Article(id=1320889061712179985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320888908896907909, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030009, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1741104000000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792854093244, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1772294400000, pubDateStr=2026-03-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792854093244, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792854093244, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792854093244, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320888908896907909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='503', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1772294400000', pubDateStr='2026-03-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792854056809, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792854056809, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=128, endPage=136, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320889061926089490, articleId=1320889061712179985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Impact of Production Process and Gastrointestinal Digestion of Liquid Dairy Products on the Characterization and Transport Capacity of Bovine Milk Exosomes, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to compare the differences in typical characterization of bovine milk exosomes between raw milk and liquid dairy products processed by different processing technologies, and to investigate the effects of production process and gastrointestinal digestion on the characterization and transport capacity of bovine milk exosomes, this study selected raw milk, commercial pasteurized milk and ultra-high temperature instantaneous sterilized (UHT) milk as research subjects. The gastrointestinal digestion process was simulated using the international INFOGEST in vitro digestion model. Bovine milk exosomes were isolated using isoelectric precipitation combined with ultracentrifugation. Comprehensive characterization of exosomes was performed by measuring total protein concentration with a BCA protein assay kit, observing morphology by transmission electron microscopy, analyzing particle size distribution by nanoparticle tracking analysis, and detecting specific protein markers (CD9, CD63, and TSG101) by western blotting. Additionally, the uptake of exosomes by bovine mammary epithelial cells (MAC-T) and rat intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6) was visualized by confocal laser scanning microscopy. The results showed that the total protein concentration of exosomes isolated from equal volumes of raw, pasteurized and UHT milk increased sequentially with significant differences (P<0.05). Exosomes derived from raw milk exhibited significantly larger particle sizes than those derived from pasteurized and UHT milk (P<0.05), whereas no regular pattern was observed in particle size changes induced by simulated gastrointestinal digestion. Both production process and gastrointestinal digestion reduced the integrity of exosomal surface proteins to varying degrees, with UHT milk exosomes showing only weak expression of TSG101 and CD63. All three specific protein markers became undetectable after digestion. Fluorescent tracer experiments revealed no significant differences in the uptake efficiency of bovine milk exosomes by two target cell types (IEC-6 and MAC-T), and exosomes subjected to processing or digestion were still non-specifically internalized by these cells. This study demonstrated that production process and gastrointestinal digestion significantly compromised the characteristic properties of bovine milk exosomes but did not entirely abolish their transport capacity, providing a theoretical foundation for the development of functional dairy products.

, authors=Xiyao XU1, Longyu WAN1, Bo QU1, Feng ZHAO1, 2, *, authorsList=Xiyao XU, Longyu WAN, Bo QU, Feng ZHAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Feng ZHAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320889063599616801, articleId=1320889061712179985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=液态乳制品生产工艺与胃肠道消化对牛乳外泌体表征特性与转运能力的影响, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究原料乳与不同生产工艺液态乳制品中牛乳外泌体典型表征的差异,探究生产工艺和胃肠道消化对于牛乳外泌体表征特性和转运能力的影响,本研究以生牛乳、市售巴氏杀菌乳和超高温瞬时灭菌(ultra-high temperature instantaneous sterilization,UHT)乳为研究对象,采用国际INFOGEST体外消化模型模拟胃肠道消化,等电点沉淀结合超速离心法提取牛乳外泌体,通过BCA蛋白含量试剂盒测定外泌体总蛋白浓度、透射电镜观察形态、纳米颗粒跟踪分析仪分析粒径分布,蛋白免疫印迹检测特征蛋白CD9、CD63和TSG101,综合评估外泌体的表征差异,并通过激光共聚焦显微镜观察奶牛乳腺上皮细胞(MAC-T)和大鼠小肠上皮细胞(IEC-6)摄取外泌体的情况。结果表明,等体积生牛乳、巴氏乳和UHT乳中提取到的外泌体总蛋白浓度依次递增且差异显著(P<0.05);生牛乳中外泌体粒径显著高于巴氏乳和UHT乳(P<0.05),但模拟胃肠道消化引起的外泌体粒径变化未见规律性;生产工艺和胃肠道消化会不同程度地降低外泌体表面蛋白完整性,UHT乳外泌体仅检测到TSG101和CD63的弱表达,消化后3种特征蛋白均无法检出;外泌体转运荧光示踪显示,牛乳外泌体进入两种靶标细胞的摄取效果无显著差异,经过生产加工或消化处理的外泌体仍可被IEC-6与MAC-T非特异性摄取。本研究证实生产工艺及胃肠道消化过程均能显著破坏牛乳外泌体表征特性,但并未完全阻断其转运能力,为功能性乳制品开发提供了理论依据。

, authors=许曦瑶1, 万龙玉1, 曲波1, 赵锋1, 2, *, authorsList=许曦瑶, 万龙玉, 曲波, 赵锋, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=赵锋, authorNote=

许曦瑶(1998−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品科学,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
赵锋(1979−),男,博士,副研究员,研究方向:乳品安全与品质,E-mail:。
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许曦瑶(1998−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品科学,E-mail:

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许曦瑶(1998−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品科学,E-mail:

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注:C组为未经消化的牛乳外泌体,T组为模拟消化的牛乳外泌体;不同小写字母表示未经消化组之间差异显著(P<0.05);*表示消化组与未消化组间差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=DsJW5xsAFJX18pZaEmuG5w==, figureFileBig=lxsuSog9nUEa93RNkt+pdA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889067630342985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889061712179985, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Morphological characteristics of exosomes in three liquid dairy products before and after digestion under transmission electron microscopy, figureFileSmall=8c3JdVhFdTIyMk8dpBTnAA==, figureFileBig=hY0pdzkZbDxCOLXzAPbTwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889067701646154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889061712179985, language=CN, label=图2, caption=透射电子显微镜下三种液态乳消化前后外泌体的形态

注:A生牛乳;B消化生牛乳;C巴氏乳;D消化巴氏乳;E UHT乳;F消化UHT乳。

, figureFileSmall=8c3JdVhFdTIyMk8dpBTnAA==, figureFileBig=hY0pdzkZbDxCOLXzAPbTwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889067768755019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889061712179985, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Particle size distribution of exosomes isolated from three types of liquid dairy products before and after gastrointestinal digestion, figureFileSmall=eO9xAFMjCbpV44cH7NbYLw==, figureFileBig=fAyOb3l+7wvP6SBtH6pIxw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889067848446796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889061712179985, language=CN, label=图3, caption=三种液态乳制品消化前后外泌体的粒径分布

注:A生牛乳;B消化生牛乳;C巴氏乳;D消化巴氏乳;E UHT乳;F消化UHT乳。

, figureFileSmall=eO9xAFMjCbpV44cH7NbYLw==, figureFileBig=fAyOb3l+7wvP6SBtH6pIxw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889067919749965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889061712179985, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Expression profiles of specific protein markers in exosomes from three types of liquid dairy products before and after gastrointestinal digestion, figureFileSmall=PAq+Mf6OdsA9X1erwbQmfQ==, figureFileBig=H2gIe4olrYWbIP4slB0eYQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889067982664526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889061712179985, language=CN, label=图4, caption=三种液态乳消化前后外泌体特征蛋白表达

注:1生牛乳;2巴氏乳;3 UHT乳;4消化生牛乳;5消化巴氏乳;6消化UHT乳。

, figureFileSmall=PAq+Mf6OdsA9X1erwbQmfQ==, figureFileBig=H2gIe4olrYWbIP4slB0eYQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889068045579087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889061712179985, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Uptake of raw milk exosomes by IEC-6 cells at different incubation times, figureFileSmall=1dYUWMTxEZDUM55w0m6l4g==, figureFileBig=yZhyqHF6TfB4b6tusrf4xA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889069685551952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889061712179985, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同孵育时间IEC-6细胞对生牛乳外泌体的摄取

注:A共孵育2 h的荧光图像,B共孵育12 h的荧光图像;C共孵育24 h的荧光图像,D共孵育12 h的明场相差视野;蓝色荧光为DAPI标记的细胞核;绿色荧光为PKH-67标记的未经消化的生牛乳外泌体。

, figureFileSmall=1dYUWMTxEZDUM55w0m6l4g==, figureFileBig=yZhyqHF6TfB4b6tusrf4xA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889069798798161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889061712179985, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Transport of exosomes from three types of liquid dairy products by IEC-6 cells before and after gastrointestinal digestion, figureFileSmall=4ptAaqFhAj04JLxJAGD91Q==, figureFileBig=0owbrURHq2b/uZoWWQdnrg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889069882684242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889061712179985, language=CN, label=图6, caption=三种液态乳制品消化前后外泌体在IEC-6细胞中的转运

注:A空白对照组;B UHT乳外泌体(绿)孵育12 h;C消化UHT乳外泌体(绿)孵育12 h;D生牛乳外泌体(绿)与巴氏乳外泌体(红)依次孵育12 h;E生牛乳外泌体(绿)与巴氏乳外泌体(红)同步孵育12 h;F消化生牛乳外泌体(绿)与消化巴氏乳外泌体(红)依次孵育12 h;蓝色荧光为DAPI标记的细胞核;绿色荧光为PKH-67标记的乳外泌体;红色荧光为PKH-26标记的乳外泌体。

, figureFileSmall=4ptAaqFhAj04JLxJAGD91Q==, figureFileBig=0owbrURHq2b/uZoWWQdnrg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889069949793107, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889061712179985, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Transport of raw milk exosomes by MAC-T cells and IEC-6 cells, figureFileSmall=HWyW/DorxtL5AAL96jFWPg==, figureFileBig=89a7ir5qxNUt2agevxkDKg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889070021096276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889061712179985, language=CN, label=图7, caption=生牛乳外泌体在MAC-T细胞和IEC-6细胞中的转运

注:A牛乳外泌体与MAC-T细胞孵育12 h;B牛乳外泌体与IEC-6细胞孵育12 h;蓝色荧光为DAPI标记的细胞核;绿色荧光为PKH-67标记的未经消化的生牛乳外泌体。

, figureFileSmall=HWyW/DorxtL5AAL96jFWPg==, figureFileBig=89a7ir5qxNUt2agevxkDKg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889070092399445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889061712179985, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Preparation of simulated digestive fluid

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
成分SGF(mmol/L)SIF(mmol/L)
KCl6.96.8
KH2PO40.90.8
NaHCO32585
NaCl47.238.4
MgCl2·6H2O0.120.33
(NH4)2CO30.50
CaCl2·2H2O0.150.6
6 mol/L HCl15.68.4
), ArticleFig(id=1320889070163702614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889061712179985, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

模拟消化液的制备

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
成分SGF(mmol/L)SIF(mmol/L)
KCl6.96.8
KH2PO40.90.8
NaHCO32585
NaCl47.238.4
MgCl2·6H2O0.120.33
(NH4)2CO30.50
CaCl2·2H2O0.150.6
6 mol/L HCl15.68.4
), ArticleFig(id=1320889070226617175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889061712179985, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Cell culture grouping protocol

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别第一阶段(0~12 h)第二阶段(12~24 h)
A.空白对照生长培养基生长培养基
B.UHT乳外泌体孵育生长培养基UHT乳外泌体培养基
C.消化UHT乳外泌体孵育生长培养基消化UHT乳外泌体培养基
D.生牛乳与巴氏乳外泌体分依次孵育生牛乳外泌体培养基巴氏乳外泌体培养基
E.生牛乳与巴氏乳外泌体同步共孵育生长培养基生牛乳外泌体+巴氏乳外泌体培养基
F.消化生牛乳与巴氏乳外泌体依次孵育消化生牛乳外泌体培养基消化巴氏乳外泌体培养基
), ArticleFig(id=1320889070306308952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889061712179985, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

细胞培养分组

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别第一阶段(0~12 h)第二阶段(12~24 h)
A.空白对照生长培养基生长培养基
B.UHT乳外泌体孵育生长培养基UHT乳外泌体培养基
C.消化UHT乳外泌体孵育生长培养基消化UHT乳外泌体培养基
D.生牛乳与巴氏乳外泌体分依次孵育生牛乳外泌体培养基巴氏乳外泌体培养基
E.生牛乳与巴氏乳外泌体同步共孵育生长培养基生牛乳外泌体+巴氏乳外泌体培养基
F.消化生牛乳与巴氏乳外泌体依次孵育消化生牛乳外泌体培养基消化巴氏乳外泌体培养基
), ArticleFig(id=1320889070369223513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889061712179985, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Measurements of exosomes isolated from three types of liquid dairy products before and after gastrointestinal digestion

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品平均粒径
(nm)
粒径峰值
(nm)
外泌体
颗粒浓度
(个/mL)
外泌体总
蛋白浓度
(μg/mL)
颗粒
蛋白比
(个/μg)
生牛乳168.7±69.0b141.14.34×1094.57±0.02a9.48×108
巴氏乳127.7±41.2a110.74.30×1094.88±0.04b8.76×108
UHT乳127.0±51.3a101.41.15×1096.67±0.01c1.72×108
消化生牛乳136.7±64.0*96.71.10×1084.24±0.07*2.55×107
消化巴氏乳155.2±55.9*132.68.65×1082.41±0.01*3.57×108
消化UHT乳102.6±33.6*90.81.50×1096.22±0.02*2.42×108
), ArticleFig(id=1320889070448915290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889061712179985, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

三种液态乳消化前后外泌体的测量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品平均粒径
(nm)
粒径峰值
(nm)
外泌体
颗粒浓度
(个/mL)
外泌体总
蛋白浓度
(μg/mL)
颗粒
蛋白比
(个/μg)
生牛乳168.7±69.0b141.14.34×1094.57±0.02a9.48×108
巴氏乳127.7±41.2a110.74.30×1094.88±0.04b8.76×108
UHT乳127.0±51.3a101.41.15×1096.67±0.01c1.72×108
消化生牛乳136.7±64.0*96.71.10×1084.24±0.07*2.55×107
消化巴氏乳155.2±55.9*132.68.65×1082.41±0.01*3.57×108
消化UHT乳102.6±33.6*90.81.50×1096.22±0.02*2.42×108
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许曦瑶 1 , 万龙玉 1 , 曲波 1 , 赵锋 1, 2, *
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(5): 128-136
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (5) : 128 -136
液态乳制品生产工艺与胃肠道消化对牛乳外泌体表征特性与转运能力的影响
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许曦瑶1 , 万龙玉1, 曲波1, 赵锋1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1东北农业大学食品学院乳品科学教育部重点实验室,黑龙江哈尔滨 150030
  • 2国家市场监督管理总局重点实验室(婴幼儿配方食品),黑龙江哈尔滨 150030
通讯作者:
赵锋(1979−),男,博士,副研究员,研究方向:乳品安全与品质,E-mail:。
作者简介:

许曦瑶(1998−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品科学,E-mail:

Impact of Production Process and Gastrointestinal Digestion of Liquid Dairy Products on the Characterization and Transport Capacity of Bovine Milk Exosomes
Xiyao XU1 , Longyu WAN1, Bo QU1, Feng ZHAO1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
  • 2Key Laboratory of Infant Formula Food, State Administration for Market Regulation, Harbin 150030, China
出版时间: 2026-03-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030009
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为探究原料乳与不同生产工艺液态乳制品中牛乳外泌体典型表征的差异,探究生产工艺和胃肠道消化对于牛乳外泌体表征特性和转运能力的影响,本研究以生牛乳、市售巴氏杀菌乳和超高温瞬时灭菌(ultra-high temperature instantaneous sterilization,UHT)乳为研究对象,采用国际INFOGEST体外消化模型模拟胃肠道消化,等电点沉淀结合超速离心法提取牛乳外泌体,通过BCA蛋白含量试剂盒测定外泌体总蛋白浓度、透射电镜观察形态、纳米颗粒跟踪分析仪分析粒径分布,蛋白免疫印迹检测特征蛋白CD9、CD63和TSG101,综合评估外泌体的表征差异,并通过激光共聚焦显微镜观察奶牛乳腺上皮细胞(MAC-T)和大鼠小肠上皮细胞(IEC-6)摄取外泌体的情况。结果表明,等体积生牛乳、巴氏乳和UHT乳中提取到的外泌体总蛋白浓度依次递增且差异显著(P<0.05);生牛乳中外泌体粒径显著高于巴氏乳和UHT乳(P<0.05),但模拟胃肠道消化引起的外泌体粒径变化未见规律性;生产工艺和胃肠道消化会不同程度地降低外泌体表面蛋白完整性,UHT乳外泌体仅检测到TSG101和CD63的弱表达,消化后3种特征蛋白均无法检出;外泌体转运荧光示踪显示,牛乳外泌体进入两种靶标细胞的摄取效果无显著差异,经过生产加工或消化处理的外泌体仍可被IEC-6与MAC-T非特异性摄取。本研究证实生产工艺及胃肠道消化过程均能显著破坏牛乳外泌体表征特性,但并未完全阻断其转运能力,为功能性乳制品开发提供了理论依据。

牛乳  /  牛乳外泌体  /  模拟消化  /  靶向转运  /  荧光示踪

In order to compare the differences in typical characterization of bovine milk exosomes between raw milk and liquid dairy products processed by different processing technologies, and to investigate the effects of production process and gastrointestinal digestion on the characterization and transport capacity of bovine milk exosomes, this study selected raw milk, commercial pasteurized milk and ultra-high temperature instantaneous sterilized (UHT) milk as research subjects. The gastrointestinal digestion process was simulated using the international INFOGEST in vitro digestion model. Bovine milk exosomes were isolated using isoelectric precipitation combined with ultracentrifugation. Comprehensive characterization of exosomes was performed by measuring total protein concentration with a BCA protein assay kit, observing morphology by transmission electron microscopy, analyzing particle size distribution by nanoparticle tracking analysis, and detecting specific protein markers (CD9, CD63, and TSG101) by western blotting. Additionally, the uptake of exosomes by bovine mammary epithelial cells (MAC-T) and rat intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6) was visualized by confocal laser scanning microscopy. The results showed that the total protein concentration of exosomes isolated from equal volumes of raw, pasteurized and UHT milk increased sequentially with significant differences (P<0.05). Exosomes derived from raw milk exhibited significantly larger particle sizes than those derived from pasteurized and UHT milk (P<0.05), whereas no regular pattern was observed in particle size changes induced by simulated gastrointestinal digestion. Both production process and gastrointestinal digestion reduced the integrity of exosomal surface proteins to varying degrees, with UHT milk exosomes showing only weak expression of TSG101 and CD63. All three specific protein markers became undetectable after digestion. Fluorescent tracer experiments revealed no significant differences in the uptake efficiency of bovine milk exosomes by two target cell types (IEC-6 and MAC-T), and exosomes subjected to processing or digestion were still non-specifically internalized by these cells. This study demonstrated that production process and gastrointestinal digestion significantly compromised the characteristic properties of bovine milk exosomes but did not entirely abolish their transport capacity, providing a theoretical foundation for the development of functional dairy products.

bovine milk  /  bovine milk exosomes  /  simulated digestion  /  targeted transport  /  fluorescent tracer
许曦瑶, 万龙玉, 曲波, 赵锋. 液态乳制品生产工艺与胃肠道消化对牛乳外泌体表征特性与转运能力的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (5) : 128 -136 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030009
Xiyao XU, Longyu WAN, Bo QU, Feng ZHAO. Impact of Production Process and Gastrointestinal Digestion of Liquid Dairy Products on the Characterization and Transport Capacity of Bovine Milk Exosomes[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (5) : 128 -136 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030009
牛乳作为人类饮食的重要组成部分,不仅提供丰富的能量和营养,还含有多种生物活性物质,其中外泌体因其携带丰富的遗传信息和独特的生物学特性近年来备受关注。外泌体是细胞分泌囊泡(extracellular vesicles,EVs)的一种亚型,直径在30~150 nm,是脂质、蛋白质和核酸的天然载体,参与包括介导细胞间通信、个体生长发育、代谢及疾病发生等多种生理或病理过程[1−3]。一些研究报道[4−6]牛乳外泌体具有耐胃肠道消化能力与跨屏障转运能力,使其可通过口服途径被生物利用,相较于其他来源的外泌体,牛乳外泌体还具有免疫原性较低、来源广泛、产量较高等优势[7],因此在营养干预、疾病治疗及功能性食品开发中潜力显著[8−10]。
牛乳转变为消费者可安全食用的液态乳制品需要经过均质、杀菌等一系列工业加工过程,不同生产工艺会对牛乳外泌体结构及功能产生不同程度的影响。Colella等[11]研究表明,均质化和热处理均会使牛乳外泌体浓度下降超过60%;而Kleinjan等[12]的研究结果表明无论是否经过均质化的巴氏杀菌乳中外泌体数量没有显著变化,但完整性受到影响。商品乳通过饮食途径被人体摄取需要经过胃肠道消化,被人体细胞摄取之前天然外泌体的形态结构、特异成分表达等表征特性和功能活性都会经历生产过程及消化过程双重影响。尽管已有研究[13−15]证实牛乳外泌体的脂双层膜可以保护外泌体及内部包含的活性分子免受低pH和高酶活性环境的攻击,使其可以通过胃肠道吸收进入机体,但鲜有研究涉及消化过程对商品乳中外泌体的影响规律。同时,早期外泌体研究的体外消化模型缺乏标准化操作流程,2014年,国际INFOGEST合作组织通过规范口腔、胃及小肠阶段的模拟条件,提出了新的静态体外消化方案,为食品中活性成分的消化稳定性研究提供了可靠方法学基础,2019年发布了2.0版本,修订后的消化方案在模拟胃肠道消化乳制品中表现出很好的真实性[16]。因此,关于人体消化过程对牛乳外泌体影响程度的相关报道结论并不一致,尚无权威定论。目前针对不同种类液态乳制品中牛乳外泌体在消化过程中的变化仍缺乏系统性研究,制约了其功能化应用。综上所述,系统比较不同液态乳制品经标准化胃肠道消化后牛乳外泌体特性的差异,评估其跨细胞转运能力,对开发功能性牛乳制品具有重要意义。
本实验以生牛乳、市售巴氏杀菌乳(巴氏乳)和超高温瞬时灭菌(ultra-high temperature instantaneous sterilization,UHT)乳为实验材料,基于INFOGEST组织提出的体外消化模型[16]对三种牛乳样本进行模拟胃肠道消化,通过等电点沉淀结合超速离心法分别获取消化前后牛乳外泌体并进行表征分析,比较液态乳制品生产工艺对牛乳外泌体的理化特性及耐胃肠道消化能力的影响,通过荧光示踪法探究三种牛乳样品消化前后外泌体的细胞转运能力,验证不同类型细胞(IEC-6和MAC-T)对其摄取的靶向特异性。本研究旨在为最大化保留牛乳外泌体生物活性提供实验依据,厘清牛乳外泌体生物学特性及其在人体消化过程中的变化将为功能性食品开发提供新思路。
实验用液态乳 生牛乳来源于哈尔滨市周边大中型规模化养殖奶牛牧场,巴氏杀菌乳和UHT乳均为市售;氯化钾、磷酸二氢钾、碳酸氢钠、氯化钠、六水合氯化镁、碳酸铵、二水合氯化钙 天津富宇精细化工有限公司;胃蛋白酶(1:10000)、胰蛋白酶(1:250)、牛胆盐、无菌PBS 北京博奥拓公司;4-(2-氨乙基)苯磺酰氟盐酸盐(AEBSF) 上海阿拉丁;大鼠小肠隐窝上皮细胞系(IEC-6)、奶牛乳腺上皮细胞系(MAC-T) 分别由东北农业大学刘飞教授和侯晓明教授惠赠;胎牛血清 加拿大WISENTING公司;DMEM、0.25%胰酶-EDTA消化液 Gibco公司;青霉素-链霉素溶液(100×)、BCA蛋白浓度测定试剂盒(增强型)、兔anti-CD9一抗(1:500稀释)、兔anti-CD63一抗(1:500稀释)、兔anti-TSG101一抗(1:1000稀释)、HRP-Goat anti-Rabbit IgG(H+L)(1:1000稀释)、亲脂性细胞膜染料PKH-67、PKH-26、DAPI染色工作液、抗荧光淬灭剂 上海碧云天公司;4%多聚甲醛组织固定液 biosharp公司。
Optma-100超速冷冻离心机 美国Beckman Counter公司;HT-7800透射电子显微镜 日本日立集团有限公司;PMX120-Z纳米颗粒追踪分析仪 德国Particle Metrix公司;FV-3000激光共聚焦显微镜 日本奥林巴斯。
牛乳外泌体的分离纯化参考李颖[17]的方法,并作修改。三种牛乳样品在5000×g条件下离心30 min去除乳脂肪;中间层乳液在10000×g离心60 min,弃沉淀及残余脂肪层,获得脱脂乳;用6 mol/L HCl和1 mol/L NaOH调节脱脂乳pH至4.6,静置1 h;静置之后于10000×g离心60 min,弃沉淀,上清部分重复离心60 min;将乳清通过0.45 μm滤膜过滤,滤液在75000×g进行超速离心60 min,保留中间层乳清部分,弃去残存脂肪层、细胞碎片和杂蛋白,在130000×g离心90 min,管底附着的沉淀即为粗外泌体。粗外泌体用预冷的PBS重悬后再经过130000×g离心90 min,所得沉淀即为后续实验使用的外泌体样品。上述离心过程均在4 ℃条件下进行,牛乳外泌体样品于−80 ℃长期储存。
取适量外泌体样品稀释50倍,按照采用的BCA试剂盒说明书步骤测定提取出的外泌体总蛋白浓度。按以下公式计算牛乳样品中外泌体蛋白浓度:
$ {\text{C}}_{标}(\text{µ} \text{g/mL})=\frac{{\text{C}}_{总}\times \text{V}}{{\text{V}}_{原}} $
式中:C标表示单位体积牛乳样品中的外泌体蛋白浓度,μg/mL;C总表示测定所得的外泌体重悬液原始总蛋白浓度,μg/mL;V表示外泌体重悬液体积,mL;V原表示原始牛乳样品体积,mL。
预冷PBS将外泌体样品稀释至蛋白浓度约0.25 mg/mL,取10 μL样品滴加到300目镍网上,室温静置10 min,吸出多余溶液,进行乙酸铀负染色5 min,去离子水清洗三次,室温晾干。在透射电镜下进行镜检,电压设置为100 kV,初始倍数为0.2 k,选取3~5个背景较为干净、分散良好的视野放大,观察囊泡数量、形态特征和尺寸,并采集代表性图像。
样品池用去离子水清洗后,以聚苯乙烯微球进行校准,接着用PBS清洗样品池,再将外泌体样品(4 ℃保存,提取后48 h以内)稀释至适当浓度(粒子浓度介于107~109之间)后,使用纳米颗粒追踪分析仪对外泌体样品粒径大小及粒径分布进行检测。按以下公式对外泌体颗粒数进行标准化:
$ {\text{N}}_{标}(个\text{/mL})=\frac{{\text{N}}_{原}\times \text{V}}{{\text{V}}_{原}} $
式中:N标表示单位体积牛乳样品中的外泌体颗粒数,个/mL;N原表示外泌体重悬液原始颗粒浓度,个/mL;V表示外泌体重悬液体积,mL;V原表示原始牛乳样品体积,mL。
完成外泌体样品蛋白浓度与粒子浓度的测定后,为进一步评估外泌体样品的纯度与质量,计算颗粒蛋白比,公式如下。
$ 颗粒蛋白比(个\text{/}\text{µ} \text{g})=\frac{{\text{N}}_{原}}{{\text{C}}_{总}} $
式中:N原表示1.2.1.4中外泌体重悬液原始颗粒浓度,个/mL;C总表示1.2.1.2中所得的外泌体重悬液原始总蛋白浓度,μg/mL。
根据国际细胞外囊泡协会指导手册(MISEV2018)选取CD9、CD63和TSG101三种外泌体特征蛋白进行检测[18]。调节不同样品的蛋白浓度,使各样品蛋白浓度基本一致。将外泌体样品与含有PMSF的IP裂解液混合冰上裂解5 min提取总蛋白,再与5×SDS以4:1的体积比混合,沸水浴10 min变性。样品用10% SDS-PAGE进行电泳,湿转法转移到0.45 μm的NC膜上,条件为90 V、60 min。转膜后用5%脱脂乳在37 ℃条件下封闭2 h,转移至相应的一抗4 ℃孵育过夜。将膜充分洗涤后,用对应的HRP标记二抗37 ℃孵育1 h。膜充分洗涤后,用ECL发光液检测蛋白条带。
采用INFOGEST体外消化方案[16]并进行部分调整,按照表1制备模拟胃液(simulated gastric fluid,SGF)和模拟肠液(simulated intestinal fluid,SIF)。在胃相反应阶段,牛乳样品脱脂后与37 ℃预热的SGF等体积混合(胃蛋白酶终浓度2000 U/mL),调整pH至3.0,密封后于恒温摇床中95 r/min反应2 h。胃相结束时,调节pH至7.0终止消化。在上述混合液中加入等体积预热的SIF(胰蛋白酶终浓度100 U/mL,牛胆盐0.3%(w/v)),调节pH为7.0,密封后于恒温摇床中95 r/min反应2 h。肠相反应结束后,分别加入终浓度为5 mmol/L的AEBSF以终止消化。消化产物中牛乳外泌体的提取和表征同1.2.1。
IEC-6细胞采用包含10%胎牛血清和1%青霉素-链霉素的高糖DMEM培养基作为生长培养基,MAC-T细胞采用包含10%胎牛血清和0.5%青霉素-链霉素的DMEM培养基作为生长培养基。根据亲脂性细胞膜染料PKH-67和PKH-26的说明书,PKH-67和PKH-26的溶液与粗外泌体重悬液以1:500体积比混合均匀,在室温下避光孵育30 min,将外泌体在4 ℃,130000×g离心90 min重新提取,用PBS洗涤一次。其中,消化前后生牛乳和UHT乳的外泌体提取物分别用PKH-67标记,消化前后巴氏乳的外泌体提取物用PKH-26标记。荧光标记的外泌体重悬于PBS,经0.22 μm滤膜过滤除菌后,加入生长培养基中配制成0.3 mg/mL的工作浓度,4 ℃避光备用。
将对数生长期的大鼠小肠上皮细胞系IEC-6细胞以适当浓度接种在35 mm激光共聚焦培养皿中,过夜贴壁后,更换为添加PKH-67标记生牛乳外泌体的培养基,分别与细胞共孵育2、12和24 h。共孵育结束,弃掉培养基,用PBS洗涤3×5 min。加入4%多聚甲醛组织固定液覆盖住细胞,室温下避光孵育20 min后,弃掉多聚甲醛,PBS洗涤3×5 min。加入适量DAPI染色工作液覆盖住细胞,37 ℃避光孵育5 min,弃掉DAPI,PBS洗涤3×5 min,滴加抗荧光淬灭封片剂覆盖封闭细胞。激光共聚焦显微系统检测PKH-67的荧光信号。
将IEC-6细胞分为A~F共6组,接种于35 mm激光共聚焦培养皿中,过夜贴壁后,按表2分组,并分阶段更换培养基。
共孵育结束后,后续的洗涤、固定、洗涤、DAPI复染、洗涤、封片过程同1.2.3.2。激光共聚焦显微系统检测PKH-67和PKH-26荧光信号,观察分析被标记的各种来源外泌体转运进入细胞的情况。
以IEC-6细胞作为对照组,将MAC-T细胞生长至对数期时接种于35 mm激光共聚焦培养皿中。过夜贴壁后,更换为生牛乳外泌体培养基,共孵育12 h,分组及更换培养基步骤同1.2.3.2。激光共聚焦显微系统观察荧光信号强度和数量判断不同类型细胞对生牛乳来源外泌体的摄取效率是否存在差异。
所有数据均为3次测定的平均值,以平均值±标准差的形式表示。采用GraphPad Prism 10.1.2对数据进行统计分析;Origin8.5绘制粒度曲线;FV31S-DT合成激光共聚焦显微系统照片。
本实验通过BCA法测定三种液态乳消化前后外泌体的蛋白浓度,计算每毫升牛乳样品中的外泌体总蛋白浓度。如图1所示,不同生产工艺的液态乳中外泌体总蛋白浓度为:生牛乳<巴氏乳<UHT乳,且三者间差异显著(P<0.05)。已有研究[12,19]表明UHT乳中外泌体破坏严重,完整的外泌体含量降低,与本实验的结果相异。因此推测巴氏乳和UHT乳中提取的外泌体样品中的蛋白包含未被完全去除的非外泌体蛋白和因外泌体破裂而释放出的内部蛋白,从而导致总蛋白含量升高。
三种液态乳消化后提取的外泌体总蛋白浓度均显著低于未消化组(P<0.05),不同种类液态乳消化前后外泌体蛋白损失程度不同,其中消化巴氏乳外泌体样品中蛋白质损失程度高于生牛乳和UHT乳。一些研究发现,巴氏杀菌乳的蛋白消化率高于其他乳制品[20−21],其高蛋白消化率可能促进与外泌体共沉淀的非外泌体蛋白更多地水解为小分子肽段,这些肽段在超速离心时滞留于上清液,进而使分离的消化巴氏乳外泌体样品的蛋白量明显低于消化生牛乳外泌体和消化UHT乳外泌体。
透射电子显微镜下观察,外泌体如图2箭头所示,呈现为直径约100 nm的双层膜结构囊泡,形态规则;而杂质如蛋白聚集体、细胞碎片、脂蛋白等,则呈现无完整膜结构、形态不规则或呈均质颗粒状,且尺寸不符合外泌体定义。
形态学分析表明,生牛乳外泌体形状规则、边界清晰、膜结构完整、表面较为光滑,巴氏乳和UHT乳外泌体存在清晰的完整囊泡,囊泡形态相对规则。在等蛋白浓度条件下,UHT乳外泌体难以在透射电子显微镜下被观察到,印证了UHT乳外泌体样品中含有更多的非外泌体来源蛋白质或外泌体内部蛋白质。
经胃肠道消化处理的牛乳外泌体形态损伤加剧,与未消化组相比,消化组外泌体轮廓模糊粗糙,表面结构受到损害。在等蛋白浓度条件下,完整囊泡数量减少。
外泌体的颗粒蛋白比(颗粒数/总蛋白浓度)可以一定程度上反映外泌体样品纯度[18],纯外泌体的总蛋白浓度来源于其自身结构,同一来源的外泌体其颗粒蛋白比应相对恒定。然而实际样品中,蛋白聚集体、细胞碎片、脂质体、其他类型的囊泡等杂质的存在会导致该比值偏离理论值,因此,外泌体样品需要结合多个指标共同表征和量化,并不能仅以单一指标对其进行分析。
如图3所示,所有外泌体样品粒径主要分布在50~250 nm之间。粒径峰值反映外泌体粒径主要分布范围,6组牛乳外泌体样品的峰值均在30~150 nm范围内。如表3所示,与生牛乳外泌体相比,巴氏乳和UHT乳外泌体的平均粒径显著减小(P<0.05),巴氏乳和UHT乳外泌体平均粒径无显著差异(P>0.05)。生牛乳、巴氏乳和UHT乳颗粒蛋白比呈递减趋势,结合透射电镜观察及粒度分析结果,反映出UHT乳外泌体数量和纯度均远低于生牛乳和巴氏乳,初步表明生产工艺影响牛乳外泌体的分离效率。
与未消化组相比,消化组外泌体粒径均产生显著变化(P<0.05),但胃肠道消化引起的外泌体粒径变化未见显著规律性。生牛乳外泌体和UHT乳外泌体的平均粒径较未消化时降低,而巴氏乳外泌体相反;生牛乳和巴氏乳消化后提取的外泌体样品中颗粒浓度均大幅度降低,而UHT乳消化后颗粒浓度变化幅度不大。胃肠道消化处理可能使蛋白质降解为与外泌体粒径相近的碎片,干扰颗粒蛋白比的实际意义,此时需联合多参数分析外泌体样品的纯度。
三种液态乳消化处理前后外泌体特征蛋白检测结果如图4所示,CD9(25 kDa)、CD63(23 kDa)和TSG101(44 kDa)在生牛乳外泌体和巴氏乳外泌体中均呈现明显条带,UHT乳外泌体中CD9未被检出,CD63和TSG101丰度降低。CD9在生牛乳和巴氏乳外泌体中呈现双条带,可能与糖基化修饰导致的迁移率差异有关,且生牛乳和巴氏乳外泌体的CD9糖基化程度近似。CD63在生牛乳、巴氏乳和UHT乳外泌体中均被检出,丰度呈递减趋势,并且可以初步判断巴氏乳外泌体中CD63发生糖基化修饰,而UHT乳外泌体中CD63降解产生小片段。TSG101在生牛乳与巴氏乳外泌体中丰度接近,而UHT乳外泌体中TSG101丰度较低的同时,可能因为生产工艺导致TSG101蛋白被修饰而向更高的分子量偏移。
消化组外泌体样品中均未检出CD9、CD63和TSG101,表明本研究采用的模拟胃肠道消化条件对外泌体特征蛋白造成了严重破坏,与Oliver等[22]的研究结果一致。以往研究[15,23–24]证实外泌体来源的lncRNA和miRNA等内容物具有良好的胃肠道消化稳定性,口服外泌体制剂后能够在受试生物体内检测到外泌体源RNA的表达[6],说明胃肠道消化可能对外泌体表面完整性和其他特征造成较大影响,但其膜结构依然能够保护内部物质免受破坏。
亲脂性细胞膜染料PKH-67和PKH-26通过与细胞膜结构上的脂质分子结合而标记细胞,外泌体膜具有与细胞膜组成相似的脂质双分子层,因此可被PKH-67和PKH-26标记。
将PKH-67标记的未经消化的生牛乳外泌体(终蛋白浓度0.3 mg/mL)与IEC-6细胞共孵育2、12、24 h后,激光共聚焦显微镜观察结果如图5所示。绿色荧光信号(PKH-67标记的生牛乳外泌体)与蓝色荧光信号(细胞核)共定位表明,生牛乳外泌体与细胞培养2 h即可被细胞摄取;通过明场相差视野观察到的细胞轮廓,表明外泌体转运进入细胞后,定位于细胞核外周,分布于细胞质中。12 h和24 h组细胞内荧光强度明显高于2 h组,且12 h和24 h组荧光信号无明显差异,可能在实验条件下IEC-6细胞对生牛乳外泌体的主动摄取在12 h前达到动态平衡状态。因此,后续实验采用12 h时间点进行共孵育比较牛乳外泌体转运进入不同类型细胞的能力。
激光共聚焦显微成像显示(图6),生牛乳、巴氏乳和UHT乳外泌体均能被IEC-6细胞摄取,相同时间段内IEC-6细胞对生牛乳和巴氏乳外泌体的摄取量无明显差异,表明巴氏乳生产工艺虽然对外泌体的完整性和表面特征蛋白造成一定程度的破坏[11−12],但并未完全破坏外泌体转运进入细胞的能力。
相同时间内,IEC-6细胞对UHT乳外泌体的摄取量显著降低,结合透射电镜观察(图2)及粒度检测分析(图3)结果,推测提取的UHT乳外泌体样品因非外泌体蛋白污染,导致以提取物总蛋白浓度为标准控制外泌体添加量时,UHT乳外泌体的纯度及颗粒数量不足。因此,未能证实三种牛乳外泌体中UHT外泌体转运能力更弱,需要纯化外泌体或分选外泌体来进一步验证。
如图6D所示,未经模拟胃肠道消化的生牛乳和巴氏乳外泌体荧光信号明亮清晰,红绿荧光重叠部分显示出清晰的橙色,与图6F所示模拟胃肠道消化处理后的生牛乳和巴氏乳外泌体荧光信号进行对比,发现消化后的两种外泌体明亮的荧光点较少,荧光强度普遍较弱,可以判断出生牛乳和巴氏乳外泌体进入细胞的数量及荧光强度明显高于消化后的生牛乳和巴氏乳外泌体,表明胃肠道消化影响了外泌体向细胞的转运,推断胃肠道消化酶破坏了外泌体膜表面的细胞摄取外泌体时的识别位点或者必要成分,与文献报道一致[25]。此外,结合外泌体的表征结果,消化后制备的外泌体纯度下降,基于总蛋白浓度进行标准化可能高估外泌体实际浓度,限制了细胞摄取外泌体的速率和数量。为排除实验中外泌体样品纯度差异产生的误差,需建立能更准确地衡量外泌体含量的标准化方法。
UHT乳外泌体消化组与未消化组荧光强度无明显差异,推测由于UHT乳生产工艺已经导致乳中符合外泌体形态大小特征的囊泡颗粒浓度极低,且对这些仅存的外泌体样囊泡表面脂质和蛋白破坏程度较大,所以后续胃肠道消化处理也未能呈现出更多影响。
当生牛乳与巴氏乳外泌体同步与细胞共孵育时,总外泌体浓度相同(终蛋白浓度0.3 mg/mL),但外泌体总数量相当于分步依次孵育时的两倍,但前者荧光示踪观察效果反而不及后者,细胞对被红/绿荧光标记的外泌体的摄取也没有明显的倾向性,提示外泌体转运时,其效率并非与细胞外环境中的外泌体数量呈线性相关,影响外泌体靶向细胞转运效率的更多因素仍需探究。
研究表明[26–27]有些外泌体被认为具有特定的组织趋向性,例如表达四跨膜蛋白8(CD8)和整联蛋白α4复合物的外泌体被认为更容易被内皮细胞和胰腺细胞摄取[28],但是牛乳外泌体是否也存在细胞靶向特异性尚未确定。本实验将IEC-6细胞和MAC-T细胞分别与未经消化处理的生牛乳外泌体共孵育,两种细胞对生牛乳外泌体的摄取效果如图7所示,未观察到牛乳外泌体由细胞外到细胞内的转运速率和细胞内数量上有明显差异,牛乳外泌体在向其乳腺供体细胞和肠道受体细胞的转运过程中未表现出明显的选择性和倾向性,在这两种细胞中不具备特异性转运的特点。
牛乳中外泌体并不是单一类型细胞来源,主要来自MAC-T细胞,也可能来自乳腺其他类型细胞。在本研究的体外系统,牛乳外泌体在短时间内即可非特异地转运进入IEC-6细胞和MAC-T细胞,表明牛乳外泌体进出MAC-T细胞是可逆的,因此,将牛乳外泌体开发成为递送载体,无论是向肠道细胞递送营养成分,还是携带miRNA进入细胞进行表观遗传调控都是可行的。然而,与靶细胞特异识别关联的牛乳外泌体表面蛋白分子以及外泌体被细胞识别并摄取的机制尚不明确,对于外泌体靶向转运的机制仍需进一步探究。
本研究系统分析了不同液态乳制品生产工艺和胃肠道消化对牛乳外泌体表征特性及跨膜转运能力的影响。结果表明,与生牛乳外泌体相比,巴氏乳中外泌体的平均粒径减小,部分特征蛋白降解;UHT乳中外泌体结构完整性降低、平均粒径减小,特征蛋白大幅度降解,UHT乳中外泌体大量损失。与未消化组相比,体外模拟胃肠道消化处理的牛乳外泌体结构完整性降低,不同液态乳中外泌体消化前后的平均粒径未表现出明显的规律性,三种液态乳中外泌体消化后特征蛋白完全降解。液态乳制品生产工艺和胃肠道消化虽然对牛乳外泌体造成不同程度的破坏,但均未完全阻断所有牛乳外泌体的转运,留存的牛乳外泌体亚群仍能被MAC-T和IEC-6细胞摄取,并且牛乳外泌体转运时对于两种类型细胞均未表现出靶向特异性。本研究有助于新型功能乳制品的开发,并为维持商品化乳制品中外泌体活性,充分发挥其生物学功能,提供实验数据和理论支持。

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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030009
  • 接收时间:2025-03-05
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-03-01
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    1东北农业大学食品学院乳品科学教育部重点实验室,黑龙江哈尔滨 150030
    2国家市场监督管理总局重点实验室(婴幼儿配方食品),黑龙江哈尔滨 150030

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赵锋(1979−),男,博士,副研究员,研究方向:乳品安全与品质,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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