产品贮藏与加工,E-mail:。
作者简介:

晁玥(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:水产品贮藏与加工,E-mail:

Research on the Performance and Structural Characteristics of Metal Salt Ion-regulated Sugar-based Fish Gelatin Emulsion Gel
Yue CHAO , Qiuyu LU, Shengnan ZHAN, Qiaoming LOU, Tao HUANG*
Affiliations
  • College of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315000, China
出版时间: 2026-07-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030038
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为开发高品质低盐鱼明胶乳液凝胶制品,本研究系统探究了不同浓度梯度(100、200、400、800 mmol/L)氯化钾(KCl)与氯化钙(CaCl2)对糖基化鱼明胶乳液凝胶的凝胶性能及结构特性的影响。通过粒径、Zeta电位、质构剖面分析(TPA)、持水力、流变特性及扫描电镜(SEM)等实验分析表明,随着盐离子浓度升高,糖基化鱼明胶乳液凝胶的Zeta电位绝对值、凝胶强度、硬度、胶粘性、咀嚼性和持水力均显著降低,粒径增大,且氯化钙对凝胶特性的影响显著高于氯化钾。在高浓度盐离子(800 mmol/L)条件下,乳液凝胶的粘弹性和抗变形能力显著降低,凝胶网络结构疏松,形成受到显著抑制。研究表明,过量盐离子通过竞争性结合蛋白质极性基团削弱氢键,并通过增强离子强度干扰疏水相互作用,抑制蛋白质分子交联,最终导致凝胶网络结构坍塌,从而降低乳液凝胶的性能。

糖基化鱼明胶  /  凝胶强度  /  质构特性(TPA)  /  持水力  /  盐离子浓度  /  粘弹性  /  凝胶网络结构

In the pursuit of developing high-quality low-salt fish gelatin emulsion gel products, this study undertook a comprehensive investigation into the effects of varying concentration gradients of potassium chloride (KCl) and calcium chloride (CaCl2) on the gel properties and structural characteristics of glycosylated fish gelatin emulsion gels. Specifically, the concentration gradients examined were 100, 200, 400, and 800 mmol/L. A multifaceted experimental approach was employed, encompassing analyses of particle size, Zeta potential, texture profile analysis (TPA), water holding capacity, rheological properties, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results demonstrated that as the salt ion concentration increased, several key parameters exhibited significant changes. The absolute value of Zeta potential, along with gelstrength, hardness, adhesiveness, chewiness, and water holding capacity of the glycosylated fish gelatin emulsion gels, were all markedly reduced. In contrast, the particle size displayed an increasing trend. Furthermore, the impact of CaCl2 on the gel properties was substantially more pronounced than that of KCl. Under conditions of high salt ion concentration (800 mmol/L), the viscoelasticity and deformation resistance of the emulsion gels were significantly compromised. The gel network structure became loosened, and the formation process was considerably hindered. The findings revealed that excess salt ions disrupted hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions, thereby inhibiting protein cross-linking and ultimately leading to a reduction in the properties of the emulsion gels.

glycosylated fish gelatin  /  gel strength  /  textural properties (TPA)  /  water-holding capacity  /  salt ion concentration  /  viscoelasticity  /  gel network structure
晁玥, 卢秋予, 湛胜楠, 楼乔明, 黄涛. 金属盐离子调控糖基化鱼明胶乳液凝胶性能及结构特性研究. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (13) : 69 -77 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030038
Yue CHAO, Qiuyu LU, Shengnan ZHAN, Qiaoming LOU, Tao HUANG. Research on the Performance and Structural Characteristics of Metal Salt Ion-regulated Sugar-based Fish Gelatin Emulsion Gel[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (13) : 69 -77 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030038
鱼明胶(Fish Gelatin,FG)是从鱼类加工副产物中提取的优质蛋白质,因其良好的胶凝性、生物相容性和可降解性,被广泛应用于食品、医药等领域。作为水凝胶基质,鱼明胶可通过热诱导形成三维网络结构,赋予食品特定的质构特性。然而,其固有的热稳定性差(高温易熔融)、凝胶强度弱等缺陷,严重限制了在热加工食品及高要求凝胶制品中的应用。
钠是食品中重要的风味调节剂和质构改良剂,既能为食物提供咸味,又能通过调节渗透压和离子强度影响蛋白质构象,从而改善食物的风味和质地[1]。然而,过量摄入钠盐可能导致高血压、心脏病、肥胖等疾病,严重威胁人类健康[2]。为此,世界卫生组织推荐减少每日盐的摄入量[3],尤其提倡低钠盐食品的消费。在此背景下,开发既能保持食品感官品质又能有效降低钠含量的食品成为食品工业亟需解决的关键问题。当前低钠盐食品开发中,钙盐(CaCl2)与钾盐(KCl)因理化性质与NaCl相似,成为替代钠盐的优先选择[4]。现有研究表明,金属离子可通过静电屏蔽效应和离子交联作用调控蛋白质凝胶行为,但这些研究仍存在显著局限:一方面多集中于大豆蛋白、乳蛋白等体系,对糖基化鱼明胶的离子响应机制研究匮乏;另一方面过高盐浓度(>400 mmol/L)对凝胶网络的破坏机制尚未系统解析。
乳液凝胶是一种通过乳液或凝胶基质经凝胶化诱导形成的水凝胶,广泛应用于食品及其他领域。乳液凝胶的形成可以通过多种方式诱导,如热诱导、酸诱导、碱诱导、酶诱导和盐诱导等。研究表明,金属离子(如Ca2+、K+)的添加能够显著促进蛋白质的凝胶化过程[5]。钙离子(Ca2+)通过改变pH和离子强度,减少蛋白质之间的静电排斥作用,促进离子交联,从而加速蛋白质聚集并形成凝胶网络,增强凝胶的硬度和弹性模量。然而,过高浓度的钙离子可能导致蛋白质过度聚集,造成凝胶网络的粗糙和结构不稳定[6−7]。而钾离子虽然具有类似的电荷中和作用,但其水合半径较钠离子更小,能更有效地渗透到蛋白质疏水区域,通过调节β-折叠结构形成影响凝胶强度。
为改善鱼明胶凝胶特性,本研究旨在探讨不同浓度(100、200、400、800 mmol/L)钙盐(CaCl2)和钾盐(KCl)对糖基化鱼明胶乳液凝胶功能特性和微观结构的影响,期望为高品质低盐鱼明胶乳液凝胶制品开发提供新思路与方法。
氯化钾 上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司;氯化钙 上海迈瑞尔化学技术有限公司;鱼明胶(B型) 上海源叶生物科技有限公司;邻苯二甲醛(OPA)、二硫苏糖醇(DTT) 上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司;D(+)-葡萄糖(Glucose,Glu)、盐酸、氢氧化钠、硼砂、十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS) 国药集团化学试剂有限公司;β-环糊精(β-Cyclodextrin,β-CD) 北京索莱宝科技有限公司;大豆油 益海嘉里金龙鱼粮油食品股份有限公司;其它试剂均为国产分析纯。
HH-8C型数显恒温磁力搅拌水浴锅 上海舍岩仪器有限公司;XHF-DY高速分散器 宁波新芝生物科技股份有限公司;TA.XT.Plus质构分析仪 英国Stable Micro Systems公司;TGL-16.5M高速冷冻离心机 上海卢湘仪离心机仪器有限公司;DHR-2流变仪 美国TA Instruments公司;S-3400N环境扫描电子显微镜 日本日立公司;Zetasizer Lab粒度分析仪 英国马尔文帕纳科有限公司。
首先准确配制质量浓度分别为6.67%(w/v)的鱼明胶溶液、1.6%(w/v)的葡萄糖溶液及1.6%(w/v)的β-环糊精溶液。随后将鱼明胶溶液分别与葡萄糖溶液及β-环糊精溶液按比例混合,确保最终体系中鱼明胶浓度为5%(w/v),葡萄糖与β-环糊精浓度均达到0.4%(w/v)。加入1.0 mol/L NaOH溶液调节体系pH至10.0,将混合液置于50 ℃恒温磁力搅拌器中持续反应2 h。待反应完全后,通过添加适量去离子水将鱼明胶浓度稀释至4%(w/v),立即转移至冰水浴快速冷却至室温,最终制得糖基化鱼明胶样品,分别标记为FG-Glu和FG-βCD乳液凝胶。
为探究不同浓度(100、200、400和800 mmol/L)的氯化钾和氯化钙溶液对FG-Glu、FG-βCD乳液凝胶凝胶特性和结构特性的影响。其中,鱼明胶乳凝胶的制备参照肖欢欢等[8]的方法,其中未添加盐离子的FG乳液凝胶作为空白对照组。
本研究参考Wang等[9]的方法,并进行适当修改。使用马尔文粒度分析仪测定乳液的粒径和Zeta电位。测量时,蛋白质的折射率和吸收参数分别设定为1.45和0.001,水相的折射率和吸收参数分别为1.33和0。在测量前,样品用去离子水按1:50的比例稀释。每个样品均进行三次独立测试,每次测试包括三次采集,每次采集持续60秒,结果报告为单个样本的三个读数的平均值±标准偏差。
将制备好的乳液置于25 mL烧杯中,放于4 ℃冰箱中孵育16~18 h,使其形成凝胶。采用质构仪测定其凝胶强度。测定参数为:测试前、中、后速度均为1 mm/s;穿透距离为4 mm;探头为P/0.5。
将乳液凝胶倒入模具中并于4 ℃条件下孵育16~18 h。取出后将其切成高度、直径分别为1.5、2.5 cm的圆柱形胶体,借助质构仪测定其质构特性。测定参数为:测试前、中、后速度均为1 mm/s;形变量为40%;探头为P/50。
参考Luo等[10]的方法,并略作修改。准确称取约2.5 g乳液凝胶,放入50 mL离心管中,在4 ℃下以10000×g离心20 min,离心前用滤纸去除多余水分,离心后将试管倒置,沥干水分,并对离心后的样品进行称重。WHC值根据公式(1)计算:
$ \rm WHC({\text{%}})=\frac{{W_t}}{{W_0}}\times 100 $
式中:W0为离心前乳液凝胶的原始重量,g;Wt为离心后乳液凝胶的质量,g。
参考Pei等[11]的方法,并略作修改。使用DHR-2流变仪对乳液凝胶进行流变学测定,对其进行的扫描包括:应变扫描和频率扫描。选取平板PP 40,间隙设置为1 mm,测试时的环境温度均设置在4 ℃。应变幅度在0.1%~1000%的条件下测试样品的储能模量G'、损耗模量G'';固定应变为0.5%,在频率为0.1~100 rad/s的条件下对乳液凝胶进行频率扫描测试。在频率扫描中,采用Power-law模型对乳液凝胶的凝胶特性进行拟合分析:
$ \rm {G'}={K}\times {\omega }^{n} $
式中:K为幂律常数;n为频率指数;$ \omega $为频率指数。
使用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对乳液凝胶的微观结构进行观察。将样品冷冻干燥后喷金,在加速电压为10 kV的条件下观察凝胶的微观形貌。
以上实验均采用平行实验,并使用平均值±标准差表示。利用SPSS 26.0软件对所得数据进行ANOVA方差分析,采用Duncan多重检验进行显著性检验分析,显著水平为0.05。通过Origin 2023版本进行图像分析绘制。
Zeta电位是衡量胶体体系中粒子间静电相互作用的关键参数,也是评估分散体系稳定性的一个重要指标[12]。Zeta电位反映了乳液的分散稳定性。Zeta电位绝对值的降低意味着乳液中颗粒间的静电排斥力减弱,这为后续乳液的聚集和凝胶化过程提供了可能。当Zeta电位绝对值显著降低时,乳液颗粒趋于聚集,这种聚集现象可能为乳液凝胶的形成提供了基础。
如图1所示,随着盐离子浓度的增加,FG-Glu和FG-βCD乳液的Zeta电位的绝对值呈逐渐降低的趋势。在相同浓度下,添加KCl和CaCl2显著影响乳液的电位(P<0.05)。以CaCl2处理为例,当Ca2+浓度升至800 mmol/L时,FG-Glu乳液的Zeta电位绝对值从9.33±1.39 mV显著降低至2.30±0.54 mV,FG-βCD乳液Zeta电位绝对值则从8.36±0.41 mV显著降低至2.24±0.51 mV(P<0.05)。类似地,KCl处理也导致Zeta电位绝对值下降,但幅度小于CaCl2。以上结果表明高浓度盐离子通过静电屏蔽效应显著削弱了乳液的表面电荷稳定性。这一现象可能与蛋白质包覆的乳液液滴表面电荷与氨基(-NH2)和羧基(-COOH)基团的电离程度有关。当盐离子浓度增加时,K+与COO−基团结合,Ca2+与COO−基团结合,Cl−与NH3+基团结合,进而在高盐浓度下产生离子结合和静电屏蔽效应,导致Zeta电位的绝对值降低[9]。此外,Ca2+对Zeta电位的影响大于K+,这可能是因为Ca2+的化合价是K+的两倍。该研究结果与现有文献中的相关研究结果一致[13]。
如图2所示,随着盐离子浓度的增加,所有乳液液滴粒径呈现出逐步增大的趋势。乳液粒径的增大意味着乳液颗粒间的聚集程度增强,这与乳液凝胶的凝聚性变化密切相关。粒径增大的同时,也可能影响乳液的凝胶强度。颗粒间相互作用的增强可以促进乳液的凝胶化,从而改变凝胶的结构和强度。
当盐离子浓度增加至800 mmol/L时,FG-Glu乳液的粒径分别增大至1104±84.48 nm(KCl)和1444.67±38.55 nm(CaCl2);FG-βCD乳液的粒径分别增大至1069.77±64.84 nm(KCl)和1530±42.53 nm(CaCl2)。这一结果表明,当盐浓度超过100 mmol/L时,FG-Glu和FG-βCD乳液发生了聚集现象。这可能是由于高盐浓度下静电屏蔽效应的诱导,使得FG-Glu和FG-βCD颗粒间的相互作用增强,从而减少了油滴之间的静电排斥力,导致蛋白质聚集[14],同时降低了蛋白质的溶解度[15],从而使乳液粒径增大。进一步分析发现,相较于KCl,CaCl2对乳液粒径的影响更为显著。这可能是由于CaCl2对乳液pH的影响较大,pH的下降会导致表面电位减小,从而减弱乳液滴的静电排斥力。此外,这一现象还可能与盐桥的形成有关[16],类似的研究结果也已被Keowmaneechai等[17]报道。
不同K+、Ca2+浓度对FG-Glu、FG-βCD乳液凝胶的凝胶强度影响如图3所示。凝胶强度是评估乳液在凝胶化过程中的性能的重要指标。乳液粒径增大时,乳液中的粒子间相互作用加强,这可能会影响乳液的凝胶强度。高盐浓度可能导致乳液粒子聚集,并在乳液凝胶形成过程中干扰蛋白质的稳定性,进一步影响凝胶的强度。
随着KCl和CaCl2浓度的增大,FG-Glu和FG-βCD乳液凝胶的凝胶强度逐渐降低(P<0.05)。在100 mmol/L KCl浓度下,FG-Glu和FG-βCD乳液凝胶的凝胶强度最大分别为230.22±4.52 g、255.40±8.97 g,在盐浓度小于400 mmol/L时,FG-Glu和FG-βCD的凝胶强度显著高于FG(P<0.05),这可能是由于K+与Ca2+通过静电屏蔽效应中和蛋白质表面电荷,减少液滴间静电排斥,促进有序聚集,形成更致密的凝胶网络;此外,盐离子通过破坏水化层,暴露蛋白质疏水区域,促进疏水相互作用,从而强化凝胶基质。然而,在800 mmol/L盐浓度下,所有糖基化鱼明胶乳液凝胶的凝胶强度均小于FG乳液凝胶。这可能是因为盐离子破坏了氢键并干扰疏水相互作用,改变了初始成核位点的形成和蛋白构象,阻止凝胶的形成[18]。其次,K+和Ca2+削弱了FG-Glu、FG-βCD之间的静电排斥,使得乳液滴聚集,增加乳液的黏度,降低凝胶强度。此外,在相同浓度下,Ca2+对乳液凝胶凝胶强度的消极影响大于K+离子,因为在碱性条件下二价阳离子在筛选静电相互作用和与带相反电荷的基团结合方面更有效[19]。其次,过量的Ca2+浓度增加了鱼明胶的黏度,降低其形成固体凝胶的能力。这与Huang等[20]报道一致,其中过高的Ca2+浓度降低了低甲氧基果胶修饰鱼明胶凝胶的硬度。当盐浓度高时,盐离子中和蛋白质上的电荷,阻碍凝胶的形成。
表1展示了不同浓度K+和Ca2+诱导的乳液凝胶在TPA测试中的各项质构参数(硬度、粘附性、弹性、内聚性、胶粘性、咀嚼性和回弹性)。结果表明,乳液凝胶的质构特性因K+和Ca2+浓度的变化而有所不同,表明盐离子浓度显著影响乳液凝胶的形成。与未添加盐的FG乳液凝胶相比,添加低浓度K+与Ca2+后,FG-Glu和FG-βCD乳液凝胶的硬度、胶粘性和咀嚼性均显著提升(P<0.05)。例如,FG-Glu在100 mmol/L KCl下的硬度和胶粘性分别比FG提高了27.0%和24.4%。这一改善可能归因于盐离子通过静电屏蔽效应促进蛋白质有序聚集,形成更致密的网络结构。在Ca2+浓度从100 mmol/L增加至800 mmol/L时,FG-Glu和FG-βCD乳液凝胶的硬度、胶粘性和咀嚼性显著降低(P<0.05)。这一现象可能与CaCl2的过量添加导致蛋白质聚集程度过高有关[21]。与FG乳液凝胶相比,800 mmol/L Ca2+处理的FG-Glu硬度和胶粘性分别降低了62.1%和71.4%,表明过量盐离子破坏了凝胶网络的完整性。胶粘性和咀嚼性的变化与硬度数据一致,Shafiur等[22]曾报道,明胶的胶粘性与硬度密切相关。弹性和回弹性没有显著差异,表明所有乳液凝胶在压缩后恢复能力相似。粘附性定义为克服产品与特定表面之间吸引力所需的功,随着盐离子浓度的增加,FG-Glu乳液凝胶的粘附性有所提升。内聚性通常用来评估凝胶在连续变形过程中维持整体网络结构的能力[23],随着Ca2+浓度的增加,FG-βCD乳液凝胶的内聚性降低,而K+对其内聚性未产生显著影响(P>0.05),这表明该网络的内部完整性较低,Mcintyre等[24]的研究结果与此一致。
综上,金属盐离子对质构特性的影响呈浓度依赖性:低浓度通过促进蛋白质交联和网络致密化改善质构;高浓度则因过度聚集和离子屏蔽效应削弱凝胶性能。这一规律为低盐食品开发提供了理论依据。
持水力是指凝胶基质通过毛细管作用有效固定水分的能力,是评价胶体食品品质的一个关键指标之一[25]。如图4所示,在高浓度K+和Ca2+存在的情况下,乳液凝胶的持水力产生显著下降,而在低浓度下,乳液凝胶的持水力未见明显变化。这一现象可能与盐离子浓度的增加有关,较高的盐浓度不利于凝胶结构的形成,削弱了水分子被捕获的能力,从而导致水分流失和持水力降低。Sok等[26]的研究进一步指出,盐的添加促使水分从凝胶中排出,进而降低其持水力。此外,相较于K+,Ca2+对乳液凝胶持水力的影响更为显著,这可能是由于Ca2+与蛋白质之间的相互作用更强,能够优先中和蛋白质表面的电荷,从而促进蛋白质的过度聚集,导致蛋白质中水分被挤出,最终降低了凝胶的持水力[25]。
乳液凝胶的应变测试结果如图5所示,在线性粘弹区域内,所有样品的储能模量(G')均大于损耗模量(G''),表明体系呈现典型凝胶态特征,以弹性主导行为为主。临界应变指凝胶网络结构破坏前的最大可逆形变值[27]。实验结果表明,随着离子浓度的增大,乳液凝胶的弹性模量逐渐降低,线性粘弹区间缩短,且临界应变显著减小,例如,FG-Glu乳液凝胶在100 mmol/L KCl下的线性粘弹区间为12.5%,而800 mmol/L KCl时降至4.8%。这一现象表明,高盐浓度削弱了凝胶网络的刚性和抗变形能力,导致结构稳定性下降[28]。Ca2+对乳液凝胶的弹性模量影响更显著,可能因为Ca2+作为二价阳离子,通过直接与鱼明胶的羧基(-COO-)形成离子交联,干扰原有氢键与疏水相互作用的平衡,导致网络结构松散化;而K+主要通过静电屏蔽效应间接影响分子间作用力。与K+的间接交联相比,Ca2+参与FG凝胶的直接交联,Evageliou等[29]有类似的研究结果。
通常进行频率扫描以评估凝胶的结构和粘弹性的变化[30]。图6为4 ℃条件下乳液凝胶的G'和G''随角频率变化的曲线。
随着角频率的逐渐增大,所有样品的G'和G''均在增大,且G'远大于G'',表明FG、FG-Glu、FG-βCD乳液凝胶具有明显的凝胶特征[31],其网络结构主要由非共价作用(如氢键、疏水相互作用)维持。这与大豆分离蛋白-魔芋葡甘露聚糖混合物[32]及明胶-刺云实胶混合物[33]的结果相类似,验证了物理凝胶的普适性;同时,糖基化鱼明胶在盐离子调控下表现出独特响应——钙离子浓度对粘弹性影响显著。随着盐浓度从100 mmol/L增大到800 mmol/L,所有样品的G'下降,表明乳液凝胶的弹性和黏度降低,表明高盐浓度通过破坏蛋白质交联网络削弱凝胶弹性。此外,随着角频率的增大,添加Ca2+的样品G'变化显著,表明Ca2+对乳凝胶固体弹性行为有显著影响,过高的Ca2+浓度抑制凝胶的形成,Wang等[34]有类似的研究结果,并且这一结果和TPA结果相一致。
此外,利用幂律模型进一步研究了所有样品的动态粘弹性行为。K值是幂律拟合的常数,可以用来表示凝胶的弹性,指数n值表示G'对ω的依赖程度,同时n值还可以用来表征形成凝胶结构作用力的性质[35]。当n>0时,表示为物理性凝胶,其主要作用力为弱的非共价键;当n=0时则表示为化学性凝胶,主要由较强的共价键组成[36]。由表2可知,乳液凝胶样品的n值大多在0.02左右,表明G'呈现出弱的频率依赖性,说明盐离子诱导的凝胶主要是由氢键、疏水相互作用、离子键等非共价键形成的一种物理性弱凝胶。值得注意的是,低盐浓度(100~200 mmol/L)通过优化静电屏蔽与离子交联(如Ca2+相互作用羧基),显著提升幂律常数K值(FG-βCD在100 mmol/L CaCl2下K=2047.39),表明凝胶弹性增强;而800 mmol/L Ca2+使n值升至0.06~0.07,反映网络稳定性下降。这一发现为低盐食品设计中精准调控凝胶性能提供了理论依据,同时揭示了盐离子浓度梯度对糖基化鱼明胶的双重作用机制。这与McIntyre等[24]利用不同浓度Ca2+诱导酪蛋白形成乳液凝胶的研究结果类似。
不同盐浓度下(100、200、400和800 mmol/L)FG、FG-Glu、FG-βCD乳液凝胶的微观结构如图7所示。在FG乳液凝胶样品中观察到一些大的孔洞。同时随着盐浓度的增大,FG-Glu、FG-βCD乳液凝胶的孔径开始变大,结构变得松散,当添加800 mmol/L CaCl2,FG-Glu乳液凝胶样品的微观结构呈破碎状态,样品松软不成形。这可能是因为,过高的盐浓度导致盐析作用[37]。其次,与对照组相比,添加较低浓度(100、200 mmol/L)盐离子的FG-Glu、FG-βCD乳液凝胶的孔径更小,结构更均匀,这与凝胶强度数据相一致。低浓度Ca2+促进FG乳液凝胶的交联,增强凝胶的强度,使凝胶具有更致密的网络结构。
本研究系统探究了100~800 mmol/L浓度范围内氯化钾(KCl)与氯化钙(CaCl2)对糖基化鱼明胶乳液凝胶(FG-Glu/FG-βCD)性能的影响。结果表明:低盐浓度(100~200 mmol/L)可显著提升凝胶性能,与未添加盐的FG乳液凝胶相比,FG-Glu和FG-βCD在KCl或CaCl2存在下的凝胶强度、硬度、咀嚼性及持水力均明显提高,微观结构显示更致密的三维网络。然而,当盐浓度升至400 mmol/L以上时,凝胶性能急剧劣化,其中800 mmol/L CaCl2使FG-Glu硬度降低62.1%、持水力下降28.3%,流变学频率指数(n值)升至0.06~0.07,微观结构呈现孔径增大与网络疏松化,FG-Glu样本甚至发生结构破碎。盐离子类型对比显示,Ca2+对性能的影响显著强于K+(如800 mmol/L时粒径增幅:Ca2+>38.8%,K+>17.3%),且400 mmol/L被确定为凝胶性能的临界阈值。本研究建立了金属盐离子浓度与糖基化鱼明胶乳液凝胶性能的定量关系,明确100~200 mmol/L为最优浓度窗口,为低钠高稳定性鱼明胶基食品开发提供了理论支撑。

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2026年第47卷第13期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030038
  • 接收时间:2025-03-05
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-07-01
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    宁波大学食品科学与工程学院,浙江宁波 315000

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黄涛(1987−),男,博士,特聘研究员,研究方向:水产品贮藏与加工,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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