Article(id=1320888862189142533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320883923090002610, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020269, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1740931200000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792854045674, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1774972800000, pubDateStr=2026-04-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792854045674, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792854045674, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792854045674, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320883923090002610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='510', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774972800000', pubDateStr='2026-04-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852868101, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852868101, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=72, endPage=82, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320888862390469126, articleId=1320888862189142533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effect of Cutting, Blanching and Freezing Processing on the Quality of French Fries, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the quality changes of French fries during processing, potato cultivars 'Atlantic' and 'McCain' were used as the research materials. The effect of cutting, blanching, freezing and frying processing on color, starch, reducing sugar, total phenol, antioxidant ability, water status and textural characteristics of French fries was studied. The results showed that freezing after blanching significantly (P<0.05) reduced the L*, a*and b* values of French fries. Compared with French fries after fresh-cut process, freezing 'Atlantic' French fries after blanching reduced the L* value by 4.24%. Direct freezing and freezing after blanching treatments had no significant (P>0.05) effect on the starch content of 'Atlantic' and 'McCain' French fries, but freezing after blanching significantly (P<0.05) reduced the reducing sugar content of 'McCain' French fries. The reducing sugar content of 'McCain' French fries in freezing group after blanching was 28.88% lower than that of fresh-cut fried group. Furthermore, frying could significantly (P<0.05) increase the total phenol content and antioxidant capacity of French fries. As for the texture characteristics and water status, freezing after blanching, direct freezing and frying all reduced the hardness and crispness of French fries. Freezing treatment after blanching led to an earlier T21 migration time, while frying significantly (P<0.05) increased the proportion of bound water and immobile water. Correlation analysis indicated that the correlation among reducing sugar, starch and total phenol increased after frying, but it was affected by the cultivar and processing condition. This study provides a reference for an in-depth exploration of the effect of processing on potato quality.

, authors=Mingxue YIN1, Xiaoyu LIU1, Aofeng CHENG1, Yong PENG1, Min WEI2, Dalong ZHANG2, Guozhu ZHANG3, Xiaoyan ZHANG1, *, authorsList=Mingxue YIN, Xiaoyu LIU, Aofeng CHENG, Yong PENG, Min WEI, Dalong ZHANG, Guozhu ZHANG, Xiaoyan ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiaoyan ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320888863900418577, articleId=1320888862189142533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=鲜切、烫漂和速冻过程对油炸薯条品质的影响, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究油炸薯条在加工过程中的品质变化,以‘大西洋’‘麦肯’马铃薯为试材,研究鲜切、烫漂、速冻、油炸等处理环节对薯条颜色、淀粉、还原糖、总酚、抗氧化能力、水分及质构等相关指标的影响。结果表明,烫漂后速冻处理显著(P<0.05)降低了薯条颜色L*、a*和b*值,与鲜切后油炸相比,烫漂后速冻再油炸使‘大西洋’薯条的L*值降低了4.24%。直接速冻和烫漂后速冻处理对油炸后的两种薯条淀粉含量影响不显著(P>0.05),但烫漂后速冻处理显著(P<0.05)降低了‘麦肯’薯条还原糖含量,烫漂后速冻油炸比鲜切后油炸的“麦肯”薯条还原糖含量降低了28.88%。此外,油炸显著(P<0.05)提高了薯条的总酚含量和抗氧化能力。从质构和水分分析来看,烫漂后速冻、直接速冻和油炸处理均降低了薯条的硬度、脆度,烫漂后速冻处理导致T21弛豫时间提前,而油炸处理显著(P<0.05)提高了结合水和不易流动水比例。相关性分析表明,油炸后薯条还原糖与淀粉、总酚的相关性升高,但受品种和加工条件的影响。本研究为深入探究加工过程对马铃薯品质的影响提供了参考。

, authors=尹明雪1, 刘晓瑜1, 程傲峰1, 彭勇1, 魏珉2, 张大龙2, 张国柱3, 张小燕1, *, authorsList=尹明雪, 刘晓瑜, 程傲峰, 彭勇, 魏珉, 张大龙, 张国柱, 张小燕, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张小燕, authorNote=

尹明雪(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:果蔬保鲜与加工,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
张小燕(1983−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:果蔬保鲜与加工,E-mail:。
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Effect of pulsed electrical fields on the structural properties that affect French fry texture during processing[J]. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 2017, 67: 1−11., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320888872976892570, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888862189142533, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=44, rfOrder=63, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=汪春玲, 付仁豪, 裴志胜, 等. 基于低场核磁共振技术研究新微冻气调罗非鱼片水分迁移与品质变化的相关性[J]. 食品科学, 2020, 41(21): 182−188. [WANG Chunling, FU Renhao, PEI Zhisheng, et al. Correlation between water migration analyzed by low-field nuclear magnetic resonance and quality change of modified atmosphere packaged tilapia fillets during superchilled and frozen storage[J]. 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Packaging Engineering, 2023, 44(17): 41−49.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320888873232745117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888862189142533, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=45, rfOrder=66, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DU Huihui, LI Kexing, LIU Caiyun, et al. Effect of pretreatment and thawing method on freezing and thawing quality of potato[J]. Packaging Engineering, 2023, 44(17): 41−49., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320888873299853982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888862189142533, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=46, rfOrder=67, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张晖, 李培燕, 吴港城, 等. 基于传质特性研究油种类对煎炸薯条质构的影响[J]. 粮油食品科技, 2022, 30(1): 10−18. [ZHANG Hui, LI Peiyan, WU Gangcheng, et al. Research on the influence of oil types on the texture of fried French fries based on mass transfer characteristics[J]. Science and Technology of Cereals, Oils and Foods, 2022, 30(1): 10−18.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320888873375351455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888862189142533, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=46, rfOrder=68, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG Hui, LI Peiyan, WU Gangcheng, et al. Research on the influence of oil types on the texture of fried French fries based on mass transfer characteristics[J]. Science and Technology of Cereals, Oils and Foods, 2022, 30(1): 10−18., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320888864177242642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888862189142533, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320888864189825555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888862189142533, companyId=1320888864177242642, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320888864202408468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888862189142533, companyId=1320888864177242642, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1山东农业大学食品科学与工程学院,山东泰安 271018)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320888864286294549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888862189142533, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320888864298877462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888862189142533, companyId=1320888864286294549, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320888864311460375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888862189142533, companyId=1320888864286294549, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2山东农业大学园艺科学与工程学院,山东泰安 271018)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320888864403735064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888862189142533, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320888864416317977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888862189142533, companyId=1320888864403735064, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Laiyang Yonghe Food Co., Ltd., Yantai 265200, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320888864428900890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888862189142533, companyId=1320888864403735064, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3莱阳永和食品有限公司,山东烟台 265200)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320888867381690957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888862189142533, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Flow chart of French fries processing, figureFileSmall=b+v4IBzSNVnYRODZVPD+Xg==, figureFileBig=eL8RrGFhnvo6CLeTuHhobA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888867444605518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888862189142533, language=CN, label=图1, caption=薯条加工工艺流程图, figureFileSmall=b+v4IBzSNVnYRODZVPD+Xg==, figureFileBig=eL8RrGFhnvo6CLeTuHhobA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888867599794767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888862189142533, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effect of processing on color of potato chips and oil content of French fries, figureFileSmall=zwUi7ggtfVK3qzzv278iFg==, figureFileBig=sMQzQ36VMyGvuwdhCP5K/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888867683680848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888862189142533, language=CN, label=图2, caption=加工过程对马铃薯薯条色泽和油炸薯条含油率的影响

注:不同大写字母表示不同品种间在相同加工过程下具有显著差异(P<0.05),不同小写字母表示同一品种在不同加工过程下具有显著差异(P<0.05);图3、图4同。

, figureFileSmall=zwUi7ggtfVK3qzzv278iFg==, figureFileBig=sMQzQ36VMyGvuwdhCP5K/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888867767566929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888862189142533, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effect of processing on starch, reducing sugar, moisture and total phenols content of potato chips, figureFileSmall=+cG5rRAKPT/E7q3ASsOMSg==, figureFileBig=nS6AeClsCNHmcCxgLSUb5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888867834675794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888862189142533, language=CN, label=图3, caption=加工过程对马铃薯薯条淀粉、还原糖、水分含量和总酚含量的影响, figureFileSmall=+cG5rRAKPT/E7q3ASsOMSg==, figureFileBig=nS6AeClsCNHmcCxgLSUb5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888867905978963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888862189142533, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effect of processing on PPO activity, amylase activity, and DPPH, ABTS+ radical scavenging rates of potato chips, figureFileSmall=j9HI/nucidaB3mXf+fcGBg==, figureFileBig=oyD32k+WEkuoQ38yD0Y9Kg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888867998253652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888862189142533, language=CN, label=图4, caption=加工过程对马铃薯薯条PPO酶活性、淀粉酶活性和DPPH、ABTS+自由基清除率的影响, figureFileSmall=j9HI/nucidaB3mXf+fcGBg==, figureFileBig=oyD32k+WEkuoQ38yD0Y9Kg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888868090528341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888862189142533, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Correlation analysis of reducing sugar and other index and heat map in the same index, figureFileSmall=j2UqrJZ96JrEmxY/CDcWAw==, figureFileBig=o7UrtJAt1ojbzhY4frWcmw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888868170220118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888862189142533, language=CN, label=图5, caption=还原糖与各指标的相关性分析及同一指标变化热图

注:A代表大西洋马铃薯,M代表麦肯马铃薯;图中数字表示每个加工阶段还原糖与其他指标的相关性(纵向),*代表显著相关(P<0.05),**代表极显著相关(P<0.01);不同颜色表示同一指标在不同加工阶段的高低变化(横向)。

, figureFileSmall=j2UqrJZ96JrEmxY/CDcWAw==, figureFileBig=o7UrtJAt1ojbzhY4frWcmw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888868237328983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888862189142533, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Effect of processing on texture properties of potato chips

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
品种加工过程硬度(N)脆度(N)弹性咀嚼性(N)内聚性回复性
大西洋鲜切81.42±5.70Ba81.41±5.70Ba0.76±0.04Ab10.54±1.46Aa0.17±0.01Ad0.35±0.07Aa
速冻10.81±1.22Acd10.80±1.22Acd0.35±0.02Af1.09±0.17Ac0.29±0.04Ac0.12±0.01Aab
烫冻23.74±7.91Ab23.64±7.98Ab0.61±0.11Ad5.54±2.18Ab0.38±0.06Ab0.20±0.14Aab
鲜切炸5.75±1.71Ae5.31±1.77Ae0.49±0.03Ae0.56±0.25Ac0.19±0.03Ad0.28±0.53Aab
速冻炸6.76±2.28Ade6.63±2.48Ade0.69±0.10Ac1.41±0.73Ac0.29±0.05Ac0.10±0.02Ab
烫冻炸13.21±6.32Ac13.21±6.32Ac0.91±0.05Aa6.36±3.73Ab0.51±0.08Aa0.17±0.03Aab
麦肯鲜切89.37±4.92Aa89.38±4.92Aa0.74±0.05Ab15.04±9.00Aa0.22±0.13Ac0.16±0.07Bb
速冻11.36±2.54Ac11.36±2.54Ac0.33±0.02Ae1.06±0.31Ac0.28±0.05Ac0.13±0.02Ab
烫冻26.85±12.96Ab26.85±12.96Ab0.60±0.05Ac6.60±4.75Ab0.39±0.06Ab0.15±0.05Ab
鲜切炸4.32±2.27Ad4.32±2.27Ad0.47±0.11Ad0.55±0.52Ac0.22±0.04Ac0.51±0.39Aa
速冻炸5.44±1.02Ad5.39±1.00Bd0.60±0.11Ac0.88±0.25Ac0.27±0.06Ac0.31±0.33Ab
烫冻炸8.36±2.98Bcd8.36±2.98Bcd0.82±0.04Ba3.44±1.33Bbc0.50±0.05Aa0.15±0.02Bb
), ArticleFig(id=1320888868337992280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888862189142533, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

加工过程对马铃薯薯条质构的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
品种加工过程硬度(N)脆度(N)弹性咀嚼性(N)内聚性回复性
大西洋鲜切81.42±5.70Ba81.41±5.70Ba0.76±0.04Ab10.54±1.46Aa0.17±0.01Ad0.35±0.07Aa
速冻10.81±1.22Acd10.80±1.22Acd0.35±0.02Af1.09±0.17Ac0.29±0.04Ac0.12±0.01Aab
烫冻23.74±7.91Ab23.64±7.98Ab0.61±0.11Ad5.54±2.18Ab0.38±0.06Ab0.20±0.14Aab
鲜切炸5.75±1.71Ae5.31±1.77Ae0.49±0.03Ae0.56±0.25Ac0.19±0.03Ad0.28±0.53Aab
速冻炸6.76±2.28Ade6.63±2.48Ade0.69±0.10Ac1.41±0.73Ac0.29±0.05Ac0.10±0.02Ab
烫冻炸13.21±6.32Ac13.21±6.32Ac0.91±0.05Aa6.36±3.73Ab0.51±0.08Aa0.17±0.03Aab
麦肯鲜切89.37±4.92Aa89.38±4.92Aa0.74±0.05Ab15.04±9.00Aa0.22±0.13Ac0.16±0.07Bb
速冻11.36±2.54Ac11.36±2.54Ac0.33±0.02Ae1.06±0.31Ac0.28±0.05Ac0.13±0.02Ab
烫冻26.85±12.96Ab26.85±12.96Ab0.60±0.05Ac6.60±4.75Ab0.39±0.06Ab0.15±0.05Ab
鲜切炸4.32±2.27Ad4.32±2.27Ad0.47±0.11Ad0.55±0.52Ac0.22±0.04Ac0.51±0.39Aa
速冻炸5.44±1.02Ad5.39±1.00Bd0.60±0.11Ac0.88±0.25Ac0.27±0.06Ac0.31±0.33Ab
烫冻炸8.36±2.98Bcd8.36±2.98Bcd0.82±0.04Ba3.44±1.33Bbc0.50±0.05Aa0.15±0.02Bb
), ArticleFig(id=1320888868430266969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888862189142533, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Effect of processing on the water status and distribution of potato chips

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
品种加工过程T2(ms)(峰顶点时间)A2(%)(峰比例)
T21T22T23T24A21A22A23A24
大西洋鲜切2.30±0.36Aa44.53±2.19Aa368.36±32.18Aa/12.43±0.15Aa5.45±0.78Ad82.12±0.69Ba/
速冻0.74±0.29Ab7.23±0.53Ac33.86±3.71Bd217.10±16.03b0.96±0.14Ad12.12±1.39Ac1.73±0.85Bd85.19±0.93a
烫冻0.73±0.07Ab15.09±0.98Bb178.87±15.74Bb1193.01±328.84a0.85±0.54Bd12.06±0.47Bc85.36±0.21Aa1.73±0.16b
鲜切炸0.38±0.10Ac6.48±0.66Bc73.44±4.23Ac436.03±92.84Ab5.31±0.78Ac26.32±0.96Ab67.86±1.00Ab0.51±0.20Ac
速冻炸0.47±0.25Abc6.40±1.48Ac60.65±18.01Ac390.57±92.17Ab7.61±2.31Ab34.60±6.73Aa57.14±8.72Bc0.65±0.56Bc
烫冻炸0.43±0.16Abc5.97±0.65Ac59.45±15.05Ac425.39±130.34Ab6.84±1.63Abc34.99±0.84Aa57.25±1.76Ac0.92±0.61Bc
麦肯鲜切1.57±0.12Ba7.24±0.69Bb399.65±25.39Ab/8.04±0.80Ba2.48±0.74Be89.48±0.38Aa/
速冻0.71±0.16Ab6.57±0.61Ab142.87±4.34Ac/0.99±0.52Ac7.79±0.45Bd91.22±0.36Aa/
烫冻0.81±0.47Ab108.23±29.26Aa635.78±143.52Aa/1.68±0.42Ac97.98±0.56Aa0.34±0.15Bd/
鲜切炸0.65±0.25Abc9.03±1.69Ab75.77±32.98Acd573.64±261.72Aa5.14±1.37Ab18.30±5.87Bc76.12±7.56Ab0.44±0.42Ab
速冻炸0.37±0.15Ac3.90±0.58Bb47.05±1.43Ad426.29±71.45Aab1.39±0.91Bc6.18±0.92Bde90.91±0.52Aa1.52±0.36Aa
烫冻炸0.37±0.10Ac5.99±1.46Ab36.78±3.72Bd256.47±19.21Bb4.69±1.89Ab32.55±6.12Ab60.75±4.90Ac2.01±0.64Aa
), ArticleFig(id=1320888868522541658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888862189142533, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

加工过程对马铃薯薯条水分状态和分布的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
品种加工过程T2(ms)(峰顶点时间)A2(%)(峰比例)
T21T22T23T24A21A22A23A24
大西洋鲜切2.30±0.36Aa44.53±2.19Aa368.36±32.18Aa/12.43±0.15Aa5.45±0.78Ad82.12±0.69Ba/
速冻0.74±0.29Ab7.23±0.53Ac33.86±3.71Bd217.10±16.03b0.96±0.14Ad12.12±1.39Ac1.73±0.85Bd85.19±0.93a
烫冻0.73±0.07Ab15.09±0.98Bb178.87±15.74Bb1193.01±328.84a0.85±0.54Bd12.06±0.47Bc85.36±0.21Aa1.73±0.16b
鲜切炸0.38±0.10Ac6.48±0.66Bc73.44±4.23Ac436.03±92.84Ab5.31±0.78Ac26.32±0.96Ab67.86±1.00Ab0.51±0.20Ac
速冻炸0.47±0.25Abc6.40±1.48Ac60.65±18.01Ac390.57±92.17Ab7.61±2.31Ab34.60±6.73Aa57.14±8.72Bc0.65±0.56Bc
烫冻炸0.43±0.16Abc5.97±0.65Ac59.45±15.05Ac425.39±130.34Ab6.84±1.63Abc34.99±0.84Aa57.25±1.76Ac0.92±0.61Bc
麦肯鲜切1.57±0.12Ba7.24±0.69Bb399.65±25.39Ab/8.04±0.80Ba2.48±0.74Be89.48±0.38Aa/
速冻0.71±0.16Ab6.57±0.61Ab142.87±4.34Ac/0.99±0.52Ac7.79±0.45Bd91.22±0.36Aa/
烫冻0.81±0.47Ab108.23±29.26Aa635.78±143.52Aa/1.68±0.42Ac97.98±0.56Aa0.34±0.15Bd/
鲜切炸0.65±0.25Abc9.03±1.69Ab75.77±32.98Acd573.64±261.72Aa5.14±1.37Ab18.30±5.87Bc76.12±7.56Ab0.44±0.42Ab
速冻炸0.37±0.15Ac3.90±0.58Bb47.05±1.43Ad426.29±71.45Aab1.39±0.91Bc6.18±0.92Bde90.91±0.52Aa1.52±0.36Aa
烫冻炸0.37±0.10Ac5.99±1.46Ab36.78±3.72Bd256.47±19.21Bb4.69±1.89Ab32.55±6.12Ab60.75±4.90Ac2.01±0.64Aa
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鲜切、烫漂和速冻过程对油炸薯条品质的影响
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尹明雪 1 , 刘晓瑜 1 , 程傲峰 1 , 彭勇 1 , 魏珉 2 , 张大龙 2 , 张国柱 3 , 张小燕 1, *
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(7): 72-82
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (7) : 72 -82
鲜切、烫漂和速冻过程对油炸薯条品质的影响
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尹明雪1 , 刘晓瑜1, 程傲峰1, 彭勇1, 魏珉2, 张大龙2, 张国柱3, 张小燕1, *
作者信息
  • 1山东农业大学食品科学与工程学院,山东泰安 271018
  • 2山东农业大学园艺科学与工程学院,山东泰安 271018
  • 3莱阳永和食品有限公司,山东烟台 265200
通讯作者:
张小燕(1983−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:果蔬保鲜与加工,E-mail:。
作者简介:

尹明雪(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:果蔬保鲜与加工,E-mail:

Effect of Cutting, Blanching and Freezing Processing on the Quality of French Fries
Mingxue YIN1 , Xiaoyu LIU1, Aofeng CHENG1, Yong PENG1, Min WEI2, Dalong ZHANG2, Guozhu ZHANG3, Xiaoyan ZHANG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
  • 2College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
  • 3Laiyang Yonghe Food Co., Ltd., Yantai 265200, China
出版时间: 2026-04-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020269
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为探究油炸薯条在加工过程中的品质变化,以‘大西洋’‘麦肯’马铃薯为试材,研究鲜切、烫漂、速冻、油炸等处理环节对薯条颜色、淀粉、还原糖、总酚、抗氧化能力、水分及质构等相关指标的影响。结果表明,烫漂后速冻处理显著(P<0.05)降低了薯条颜色L*、a*和b*值,与鲜切后油炸相比,烫漂后速冻再油炸使‘大西洋’薯条的L*值降低了4.24%。直接速冻和烫漂后速冻处理对油炸后的两种薯条淀粉含量影响不显著(P>0.05),但烫漂后速冻处理显著(P<0.05)降低了‘麦肯’薯条还原糖含量,烫漂后速冻油炸比鲜切后油炸的“麦肯”薯条还原糖含量降低了28.88%。此外,油炸显著(P<0.05)提高了薯条的总酚含量和抗氧化能力。从质构和水分分析来看,烫漂后速冻、直接速冻和油炸处理均降低了薯条的硬度、脆度,烫漂后速冻处理导致T21弛豫时间提前,而油炸处理显著(P<0.05)提高了结合水和不易流动水比例。相关性分析表明,油炸后薯条还原糖与淀粉、总酚的相关性升高,但受品种和加工条件的影响。本研究为深入探究加工过程对马铃薯品质的影响提供了参考。

马铃薯  /  加工过程  /  品质变化  /  还原糖  /  相关性分析

To investigate the quality changes of French fries during processing, potato cultivars 'Atlantic' and 'McCain' were used as the research materials. The effect of cutting, blanching, freezing and frying processing on color, starch, reducing sugar, total phenol, antioxidant ability, water status and textural characteristics of French fries was studied. The results showed that freezing after blanching significantly (P<0.05) reduced the L*, a*and b* values of French fries. Compared with French fries after fresh-cut process, freezing 'Atlantic' French fries after blanching reduced the L* value by 4.24%. Direct freezing and freezing after blanching treatments had no significant (P>0.05) effect on the starch content of 'Atlantic' and 'McCain' French fries, but freezing after blanching significantly (P<0.05) reduced the reducing sugar content of 'McCain' French fries. The reducing sugar content of 'McCain' French fries in freezing group after blanching was 28.88% lower than that of fresh-cut fried group. Furthermore, frying could significantly (P<0.05) increase the total phenol content and antioxidant capacity of French fries. As for the texture characteristics and water status, freezing after blanching, direct freezing and frying all reduced the hardness and crispness of French fries. Freezing treatment after blanching led to an earlier T21 migration time, while frying significantly (P<0.05) increased the proportion of bound water and immobile water. Correlation analysis indicated that the correlation among reducing sugar, starch and total phenol increased after frying, but it was affected by the cultivar and processing condition. This study provides a reference for an in-depth exploration of the effect of processing on potato quality.

potato  /  processing  /  quality changes  /  reducing sugar  /  correlation analysis
尹明雪, 刘晓瑜, 程傲峰, 彭勇, 魏珉, 张大龙, 张国柱, 张小燕. 鲜切、烫漂和速冻过程对油炸薯条品质的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (7) : 72 -82 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020269
Mingxue YIN, Xiaoyu LIU, Aofeng CHENG, Yong PENG, Min WEI, Dalong ZHANG, Guozhu ZHANG, Xiaoyan ZHANG. Effect of Cutting, Blanching and Freezing Processing on the Quality of French Fries[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (7) : 72 -82 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020269
马铃薯是重要的粮菜兼用型作物,丰产性好、适应性强,含有碳水化合物、维生素、膳食纤维等多种营养成分,不仅可以提供人体所需的能量,还具有养胃健脾、保护血管等功效[1−2]。与鲜食马铃薯相比,加工用马铃薯淀粉含量高、含水量低,易于加工成薯条、薯片、薯泥、薯粉等方便食品,提升产品附加值[3−4]。近年来,马铃薯加工行业发展迅速,智能化装备程度越来越高,研发马铃薯加工新技术、分析其加工过程品质变化及调控机制具有重要的现实意义。
马铃薯薯条加工过程一般包括清洗、去皮、切条、烫漂、沥水、速冻、油炸等步骤,其中,烫漂可以抑制鲜切后马铃薯的酶促褐变,提高油炸产品品质稳定性,而速冻可以使薯条保持低温冷冻状态,便于长时间的贮藏和销售[5−6]。然而,目前加工过程中,还存在烫漂不彻底,或不进行烫漂直接速冻或油炸,导致产品品质不稳定的现象。此外,由于护色方式、速冻温度、速冻时间等的影响,也会导致长期贮藏过程中薯条的品质发生变化,影响油炸效果[7−8]。因此,需要深入探索马铃薯加工关键环节的品质变化,明确其相互关系及主要的影响因素。
研究表明,不同品种的马铃薯营养品质差异显著,影响其加工用途[9]。张青青等[10]对青海省种植的21个马铃薯品种进行分析,发现青薯15号、14号和11号更适合于油炸加工,感官评价得分较高,但该研究没有明确不同加工过程对油炸薯条的影响差异。贮藏方式对油炸薯条的感官和营养品质也有重要影响,贮藏温度越低,低温糖化现象越严重,油炸薯条的颜色越深[4]。此外,加工工艺过程显著影响油炸薯条的品质。研究发现,烫漂显著降低了薯条的淀粉含量,与蒸汽烫漂和微波处理相比,热水烫漂可以保留更多的淀粉含量,以热水烫漂5 min左右效果最好[11−12]。通过比较高温短时烫漂(85 ℃、5 min)和低温长时烫漂(75 ℃、10 min),发现高温短时烫漂营养损失较大,但高温短时烫漂节约时间,能提高生产效率[13]。速冻不仅延长了薯条的贮藏时间,还可以使其胞内间隙增大,使油炸后的口感更加酥脆,同时降低油炸薯条的水分及含油率[14]。并且,油的类型、油炸温度和时间都显著影响油炸薯条的品质及丙烯酰胺的产生量[15−16]。与低温长时油炸(160 ℃、2 min)相比,高温短时油炸(180 ℃、1 min)虽然提高了油炸薯条的吸油率,但也提高了加工效率[13]。然而,现有研究多聚焦单一工艺环节,缺少对鲜切、烫漂、速冻及油炸等处理过程的系统研究。
本研究拟以‘麦肯’和‘大西洋’两个马铃薯品种为实验材料,探究鲜切、烫漂、速冻等关键加工节点马铃薯品质指标的变化及对油炸薯条颜色、水分、淀粉、还原糖、质构、总酚等品质指标的影响,并通过相关性分析比较还原糖与其他指标之间的关系,以期为马铃薯加工提供参考。
马铃薯 产自山东滕州,由滕州其祥马铃薯种植合作社提供;元宝牌大豆油 益海(烟台)粮油工业有限公司;石油醚、可溶性淀粉、高氯酸、葡萄糖、酒石酸钾钠、氢氧化钠、3,5-二硝基水杨酸(3, 5-Dinitrosalicylic acid,DNS)、结晶苯酚、亚硫酸钠、丙酮、95%乙醇、碳酸钠、磷酸氢二钠、磷酸二氢钠、邻苯二酚、麦芽糖 分析纯,天津市凯通化学试剂有限公司;福林酚、聚乙烯聚吡咯烷酮(Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone,PVPP) 分析纯,北京索莱宝科技有限公司;1, 1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1, 1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical,DPPH) 分析纯,北京博奥拓达科技有限公司;2, 2’-联氮基双-(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)(2, 2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid,ABTS) 分析纯,上海毕得医药科技有限公司。
FA2104A电子天平 上海精天电子仪器有限公司;HH-S6数显恒温水浴锅 江苏金怡仪器科技有限公司;ZG-BK-ZL-82AD商用电炸炉 广东志高空调有限公司;CR-400色差计 柯尼卡美能达(中国)投资有限公司;TA-XTC20物性分析仪 上海保圣实业发展有限公司;低场核磁共振仪 苏州纽迈分析仪器股份有限公司;GL-20G-Ⅱ高速冷冻离心机 上海安亭科学仪器厂;T6新世纪紫外可见分光光度计 北京普析通用仪器有限责任公司;SoxtecTM2055索氏浸提系统 丹麦福斯集团公司。
选择‘大西洋’‘麦肯’马铃薯作为实验材料,挑选大小一致、无病虫害、无机械损伤的马铃薯进行实验。参考郭楠[6]的方法,将马铃薯进行清洗、去皮、切条、烫漂(水与马铃薯质量比为4:1)、速冻、油炸等操作,详细流程见图1。为了保证油炸效果一致,每个处理薯条用量均为500 g左右,薯条与大豆油的质量比为1:15。分别于切条、烫漂、速冻及油炸等关键点取样,立即测定颜色、水分、质构指标,其余样品贮藏于−80 ℃冰箱测定其他指标。
实验设置为:鲜切、直接速冻(以下简称“速冻”)、烫漂后速冻(以下简称“烫冻”)、鲜切后油炸(以下简称“鲜切炸”)、直接速冻后油炸(以下简称“速冻炸”)、烫漂后速冻再油炸(以下简称“烫冻炸”)六个加工处理。
使用CR-400色差计测定样品色泽:L*表示亮度,a*表示红绿色度,b*表示黄蓝色度,使用前以白板校准[17]。
使用索氏浸提系统进行样品含油率的测定:称取2 g(精确至0.0001 g)烘干后的样品研磨成粉末,然后置于33 mm×80 mm滤纸筒内用于测定含油率,索氏浸提系统参数设置为沸腾时间20 min,淋洗时间25 min,回收时间10 min,温度为135 ℃[18]。根据下式计算含油率:
$\rm 含油率(\text{%})=\frac{{m}_{1}-{\text{m}}_{0}}{{\text{m}}_{2}}\times 100 $
式中:m1表示浸提杯和油的总质量,g;m0表示浸提杯质量,g;m2表示样品质量,g。
采用碘比色法进行淀粉含量的测定[19]:称取液氮研磨后的样品0.1 g,用2 mL去离子水转移至烧杯中,边搅拌边加入3.2 mL 60%的HClO4,继续搅拌10 min,之后用去离子水转移至100 mL容量瓶中,加水定容至刻度并摇匀,静置1 h后取上清液0.5 mL,加入3 mL去离子水,再加2 mL碘试剂后摇匀,放置5 min,定容至10 mL,于660 nm波长下比色。根据下式计算淀粉含量:
$ \rm 淀粉含量(\text{%})=\frac{{\text{m}}_{0}\times V}{\text{m}\times {V}_{S}\times 1000}\times 100 $
式中:m0表示从标准曲线(y=0.0094x−0.0189,R2=0.9998)获得的淀粉质量,mg;V表示样品提取液总体积,mL;m表示样品质量(以干基计),g;VS表示测定时所取样品提取液体积,mL。
采用DNS法[20]:称取0.4 g液氮研磨后的样品,添加去离子水至25 mL,80 ℃恒温水浴30 min。于10000×g离心20 min,离心两次,将两次上清液全部收集在100 mL容量瓶中。取0.8 mL提取液和0.6 mL DNS混匀,沸水浴5 min,冷却后再加去离子水至10 mL,于540 nm波长下比色。根据下式计算还原糖含量:
$\rm 还原糖含量(\text{%})=\frac{{\text{m}}_{0}\times V}{{\text{m}\times V}_{S}\times 1000}\times 100 $
式中:m0表示从标准曲线(y=1.2958x−0.0185,R2=0.9982)获得的葡萄糖质量,mg;V表示样品提取液总体积,mL;m表示样品质量(以干基计),g;VS表示测定时所取样品提取液体积,mL。
参考GB 5009.3-2016直接干燥法[21]进行水分含量的测定。称取2 g(精确至0.0001 g)样品置于105 ℃烘干至恒重,根据下式计算水分含量:
$\rm 水分含量(\text{%})=\frac{{{m}}_{1}-{{m}}_{2}}{{\mathrm{m}}_{1}-{\mathrm{m}}_{3}}\times 100 $
式中:m1表示称量皿和干燥前样品的总质量,g;m2表示称量皿和干燥至恒重的样品的总质量,g;m3表示称量皿的质量,g。
总酚测定参考侯志强[22]的方法并稍作修改:称取0.05 g PVPP、1.0 g液氮研磨后的样品,加3 mL 70%的丙酮,涡旋混匀后室温下避光浸提3 h,10000×g离心20 min,得到上清液。取0.5 mL上清液,加入0.5 mL福林酚试剂,充分振荡后加入0.5 mL 10%的Na2CO3溶液,定容至10 mL。25 ℃水浴2 h后,于765 nm波长下比色。根据下式计算总酚含量:
$\rm 总酚含量(\text{µ} g/g)=\frac{{m}_{0}\times V\times 1000}{{m\times V}_{S}} $
式中:m0表示从标准曲线(y=7.2419x+0.016,R2=0.9987)获得的没食子酸含量,mg;V表示样品提取液总体积,mL,m表示样品质量,g;VS表示测定时所取样品提取液体积,mL。
PPO酶活性测定参照曹裕[23]的方法并稍作修改:称取1.0 g液氮研磨后的样品、0.05 g PVPP,加入3 mL的0.1 mol/L、pH6.8的磷酸缓冲液,涡旋混匀后于4 ℃、10000×g下离心15 min得上清液。反应液包括1.5 mL磷酸缓冲液、0.75 mL 0.01 mol/L的邻苯二酚溶液、0.75 mL上清液,立即于420 nm波长下比色,以每分钟吸光度变化0.01为一个酶活力单位(U)。根据下式计算PPO酶活性:
$\rm PPO酶活(U/\text{g})=\frac{{A}_{420}\times V}{0.01\times \text{m}\times {V}_{S}\times \text{t}} $
式中:A420表示420 nm处吸光度的变化值;V表示样品提取液总体积,mL;m表示样品质量,g;VS表示测定时所取样品提取液体积,mL;t表示反应时间,min。
参考《果蔬采后生理生化实验指导》并略有改动[20]:称取1.0 g液氮研磨后的样品于10 mL离心管中,加去离子水至刻度,于室温提取20 min,于8000×g离心20 min,收集上清液转入10 mL容量瓶中,摇匀作为淀粉酶提取液。将淀粉与提取液提前于40 ℃保温10 min,在各管中分别加入0.5 mL 10 mg/mL淀粉、0.5 mL提取液后,40 ℃反应5 min,立即加入1 mL DNS溶液终止反应,随后各管摇匀沸水浴5 min,冷却后于540 nm波长下比色测定。根据下式计算淀粉酶活性:
$\rm 淀粉酶活性(\text{mg}/(\text{g}\cdot \text{min}))=\frac{{m}_{0}\times V}{{m\times V}_{S}\times t} $
式中:m0表示从标准曲线(y=1.1226x−0.0507,R2=0.9986)获得的麦芽糖质量,mg;V表示样品提取液总体积,mL;m表示样品质量,g;VS表示测定时所取样品提取液体积,mL;t表示反应时间,min。
DPPH和ABTS+自由基清除率的测定参考刘汝凤[24]和Zhang等[25]的方法并稍作修改:称取0.5 g样品,加入2.5 mL 95%乙醇涡旋混匀后于4 ℃、10000×g下离心15 min,得到上清液。取上清液0.2 mL,加入2.5 mL的0.05 mmol/L DPPH溶液或3 mL ABTS工作液,混匀后避光静置10 min,分别于517 nm和734 nm波长下比色测定,取同体积的95%乙醇代替样品液作为空白对照。根据下式分别计算DPPH和ABTS+自由基清除率:
$\rm DPPH自由基清除率(\text{%})=\frac{{{\mathrm{A}}_{0}-\mathrm{A}}_{\mathrm{X}}}{{A}_{0}}\times 100 $
$\rm ABTS^+自由基清除率(\text{%})=\frac{{{A}_{0}-A}_{X}}{{A}_{0}}\times 100 $
式中:AX表示样品管吸光度值;A0表示对照管吸光度值。
参考Bai等[26]的方法并稍作修改:选用TA/36R探头进行全质构测试。将样品切成7 mm×7 mm×7 mm的立方体进行测定。形变数值:50%;测试前速度:3.00 mm/s;测试速度:1.00 mm/s;测试后速度:2.00 mm/s。
采用低场核磁共振仪测定样品水分状态和分布[27]。将样品切成25 mm×7 mm×3.5 mm的薄片,采用硬脉冲回波序列(Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill,CPMG)测定样品横向弛豫时间T2,参数设置为:带宽SW=100 kHz;射频延时RFD=0.2 ms;模拟增益RG1=20 db;重复采样的间隔时间TW=3000 ms;时延TE=0.3 ms;回波个数NECH=10000;累加采样次数NS=4。
所有实验均重复至少3次,结果以平均值±标准差表示,采用SPSS 26进行显著性分析及皮尔逊相关性分析,P<0.05表示差异显著,使用Excel 2019、Origin 2018和欧易云平台进行绘图。
由图2A可知,从加工过程来看,鲜切后的大西洋马铃薯薯条L*值为65.95,速冻导致L*值显著(P<0.05)升高,但烫冻处理后L*值显著(P<0.05)下降,比鲜切后下降了13.22%。从油炸后的变化来看,鲜切炸的大西洋薯条L*值最高,其次是烫冻炸和速冻炸,与鲜切炸相比,烫冻炸使大西洋薯条的L*值降低了4.24%。从品种比较来看,速冻、烫漂和油炸过程对麦肯马铃薯影响更大,与鲜切相比,速冻和烫冻均显著(P<0.05)降低了薯条L*值,而油炸导致麦肯马铃薯薯条L*值显著(P<0.05)下降,速冻炸薯条L*值最低,仅为37.59。从a*值来看(图2B),与鲜切相比,速冻显著(P<0.05)提高了大西洋薯条的a*值,而烫冻显著(P<0.05)降低了a*值。油炸之后,鲜切炸处理的大西洋马铃薯薯条a*值下降,速冻炸和烫冻炸处理的a*值显著(P<0.05)增加。而麦肯马铃薯薯条在油炸之后,a*值均显著(P<0.05)增加,油炸对麦肯马铃薯薯条a*值影响更大。
从b*值来看(图2C),鲜切后大西洋马铃薯薯条的b*值为11.07,速冻导致大西洋马铃薯薯条b*值略有增加,烫冻导致b*值显著(P<0.05)下降,油炸之后,大西洋马铃薯薯条的b*值均显著(P<0.05)增加,烫冻炸处理组的大西洋薯条b*值是烫冻组的3.19倍。从品种比较来看,速冻和烫冻也显著降低了麦肯马铃薯薯条的b*值,但油炸对麦肯马铃薯薯条的b*值影响较小。
研究表明速冻可以导致冰晶的形成,冰晶的形成会破坏细胞结构,使果蔬表面粗糙度增加,光线发生散射,表现为亮度增加[28],这可能是大西洋马铃薯薯条速冻后L*值增加的原因。烫漂钝化了酶的作用,也破坏了马铃薯细胞的组织结构,使得内容物释放,引起表面L*、a*、b*值的下降[29],与本研究结果是一致的。油炸处理会导致薯条发生美拉德反应,表面呈现金黄色,导致a*值和b*值增加。通常情况下,薯条油炸后的L*值在50~70之间,a*值在−5~8之间、b*值在15~30之间[30],这与大西洋马铃薯薯条的结果是相似的。但同等油炸条件下,麦肯马铃薯薯条颜色较深,可能是品种、淀粉和还原糖含量差异导致的。
从含油率来看(图2D),鲜切炸的大西洋马铃薯薯条含油率最低,速冻炸和烫冻炸处理分别将含油率提高了50.17%和52.58%,而鲜切、速冻、烫漂对油炸后的麦肯马铃薯薯条影响不大,油炸后的含油率稳定在13%左右,各处理组之间无显著差异(P>0.05)。研究表明,未经烫漂的马铃薯薯条在油炸时吸油量会少于速冻与烫漂后的马铃薯薯条[31−32],可能是因为速冻和烫漂将马铃薯细胞结构破坏,使油脂更易渗入,导致含油率增加,这与本研究大西洋马铃薯薯条的结果一致,但与麦肯马铃薯薯条不一致,可能由于不同品种样品的淀粉和水分含量不同,油炸过程中的淀粉糊化也可能增强了外壳的疏油性,导致含油率的差异[33]。
由图3A可知,鲜切后的大西洋马铃薯薯条干基淀粉含量为71.92%,速冻对大西洋马铃薯薯条淀粉含量影响不显著,但是烫冻后,大西洋马铃薯薯条的淀粉含量显著(P<0.05)增加,烫冻处理组马铃薯薯条淀粉含量比鲜切处理组提高了22.78%。油炸之后,大西洋马铃薯薯条的淀粉含量略有增加,但鲜切炸、速冻炸和烫冻炸三个处理组之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。从品种来看,鲜切处理的麦肯马铃薯薯条淀粉含量比大西洋马铃薯薯条高12.31%,但差异不显著(P>0.05),烫冻、油炸均对麦肯马铃薯薯条影响不显著(P>0.05)。
由图3B可知,鲜切后大西洋马铃薯薯条干基还原糖含量为1.44%,速冻和烫漂对大西洋马铃薯薯条还原糖无显著(P>0.05)影响,油炸之后,大西洋马铃薯薯条还原糖含量略有降低,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。从品种来看,鲜切处理的麦肯马铃薯薯条还原糖含量显著(P<0.05)高于大西洋马铃薯薯条,是大西洋马铃薯薯条还原糖含量的4.64倍;速冻处理对麦肯马铃薯薯条还原糖含量无显著影响(P>0.05),但烫冻后,麦肯马铃薯薯条还原糖含量显著(P<0.05)降低,与鲜切炸处理组相比,烫冻炸处理组的马铃薯薯条还原糖含量降低了28.88%。研究表明马铃薯薯条干基淀粉含量在44.36%~85.36%之间,还原糖含量在6.40%~10.04%之间,因不同品种而有差异[10],这与本研究淀粉和还原糖含量的结果是相似的。研究也发现,速冻对马铃薯薯条淀粉和还原糖含量影响较小,而由于热烫损失和糊化的影响,烫漂和油炸通常导致马铃薯薯条淀粉和还原糖含量的下降[34−35],但烫漂对不同品种马铃薯薯条还原糖含量的影响效果不一致,烫漂导致大西洋和‘Snowden’马铃薯薯条油炸后的还原糖含量减少,但对‘Vigor’马铃薯薯条还原糖含量没有影响[34]。这与本实验烫漂后麦肯马铃薯薯条还原糖含量下降是相似的。但本实验中烫冻后大西洋马铃薯薯条淀粉含量略有增加,可能是由于非淀粉成分的浸出损失导致淀粉占比上升[36−37]。
由图3C可知,速冻对大西洋马铃薯薯条水分含量影响不大,但烫冻提高了马铃薯薯条水分含量,油炸之后,马铃薯薯条水分含量显著降低(P<0.05),与未油炸的烫冻处理组相比,烫冻炸后的大西洋马铃薯薯条水分含量下降了40.71%。从品种来看,麦肯马铃薯薯条水分含量略高,也表现出同样的变化趋势。由图3D可知,鲜切后大西洋马铃薯薯条的总酚含量为155.48 μg/g,速冻和烫冻后,大西洋马铃薯薯条总酚变化不显著(P>0.05),但油炸显著(P<0.05)提高了大西洋马铃薯薯条的总酚含量。从品种来看,鲜切后麦肯马铃薯薯条总酚含量高于大西洋马铃薯薯条,是大西洋马铃薯薯条的1.83倍,烫冻降低了麦肯马铃薯薯条总酚含量,但油炸显著(P<0.05)提高了总酚含量,以速冻炸的马铃薯薯条总酚含量最高。研究表明烫漂可以破坏马铃薯细胞组织结构,导致水分含量和状态的变化,也会导致花青素含量的损失[38],与本研究结果是一致的。油炸之后薯条总酚含量显著增加,可能与油炸过程产生的酚类物质有关,也可能是油炸后水分含量降低导致的[38−39]。
由图4A可知,鲜切后大西洋马铃薯薯条PPO活性较高,速冻对其PPO活性没有显著(P>0.05)影响,烫冻后,PPO活性显著(P<0.05)下降,几乎检测不出,表明烫漂使PPO完全失活。从品种来看,与大西洋马铃薯薯条相比,麦肯马铃薯薯条的PPO活性较低,但表现出同样的变化趋势。由图4B可知,速冻和烫冻后,马铃薯薯条的淀粉酶活性降低,与鲜切相比,烫冻后大西洋和麦肯马铃薯薯条的淀粉酶活性分别下降了10.19%、12.92%,但两个品种马铃薯薯条之间淀粉酶活性差异不显著(P>0.05)。许多研究均表明,在马铃薯薯条加工过程中高温烫漂可以使酶失活,使油炸后的马铃薯薯条品质更加稳定[3,11],本研究也发现了同样的趋势。
由图4C可知,鲜切后大西洋马铃薯薯条的DPPH自由基清除率为45.69%,速冻和烫冻处理显著(P<0.05)降低了大西洋马铃薯薯条的DPPH自由基清除率,但速冻和烫冻处理之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。油炸之后,大西洋马铃薯薯条的DPPH自由基清除率略有增加,以鲜切炸处理组的DPPH自由基清除率较高,烫冻炸处理组较低。从品种来看,麦肯马铃薯薯条的DPPH自由基清除率也表现出同样的变化趋势,但油炸后麦肯马铃薯薯条DPPH自由基清除率增加更为明显。由图4D可知,加工过程对马铃薯薯条ABTS+自由基清除率的影响与DPPH自由基清除率相似,速冻和烫冻处理对于大西洋马铃薯薯条影响更大,而油炸处理对于麦肯马铃薯薯条影响较大。研究表明,自由基清除率可以反映马铃薯的抗氧化能力,自由基清除率越高,抗氧化能力越强[24],速冻和烫漂过程破坏了马铃薯组织细胞结构,可能导致抗氧化成分的流失,从而导致DPPH和ABTS+自由基清除率的下降[38]。
质构是产品对机械力作用产生的物理响应,包括硬度、脆度、弹性、咀嚼性等指标,不仅直接影响消费者的口感,还与加工性能密切相关[40]。由表1可知,马铃薯薯条硬度、脆度、咀嚼性等指标值较高,是反映马铃薯薯条质构特性的主要指标。从加工过程来看,与鲜切相比,速冻和烫冻后,大西洋马铃薯薯条的硬度、脆度和咀嚼性显著(P<0.05)降低,烫冻处理组马铃薯薯条的硬度、脆度和咀嚼性分别比鲜切处理组下降了70.84%、70.96%和47.44%。油炸之后,大西洋马铃薯薯条的硬度、脆度等普遍下降,与未油炸的烫冻组相比,烫冻炸处理组的马铃薯薯条硬度、脆度分别下降了44.36%、44.12%;三个油炸组相比,烫冻炸处理组的硬度、脆度最高,是速冻炸处理组的1.95、1.99倍,达到显著水平(P<0.05),并且烫冻炸处理组的马铃薯薯条弹性、咀嚼性、内聚性最高。从品种来看,鲜切后麦肯马铃薯薯条的硬度和脆度高于大西洋马铃薯薯条,差异达显著水平(P<0.05),速冻、烫冻、油炸后麦肯马铃薯薯条的硬度、脆度、咀嚼性等也显著(P<0.05)降低,与大西洋马铃薯薯条表现出类似的变化趋势。研究表明,速冻和烫漂可以破坏马铃薯细胞组织结构,导致内容物渗出、细胞膨压下降,从而降低块茎的硬度和脆度[41],这与本研究结果是一致的。油炸加工导致薯条表面水分快速蒸发,薯条内部水分向表面迁移,导致内部组织结构变得柔软[6],因此油炸后的薯条硬度、脆度和咀嚼性下降。油炸后薯条表面形成较硬的外壳,孔隙度和粗糙度增加,经过烫漂后的马铃薯薯条胞外淀粉含量增加,使油炸薯条表面质构更为坚实[42−43],从而导致烫冻炸薯条的质构性能强于鲜切炸和速冻炸。
低场核磁共振可以通过测定氢原子的弛豫时间,区分果蔬组织的水分状态和分布,通常情况下,弛豫时间一般分为T21(0.1~10 ms,结合水)、T22(10~100 ms,不易流动水)、T23(100~1000 ms,自由水)三种,对应的峰比例为A21、A22、A23,但有时由于水分迁移,也可能会出现4个峰[44]。由表2可知,鲜切大西洋马铃薯薯条有三个弛豫峰,其中T23为368.36 ms,A23占比达82.12%,自由水活性强,而不易流动水和结合水的弛豫时间短、占比少。速冻和烫冻处理后,大西洋马铃薯薯条出现4个弛豫峰,水分发生迁移,T21的弛豫时间分别提前到0.74 ms和0.73 ms,但A21占比较少,仅为0.96%和0.85%,表明速冻和烫冻处理限制了极少部分结合水的活性,但是烫冻处理后T24弛豫时间显著(P<0.05)增大,表明烫冻处理导致自由水活性增强。油炸之后,T21和T22弛豫时间提前,A22占比增加,表明油炸限制了结合水和不易流动水的活性,但三个油炸处理组的T21和T22弛豫时间无显著(P>0.05)差异。从品种来看,鲜切麦肯马铃薯薯条T21和T22弛豫时间小于大西洋马铃薯薯条,仅为大西洋马铃薯薯条的68.3%和16.3%,表明麦肯马铃薯薯条有着较好的持水力,速冻、烫冻和油炸后,麦肯马铃薯薯条弛豫时间也表现出同样的变化趋势,特别是烫冻处理后麦肯马铃薯薯条的T22弛豫时间增大,A22占比升高。
研究表明,热烫处理导致马铃薯薯条的水分弛豫时间发生左移,结合水缔合程度增强,可降低解冻后的汁液损失率[45],与本研究结果是相似的。油炸之后的薯条是一个水油混合体系,水分被束缚在淀粉质的网络中,主要以结合水和不易流动水为主[27],这与本研究中烫冻炸后的薯条A22占比增大是一致的。此外,油炸温度、时间、品种类型都会影响水分的分布和迁移情况,与自身质地特性及细胞结构有关[46]。
由图5所示,从横向的颜色深浅来看,鲜切后大西洋马铃薯薯条的还原糖、淀粉、水分、总酚含量,以及ABTS+自由基清除率、硬度、脆度等均低于麦肯马铃薯薯条,而PPO酶活、DPPH自由基清除率高于麦肯马铃薯薯条。烫冻处理降低了马铃薯薯条的还原糖、总酚含量、PPO酶活性、硬度、脆度以及DPPH、ABTS+自由基清除率、L*、a*、b*值,这表明马铃薯薯条经过烫漂后损失了营养成分,同时抑制了褐变。油炸后薯条还原糖、淀粉、总酚含量、a*、b*值以及DPPH、ABTS+自由基清除率增加,同时不易流动水所占比例也增加,水分、L*值、硬度、脆度减小,这表明马铃薯薯条经过油炸后各营养成分占比增大,适口性增加。
纵向来看,同一加工阶段,还原糖与大多数指标的相关性不明显,其中,鲜切后大西洋马铃薯薯条还原糖与淀粉呈正相关,鲜切后麦肯马铃薯薯条还原糖与淀粉、淀粉酶呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。烫冻后大西洋马铃薯薯条还原糖与淀粉酶、ABTS+自由基清除率呈正相关,烫冻后麦肯马铃薯薯条还原糖与DPPH、ABTS+自由基清除率呈显著负相关(P<0.05),麦肯马铃薯薯条烫冻炸后还原糖与b*值呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。整体来看,油炸后多数处理的薯条还原糖与淀粉、总酚的相关性升高,而还原糖和质构、水分状态等指标的相关性规律性不明显。
与鲜切马铃薯薯条相比,烫漂、速冻及油炸等加工过程显著影响薯条的产品品质,烫冻处理降低了薯条的L*值、a*值和b*值,而油炸增加了a*值,烫冻炸的薯条比速冻炸的薯条亮度高、色泽好。同时,烫冻处理提高了薯条的淀粉含量、降低了还原糖含量,但油炸之后,速冻炸和烫冻炸的薯条淀粉含量差异不显著,而还原糖含量的变化因品种而异。速冻和烫冻对马铃薯薯条水分和总酚含量的影响不显著,但油炸显著降低了薯条的水分含量、提高了总酚含量和抗氧化能力。与鲜切和速冻相比,烫冻后PPO和淀粉酶活性显著降低,导致了薯条抗氧化能力的下降。从质构和水分状态来看,烫冻、速冻和油炸后薯条的硬度、脆度均降低,导致T21弛豫时间提前,结合水更稳定。油炸提高了结合水和不易流动水比例,与速冻炸处理相比,烫冻炸的薯条硬度和脆度更高。此外,新鲜麦肯马铃薯薯条比大西洋马铃薯薯条有更高的质构性能和持水力,导致二者油炸后相关指标表现出差异,但变化趋势类似。本研究系统分析了鲜切、速冻、烫漂等处理对油炸薯条的影响,为深入探究加工过程对马铃薯品质的影响、开发高品质薯条提供了参考。

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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020269
  • 接收时间:2025-03-03
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-04-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-03
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    1山东农业大学食品科学与工程学院,山东泰安 271018
    2山东农业大学园艺科学与工程学院,山东泰安 271018
    3莱阳永和食品有限公司,山东烟台 265200

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张小燕(1983−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:果蔬保鲜与加工,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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