Article(id=1320889053860450909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320888908896907909, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020256, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1740931200000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792854091372, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1772294400000, pubDateStr=2026-03-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792854091372, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792854091372, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792854091372, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320888908896907909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='503', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1772294400000', pubDateStr='2026-03-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792854056809, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792854056809, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=474, endPage=483, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320889054594454110, articleId=1320889053860450909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Marine Bivalve Shell-Opening Techniques and Their Impact on Nutritional Quality: Advances in Research, columnId=1261343851327906245, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The current sales model is inadequate to handle the massive influx of marine bivalves during peak seasons. Intensive processing is essential needed to prevent resource wastage. Disconnecting the adductor muscle from the shell is a critical step prior to further processing. Nutritional quality is a key indicator for evaluating marine bivalves after shucking. To minimize the impact of shucking technologies on nutrient retention, researchers have optimized both non-thermal shucking technologies and thermal processing-based shucking methods. However, the effects of these different techniques on nutritional quality vary significantly. This paper reviews the characteristics, research advancements, and developmental trends of non-thermal and thermal shucking technologies used in marine bivalve processing, and analyzes their impacts on key nutrients in bivalve meat, including proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. By systematically analyzing shucking technologies and their effects on nutritional quality, this study aims to provide novel insights and technical guidance for related research areas.

, authors=Wenhui SHANG1, 2, 3, 4, Yang ZHANG2, 3, 4, Changfeng XUE2, 3, 4, Dongxue WANG2, 3, 4, Mingshu YANG2, 3, 4, Yaqin HU2, 3, 4, *, authorsList=Wenhui SHANG, Yang ZHANG, Changfeng XUE, Dongxue WANG, Mingshu YANG, Yaqin HU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yaqin HU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320889056712577633, articleId=1320889053860450909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=海水贝类开壳技术及其对营养品质的影响研究进展, columnId=1261343852603031688, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=专题综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

鲜销方式无法消耗海水贝类上市季节的巨大供应量,为避免浪费,有必要对其进行精深加工。破坏闭壳肌与贝壳之间的连接,是海水贝类开壳精深加工前不可或缺的环节。营养品质是衡量海水贝类开壳后的重要指标。为降低开壳技术对贝类营养品质的影响,研究人员改进了贝类非热开壳技术和热加工开壳技术,然而不同开壳技术对贝类营养品质的影响相差很大。本文探讨了非热开壳技术和热加工开壳技术在海水贝类开壳过程中的特点、研究现状及发展趋势,并分析了这些技术对贝肉中蛋白质、脂质和碳水化合物等营养素的影响。通过海水贝类开壳技术及其对营养品质影响的系统分析,本文旨在为相关领域的研究提供新的思路和技术参考。

, authors=商文慧1, 2, 3, 4, 张阳2, 3, 4, 薛长风2, 3, 4, 王冬雪2, 3, 4, 杨明树2, 3, 4, 胡亚芹2, 3, 4, *, authorsList=商文慧, 张阳, 薛长风, 王冬雪, 杨明树, 胡亚芹, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=胡亚芹, authorNote=

商文慧(1987−),女,博士,讲师,研究方向:水产品蛋白开发与利用,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
胡亚芹(1972−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:水产品加工与贮藏,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=EXpfOZo6xd6ZYyPalMgHcQ==, magXml=3eyz1HRX5aHjo1ZDztAlJQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=SYz0mce+IpAY1UbVIgfeAA==, pdfFileSize=1694755, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=6qSwKG7SkOa3c12+1PWOPQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=SRk/lZ6KzfhmpMpsUMZ+Ew==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320889057371083375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889053860450909, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=wenhui_shang@126.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320889057501106804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889053860450909, authorId=1320889057371083375, language=EN, stringName=Wenhui SHANG, firstName=Wenhui, middleName=null, lastName=SHANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, 3, 4, address=1Yazhou Bay Innovation Institute, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572025, China
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Food & Machinery, 2021, 37(1): 143−147,155.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320889076069290782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889053860450909, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=82, rfOrder=119, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=JIANG Huili, SHUI Shanshan, WU Qiongjing, et al. Bacterial composition analysis of frozen mussels based on high-throughput sequencing[J]. 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Common shucking technologies

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开壳技术方法与条件优缺点营养品质参考文献
非热加工开壳技术人工开壳法借助人力和刀具破坏闭
壳肌
优点:无需加工设备,避免热加工对海水贝类营养素的破坏
缺点:刀具切割影响产品的完整性。刀具上的微生物容易造成污染
营养保存较好,操作不慎容易造成海水贝类软体部分破坏,导致汁液流失,甚至微生物污染[9]
水射流开
壳法
利用高压水流破坏闭壳肌(进水速度110 m/s,水射流速度393 m/s)优点:最大限度减少外部热量对海水贝类的影响
缺点:高压水流对贝肉造成冲击,破坏组织完整性。水循环次数增加可导致水温升高
[12]
超高压开壳法100~800 MPa超高压,使闭壳肌韧带收缩,肌肉纤维失去弹性和束缚优点:开壳耗时短,避免组织的破坏和
微生物污染。
缺点:设备购置和维护成本较高
最大限度保证海水贝类的营养,杀灭贝壳表面和内部的微生物[17,18,20]
热加工开壳技术传统加热开壳法使用水或水蒸气使闭壳肌变性松弛优点:操作简便、成本低廉,杀灭致病
微生物。
缺点:易造成过度热变性
菲律宾蛤仔体内蛋白发生变性,与未加工海水贝类相比,肉质品质发生较大改变,微生物随之被杀灭[23−26]
微波开壳法利用915 Hz或2450 Hz微波辐射穿透贝壳,作用于闭
壳肌
优点:短时间开壳,贝壳中致病微生物水平降低,节约热源
缺点:设备投资成本较高
减少外部热量对硬壳蛤烹饪的损失,更好的保持肉质品质,降低
微生物水平
[29−31]
红外开壳法食品物料对红外线发射器发出2.5~15 μm范围的能量具有吸收特性。优点:加热集中,升温速度快,靶向
定位加热
缺点:需精确定位闭壳肌,红外辐射热流面积过大容易损伤扇贝内部其他组织
海湾扇贝受热面积小,实现靶向定位加热,一旦辐射热流有效面积超过贝柱,容易对扇贝内部其他组织
造成损伤
[34−37]
激光开壳法激光的高能量作用于海水贝类闭壳肌附着的贝壳表面(激光功率40 W,0.5 s)优点:实现贝肉无损剥离
缺点:需精确定位闭壳肌,设备成本高,技术尚未成熟
热力作用范围仅限于贻贝闭壳肌,减少其他软组织的营养损失,增加了贝肉中游离氨基酸的含量[40−42]
电击开壳法高压脉冲电场,对海水贝类进行电刺激,闭壳肌松弛优点:快速高效
缺点:需精确定位闭壳肌,开壳效率不高,操作过程中存在安全风险。技术仍处于发展阶段
牡蛎肉温度变化最小,汁液流失最少,Ca2+-ATP酶活最高,其品质最接近生鲜牡蛎[43-44]
), ArticleFig(id=1320889061892543142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889053860450909, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

常见开壳技术

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
开壳技术方法与条件优缺点营养品质参考文献
非热加工开壳技术人工开壳法借助人力和刀具破坏闭
壳肌
优点:无需加工设备,避免热加工对海水贝类营养素的破坏
缺点:刀具切割影响产品的完整性。刀具上的微生物容易造成污染
营养保存较好,操作不慎容易造成海水贝类软体部分破坏,导致汁液流失,甚至微生物污染[9]
水射流开
壳法
利用高压水流破坏闭壳肌(进水速度110 m/s,水射流速度393 m/s)优点:最大限度减少外部热量对海水贝类的影响
缺点:高压水流对贝肉造成冲击,破坏组织完整性。水循环次数增加可导致水温升高
[12]
超高压开壳法100~800 MPa超高压,使闭壳肌韧带收缩,肌肉纤维失去弹性和束缚优点:开壳耗时短,避免组织的破坏和
微生物污染。
缺点:设备购置和维护成本较高
最大限度保证海水贝类的营养,杀灭贝壳表面和内部的微生物[17,18,20]
热加工开壳技术传统加热开壳法使用水或水蒸气使闭壳肌变性松弛优点:操作简便、成本低廉,杀灭致病
微生物。
缺点:易造成过度热变性
菲律宾蛤仔体内蛋白发生变性,与未加工海水贝类相比,肉质品质发生较大改变,微生物随之被杀灭[23−26]
微波开壳法利用915 Hz或2450 Hz微波辐射穿透贝壳,作用于闭
壳肌
优点:短时间开壳,贝壳中致病微生物水平降低,节约热源
缺点:设备投资成本较高
减少外部热量对硬壳蛤烹饪的损失,更好的保持肉质品质,降低
微生物水平
[29−31]
红外开壳法食品物料对红外线发射器发出2.5~15 μm范围的能量具有吸收特性。优点:加热集中,升温速度快,靶向
定位加热
缺点:需精确定位闭壳肌,红外辐射热流面积过大容易损伤扇贝内部其他组织
海湾扇贝受热面积小,实现靶向定位加热,一旦辐射热流有效面积超过贝柱,容易对扇贝内部其他组织
造成损伤
[34−37]
激光开壳法激光的高能量作用于海水贝类闭壳肌附着的贝壳表面(激光功率40 W,0.5 s)优点:实现贝肉无损剥离
缺点:需精确定位闭壳肌,设备成本高,技术尚未成熟
热力作用范围仅限于贻贝闭壳肌,减少其他软组织的营养损失,增加了贝肉中游离氨基酸的含量[40−42]
电击开壳法高压脉冲电场,对海水贝类进行电刺激,闭壳肌松弛优点:快速高效
缺点:需精确定位闭壳肌,开壳效率不高,操作过程中存在安全风险。技术仍处于发展阶段
牡蛎肉温度变化最小,汁液流失最少,Ca2+-ATP酶活最高,其品质最接近生鲜牡蛎[43-44]
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海水贝类开壳技术及其对营养品质的影响研究进展
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商文慧 1, 2, 3, 4 , 张阳 2, 3, 4 , 薛长风 2, 3, 4 , 王冬雪 2, 3, 4 , 杨明树 2, 3, 4 , 胡亚芹 2, 3, 4, *
食品工业科技 | 专题综述 2026,47(5): 474-483
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食品工业科技 |专题综述 2026 , 47 (5) : 474 -483
海水贝类开壳技术及其对营养品质的影响研究进展
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商文慧1, 2, 3, 4 , 张阳2, 3, 4, 薛长风2, 3, 4, 王冬雪2, 3, 4, 杨明树2, 3, 4, 胡亚芹2, 3, 4, *
作者信息
  • 1海南热带海洋学院崖州湾创新研究院,海南三亚 572025
  • 2海南热带海洋学院食品科学与工程学院,海南三亚 572022
  • 3海南热带海洋学院海南省院士团队创新中心,海南三亚 572022
  • 4海南热带海洋学院海南省海洋食品工程技术研究中心,海南三亚 572022
通讯作者:
胡亚芹(1972−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:水产品加工与贮藏,E-mail:。
作者简介:

商文慧(1987−),女,博士,讲师,研究方向:水产品蛋白开发与利用,E-mail:

Marine Bivalve Shell-Opening Techniques and Their Impact on Nutritional Quality: Advances in Research
Wenhui SHANG1, 2, 3, 4 , Yang ZHANG2, 3, 4, Changfeng XUE2, 3, 4, Dongxue WANG2, 3, 4, Mingshu YANG2, 3, 4, Yaqin HU2, 3, 4, *
Affiliations
  • 1Yazhou Bay Innovation Institute, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572025, China
  • 2College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572022, China
  • 3Hainan Provincial Academician Team Innovation Center, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572022, China
  • 4Marine Food Engineering Technology Research Center of Hainan Province, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572022, China
出版时间: 2026-03-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020256
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鲜销方式无法消耗海水贝类上市季节的巨大供应量,为避免浪费,有必要对其进行精深加工。破坏闭壳肌与贝壳之间的连接,是海水贝类开壳精深加工前不可或缺的环节。营养品质是衡量海水贝类开壳后的重要指标。为降低开壳技术对贝类营养品质的影响,研究人员改进了贝类非热开壳技术和热加工开壳技术,然而不同开壳技术对贝类营养品质的影响相差很大。本文探讨了非热开壳技术和热加工开壳技术在海水贝类开壳过程中的特点、研究现状及发展趋势,并分析了这些技术对贝肉中蛋白质、脂质和碳水化合物等营养素的影响。通过海水贝类开壳技术及其对营养品质影响的系统分析,本文旨在为相关领域的研究提供新的思路和技术参考。

海水贝类  /  闭壳肌  /  开壳技术  /  营养品质  /  研究进展

The current sales model is inadequate to handle the massive influx of marine bivalves during peak seasons. Intensive processing is essential needed to prevent resource wastage. Disconnecting the adductor muscle from the shell is a critical step prior to further processing. Nutritional quality is a key indicator for evaluating marine bivalves after shucking. To minimize the impact of shucking technologies on nutrient retention, researchers have optimized both non-thermal shucking technologies and thermal processing-based shucking methods. However, the effects of these different techniques on nutritional quality vary significantly. This paper reviews the characteristics, research advancements, and developmental trends of non-thermal and thermal shucking technologies used in marine bivalve processing, and analyzes their impacts on key nutrients in bivalve meat, including proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. By systematically analyzing shucking technologies and their effects on nutritional quality, this study aims to provide novel insights and technical guidance for related research areas.

marine bivalve  /  adductor  /  shucking technologies  /  nutritional quality  /  research progress
商文慧, 张阳, 薛长风, 王冬雪, 杨明树, 胡亚芹. 海水贝类开壳技术及其对营养品质的影响研究进展. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (5) : 474 -483 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020256
Wenhui SHANG, Yang ZHANG, Changfeng XUE, Dongxue WANG, Mingshu YANG, Yaqin HU. Marine Bivalve Shell-Opening Techniques and Their Impact on Nutritional Quality: Advances in Research[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (5) : 474 -483 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020256
我国拥有世界上规模最大的贝类养殖产业,海水贝类在居民膳食贝类来源中占据主导地位。2023年,我国海水贝类养殖产量为1665.90万吨,占全国水产养殖量的23.41%[1]。海水贝类以其鲜美的味道和丰富的营养深受消费者的喜爱,海水贝类消费已成为我国居民水产品消费的重要组成部分。
市场流通的海水贝类产品中,双壳类占比最高。双壳贝类属软体动物门,瓣腮纲,身体由两片贝壳和两片外套膜组成,外套膜包裹着双壳贝的软体部分,包括消化系统、生殖系统和循环系统等器官。双壳海水贝类通常有负责移动或固定的足,以及用于呼吸的鳃,闭壳肌负责贝壳的开闭[2]。闭壳肌-缩足肌-外套膜体系一面与贻贝软体部分连接,另一面附着于贝壳表面,具有控制贝壳开闭的功能[3]。因此,只要破坏闭壳肌,就能够达到海水贝类开壳的目的。在海水贝类集中上市季节,单纯依靠鲜销方式无法消耗其巨大的市场供应量,为了避免海水贝类资源浪费,实现大规模处理,提高产品的附加值,有必要对其进行加工处理。目前市售海水贝类制品大多为冷冻制品和干制品,然而,不论加工成哪种制品,都要对海水贝类进行开壳处理。因此,有必要关注开壳过程中贝肉营养成分的变化,优化海水贝类开壳方法。
开壳技术作为海水贝类加工的第一道工序,直接影响着后续加工过程和最终产品品质。开壳技术决定着贝肉的完整性、鲜度、口感以及营养品质,影响加工效率和食用安全[4−5]。海水贝类开壳方法从最初的人工开壳,发展为借助热加工方式进行开壳。随着科学技术的进步和消费者对海水贝类品质要求的日益提高,海水贝类开壳技术由热加工逐步转变为非热加工,最大限度减少加工过程中的营养损失 [6]。本文就海水贝类开壳技术的发展、特点、作用机制和发展现状,及其对海水贝类营养品质的影响进行综合阐述,以期为我国海水贝类壳肉分离技术的发展提供参考。
海水贝类的开闭壳由闭壳肌体系控制,闭壳肌同时与海水贝类肌肉和贝壳相互连接[7],因此海水贝类开壳的关键在于破坏闭壳肌对贝壳的连结。目前海水贝类开壳技术可以分为非热加工开壳技术和热加工开壳技术[8]。非热加工开壳技术是借助人工或机械方式,借助外力切断闭壳肌,实现海水贝类开壳。热加工开壳技术是借助高温、微波和电击等方式,使海水贝类的闭壳肌变性、松弛和脱落,达到海水贝类开壳目的。
海水贝类非热开壳技术可以减少外部温度变化对贝肉的影响。这类技术不仅包含了传统的开壳方法,如人工开壳法,而且还包含了新型的开壳手段,如水射流开壳法和超高压开壳法。作为传统的开壳技术,人工开壳法依赖人员数量和技术熟练程度,由于水射流开壳法对设备要求较高,尚且处于起步阶段,因此两种开壳技术的开壳效率都比较低。目前,超高压开壳技术已应用于大型企业生产,开壳效率比水射流法更高。
人工开壳法是海水贝类典型的机械强制开壳技术,该法主要依靠人工操作,海水贝类开壳后的完整度与工人的经验密切相关,一旦操作不当,插入海水贝类的刀具不仅能够切断闭壳肌,还会破坏海水贝类的斧足、出入水管和内脏等组织,影响产品的完整性。刀具中携带的微生物容易造成对海水贝类的污染,因此,人工开壳法的效率、产品质量和安全性都无法得到保障[9]。随着我国人口的老龄化,越来越多的年轻人不愿从事此类工作,企业用人成本不断攀升,亟需开壳效率更高,产品质量更稳定的方法对海水贝类进行开壳处理。
水射流技术通过从细小的喷嘴中喷射出高速水流,精确地冲击海水贝类的特定部位。这种水流携带的动能足以使海水贝类的闭壳肌与贝壳分离,从而将水射流的动能转化为开启海水贝类壳体所需的机械能[10]。通过采集厚壳贻贝的生理参数,可以获取贝壳内部的拟合曲线,利用该曲线确定贻贝肉与贝壳粘结的关键点。在此基础上,精准定位3个射流喷嘴,使水流沿着贝壳内壁喷射,从而确保贻贝肉以最大完整度脱落[11]。此外,高压水射流技术也可应用于海湾扇贝贝柱的壳肉分离[12]。
在开壳过程中,由于没有受到外部热源的加热,水射流开壳法能够避免热量对海水贝类营养的影响。但高压水流可能对贝肉造成冲击,导致部分贝肉组织破损或流失,破坏其完整性,造成营养损失。随着设备工作时间的延长,水循环次数的增加,高压水流温度的逐渐升高,高温可能破坏贝肉中的热敏性营养物质。若水射流系统的水质受到污染,可能直接导致贝肉污染,进而威胁其食用安全性[13]。另外,水射流贝类开壳设备仅能实现海水贝类单边开壳,导致效率降低[14],因此该技术在开壳中的应用较为有限。借助高压水流的冲击力,水射流技术目前常用于贝壳和贝肉清洗[15−16]。水射流开壳法在海水贝类加工中的应用还处于探索阶段,但在控制开壳参数前提下,可以获得新鲜的贝肉,而且水能的回收利用节约了生产成本,减少资源浪费。因此,水射流开壳法仍是一种具有应用潜力的开壳方法。
超高压开壳法是一种较为成熟,应用于海水贝类低温开壳的非热物理技术,该法将压力作为能量因子作用于海水贝类,瞬间向海水贝类中心和各个方向传递,在较短时间内实现壳肉分离。该技术最早应用于牡蛎开壳,借助100~800 MPa的流体静压促使牡蛎开壳。超高压开壳法不仅能够促使闭壳肌与贝壳分离,还能够破坏海水贝类中的病原菌的细胞结构[17−18]。与人工开壳法和水射流开壳法相比,超高压开壳法避免了刀具或水流对贝肉组织的破坏,及其可能造成的微生物污染。相比于微波开壳法、红外开壳法、激光开壳法和电击开壳法,超高压开壳法不仅能够防止闭壳肌定位偏差带来的开壳率不稳定及其对海水贝类品质的影响,还能够杀灭贝壳表面和内部的微生物。因此,超高压开壳技术能够最大限度地保证海水贝类的营养和感官品质以及安全性。在超高压作用下,贻贝闭壳肌中处于伸展状态的韧带开始收缩。与此同时,闭壳肌中的肌球蛋白重链和肌动蛋白发生明胶化,肌肉纤维和壳体的黏连组织松懈,失去弹性和束缚,致使贻贝开壳[19]。
超高压处理设备成本较高,在我国主要用于高端水产品和出口产品加工,以提升产品质量、延长保质期,满足市场对高品质水产品的需求。目前,该技术已在日本应用于生食牡蛎开壳。然而,由于设备购置和维护费用昂贵,小规模或中低端企业的推广受到限制。随着技术进步和市场需求的增长,超高压设备的生产成本逐渐下降,性价比不断提升,超高压开壳法有望在海水贝类加工中得到大规模推广[20]。
热加工开壳技术是将环境中的热量传递至海水贝类闭壳肌,使闭壳肌变性,破坏闭壳肌和贝壳之间的连接,从而达到开壳目的。这类开壳技术包括传统加热开壳法、微波开壳法、红外开壳法、激光开壳法和电击开壳法。热加工开壳技术对扇贝闭壳肌的影响如图1所示。
传统加热开壳法是一种广泛应用于海水贝类加工的传统开壳技术,该方法是利用热量促进海水贝类闭壳肌松弛或变性,以达到开壳的目的[22]。在加热开壳过程中,水或水蒸气作为主要的热传递介质,通过热量传递使贝壳内部温度升高。当温度升高至50 ℃以上时,闭壳肌中的肌球蛋白和肌动蛋白发生热变性,发生横向聚集和纵向收缩,导致肌肉松弛,从而使贝壳打开[23−24]。由于操作过程中温度升高,高温环境还能有效杀灭贝壳中可能存在的致病微生物,保证食品安全[25]。
高温和长时间加热会导致海水贝类组织过度热变性,进而影响海水贝类肉质品质。研究表明,高温会导致海水贝类蛋白发生聚集变性,改变蛋白质的理化性质,例如乳化性、凝胶性和起泡性等[26]。这将导致海水贝类肉质口感变差,降低其营养价值和感官品质。此外,高温还可能导致海水贝类组织水分流失,造成肉质干硬,影响海水贝类产品的口感和外观。为了最大限度避免该法对海水贝类品质的不利影响,需要对加热时间、温度和加热方式等参数进行严格控制,提高加热效率,减少开壳过程对海水贝类组织的损伤,改善海水贝类产品品质。
传统加热开壳法操作简便、成本低廉,成为海水贝类加工中不可或缺的工艺单元,因而在食品工厂中广泛应用[27]。利用电加热蒸煮机在蚬子的开壳过程中,可通过蒸汽将热量均匀地传递给蚬子,实现连续化蒸煮和烫漂[28]。尽管加热开壳技术会对海水贝类品质产生一定的影响,然而可以在实际加工中通过合理控制参数降低该影响。同时,还可以将加热开壳与其他加工技术,如冷冻、保鲜等技术相结合,最大限度地保留海水贝类肉质品质。
微波开壳法是一种兴起于20世纪60年代的贝类开壳技术,该技术利用频率为915 Hz或2450 Hz微波辐射穿透贝壳,直接作用于闭壳肌,使闭壳肌内的水分子随着微波的电场方向快速振动产生热量,使其温度快速升高、变性,达到开壳目的[17]。微波开壳法不仅能够在短时间内实现开壳,还能有效降低贝壳中可能存在的致病微生物水平,提高食品安全性[29]。与传统的加热开壳法相比,微波开壳法能够节约并减少外部热量对海水贝类烹饪的损失,保持更好的肉质品质。
早期的微波开壳法局限在加工设备微波辐射的范围有限,加工前需要预先将贝类进行定位,造成设备单次处理能力有限[30]。随着科技的发展,将微波加热技术和感应加热技术结合,开发出微波辅助感应加热技术[31]。将硬壳蛤暴露于交变磁场中,结果发现随着加热时间的延长,硬壳蛤肉收缩,这是因为肌球蛋白受热后造成肌纤维直径收缩和肌节长度变短。此外,热加工后硬壳蛤中微生物水平和总挥发性碱氮(TVB-N)均呈下降趋势。130 ℃加热110 s或90 ℃加热130 s处理后,硬壳蛤的开壳效果及微生物指标最优[23]。
目前,微波海产品加热开口一体化设备在生蚝开壳加工中,减少了对生蚝肉质的过度熟化影响,提高了生产效率,降低了能耗和人工成本,避免了传统加热方法中可能产生的污染和废弃物[32]。然而,微波开壳技术也存在一些不足,例如设备投资成本较高;微波加热参数需要严格控制,以确保贝壳能够有效开壳,同时避免海水贝类肉质的损伤。
在食品加工中红外线技术主要用于食品加热、干燥和杀菌等[33]。食品物料对红外线发射器发出波长为2.5~15 μm范围的能量具有较强的吸收特性,借助红外加热会有比较高的加热效率[34−35]。此外,红外线还具有穿透能力强,加热集中,升温速度快的特点。在红外加热过程中,将海湾扇贝表面温度维持在85~98 ℃之间,开壳时间为20 s时,开壳效率为900个/h。开壳过程中,闭壳肌与贝壳接触的端面升温至40~50 ℃之间,胶原纤维蛋白热变性溶解,无法与贝壳黏连,与此同时,闭壳肌受热收缩,在二者的作用下,接触端面发生疲劳损伤,实现闭壳肌与贝壳无损分离[36]。王家忠等[37]以海湾扇贝贝柱接受辐射热流密度占比为加热效果指标,设定灯罩侧面倾角、宽度分别为30°和40 mm,灯管安装高度为60 mm时,贝柱辐射区热流密度占比为0.5849,单列开壳效率达到15个/min。
与传统的海水贝类热加工开壳方法相比,红外开壳法加热效率高,还可以实现靶向定位加热,然而一旦辐射热流有效面积超过虾夷扇贝贝柱后,不仅闭壳肌损伤率较高,还容易对扇贝内部的其他组织造成损伤[38−39]。因此,红外加热法需要通过调整加热设备红外热源位置控制海水贝类受热面积,实现精准定位加热,减少对其他部位组织的干扰,实现海水贝类的精深加工。就市场而言,利用红外开壳法对海水贝类进行开壳的设备技术并不成熟,因此,有必要就该方向进行深入研究。
激光开壳法是一种非接触式开壳技术,该技术借助激光的高能量作用于贝类闭壳肌所附着的贝壳表面,通过聚焦光束产生局部高温传递到闭壳肌。闭壳肌中的肌原纤维在横向和纵向发生不同程度的收缩和变性,从而破坏肌肉与贝壳之间的连接,达到开壳目的。激光有限的穿透能力保障了热力作用范围,实现贝肉无损剥离[40]。研究发现,贻贝在激光功率40 W,处理0.5 s条件下,闭壳肌开壳率为100%,相比于激光-漂烫开壳、激光-蒸汽开壳处理后的贻贝,经过激光处理的贻贝在感官评价上得分最高,与传统的水煮开壳方法相比,这种方法减少了蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物以及5’-核苷酸的损失。此外,激光-漂烫开壳和激光-蒸汽开壳的处理方法还能提升贝肉中游离氨基酸的含量[41]。
目前,激光开壳技术已经应用于切断牡蛎闭壳肌。然而在贻贝开壳领域,机械视觉和图像处理技术尚未达到成熟的应用水平。因此,海水贝类品种和大小的差异阻碍了该法在实际生产中的应用。LAKHAL等[42]开发出一种CoboShell扇贝自动开壳机器人,该设备借助人工智能(AI)技术,自动确定激光在扇贝开口的中心位置,以实现扇贝高效开壳。将该技术应用于海水贝类开壳,不仅能够使开壳变得更加容易,还能够提高海水贝类的附加值。受视觉和图像处理技术所限,目前利用激光开壳法对海水贝类开壳的设备尚未投入市场。
电击开壳法是将新鲜的海水贝类置于高压脉冲电场中,采用直接电击或导电液间接电击两种方式,对海水贝类进行电刺激。在电压的刺激下,使海水贝类心室停止活动,血液停止流动,闭壳肌松弛后,达到开壳的目的[17]。
电击开壳技术包括直接电击和通过导电液体的间接电击两种方式[43]。直接电击法能够保持贝肉的新鲜度,但需要精确定位闭壳肌,这导致开壳效率不高,并且在操作过程中存在安全风险。导电液间接电击法则通过导电液将电流传导至海水贝类,提高了开壳效率,安全性也更加可靠。然而,电击后的海水贝类开壳间隙通常较小,即海水贝类闭壳肌和贝壳之间的连接破坏并不彻底。因此,为了实现连续开壳,必须使用其他工具或方法来辅助开壳,否则将无法顺利进行。欧阳杰等[44]对比电击、水煮、蒸煮、微波和超高压五种开壳技术的开壳率,结果发现,相较于其他四种方法,仅有电击开壳法的开壳率未达到100%,甚至少部分牡蛎自始至终未能开壳。尽管电击开壳法的开壳效率低于其他方法,但该法处理过程中牡蛎肉的温度变化最小,汁液流失最少,Ca2+-ATP酶活最高,其品质最接近生鲜牡蛎。
电击开壳技术仍处于发展阶段,市场上还没有此类设备销售,但加工过程中快速高效的特点使该法在海水贝类加工领域拥有广阔的应用前景。随着技术的不断改进,电击开壳法有望实现更高的效率和安全保障,为海水贝类加工行业带来变革。
表1中系统性地总结了在海水贝类加工领域,不同的开壳技术的方法与条件、优缺点,及其对海水贝类营养品质的影响。非热加工开壳技术虽能有效保留贝类营养,但存在设备成本高和组织损伤风险。尽管热加工开壳技术操作便捷,但却容易引发热变性并降低营养品质,技术成熟度与成本效益亟待优化。在实际应用中,应综合考虑具体操作环境,如设备条件、加工规模以及海水贝类种类的特性等因素,选择与之相适应的开壳方法,确保加工效率和产品质量。
海水贝类开壳技术不仅能够破坏闭壳肌与贝壳之间的连接,还能够影响海水贝类的营养品质。因此,有必要明确不同开壳技术对海水贝类的蛋白质、脂质、碳水化合物及其他营养素的影响。
双壳贝类肌肉的肌肉组织主要是闭壳肌和外套膜。海水贝类开壳最重要的是促使闭壳肌变性,切断其与贝壳之间的连接,打开双壳。按照结构分类,扇贝和牡蛎的闭壳肌分别为横纹肌和斜纹肌[45−46],文蛤等白色不透明闭壳肌的前足牵引肌为无纹肌(平滑肌)[47]。河蚬闭壳肌的特殊运动与横纹肌和斜纹肌中肌原纤维粗丝中的副肌球蛋白有关[48]。海水贝类闭壳肌中存在大量的肌肉,肌原纤维蛋白是肌肉中的主要成分,肌球蛋白在肌原纤维中占比最高[49]。在切断闭壳肌与贝壳之间连接的方法中,加热开壳法、微波开壳法、激光开壳法和红外开壳法都是利用热量作用于闭壳肌,使闭壳肌变性,从而达到开壳目的。菲律宾蛤仔加热后闭壳肌中球蛋白的头部和尾部均发生不可逆的聚集和破坏,形成凝胶网状结构,该凝胶网络可以保护肌球蛋白,延缓Ca2+-ATPase酶受热失活速率[50]。因此,肌球蛋白成为影响海水贝类热加工稳定性的重要因素。肌动球蛋白是肌动蛋白和肌球蛋白在三磷酸腺苷作用下结合形成的超纤维状的巨大分子[51]。石启龙等[52]发现,扇贝柱蛋白质中的肌动球蛋白的结构会随着加热温度的升高而发生聚集变性。陈铮[53]发现加热后的牡蛎闭壳肌肌原纤维蛋白,浊度、溶解度和表面疏水性发生明显变化,在40 ℃时,蛋白中80%的α螺旋结构被破坏,与此同时,蛋白中总巯基含量发生下降。该结果表明,在该温度范围内,肌原纤维蛋白的结构由四级结构降解到三级或二级。
超高压技术则是借助高压对蛋白的作用,实现闭壳肌变性,相比于热加工开壳技术,该技术对牡蛎闭壳肌肌肉损伤较小,牡蛎中肌原纤维蛋白含量、Ca2+-ATPase活性和总巯基含量随着压力增加、保压时间和处理温度的延长呈现下降的趋势,而表面疏水性和羰基含量呈现上升的趋势[14]。
在开壳过程中,手工开壳和传统热加工开壳都有可能导致贝肉的组织破坏,促使海水贝类体液排出,体液中的水溶性蛋白、脂质和糖类等物质溶出会降低脂质含量[54]。经热加工开壳技术处理后,海水贝类脂质,甘油三酯在热水解过程中,释放短链脂肪酸和不饱和脂肪酸[55]。二十碳五烯酸(EPA)和二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)是海水贝类n-3系长链脂肪酸中典型的优质脂肪酸[27,56]。加热开壳过程中,海水贝类不饱和脂肪酸受热分解,生成内酯、甲基酮、一元羧酸甲酯和二元羧酸甲酯等物质[55,57]。这些低分子量化合物的产生可能是导致海水贝类脂肪酸含量降低的原因。
经过蒸煮处理的黑蛤由于水分含量降低,脂质的相对含量升高。然而,加热前后黑蛤中的饱和脂肪酸、单不饱和脂肪酸和多不饱和脂肪酸的含量没有显著差异[58]。三角蚌置于200 MPa环境中,穆氏马珂蛤和南方蛤仔置于400 MPa环境中,处理5 s和600 s后,三种海水贝类肌肉中硬脂酸、EPA、芥酸和木焦油酸含量均发生显著性改变[59]。经过600 MPa处理的雪蛤中,脂肪球平均直径显著变小。此外,高压还能够促使内源性色素释放,导致脂质氧化,降低单不饱和脂肪酸和多不饱和脂肪酸含量,提高硫代巴比妥酸值和过氧化物值[60]。可见不同开壳方法作用于不同品种海水贝类时,对脂肪酸的影响不同,这些差异主要在于脂肪酸的含量、体积、种类以及氧化程度。
目前,关于开壳对海水贝类碳水化合物影响的报道较少,需要学者开展深入研究。相较于蛋白质和脂质,海水贝类体内糖分含量较低,并且大都以糖原形式贮存于肝脏和肌肉中,除糖原外,海水贝类体内还有少量的单糖和二糖[61]。
海水贝类蒸煮过程中,其体内的糖类物质释放,并溶解于蒸煮液[62]。菲律宾蛤仔水煮后,水煮液中粗多糖含量达82.7%,其中单糖组分由甘露糖、氨基葡萄糖、葡萄糖醛酸、葡萄糖、半乳糖和岩藻糖构成[63]。杂色蛤肉和蒸煮液中粗多糖中除了含有葡萄糖和葡萄糖醛酸外,还有少量的岩藻糖、甘露糖和半乳糖[64]。蒸煮过程中,菲律宾蛤仔和杂色蛤肉蒸煮液中含有5种相同的碳水化合物,而蒸煮液中粗多糖的差异可能与海水贝类品种有关。海水贝类体内多糖还能够参与肌肉pH调节,进而影响海水贝类的品质[65]。海水贝类经非热加工开壳技术以及微波开壳法、红外开壳法和激光开壳法等为代表的热加工开壳技术处理后,海水贝类接收热量较少,或集中在闭壳肌,热量作用面积小,因此,在开壳过程中海水贝类体内碳水化合物受到的影响较小。
海水贝类富含多种维生素,在热加工过程中,海水贝类肌肉中的维生素可能会因高温而有所流失。贻贝和麦哲伦贻贝中含有水溶性维生素和脂溶性维生素。水溶性维生素有B族维生素,包括维生素B2、B3、B6、B9和B12,其中维生素B12的含量最高(0.82~65 µg/100 g),脂溶性维生素包括类胡萝卜素、维生素E(0.75~28 mg/100 g)和维生素D3,贻贝肌肉中维生素B和维生素E的含量随着季节的变化而发生改变[66−67]。贻贝体内维生素B2、B6和B12在热加工、光照和贮存过程中发生降解[68]。然而,海水贝类在超高压作用下,受热程度较低,贝肉中的维生素破坏较小,维生素保存程度较好。因此,温度对海水贝类开壳过程中维生素的含量和保存状态有着重要的影响。
海水贝类是矿物质元素的良好来源。熊本牡蛎和葡萄牙牡蛎富含多种矿物质,含量依次为Ca>Mg>Zn>Cu>Mn>Fe[69]。经过蒸汽处理后,牡蛎肉中矿物质的含量有所下降[70]。开壳后牡蛎肉中矿物质含量差异可能与肌肉中的部分矿物质随水分共同流失所致。
海水贝类含有游离氨基酸,游离氨基酸种类和含量直接影响着海水贝类的风味,其中扇贝中的甜味氨基酸包括脯氨酸(Pro)、甘氨酸(Gly)、苏氨酸(Thr)、丝氨酸(Ser)、苯丙氨酸(Ala)和精氨酸(Arg),鲜味氨基酸包括天冬氨酸(Asp)和谷氨酸(Glu)[71−72]。甘氨酸和精氨酸是海水贝类鲜味的主要来源[73]。蒸煮后的海湾扇贝中游离氨基酸含量较低,这可能是因为一些水溶性风味氨基酸溶解于蒸煮液[74]。加热时间和温度会影响海水贝类蛋白质的变性和降解,进而影响海水贝类肌肉中游离氨基酸的含量[75]。在开壳过程中,水煮液会导致游离氨基酸流失,从而影响海水贝类体内的氨基酸含量。
贝壳表面和体内附着大量的微生物,微生物污染是影响海水贝类食用安全品质的重要指标。新鲜紫贻贝中的微生物主要是嗜冷杆菌属和不动杆菌属[76]。厚壳贻贝所有组织中均以变形菌门、拟杆菌门和疣微菌门为主要菌群[77]。
在非热加工开壳技术中,超高压开壳法不仅可以减少牡蛎肠道中的微生物数量和种类多样性,还能降低病原性微生物的相对数量。因此,超高压加工处理能够降低牡蛎肠道菌群结构的安全风险[78]。林先鑫[79]借助高静水压技术处理近江牡蛎,结果发现,随着施加压力的提高,牡蛎肉中的细菌总量、创伤弧菌和副溶血性弧菌的数量都显著减少。在400 MPa和600 MPa处理后,这两种弧菌均未检出。这可能是在高压作用下,细菌的细胞壁和细胞膜被破坏,细胞形态发生改变后,胞内酶活力、营养物质和代谢物的运输途径受到影响,从而达到杀菌目的[80]。黄雅婷[81]发现,杂色蛤在400 MPa超高压预处理6 min后,蛤肉的得率为36.8%,菌落总数降至检出限下(<1.0 lg CFU/g),水分含量无显著性变化,并且超高压处理对外观和pH的影响较小。
在热加工开壳技术中,尽管蒸汽开壳后的紫贻贝肉中微生物被杀灭,然而在贮存过程中仍检测到部分微生物[82]。在微波开壳法、红外开壳法、激光开壳法和电击开壳法中,热量大都作用于闭壳肌与贝壳连接部位,无法降低海水贝类表面或体内的微生物水平。因此,控制海水贝类开壳前后腐败菌的繁殖是确保其食用安全的重要环节。
本文综述了海水贝类非热开壳技术和热加工开壳技术的原理、优缺点、发展现状,及其对海水贝类营养品质的影响。系统阐释了水射流开壳法和超高压开壳法两种海水贝类非热开壳技术。这两种方法均通过非热力学作用机制,即借助高压射流精准切割闭壳肌-贝壳界面生物粘附组织,以及依赖压力场调控诱导肌原纤维构象转变,实现贝壳界面物理分离与肌肉组织可控松弛,有效规避传统热加工导致的维生素热降解及多不饱和脂肪酸损耗。以微波开壳法和红外开壳法为代表的热加工开壳技术依赖于闭壳肌蛋白热变性。在开壳过程中引发肌球蛋白构象改变,以及胶原蛋白熔解。但定位精度不足和设备成本高限制了两类开壳技术的工业化应用。本文对海水贝类不同开壳技术与贝肉品质进行系统总结,为生鲜海水贝类品质研究提供了新思路。当前研究热点主要集中在采用水煮与超高压技术对海水贝类进行开壳处理。受限于现有技术手段,其他热加工开壳技术的工业化应用仍面临较多挑战,主要表现为工艺参数体系不完善及由此引发的试验重复性差。大多数开壳技术聚焦的营养指标单一,缺少针对海水贝类开壳后营养特性的系统性评价。因此,为应对现有不足,有必要采用多种开壳方法联用,实现海水贝类开壳,通过优势互补,弥补单一开壳方法的不足。深化海水贝类开壳后营养品质变化的研究,实现从宏观营养到精准营养的跨越。为推动我国海水贝类开壳技术的发展,实现我国海水贝类资源高值化利用提供理论支撑。

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2026年第47卷第5期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020256
  • 接收时间:2025-03-03
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-03-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-03
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作者信息
    1海南热带海洋学院崖州湾创新研究院,海南三亚 572025
    2海南热带海洋学院食品科学与工程学院,海南三亚 572022
    3海南热带海洋学院海南省院士团队创新中心,海南三亚 572022
    4海南热带海洋学院海南省海洋食品工程技术研究中心,海南三亚 572022

通讯作者:

胡亚芹(1972−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:水产品加工与贮藏,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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