Article(id=1321170363136983522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1321170163563614210, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020115, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1739721600000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792921160729, onlineDateStr=2026-10-25, pubDate=1769875200000, pubDateStr=2026-02-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792921160729, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792921160729, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792921160729, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321170163563614210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='497', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769875200000', pubDateStr='2026-02-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792921113148, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792921113148, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=331, endPage=341, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321170363384447459, articleId=1321170363136983522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Nutritional Value Evaluation of Fengjing Pig and Its F1 Hybrid Generation, columnId=1261343843585241413, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Analysis and Determination, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To evaluate the nutritional value of Fengjing pigs (FJ) and their F1 hybrid generation, FJ, Duroc (American)×Fengjing pigs (DAF), Duroc (Norwegian)×Fengjing pigs (DNF), Pietrain×Fengjing pigs (PF) and Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire pigs (DLY) were studied. After analyzing the amino acid and fatty acid nutritional indices, their nutritional values were thoroughly evaluated using principal component analysis. The results showed that the Σn-3polyunsaturated fatty acids were significantly higher in FJ and its hybrid combinations than in DLY, and the essential amino acid index (EAAI) was relatively high (86.32~90.66). Containing abundant characteristic amino acids, FJ exhibited the highest intramuscular fat content (4.77%), ΣPUFA (17.05%), and healthy fatty index (1.83). Among the different hybrid combinations, DNF had the highest characteristic amino acids content whereas DAF had the lowest atherogenic index (0.54) and thrombogenic index (1.31). PF exhibited the highest EAAI (90.66), nutritional index (20.63), and biological value (87.12), despite containing the least characteristic amino acids. Valine was identified as the first limiting amino acid of all five groups of pork samples. The order of comprehensive nutritional value score was: PF>DNF>FJ>DAF>DLY. In conclusion, FJ and its hybrid combinations are high-quality ingredients for PUFA intake, containing nutritious fatty acids and proteins, whereas PF is the hybrid combination with the highest comprehensive nutritional value.

, authors=Jiajie ZHANG1, Hongyang WANG2, 3, Yuduan DIAO2, 3, Haomin WU4, Shenghui LEI5, Yun XUE4, Jie SUN6, Xin SONG6, Yongsong TAN2, 3, *, Yingying ZHANG2, 3, *, authorsList=Jiajie ZHANG, Hongyang WANG, Yuduan DIAO, Haomin WU, Shenghui LEI, Yun XUE, Jie SUN, Xin SONG, Yongsong TAN, Yingying ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yongsong TAN, Yingying ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321170365896835562, articleId=1321170363136983522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=枫泾猪及其二元杂交F1代的营养价值评价, columnId=1261343846139572559, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=分析检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究枫泾猪(FJ)及其二元杂交F1代的营养价值,以FJ、杜(美)枫猪(DAF)、杜(挪)枫猪(DNF)、皮枫猪(PF)及杜长大猪(DLY)为研究对象,分析其氨基酸和脂肪酸的营养价值指标,并结合主成分分析综合评价其营养价值。结果表明,FJ及其杂交组合的总n-3多不饱和脂肪酸(Σn-3PUFA)含量显著高于DLY,且其必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)较高(86.32~90.66)。FJ的肌内脂肪含量(4.77%)、总多不饱和脂肪酸(ΣPUFA)含量(17.05%)和健康脂肪指数(1.83)均为最高,且具有较高的特征氨基酸含量。在不同杂交组合中,DNF的特征氨基酸含量最高;DAF的动脉粥样硬化指数(0.54)和血栓形成指数(1.31)最低;PF的EAAI(90.66)、营养指数(20.63)和生物价(87.12)最高,但其特征氨基酸含量最低。五组猪肉样本的第一限制氨基酸均为缬氨酸。营养价值综合评分为PF>DNF>FJ>DAF>DLY。综上所述,FJ及其杂交组合是摄取PUFA的优质食材,脂肪酸和蛋白质营养价值较高;PF为综合评价营养价值最高的杂交组合。

, authors=张佳杰1, 王洪洋2, 3, 刁玉段2, 3, 吴昊旻4, 雷胜辉5, 薛云4, 孙杰6, 宋欣6, 谈永松2, 3, *, 张莺莺2, 3, *, authorsList=张佳杰, 王洪洋, 刁玉段, 吴昊旻, 雷胜辉, 薛云, 孙杰, 宋欣, 谈永松, 张莺莺, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=谈永松, 张莺莺, authorNote=

张佳杰(2000−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:动物生产和畜产品加工,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
谈永松(1970−),男,博士,研究员,研究方向:动物遗传育种与畜产品加工,E-mail:。
张莺莺(1978−),女,博士,副研究员,研究方向:动物遗传育种与畜产品加工,E-mail:。
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张佳杰(2000−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:动物生产和畜产品加工,E-mail:

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AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321170366660198908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170363136983522, companyId=1321170366639227386, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=6上海沁侬牧业科技有限公司,上海 202178)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1321170371680780861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170363136983522, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Taste-related muscle amino acid content (A) and its proportion (B) of FJ and its hybrid combinations, figureFileSmall=QRQtqjoHC9C4z+HKxCSY6A==, figureFileBig=849asbvOAReaX0qRaT0d0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170371777249854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170363136983522, language=CN, label=图1, caption=FJ及其杂交组合肌肉味觉氨基酸含量(A)及占比(B)

注:不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),不同大写字母表示差异极显著(P<0.01),相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),图2同。

, figureFileSmall=QRQtqjoHC9C4z+HKxCSY6A==, figureFileBig=849asbvOAReaX0qRaT0d0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170371986965055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170363136983522, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Comparison of muscle characteristic amino acid contents in FJ and its hybrid combinations, figureFileSmall=1tLB5VVrQDxIO3KSFsKRRw==, figureFileBig=WzbZrf4BBWPHp6H9YjmteA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170372058268224, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170363136983522, language=CN, label=图2, caption=FJ及其杂交组合肌肉特征氨基酸比较, figureFileSmall=1tLB5VVrQDxIO3KSFsKRRw==, figureFileBig=WzbZrf4BBWPHp6H9YjmteA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170372125377089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170363136983522, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Correlation analysis of FJ and its hybrid combinations, figureFileSmall=L2G7EbnCFUFplacuG0S5+g==, figureFileBig=hG+Xds1dEbGg2Yungh1nwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170372196680258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170363136983522, language=CN, label=图3, caption=FJ及其二元杂交F1代的相关性分析

注:“**”表示具有极显著相关性(P<0.01),“*”表示具有显著相关性(P<0.05);红色代表具有正相关性,蓝色代表具有负相关性。

, figureFileSmall=L2G7EbnCFUFplacuG0S5+g==, figureFileBig=hG+Xds1dEbGg2Yungh1nwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170372276372035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170363136983522, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Content of muscle nutrients in FJ and its hybrid combinations

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标FJDAFDNFPFDLY
水分(%)72.99±0.42Aab73.63±0.26Aa73.43±0.30Aab73.77±0.44Aa72.41±0.30Ab
蛋白质(%)22.04±0.31Ab22.34±0.29Aab22.96±0.14Aa22.76±0.21Aa22.41±0.08Aab
肌内脂肪(%)4.77±0.58Aa3.38±0.23Aab4.17±0.56Aab4.48±0.65Aab3.11±0.33Ab
胆固醇(mg/100 g)54.70±0.78Aa52.57±0.58Aa53.53±0.35Aa51.33±2.14Aa51.20±0.17Aa
), ArticleFig(id=1321170372356063812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170363136983522, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

FJ及其杂交组合肌肉营养成分含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标FJDAFDNFPFDLY
水分(%)72.99±0.42Aab73.63±0.26Aa73.43±0.30Aab73.77±0.44Aa72.41±0.30Ab
蛋白质(%)22.04±0.31Ab22.34±0.29Aab22.96±0.14Aa22.76±0.21Aa22.41±0.08Aab
肌内脂肪(%)4.77±0.58Aa3.38±0.23Aab4.17±0.56Aab4.48±0.65Aab3.11±0.33Ab
胆固醇(mg/100 g)54.70±0.78Aa52.57±0.58Aa53.53±0.35Aa51.33±2.14Aa51.20±0.17Aa
), ArticleFig(id=1321170372439949893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170363136983522, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Composition and content of muscle fatty acids in FJ and its hybrid combinations

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
脂肪酸FJDAFDNFPFDLY
SFA(%)辛酸C8:0−−−−0.01±0.00
癸酸C10:00.08±0.01Aa0.09±0.00Aa0.08±0.01Aa0.09±0.01Aa0.09±0.00Aa
月桂酸C12:00.07±0.00Aa0.08±0.00Aa0.09±0.00Aa0.08±0.00Aa0.08±0.01Aa
豆蔻酸C14:01.37±0.03Ab1.34±0.00Ab1.51±0.01Aa1.36±0.03Ab1.31±0.09Ab
十五碳酸C15:00.03±0.00Aa0.02±0.01Aab0.01±0.01Ab0.03±0.00Aab0.02±0.00Aab
棕榈酸C16:026.07±0.59Aab25.57±0.13Aab27.00±0.12Aa26.23±0.58Aab25.07±0.61Ab
十七烷酸C17:00.20±0.01Aa0.17±0.01Ab0.16±0.01Ab0.18±0.01Aab0.17±0.01Ab
硬脂酸C18:015.17±0.24Aab13.97±0.53Aab15.30±0.74Aab15.83±0.73Aa13.63±0.74Ab
花生酸C20:00.24±0.02Aa0.24±0.01Aa0.22±0.02Aa0.23±0.03Aa0.21±0.01Aa
UFA(%)豆蔻油酸C14:1−0.01±0.00Aa−0.01±0.01Aa0.02±0.00Aa
棕榈油酸C16:12.11±0.13Aa2.33±0.10Aa2.24±0.26Aa2.05±0.22Aa2.70±0.38Aa
油酸C18:136.87±1.19Bc40.90±0.80ABb37.23±0.92Bbc39.07±1.67Bbc44.70±0.90Aa
反-9-十八碳一烯酸C18:1 n-9t0.08±0.01Bb0.08±0.01Bb0.07±0.01Bb0.07±0.01Bb0.13±0.01Aa
花生一烯酸C20:10.64±0.05ABb0.78±0.04Aa0.52±0.03Bc0.64±0.00ABb0.73±0.04Aab
亚油酸C18:2 n-614.80±0.91Aa12.63±0.17ABab13.67±0.67Aab12.33±0.82ABb9.97±0.72Bc
γ-亚麻酸C18:3 n-60.04±0.00Aa−0.02±0.01ABb0.02±0.00Aab0.03±0.00Aa
α-亚麻酸C18:3 n-31.07±0.05Aa0.91±0.00Ab1.06±0.05Aa0.91±0.06Ab0.32±0.02Bc
花生二烯酸C20:2 n-60.57±0.02Aa0.57±0.02Aa0.48±0.04Aab0.47±0.02Aab0.44±0.05Ab
二高-γ−亚麻酸C20:3 n-60.13±0.02Aa0.09±0.00Bb0.08±0.00Bb0.08±0.00Bb0.07±0.01Bb
顺-11,14,17-二十碳三烯酸C20:3 n-30.13±0.00Aab0.13±0.01Aa0.11±0.02Aab0.11±0.00Ab0.04±0.00Bc
花生四烯酸C20:4 n-60.31±0.04Aa0.17±0.00Bb0.18±0.01Bb0.19±0.00Bb0.23±0.01ABb
ΣSFA(%)43.23±0.38ABab41.47±0.70ABbc44.36±0.70Aa44.03±1.09Aa40.58±0.15Bc
ΣMUFA(%)39.70±1.17Bc44.10±0.86ABb40.06±1.19Bc41.84±1.72Bbc48.28±0.91Aa
ΣPUFA(%)17.05±0.92Aa14.50±0.20ABb15.59±0.79Aab14.11±0.89ABb11.11±0.80Bc
ΣUFA(%)56.75±0.39ABbc58.59±0.66ABab55.65±0.70Bc55.95±1.10Bc59.39±0.12Aa
Σn-3PUFA(%)1.07±0.05Aa0.91±0.00Ab1.06±0.05Aa0.91±0.06Ab0.32±0.02Bc
Σn-6PUFA(%)15.15±0.87Aa12.80±0.17Ab13.87±0.69Aab12.55±0.82ABb10.24±0.73Bc
ΣFA(g/100 g)22.17±2.21Aab19.13±2.93Ab20.9±0.92Aab25.93±2.10Aa18.47±0.35Ab
ΣSFA/ΣMUFA/ΣPUFA1:0.92:0.39Ab1:1.06:0.35Ab1:0.9:0.35Aab1:0.95:0.32Aa1:1.19:0.27Aab
ΣSFA/ΣUFA0.76±0.01ABab0.71±0.02ABbc0.80±0.02Aa0.79±0.04Aa0.68±0.00Bc
ΣPUFA/ΣSFA0.39±0.02Aa0.35±0.00ABab0.35±0.02ABab0.32±0.02ABbc0.27±0.02Bc
Σn-6PUFA/Σn-3PUFA14.21±0.18Bb14.14±0.15Bbc13.10±0.03Bc13.83±0.08Bbc32.31±0.68Aa
), ArticleFig(id=1321170372523835974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170363136983522, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

FJ及其杂交组合肌肉脂肪酸组成及含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
脂肪酸FJDAFDNFPFDLY
SFA(%)辛酸C8:0−−−−0.01±0.00
癸酸C10:00.08±0.01Aa0.09±0.00Aa0.08±0.01Aa0.09±0.01Aa0.09±0.00Aa
月桂酸C12:00.07±0.00Aa0.08±0.00Aa0.09±0.00Aa0.08±0.00Aa0.08±0.01Aa
豆蔻酸C14:01.37±0.03Ab1.34±0.00Ab1.51±0.01Aa1.36±0.03Ab1.31±0.09Ab
十五碳酸C15:00.03±0.00Aa0.02±0.01Aab0.01±0.01Ab0.03±0.00Aab0.02±0.00Aab
棕榈酸C16:026.07±0.59Aab25.57±0.13Aab27.00±0.12Aa26.23±0.58Aab25.07±0.61Ab
十七烷酸C17:00.20±0.01Aa0.17±0.01Ab0.16±0.01Ab0.18±0.01Aab0.17±0.01Ab
硬脂酸C18:015.17±0.24Aab13.97±0.53Aab15.30±0.74Aab15.83±0.73Aa13.63±0.74Ab
花生酸C20:00.24±0.02Aa0.24±0.01Aa0.22±0.02Aa0.23±0.03Aa0.21±0.01Aa
UFA(%)豆蔻油酸C14:1−0.01±0.00Aa−0.01±0.01Aa0.02±0.00Aa
棕榈油酸C16:12.11±0.13Aa2.33±0.10Aa2.24±0.26Aa2.05±0.22Aa2.70±0.38Aa
油酸C18:136.87±1.19Bc40.90±0.80ABb37.23±0.92Bbc39.07±1.67Bbc44.70±0.90Aa
反-9-十八碳一烯酸C18:1 n-9t0.08±0.01Bb0.08±0.01Bb0.07±0.01Bb0.07±0.01Bb0.13±0.01Aa
花生一烯酸C20:10.64±0.05ABb0.78±0.04Aa0.52±0.03Bc0.64±0.00ABb0.73±0.04Aab
亚油酸C18:2 n-614.80±0.91Aa12.63±0.17ABab13.67±0.67Aab12.33±0.82ABb9.97±0.72Bc
γ-亚麻酸C18:3 n-60.04±0.00Aa−0.02±0.01ABb0.02±0.00Aab0.03±0.00Aa
α-亚麻酸C18:3 n-31.07±0.05Aa0.91±0.00Ab1.06±0.05Aa0.91±0.06Ab0.32±0.02Bc
花生二烯酸C20:2 n-60.57±0.02Aa0.57±0.02Aa0.48±0.04Aab0.47±0.02Aab0.44±0.05Ab
二高-γ−亚麻酸C20:3 n-60.13±0.02Aa0.09±0.00Bb0.08±0.00Bb0.08±0.00Bb0.07±0.01Bb
顺-11,14,17-二十碳三烯酸C20:3 n-30.13±0.00Aab0.13±0.01Aa0.11±0.02Aab0.11±0.00Ab0.04±0.00Bc
花生四烯酸C20:4 n-60.31±0.04Aa0.17±0.00Bb0.18±0.01Bb0.19±0.00Bb0.23±0.01ABb
ΣSFA(%)43.23±0.38ABab41.47±0.70ABbc44.36±0.70Aa44.03±1.09Aa40.58±0.15Bc
ΣMUFA(%)39.70±1.17Bc44.10±0.86ABb40.06±1.19Bc41.84±1.72Bbc48.28±0.91Aa
ΣPUFA(%)17.05±0.92Aa14.50±0.20ABb15.59±0.79Aab14.11±0.89ABb11.11±0.80Bc
ΣUFA(%)56.75±0.39ABbc58.59±0.66ABab55.65±0.70Bc55.95±1.10Bc59.39±0.12Aa
Σn-3PUFA(%)1.07±0.05Aa0.91±0.00Ab1.06±0.05Aa0.91±0.06Ab0.32±0.02Bc
Σn-6PUFA(%)15.15±0.87Aa12.80±0.17Ab13.87±0.69Aab12.55±0.82ABb10.24±0.73Bc
ΣFA(g/100 g)22.17±2.21Aab19.13±2.93Ab20.9±0.92Aab25.93±2.10Aa18.47±0.35Ab
ΣSFA/ΣMUFA/ΣPUFA1:0.92:0.39Ab1:1.06:0.35Ab1:0.9:0.35Aab1:0.95:0.32Aa1:1.19:0.27Aab
ΣSFA/ΣUFA0.76±0.01ABab0.71±0.02ABbc0.80±0.02Aa0.79±0.04Aa0.68±0.00Bc
ΣPUFA/ΣSFA0.39±0.02Aa0.35±0.00ABab0.35±0.02ABab0.32±0.02ABbc0.27±0.02Bc
Σn-6PUFA/Σn-3PUFA14.21±0.18Bb14.14±0.15Bbc13.10±0.03Bc13.83±0.08Bbc32.31±0.68Aa
), ArticleFig(id=1321170372624499271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170363136983522, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Evaluation of muscle fatty acids in FJ and its hybrid combinations

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指数FJDAFDNFPFDLY
AI0.56±0.01ABabc0.54±0.01ABbc0.60±0.01Aa0.58±0.02ABab0.52±0.01Bc
TI1.39±0.02Aab1.31±0.03Ab1.45±0.04Aa1.45±0.06Aa1.32±0.01Ab
HFI1.83±0.02Aa1.81±0.02Aa1.78±0.03Aab1.72±0.04Ab1.40±0.01Bc
NV0.53±0.01ABab0.50±0.01ABbc0.56±0.01Aa0.54±0.02ABab0.48±0.01Bc
H/H0.62±0.03Aa0.54±0.00ABab0.55±0.03ABab0.51±0.02ABb0.42±0.03Bc
), ArticleFig(id=1321170372708385352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170363136983522, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

FJ及其杂交组合肌肉脂肪酸评价

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指数FJDAFDNFPFDLY
AI0.56±0.01ABabc0.54±0.01ABbc0.60±0.01Aa0.58±0.02ABab0.52±0.01Bc
TI1.39±0.02Aab1.31±0.03Ab1.45±0.04Aa1.45±0.06Aa1.32±0.01Ab
HFI1.83±0.02Aa1.81±0.02Aa1.78±0.03Aab1.72±0.04Ab1.40±0.01Bc
NV0.53±0.01ABab0.50±0.01ABbc0.56±0.01Aa0.54±0.02ABab0.48±0.01Bc
H/H0.62±0.03Aa0.54±0.00ABab0.55±0.03ABab0.51±0.02ABb0.42±0.03Bc
), ArticleFig(id=1321170372771299913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170363136983522, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Comparison of muscle amino acid composition and content of FJ and its hybrid combinations

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨基酸FJDAFDNFPFDLY
EAA(g/100 g)色氨酸 Trp0.26±0.02ABa0.21±0.01BCb0.26±0.01ABa0.18±0.02Cb0.29±0.00Aa
苏氨酸 Thr1.17±0.11ABa0.88±0.03BCbc1.07±0.02ABCab0.80±0.08Cc1.21±0.05Aa
缬氨酸 Val1.03±0.10ABab0.86±0.02ABbc1.00±0.03ABab0.80±0.05Bc1.11±0.05Aa
蛋氨酸 Met0.72±0.10ABab0.56±0.02ABbc0.66±0.02ABabc0.50±0.06Bc0.78±0.04Aa
赖氨酸 Lys2.15±0.01ABa1.65±0.02BCbc2.00±0.00ABCab1.49±0.02Cc2.26±0.06Aa
亮氨酸 Leu2.04±0.21Aa1.58±0.06ABbc1.86±0.03ABab1.41±0.15Bc2.11±0.10Aa
组氨酸 His0.90±0.08ABab0.89±0.08ABab1.09±0.01Aa0.68±0.09Bb1.11±0.07Aa
异亮氨酸 Ile1.00±0.10ABab0.83±0.01ABbc0.95±0.02ABab0.76±0.04Bc1.04±0.05Aa
苯丙氨酸 Phe1.21±0.12ABab1.03±0.06ABbc1.23±0.02Aab0.86±0.09Bc1.34±0.07Aa
NEAA(g/100 g)半胱氨酸 Cys0.15±0.01Aa0.17±0.02Aa0.17±0.00Aa0.20±0.02Aa0.17±0.06Aa
丝氨酸 Ser1.00±0.09Aa0.76±0.04ABbc0.91±0.02ABab0.66±0.07Bc1.03±0.03Aa
脯氨酸 Pro0.95±0.08ABa0.74±0.01Bb1.00±0.05Aa0.71±0.04Bb1.02±0.06Aa
甘氨酸 Gly1.05±0.10ABab0.85±0.03ABbc1.15±0.07Aa0.78±0.08Bc1.20±0.08Aa
丙氨酸 Ala1.44±0.15Aa1.10±0.06ABbc1.37±0.04ABab0.97±0.11Bc1.53±0.07Aa
酪氨酸 Tyr0.89±0.09ABa0.70±0.03ABb0.80±0.01ABab0.63±0.07Bb0.91±0.04Aa
精氨酸 Arg1.70±0.17Aa1.27±0.06ABbc1.61±0.04ABab1.13±0.12Bc1.77±0.08Aa
谷氨酸 Glu3.56±0.40Aa2.67±0.17ABb3.12±0.07ABab2.31±0.32Bb3.69±0.16Aa
天冬氨酸Asp2.25±0.23Aa1.71±0.10ABbc2.05±0.04ABab1.49±0.20Bc2.39±0.09Aa
羟脯氨酸 Hyd0.04±0.02ABa0.00±0.00Bb0.06±0.02Aa0.00±0.00Bb0.02±0.00ABab
TAA23.5±1.04Aa18.47±0.33ABbc22.36±0.14ABab16.36±0.73Bc24.96±0.55Aa
EAA10.62±1.29ABab8.67±0.47ABbc10.28±0.31ABab7.67±1.01Bc11.41±0.61Aa
NEAA13.02±1.09Aa9.98±0.43ABbc12.25±0.23ABab8.88±0.86Bc13.72±0.47Aa
EAA/TAA(%)45.23±0.09Bb46.94±0.34Aa45.99±0.30ABab47.02±0.57Aa45.69±0.31ABb
EAA/NEAA(%)81.60±0.14Ab86.94±0.94Aa83.97±0.99Aab86.77±1.91Aa83.10±0.74Ab
), ArticleFig(id=1321170372855185994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170363136983522, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

FJ及其杂交组合肌肉氨基酸组成及含量比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨基酸FJDAFDNFPFDLY
EAA(g/100 g)色氨酸 Trp0.26±0.02ABa0.21±0.01BCb0.26±0.01ABa0.18±0.02Cb0.29±0.00Aa
苏氨酸 Thr1.17±0.11ABa0.88±0.03BCbc1.07±0.02ABCab0.80±0.08Cc1.21±0.05Aa
缬氨酸 Val1.03±0.10ABab0.86±0.02ABbc1.00±0.03ABab0.80±0.05Bc1.11±0.05Aa
蛋氨酸 Met0.72±0.10ABab0.56±0.02ABbc0.66±0.02ABabc0.50±0.06Bc0.78±0.04Aa
赖氨酸 Lys2.15±0.01ABa1.65±0.02BCbc2.00±0.00ABCab1.49±0.02Cc2.26±0.06Aa
亮氨酸 Leu2.04±0.21Aa1.58±0.06ABbc1.86±0.03ABab1.41±0.15Bc2.11±0.10Aa
组氨酸 His0.90±0.08ABab0.89±0.08ABab1.09±0.01Aa0.68±0.09Bb1.11±0.07Aa
异亮氨酸 Ile1.00±0.10ABab0.83±0.01ABbc0.95±0.02ABab0.76±0.04Bc1.04±0.05Aa
苯丙氨酸 Phe1.21±0.12ABab1.03±0.06ABbc1.23±0.02Aab0.86±0.09Bc1.34±0.07Aa
NEAA(g/100 g)半胱氨酸 Cys0.15±0.01Aa0.17±0.02Aa0.17±0.00Aa0.20±0.02Aa0.17±0.06Aa
丝氨酸 Ser1.00±0.09Aa0.76±0.04ABbc0.91±0.02ABab0.66±0.07Bc1.03±0.03Aa
脯氨酸 Pro0.95±0.08ABa0.74±0.01Bb1.00±0.05Aa0.71±0.04Bb1.02±0.06Aa
甘氨酸 Gly1.05±0.10ABab0.85±0.03ABbc1.15±0.07Aa0.78±0.08Bc1.20±0.08Aa
丙氨酸 Ala1.44±0.15Aa1.10±0.06ABbc1.37±0.04ABab0.97±0.11Bc1.53±0.07Aa
酪氨酸 Tyr0.89±0.09ABa0.70±0.03ABb0.80±0.01ABab0.63±0.07Bb0.91±0.04Aa
精氨酸 Arg1.70±0.17Aa1.27±0.06ABbc1.61±0.04ABab1.13±0.12Bc1.77±0.08Aa
谷氨酸 Glu3.56±0.40Aa2.67±0.17ABb3.12±0.07ABab2.31±0.32Bb3.69±0.16Aa
天冬氨酸Asp2.25±0.23Aa1.71±0.10ABbc2.05±0.04ABab1.49±0.20Bc2.39±0.09Aa
羟脯氨酸 Hyd0.04±0.02ABa0.00±0.00Bb0.06±0.02Aa0.00±0.00Bb0.02±0.00ABab
TAA23.5±1.04Aa18.47±0.33ABbc22.36±0.14ABab16.36±0.73Bc24.96±0.55Aa
EAA10.62±1.29ABab8.67±0.47ABbc10.28±0.31ABab7.67±1.01Bc11.41±0.61Aa
NEAA13.02±1.09Aa9.98±0.43ABbc12.25±0.23ABab8.88±0.86Bc13.72±0.47Aa
EAA/TAA(%)45.23±0.09Bb46.94±0.34Aa45.99±0.30ABab47.02±0.57Aa45.69±0.31ABb
EAA/NEAA(%)81.60±0.14Ab86.94±0.94Aa83.97±0.99Aab86.77±1.91Aa83.10±0.74Ab
), ArticleFig(id=1321170372947460683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170363136983522, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Comparison of the mass fraction of essential amino acids in the muscles of FJ and its hybrid combination with the pattern spectrum

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨基酸FJDAFDNFPFDLYFAO/WHO模式标准鸡蛋模式
酪氨酸 Tyr1.111.141.151.131.181.001.62
苏氨酸 Thr5.004.774.794.904.844.005.39
缬氨酸 Val4.404.684.464.914.445.005.76
赖氨酸 Lys9.148.958.939.119.045.506.49
亮氨酸 Leu8.668.588.338.648.477.008.41
异亮氨酸 Ile4.244.494.234.684.184.005.24
蛋氨酸+胱氨酸 Met+Cys3.723.983.714.263.773.506.18
苯丙氨酸+酪氨酸 Phe+Tyr8.919.349.119.099.016.009.55
), ArticleFig(id=1321170373027152460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170363136983522, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

FJ及其杂交组合肌肉中必需氨基酸占总氨基酸的质量分数与模式谱比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨基酸FJDAFDNFPFDLYFAO/WHO模式标准鸡蛋模式
酪氨酸 Tyr1.111.141.151.131.181.001.62
苏氨酸 Thr5.004.774.794.904.844.005.39
缬氨酸 Val4.404.684.464.914.445.005.76
赖氨酸 Lys9.148.958.939.119.045.506.49
亮氨酸 Leu8.668.588.338.648.477.008.41
异亮氨酸 Ile4.244.494.234.684.184.005.24
蛋氨酸+胱氨酸 Met+Cys3.723.983.714.263.773.506.18
苯丙氨酸+酪氨酸 Phe+Tyr8.919.349.119.099.016.009.55
), ArticleFig(id=1321170374692291149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170363136983522, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Evaluation of the nutritional value of muscle EAA in FJ and its hybrid combinations

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨基酸RCCS
FJDAFDNFPFDLYFJDAFDNFPFDLY
色氨酸0.910.920.950.890.970.690.700.710.700.73
苏氨酸1.030.960.990.970.990.930.880.890.910.90
缬氨酸0.72♦0.76♦0.73♦0.78♦0.73♦0.760.810.770.850.77
赖氨酸1.371.311.341.311.351.411.381.381.401.39
亮氨酸1.020.990.980.970.991.031.020.991.031.01
异亮氨酸0.87♦♦0.90♦♦0.87♦♦0.92♦♦0.86♦♦0.810.860.810.890.80
蛋氨酸+半胱氨酸0.870.920.870.960.880.600.640.600.690.61
酪氨酸+苯丙氨酸1.221.261.251.201.230.930.980.950.950.94
EAAI−−−−−86.7388.7286.3290.6686.88
NI−−−−−19.1119.8219.8220.6319.47
BV−−−−−82.8385.0082.3987.1283.00
), ArticleFig(id=1321170374780371534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170363136983522, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

FJ及其杂交组合肌肉EAA营养价值评价

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨基酸RCCS
FJDAFDNFPFDLYFJDAFDNFPFDLY
色氨酸0.910.920.950.890.970.690.700.710.700.73
苏氨酸1.030.960.990.970.990.930.880.890.910.90
缬氨酸0.72♦0.76♦0.73♦0.78♦0.73♦0.760.810.770.850.77
赖氨酸1.371.311.341.311.351.411.381.381.401.39
亮氨酸1.020.990.980.970.991.031.020.991.031.01
异亮氨酸0.87♦♦0.90♦♦0.87♦♦0.92♦♦0.86♦♦0.810.860.810.890.80
蛋氨酸+半胱氨酸0.870.920.870.960.880.600.640.600.690.61
酪氨酸+苯丙氨酸1.221.261.251.201.230.930.980.950.950.94
EAAI−−−−−86.7388.7286.3290.6686.88
NI−−−−−19.1119.8219.8220.6319.47
BV−−−−−82.8385.0082.3987.1283.00
), ArticleFig(id=1321170374864257615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170363136983522, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Principal component loading matrix, eigenvalue, variance contribution rate and cumulative contribution rate

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标主成分
PCA1PCA2PCA3PCA4PCA5
水分0.22−0.03−0.20−0.36−0.07
蛋白质0.09−0.100.26−0.390.56
IMF−0.070.27−0.140.47−0.09
胆固醇0.050.050.200.430.59
药效氨基酸−0.270.160.16−0.010.05
支链氨基酸−0.260.160.190.030.07
芳香族氨基酸−0.270.160.16−0.050.06
TAA−0.270.170.18−0.020.05
EAA/TAA0.21−0.26−0.06−0.01−0.01
EAAI0.22−0.24−0.040.23−0.03
NI0.22−0.240.12−0.040.31
BV0.22−0.24−0.040.23−0.03
F0.17−0.100.140.42−0.01
ΣSFA0.240.140.330.01−0.12
ΣMUFA−0.24−0.27−0.100.000.02
ΣPUFA0.190.32−0.10−0.010.08
Σn-6PUFA/Σn-3PUFA−0.23−0.200.130.06−0.09
ΣPUFA/ΣSFA0.150.32−0.22−0.010.12
AI0.220.170.31−0.10−0.20
TI0.210.060.430.03−0.20
HFI0.180.26−0.27−0.070.15
NV0.220.170.29−0.08−0.22
H/H0.160.32−0.180.030.15
特征值10.205.452.352.001.15
方差贡献率(%)44.3623.6810.218.694.99
累计贡献率(%)44.3668.0478.2586.9491.93
), ArticleFig(id=1321170374948143696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170363136983522, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

主成分荷载矩阵、特征值、方差贡献率及累计贡献率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标主成分
PCA1PCA2PCA3PCA4PCA5
水分0.22−0.03−0.20−0.36−0.07
蛋白质0.09−0.100.26−0.390.56
IMF−0.070.27−0.140.47−0.09
胆固醇0.050.050.200.430.59
药效氨基酸−0.270.160.16−0.010.05
支链氨基酸−0.260.160.190.030.07
芳香族氨基酸−0.270.160.16−0.050.06
TAA−0.270.170.18−0.020.05
EAA/TAA0.21−0.26−0.06−0.01−0.01
EAAI0.22−0.24−0.040.23−0.03
NI0.22−0.240.12−0.040.31
BV0.22−0.24−0.040.23−0.03
F0.17−0.100.140.42−0.01
ΣSFA0.240.140.330.01−0.12
ΣMUFA−0.24−0.27−0.100.000.02
ΣPUFA0.190.32−0.10−0.010.08
Σn-6PUFA/Σn-3PUFA−0.23−0.200.130.06−0.09
ΣPUFA/ΣSFA0.150.32−0.22−0.010.12
AI0.220.170.31−0.10−0.20
TI0.210.060.430.03−0.20
HFI0.180.26−0.27−0.070.15
NV0.220.170.29−0.08−0.22
H/H0.160.32−0.180.030.15
特征值10.205.452.352.001.15
方差贡献率(%)44.3623.6810.218.694.99
累计贡献率(%)44.3668.0478.2586.9491.93
), ArticleFig(id=1321170375019446865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170363136983522, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Principal component scores and comprehensive evaluation of FJ and its hybrid combinations

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样品主成分得分F排序
F1F2F3F4F5
FJ−0.3083.343−0.4251.251−0.1390.7143
DAF0.686−0.899−2.001−0.0070.398−0.0944
DNF0.8431.6531.492−1.5140.2810.8002
PF3.339−2.0180.2480.134−0.3291.0241
DLY−4.560−2.0800.6860.137−0.211−2.4445
), ArticleFig(id=1321170375099138642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170363136983522, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

FJ及其二元杂交F1代主成分得分及综合评价

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品主成分得分F排序
F1F2F3F4F5
FJ−0.3083.343−0.4251.251−0.1390.7143
DAF0.686−0.899−2.001−0.0070.398−0.0944
DNF0.8431.6531.492−1.5140.2810.8002
PF3.339−2.0180.2480.134−0.3291.0241
DLY−4.560−2.0800.6860.137−0.211−2.4445
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枫泾猪及其二元杂交F1代的营养价值评价
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张佳杰 1 , 王洪洋 2, 3 , 刁玉段 2, 3 , 吴昊旻 4 , 雷胜辉 5 , 薛云 4 , 孙杰 6 , 宋欣 6 , 谈永松 2, 3, * , 张莺莺 2, 3, *
食品工业科技 | 分析检测 2026,47(3): 331-341
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食品工业科技 |分析检测 2026 , 47 (3) : 331 -341
枫泾猪及其二元杂交F1代的营养价值评价
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张佳杰1 , 王洪洋2, 3, 刁玉段2, 3, 吴昊旻4, 雷胜辉5, 薛云4, 孙杰6, 宋欣6, 谈永松2, 3, * , 张莺莺2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1上海海洋大学水产与生命学院,上海 201306
  • 2上海市农业科学院畜牧兽医研究所,农业农村部畜禽资源(猪)评价利用重点实验室,上海 201106
  • 3上海种猪工程技术研究中心,上海 201106
  • 4上海市动物疫病预防控制中心,上海 202154
  • 5上海市松江区动物疫病预防控制中心上海种猪测定中心,上海 201699
  • 6上海沁侬牧业科技有限公司,上海 202178
通讯作者:
谈永松(1970−),男,博士,研究员,研究方向:动物遗传育种与畜产品加工,E-mail:。
张莺莺(1978−),女,博士,副研究员,研究方向:动物遗传育种与畜产品加工,E-mail:。
作者简介:

张佳杰(2000−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:动物生产和畜产品加工,E-mail:

Nutritional Value Evaluation of Fengjing Pig and Its F1 Hybrid Generation
Jiajie ZHANG1 , Hongyang WANG2, 3, Yuduan DIAO2, 3, Haomin WU4, Shenghui LEI5, Yun XUE4, Jie SUN6, Xin SONG6, Yongsong TAN2, 3, * , Yingying ZHANG2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
  • 2Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Resources (Pig) Evaluation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Science, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, China
  • 3Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Breeding Pig, Shanghai 201106, China
  • 4Shanghai Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Shanghai 202154, China
  • 5Shanghai Songjiang District Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Shanghai Breeding Pig Testing Center, Shanghai 201699, China
  • 6Shanghai Qinnong Animal Husbandry Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai 202178, China
出版时间: 2026-02-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020115
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为探究枫泾猪(FJ)及其二元杂交F1代的营养价值,以FJ、杜(美)枫猪(DAF)、杜(挪)枫猪(DNF)、皮枫猪(PF)及杜长大猪(DLY)为研究对象,分析其氨基酸和脂肪酸的营养价值指标,并结合主成分分析综合评价其营养价值。结果表明,FJ及其杂交组合的总n-3多不饱和脂肪酸(Σn-3PUFA)含量显著高于DLY,且其必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)较高(86.32~90.66)。FJ的肌内脂肪含量(4.77%)、总多不饱和脂肪酸(ΣPUFA)含量(17.05%)和健康脂肪指数(1.83)均为最高,且具有较高的特征氨基酸含量。在不同杂交组合中,DNF的特征氨基酸含量最高;DAF的动脉粥样硬化指数(0.54)和血栓形成指数(1.31)最低;PF的EAAI(90.66)、营养指数(20.63)和生物价(87.12)最高,但其特征氨基酸含量最低。五组猪肉样本的第一限制氨基酸均为缬氨酸。营养价值综合评分为PF>DNF>FJ>DAF>DLY。综上所述,FJ及其杂交组合是摄取PUFA的优质食材,脂肪酸和蛋白质营养价值较高;PF为综合评价营养价值最高的杂交组合。

枫泾猪  /  杂交F1代  /  脂肪酸  /  氨基酸  /  营养评价

To evaluate the nutritional value of Fengjing pigs (FJ) and their F1 hybrid generation, FJ, Duroc (American)×Fengjing pigs (DAF), Duroc (Norwegian)×Fengjing pigs (DNF), Pietrain×Fengjing pigs (PF) and Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire pigs (DLY) were studied. After analyzing the amino acid and fatty acid nutritional indices, their nutritional values were thoroughly evaluated using principal component analysis. The results showed that the Σn-3polyunsaturated fatty acids were significantly higher in FJ and its hybrid combinations than in DLY, and the essential amino acid index (EAAI) was relatively high (86.32~90.66). Containing abundant characteristic amino acids, FJ exhibited the highest intramuscular fat content (4.77%), ΣPUFA (17.05%), and healthy fatty index (1.83). Among the different hybrid combinations, DNF had the highest characteristic amino acids content whereas DAF had the lowest atherogenic index (0.54) and thrombogenic index (1.31). PF exhibited the highest EAAI (90.66), nutritional index (20.63), and biological value (87.12), despite containing the least characteristic amino acids. Valine was identified as the first limiting amino acid of all five groups of pork samples. The order of comprehensive nutritional value score was: PF>DNF>FJ>DAF>DLY. In conclusion, FJ and its hybrid combinations are high-quality ingredients for PUFA intake, containing nutritious fatty acids and proteins, whereas PF is the hybrid combination with the highest comprehensive nutritional value.

Fengjing pigs  /  F1 hybrid generation  /  fatty acids  /  amino acids  /  nutritional evaluation
张佳杰, 王洪洋, 刁玉段, 吴昊旻, 雷胜辉, 薛云, 孙杰, 宋欣, 谈永松, 张莺莺. 枫泾猪及其二元杂交F1代的营养价值评价. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (3) : 331 -341 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020115
Jiajie ZHANG, Hongyang WANG, Yuduan DIAO, Haomin WU, Shenghui LEI, Yun XUE, Jie SUN, Xin SONG, Yongsong TAN, Yingying ZHANG. Nutritional Value Evaluation of Fengjing Pig and Its F1 Hybrid Generation[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (3) : 331 -341 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020115
我国是全球最大的猪肉消费国,猪肉深受中国民众喜爱。随着消费升级,消费者对猪肉的品质、安全性和营养健康的关注度不断攀升。瘦肉型商品猪在口感风味上难以满足消费者日益多样化的需求,促使市场上的猪肉产品结构逐渐向多元化方向发展。地方品种猪肉凭借其独特的地域特色,具备鲜美口感、独特风味以及丰富的营养,作为中、高端食材正迅速崛起。然而,猪肉的营养价值受品种、部位及饲养方式等多种因素影响,消费者难以仅通过外观判断其营养价值高低。因此,科学评价地方品种猪肉的营养价值,对培育和拓展地方猪肉消费市场、推动地方猪肉品牌建设以及提升地方猪种在生猪产业中的价值具有重要意义。
利用国外瘦肉型猪种与地方品种杂交,生产含有50%地方猪种血统的二元杂交商品猪,既能显著提升F1代的产肉性能,又能保留地方猪种肉质优良、风味独特的特性。这种生产模式下的地方品种猪肉,不仅提高了地方猪产业的经济效益,还满足了消费者对优质猪肉的追求。国内外多项研究报道了五莲黑猪[1]、中舟黑猪[2]和壹号土猪[3]等不同地方猪种猪肉的营养组成情况。这些研究表明,不同猪品种及其杂交组合会显著影响猪肉产品的营养成分和价值。枫泾猪(FJ)原产于上海市金山区,属于珍贵的黑毛猪种。作为国家农产品地理标志,FJ以繁殖力强、耐粗饲和肉质佳而著称,是黑猪新品种培育和特色高端产业发展的优质地方猪种资源[4]。但迄今国内关于地方猪种及其不同杂交组合猪肉的氨基酸、脂肪酸组成及营养评价等研究还相对较少。
本研究以FJ及其3个二元杂交组合杜(美)枫(美系杜洛克猪♂×FJ♀,DAF)、杜(挪)枫(挪威杜洛克猪♂×FJ♀,DNF)和皮枫(皮特兰猪♂×FJ♀,PF)F1代为研究对象,利用生化分析手段检测了基本营养成分、氨基酸和脂肪酸组成,并进行了营养价值评价。同时,将FJ及其3个二元杂交F1代与杜长大猪(杜洛克♂×长白猪♂×大白猪♀,DLY)进行了比较。该研究旨在为利用FJ培育黑猪新品种及开发优质黑猪肉产业提供基础数据。
FJ、DAF、DNF、 PF 的 F1 代去势公猪各 10 头 由上海沁侬牧业科技有限公司育种场提供;DLY去势公猪10头 由上海五丰上食食品有限公司提供;异辛烷、正庚烷、甲醇 色谱纯,上海国药集团有限公司;盐酸、硫酸、硼酸、氨水、苯酚、硫酸铜、硫酸钾、氯化钠、氢氧化钠、氢氧化钾、硫酸氢钠、柠檬酸钠、无水乙醇、无水乙醚、无水硫酸钠、石油醚(30~60 ℃)、溴甲酚绿指示剂、亚甲基蓝指示剂、甲基红指示剂等 分析纯,上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司。
DHG-9070AS恒温干燥箱 宁波江南仪器厂;KDN-103F自动凯氏定氮仪 上海纤检仪器有限公司;ANKOM XT15i型全自动脂肪分析仪 北京安科博瑞科技有限公司;TRACE 130气相色谱仪 Thermo公司;JM50真空浓缩仪全套系统 北京吉艾姆仪器有限公司;GC/MS-QP2010Plus-GC201气相色谱-质谱联用仪 日本岛津;ACQUITY XEVOTO-Smicro LC-MS/MS高效液相色谱-串联质谱联用仪 美国沃特世科技有限公司。
FJ、DAF、DNF和PF均在相同的饲养管理条件下生长,体重达20~25 kg时被送到上海种猪测定中心。按照NY/T 822-2019《种猪生产性能测定规程》的标准,所有试验猪从2023年3月至2024年1月开展生长性能测定试验。根据上海种猪测定中心的饲养管理要求,所有试验猪进行统一标准饲养,保证自由采食和饮水,并统一免疫;FJ预饲至初始体重约30 kg时开始测定,持续至目标体重约80 kg时结束,3个二元杂交F1代预饲至初始体重约35 kg时测定开始,持续至目标体重约90 kg 时结束。所有猪宰前禁食24 h,禁水2 h,按标准商业流程屠宰处理后,采集倒数第3~4胸椎向后至胸腰椎结合处背最长肌(Longissimus thoracis,LT)样本,4 ℃贮存用于营养品质分析。选取来自同一来源、批次的10头DLY的新鲜LT样本,贮存于4 ℃,用于后续分析和评价。
参照标准GB 5009.3-2016《食品中水分的测定》第一法测定水分含量;参照标准GB 5009.5-2016《食品中蛋白质的测定》凯氏定氮法测定蛋白质含量;参照标准GB 5009.6-2016《食品中脂肪的测定》索氏抽提法测定脂肪含量;参照标准GB 5009.128-2016《食品中胆固醇的测定》HPLC法测定胆固醇含量。
脂肪酸测定参照标准GB 5009.168-2016《食品中脂肪酸的测定》。
氨基酸测定参照标准GB 5009.124-2016《食品中氨基酸的测定》。
参照Zhang等[3]的方法,采用动脉粥样硬化指数(Atherogenic Index,AI)、血栓形成指数(Thrombogenic Index,TI)、健康脂肪指数(Healthy Fatty Index,HFI)、营养价值(Nutritional Value,NV)和降胆固醇脂肪酸/升胆固醇脂肪酸比值(Hypocholesterolemic/Hypercholesterolemic,H/H)评估脂肪酸营养价值。计算公式见(1)~(5)。
$ \mathrm{A}\mathrm{I}=\frac{{\mathrm{C}}_{12:0}{+4\times \mathrm{C}}_{14:0}{+\mathrm{C}}_{16:0}}{\sum \mathrm{M}\mathrm{U}\mathrm{F}\mathrm{A}+{\sum }_{\mathrm{n}{\text-}6}\mathrm{P}\mathrm{U}\mathrm{F}\mathrm{A}+{\sum }_{\mathrm{n}{\text-}3}\mathrm{P}\mathrm{U}\mathrm{F}\mathrm{A}} $
$ { \mathrm{T}\mathrm{I}=\dfrac{{\mathrm{C}}_{14:0}{+\mathrm{C}}_{16:0}{+\mathrm{C}}_{18:0}}{0.5\times \sum \mathrm{M}\mathrm{U}\mathrm{F}\mathrm{A}+0.5\times {\sum }_{\mathrm{n}{\text-}6}\mathrm{P}\mathrm{U}\mathrm{F}\mathrm{A}+3\times {\sum }_{\mathrm{n}{\text-}3}\mathrm{P}\mathrm{U}\mathrm{F}\mathrm{A}+\dfrac{{\sum }_{\mathrm{n}{\text-}3}\mathrm{P}\mathrm{U}\mathrm{F}\mathrm{A}}{{\sum }_{\mathrm{n}{\text-}6}\mathrm{P}\mathrm{U}\mathrm{F}\mathrm{A}}} }$
$ {\mathrm{H}\mathrm{F}\mathrm{I}=\dfrac{(\sum \mathrm{M}\mathrm{U}\mathrm{F}\mathrm{A}\times 2)+({\sum }_{\mathrm{n}{\text-}6}\mathrm{P}\mathrm{U}\mathrm{F}\mathrm{A}\times 4)+({\sum }_{\mathrm{n}{\text-}3}\mathrm{P}\mathrm{U}\mathrm{F}\mathrm{A}\times 8)+\dfrac{{\sum }_{\mathrm{n}{\text-}3}\mathrm{P}\mathrm{U}\mathrm{F}\mathrm{A}}{{\sum }_{\mathrm{n}{\text-}6}\mathrm{P}\mathrm{U}\mathrm{F}\mathrm{A}}}{\sum \mathrm{S}\mathrm{F}\mathrm{A}+(\sum \mathrm{M}\mathrm{U}\mathrm{F}\mathrm{A}\times 0.5)+({\sum }_{\mathrm{n}{\text-}6}\mathrm{P}\mathrm{U}\mathrm{F}\mathrm{A}\times 0.25)+({\sum }_{\mathrm{n}{\text-}3}\mathrm{P}\mathrm{U}\mathrm{F}\mathrm{A}\times 0.125)+\dfrac{{\sum }_{\mathrm{n}{\text-}6}\mathrm{P}\mathrm{U}\mathrm{F}\mathrm{A}}{{\sum }_{\mathrm{n}{\text-}3}\mathrm{P}\mathrm{U}\mathrm{F}\mathrm{A}}} }$
$ \mathrm{N}\mathrm{V}=\frac{\mathrm{C}_{12:0}+\mathrm{C}_{14:0}+\mathrm{C}_{16:0}}{\mathrm{C}_{18:1\mathrm{ }\mathrm{n}{\text-}9{\rm t}}+\mathrm{C}_{18:2\mathrm{ }\mathrm{n}{\text-}6}} $
$ \frac{\mathrm{H}}{\mathrm{H}}=\frac{{\mathrm{C}}_{18:1}{+\mathrm{C}}_{18:2\mathrm{ }\mathrm{n}{\text-}6}+{{\mathrm{C}}_{18:3\mathrm{ }\mathrm{n}{\text-}3}{+\mathrm{C}}_{20:3\mathrm{ }\mathrm{n}{\text-}6}{+\mathrm{C}}_{20:4\mathrm{ }\mathrm{n}{\text-}6}}_{}}{{\mathrm{C}}_{14:0}{+\mathrm{C}}_{16:0}} $
式中:C12:0,月桂酸含量,%;C14:0,肉豆蔻酸含量,%;C16:0,棕榈酸含量,%;C18:0,硬脂酸含量,%;C18:1,油酸含量,%;C18:1 n-9t,反-9-十八碳一烯酸含量,%;C18:2 n-6,亚油酸含量,%;C18:3 n-3,α-亚麻酸含量,%;C20:3 n-6,二高-γ-亚麻酸含量,%;C20:4 n-6,花生四烯酸含量,%;ΣSFA,总饱和脂肪酸(Saturated Fatty Acids,SFA)含量;ΣMUFA,总单不饱和脂肪酸(Monounsaturated Fatty Acids,MUFA)含量;ΣPUFA,总多不饱和脂肪酸(Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid,PUFA)含量;Σn-6PUFA,总n-6多不饱和脂肪酸含量,%;Σn-3PUFA,总n-3多不饱和脂肪酸含量,%。
根据联合国粮农组织/世界卫生组织(FAO/WHO)推荐的人体必需氨基酸标准模式和鸡蛋蛋白质评分标准模式[5]。分别计算氨基酸化学评分(Chemical Score,CS)、必需氨基酸指数(Essential Amino Acid Index,EAAI)、氨基酸比值系数(Ratio Coefficient of Amino Acid,RC)、必需氨基酸比值(Ratio of Amino Acid,RAA)、营养指数(Nutrient Index,NI)、生物价(Biological Value,BV)和支链氨基酸/芳香族氨基酸(F)。计算公式见(6)~(12)。
$ \mathrm{C}\mathrm{S}=\frac{\mathrm{待}\mathrm{测}\mathrm{样}\mathrm{品}\mathrm{中}\mathrm{某}\mathrm{E}\mathrm{A}\mathrm{A}\mathrm{相}\mathrm{对}\mathrm{含}\mathrm{量}({\text{%}})}{\mathrm{标}\mathrm{准}\mathrm{鸡}\mathrm{蛋}\mathrm{模}\mathrm{式}\mathrm{中}\mathrm{对}\mathrm{应}\mathrm{E}\mathrm{A}\mathrm{A}\mathrm{相}\mathrm{对}\mathrm{含}\mathrm{量}({\text{%}})} $
$ \mathrm{E}\mathrm{A}\mathrm{A}\mathrm{I}=\sqrt[\mathrm{n}]{\frac{100{\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{A}}}{{\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{A}\mathrm{E}}}\times \frac{100{\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{B}}}{{\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{B}\mathrm{E}}}\times \frac{100{\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{C}}}{{\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{C}\mathrm{E}}}\times \cdots \times \frac{100{\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{I}}}{{\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{E}}}} $
$ \mathrm{R}\mathrm{A}\mathrm{A}=\frac{\mathrm{待}\mathrm{测}\mathrm{样}\mathrm{品}\mathrm{中}\mathrm{某}\mathrm{E}\mathrm{A}\mathrm{A}\mathrm{相}\mathrm{对}\mathrm{含}\mathrm{量}({\text{%}})}{\mathrm{F}\mathrm{A}\mathrm{O}/\mathrm{W}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{O}\mathrm{模}\mathrm{式}\mathrm{中}\mathrm{对}\mathrm{应}\mathrm{E}\mathrm{A}\mathrm{A}\mathrm{相}\mathrm{对}\mathrm{含}\mathrm{量}({\text{%}})} $
$ \mathrm{R}\mathrm{C}=\frac{\mathrm{某}\mathrm{E}\mathrm{A}\mathrm{A}\mathrm{的}\mathrm{R}\mathrm{A}\mathrm{A}}{\mathrm{R}\mathrm{A}\mathrm{A}\mathrm{均}\mathrm{值}} $
$ \mathrm{N}\mathrm{I}=\frac{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{A}\mathrm{A}\mathrm{I}\times {\mathrm{Q}}_{\mathrm{p}}}{100} $
$ \mathrm{B}\mathrm{V}=1.09\times \mathrm{E}\mathrm{A}\mathrm{A}\mathrm{I}-11.7 $
$ \mathrm{F}=\frac{\mathrm{支}\mathrm{链}氨基酸}{\mathrm{芳}\mathrm{香}\mathrm{族}\mathrm{氨}\mathrm{基}\mathrm{酸}} $
式中,n为比较氨基酸个数,CA、CB、CC、$ \cdots $、CI为待测样品中某EAA(Essential Amino Acid,必需氨基酸)相对含量,%,CAE、CBE、CCE、$ \cdots $、 CIE为标准鸡蛋模式中对应EAA相对含量,%;$ {\mathrm{Q}}_{\mathrm{p}} $,待测样品中蛋白质含量,%。支链氨基酸:缬氨酸、亮氨酸和异亮氨酸;芳香族氨基酸:酪氨酸、苯丙氨酸。
本研究利用Excel 2021和Origin 2024软件处理数据和绘图。使用SPSS 27.0软件进行单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)。实验结果表示为“平均值±标准误(Means±SME)”。其中,P>0.05表示差异不显著,P<0.05表示差异显著,P<0.01表示差异极显著。采用Origin 2024软件进行Pearson相关性分析和主成分分析(PCA)。
肉类中的脂肪、蛋白质等成分及其含量是衡量肌肉营养价值的重要指标[6]。5组猪肉样品的基本营养成分含量见表1。PF和DAF的水分含量显著高于DLY(P<0.05);DNF和PF的蛋白质含量显著高于FJ(P<0.05)。5组猪肉样品的蛋白质含量高于长白♂×豫南黑猪♀、大约克夏猪♂×豫南黑猪♀(20.27%、21.24%)[7],低于圩猪与引进品种猪的杂交后代(23.1%~25.5%)[8],与杜洛克♂×豫南黑猪♀(22.79%)相近[9],不同研究中不同杂交组合的猪肉蛋白含量存在差异,可能与品种和杂交组合、饲养方式和日粮营养水平等因素不同有关。IMF含量是猪肉品质的关键决定因素,中国地方猪肌内脂肪(Intramuscular Fat,IMF)含量大多数为3%~5%,莱芜猪的IMF平均高达10%,远高于外来品种;有研究表明,地方猪种ADIPOQ、ELOVL6等脂肪沉积通路相关基因表达量显著高于外来猪种[10],地方猪种特有的品种特性是其IMF含量高的重要决定因素。本研究结果中,FJ的IMF含量最高(4.77%),显著高于DLY(P<0.05)。DNF和PF的IMF含量分别为4.17%和4.48%,高于DLY(3.11%)、杜洛克♂×民猪♀(3.42%)[11]、陆川猪♂×杜洛克猪♀(4.01%)[12],低于巴克夏♂×民猪♀(4.63%)[13]。以上结果说明外来猪种与地方猪种杂交后能明显提高猪肉的IMF含量[14]。此外,PF的胆固醇含量最低,且低于大约克夏猪♂×枫泾猪♀[15]。从基本营养成分含量来看,PF的猪肉呈现低胆固醇、高蛋白和IMF含量较高的特点,是三个杂交组合中比较理想的组合。
FJ及杂交组合中鉴定到19~20种脂肪酸(表2),包括8种SFA、11~12种不饱和脂肪酸(Unsaturated Fatty Acids,UFA);DLY检测出21种脂肪酸,包括9种SFA、5种MUFA、7种PUFA。PF的脂肪酸(25.93 g/100 g)总含量最高,显著高于DAF(19.13 g/100 g)和DLY(18.47 g/100 g)(P<0.05)。5组猪肉的ΣUFA为55.65%~59.39%,是ΣSFA(40.58%~44.36%)的1.3~1.5倍。DNF的ΣSFA(44.36%)最高,极显著高于DLY(P<0.01),而DLY的ΣUFA(59.39%)最高,极显著高于DNF和PF(P<0.01)。FJ及二元杂交组合的ΣPUFA、Σn-3PUFA和Σn-6PUFA显著高于DLY(P<0.05),但ΣMUFA、Σn-6PUFA/Σn-3PUFA显著低于DLY(P<0.05)。
油酸C18:1是MUFA中含量最高的脂肪酸,具有调节血脂、保护心血管等功能[16]。本研究发现,FJ的油酸C18:1含量显著低于DAF和DLY(P<0.05),说明FJ与外来猪种杂交在一定程度上提高了猪肉的MUFA的营养价值,这种趋势在高黎贡山猪、撒坝猪等与引进品种猪杂交后代上也有体现[17]。PUFA是人体必需的脂肪酸营养物质,具有降血压血脂和降低心血管疾病发生率等功能[18]。研究结果表明,FJ的ΣPUFA含量最高(17.05%),显著高于DAF和PF(P<0.05),FJ及二元杂交组合的ΣPUFA含量(14.11%~17.05%)均显著高于DLY(11.11%)(P<0.05)、杜洛克♂×关中黑猪♀(10.14%)[2]、杜洛克♂×太湖猪♀(12.65%)[2],表明FJ及二元杂交组合猪肉中PUFA含量丰富。其中,FJ及杂交组合猪肉的α-亚麻酸C18:3 n-3(0.91%~1.07%)含量极显著高于DLY(0.32%)(P<0.01),高于杜洛克猪♂×藏猪♀(0.49%)[19],亚油酸C18:2 n-6(12.33%~14.80%)含量显著高于DLY(9.97%)(P<0.05),远高于皮特兰♂×民猪♀(5.94%)[20],略高于巴克夏猪♂×藏猪♀(11.14%)[21]。亚油酸C18:2 n-6和α-亚麻酸C18:3 n-3是必须从食物中摄取的PUFA,适量摄入有助于降低血清胆固醇水平、保护心脑血管以及预防心梗和动脉粥样硬化[16],以上结果说明,FJ及其二元杂交组合猪肉的油脂品质高,是人体补充PUFA较好的膳食来源。
Σn-6PUFA/Σn-3PUFA和ΣPUFA/ΣSFA是评价脂肪酸营养价值的重要指标。本研究中,DNF的Σn-6PUFA/Σn-3PUFA、ΣSFA/ΣMUFA/ΣPUFA和ΣPUFA/ΣSFA分别为13.10、1:0.9:0.35和0.35,是最接近FAO/WHO三项指标推荐范围(3:1~10:1、1:1:1和0.4~0.6)[22]的一组猪肉样本。薛云等[15]报道了大约克夏猪♂×FJ♀猪肉中Σn-6PUFA/Σn-3PUFA为12.52,与本研究中FJ杂交组合的结果相似,而ΣPUFA/ΣSFA为0.22,远低于本研究结果(0.32~0.39)。由此可见,FJ及其二元杂交F1代的Σn-6PUFA、Σn-3PUFA、ΣPUFA和ΣSFA组成比例均优于DLY,但距离理想的平衡比例仍有一定的差距,日常摄入可以搭配乳制品(3.80~13.36、1.99:1:0.38、1.5~8.5)[23]等食物加以平衡;此外,在生产上可通过加强日粮营养进一步精调控猪肉的脂肪酸组成和比例[24],以生产更符合人体健康需求的猪肉。综合来看,FJ的ΣPUFA含量最高,DNF是ΣPUFA和Σn-3PUFA含量较高、脂肪酸比例较好的二元杂交组合。
AI表示SFA与UFA之间的关系,TI反映促血栓形成脂肪酸与抗血栓形成脂肪酸之间的关系,而HFI是直接反映脂肪酸组成营养特征的指数[25]。AI值和TI值越低,HFI值越高,膳食越适合人体摄入,更有益于心脑血管健康。由表3可知,5组猪肉样品中,DLY的AI值极显著低于DNF(P<0.01),TI值显著低于DAF和PF(P<0.05);杂交组合中,DAF的AI、TI值最低,HFI值最高。5组猪肉样品的AI、TI值低于牛乳(3.48、4.42)[23]、羊肉(1.00、1.58)[26],与牛肉(0.72、1.06)[26]相当。FJ及杂交组合的HFI均极显著优于DLY(P<0.01),低于牛肉(2.87~2.94)和鸡肉(2.80~3.76)[25]。说明FJ及杂交组合猪肉的脂肪酸营养价值较高,但UFA与SFA的比例平衡性方面不及杜长大猪。多棱角螺[26]的AI、TI值为0.42、0.44,鲢鱼、鳙鱼[27]分别为0.532和0.047、0.394和0.045,低于本研究结果。因此,日常饮食中适量摄入猪肉外,还应该搭配贝类、鱼类等食物。
NV可以评估短链脂肪酸、中链脂肪酸与长链脂肪酸的比例。本研究结果中,FJ及杂交组合的NV在0.50~0.56,其中DNF(0.56)最高,极显著高于DLY(0.48)(P<0.01),由于中短链脂肪酸碳链长度短、无需胆汁乳化,FJ及二元杂交组合该类脂肪酸含量高,更有利于人体迅速吸收代谢,不易在肝脏内蓄积[28]。H/H表示降胆固醇脂肪酸与升胆固醇脂肪酸之间的关系,反映了脂肪酸组成对心血管疾病的影响[29]。本研究结果表明,FJ及其二元杂交F1代的H/H值(0.51~0.62)均显著高于DLY(0.42)(P<0.05),低于黄鳍金枪鱼(2.62~2.75)[30],说明FJ及杂交组合猪肉的脂肪酸营养优于DLY,特别是FJ和DAF猪肉营养价值高,降胆固醇脂肪酸和中短链脂肪酸比例较高,易消化吸收,作为膳食对心血管疾病健康的影响相对较小,但UFA与SFA的比例平衡性有待优化,日常膳食中需要搭配贝类、鱼类、牛肉等食物。
蛋白质是机体生长发育所必需的营养物质,猪肉富含丰富的氨基酸,是优质蛋白质的重要来源[6]。由表4可见,5组猪肉样品中共检测到19种氨基酸,其中Glu含量最高(2.31~3.69 g/100 g),其次为Asp(1.71~2.39 g/100 g),与薛云等[15]、黎琪等[16]研究结果一致,两种氨基酸是重要的鲜味氨基酸,还具有调节代谢、保护心血管健康的作用[31]。FJ及杂交组合中,FJ的总氨基酸(Total Amino Acid,TAA)、EAA、非必需氨基酸(Non-essential Amino Acid,NEAA)含量显著高于DAF和PF(P<0.05);5组猪肉样本均高于理想模式中EAA/TAA、EAA/NEAA(40%、60%)的比例;其中PF的EAA/TAA最高(47.02%),极显著高于FJ(45.23%)(P<0.01),DAF的EAA/NEAA最高(86.94%),显著高于FJ(81.60%)和DLY(83.10%)(P<0.05);PF(47.02%,86.77%)和DAF(46.94%,86.94%)的EAA/TAA和EAA/NEAA高于杜洛克猪♂×沙乌头猪♀(40.13%、67.05%)[32]、杜洛克猪♂×藏香猪♀(22.96%、29.80%)[33],与杜洛克♂×太湖猪♀(46%、86%)[2]相近。以上结果表明,FJ及其二元杂交F1代猪肉的蛋白质质量较好,是优质蛋白质,其中最为突出的杂交组合是DAF和PF。
氨基酸在食品风味的形成中扮演着重要的角色。基于氨基酸的味觉特性,氨基酸可分为鲜味氨基酸(Lys、Glu、Asp)、甜味氨基酸(Gly、Ala、Ser、Thr、Pro、His)、苦味氨基酸(Val、Leu、Ile、Met、Trp、Arg)和芳香味氨基酸(Phe、Tyr、Cys)。味觉氨基酸结果如图1所示,各组猪肉样本味觉氨基酸含量占比依次为:鲜味氨基酸(32.06%~33.41%)、甜味氨基酸(27.74%~29.51%)、苦味氨基酸(27.16%~28.19%)和芳香味氨基酸(9.57%~10.32%),PF的4类味觉氨基酸含量最低,其中鲜味、苦味和甜味氨基酸极显著低于FJ和DLY(P<0.01),芳香味氨基酸极显著低于DLY(P<0.01)。研究表明,不同肌纤维类型显著影响肌肉中呈味氨基酸的沉积,当肌肉中含有较多的IIb型肌纤维时,动物表现为生长速度较快,但呈味氨基酸的合成和积累则相对不足[34]。因此,本文推测PF猪肉样本可能含有较高比例的Ⅱb型肌纤维,但后续研究中还需深入验证。FJ及杂交组合中,FJ的味觉氨基酸含量最高,杂交组合表现最佳的为DNF,鲜味、苦味、甜味和芳香味氨基酸含量较高,味道鲜美,回味香甜,适宜作为高端优质食材。
氨基酸在食品中的养生保健和药用价值不可忽视。药效氨基酸(Glu、Leu、Gly、Met、Ile、Asp和Phe)含量,可作为评估食品养生保健功效的参考依据;支链、芳香族氨基酸具有促进机体代谢、改善肝功能和预防心血管疾病发生的作用[35]。如图2所示,PF的特征氨基酸含量显著低于FJ、DNF和DLY(P<0.05),二元杂交组合中DNF表现最优。DNF的F值最低,为1.66,PF的F值最高,为1.78,5组猪肉样品F值均高于人体肝脏功能异常时的水平(1.0~1.5),但低于鲢鱼和鳙鱼(2.57、2.56)[27]、三穗鸭(2.41、2.37)[36]等食物。从药效功能和保健价值来看,对于肝病患者,FJ及其二元杂交F1代的猪肉具有一定的保健功能,可以搭配鱼肉、鸭肉等其他肉类进行肝功能的调理。
根据5组猪肉样本的氨基酸含量、FAO/WHO模式和标准鸡蛋模式,计算了各组样本的EAA/TAA比值(表5)、RC、CS、EAAI、NI和BV(表6)。EAA组成越接近FAO/WHO模式谱或标准鸡蛋模式谱,蛋白质越优质。除Val以外,5组猪肉样本的Tyr、Thr、Lys、Leu、Ile、Met+Cys和Phe+Tyr的EAA/TAA均高于FAO/WHO模式的标准值。5组猪肉样本的Lys的EAA/TAA比值最高,范围为8.93~9.14,明显高于FAO/WHO模式和标准鸡蛋模式的标准值,其中FJ最高(9.14),其次为PF(9.11)。除了Lys和Leu外,FJ及杂交组合、DLY组的其他EAA组成都未达到鸡蛋模式值的标准水平。根据蛋白质互补原则,建议日常膳食中应合理搭配Tyr、Thr、Ile等EAA含量丰富的蘑菇[37]、核桃[6]等食物,机体合理摄入蛋白质。
RC用于衡量食物中氨基酸组成的含量与理想模式氨基酸之间的偏离程度。当RC>1时,表示EAA相对过剩,反之EAA的含量相对不足。其中,RC值最低的即为第一限制氨基酸。CS则是用于评价食物蛋白质营养价值的方法,CS值越接近1,表示食物蛋白质的组成越符合人体的需求,营养价值也就越高[6]。根据RC和CS结果(表6),5组猪肉样品的第一限制性氨基酸为Val,第二限制性氨基酸为Ile。与本研究的结果不同,吉神黑猪和太湖黑猪[16]的第一限制性氨基酸为苯丙氨酸+酪氨酸、藏猪[38]为甲硫氨酸+半胱氨酸。这可能是品种、饲料和饲养环境差异造成的。EAAI可用于评估猪肉蛋白质的营养价值,高营养价值蛋白源:EAAI≥90,中等营养价值蛋白源:90>EAAI≥70,低营养价值蛋白源:70>EAAI≥0[39]。本研究中,5组猪肉样本的EAAI值均接近90,并且高于八眉猪(85.04、86.40)[40]、五指山猪(85.69)[41],略低于藏猪(91.7)[38]。此外,5组样品中Val含量不足。因此,膳食中应搭配缬氨酸含量丰富的谷物、豆类和牛肉等食物。NI用于评估食物蛋白质的质量,综合考量食物中蛋白质的含量以及氨基酸组成;BV衡量蛋白质转化为人体可用营养的效率。本研究中,PF的NI、BV分别为20.63和87.12,高于FJ(19.11、82.83)、DAF(19.82、85.00)、DNF(19.82、82.39)和DLY(19.47、83.00)。说明PF猪肉蛋白的利用率较优。
对23个营养指标进行相关性分析并绘制热图(图3)。结果显示,基本营养成分中,水分与特征氨基酸、TAA呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),与IMF、Σn-6PUFA/Σn-3PUFA呈显著负相关(P<0.05),而与HFI呈显著正相关(P<0.05),说明本研究中猪肉的水分含量高低显著影响IMF和氨基酸含量;蛋白质与IMF呈极显著负相关,与NI呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。氨基酸指标中,药效、支链、芳香族氨基酸和TAA之间呈极显著正相关(P<0.01);特征氨基酸、TAA与EAA/TAA、EAAI、NI和BV呈极显著负相关(P<0.01);芳香族氨基酸、TAA与F呈显著负相关(P<0.05);EAA/TAA与EAAI、NI和BV呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),相关系数为0.87、0.82、0.87;EAAI与NI、BV和F,NI与BV,BV与F对比之间呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。脂肪酸相关指标中,ΣSFA与AI、TI和NV呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),与ΣPUFA呈显著正相关(P<0.05),而与ΣMUFA呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),与Σn-6PUFA/Σn-3PUFA呈显著负相关(P<0.05),说明猪肉饱和脂肪酸含量高,会对心血管疾病健康产生不利影响;ΣMUFA与ΣPUFA、ΣPUFA/ΣSFA、AI、TI、HFI、NV和H/H呈极显著负相关,而与Σn-6PUFA/Σn-3PUFA呈极显著正相关(P<0.01);ΣPUFA与Σn-6PUFA/Σn-3PUFA呈显著极负相关(P<0.01),而与ΣPUFA/ΣSFA、HFI和H/H极显著正相关(P<0.01),与AI、NV显著正相关(P<0.05);Σn-6PUFA/Σn-3PUFA与ΣPUFA/ΣSFA、HFI和H/H呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),与AI、NV呈显著负相关(P<0.05);ΣPUFA/ΣSFA与HFI、H/H,AI与TI、NV,TI与NV,HFI与H/H各对比之间呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。由此可见,不同营养指标之间存在一定关联性,可通过PCA进一步分析、评价FJ及其杂交组合营养价值,提高评价准确性。
本研究对5组猪肉样品的23个营养指标进行PCA分析。根据主成分的特征值大于1、累计方差贡献率超过85%的原则[6],由表7可知,PCA分析共提取到5个主成分,累计贡献率达91.93%,由此可以对5组猪肉样品的营养指标进行综合评价,并且选取荷载值的绝对值代表该营养指标对主成分的影响程度。PCA1的特征值为10.20,方差贡献率为44.36%,综合了药效氨基酸、支链氨基酸、芳香族氨基酸、TAA、ΣSFA和ΣMUFA的信息;PCA2的特征值和方差贡献率分别为5.45和23.68%,代表了肌内脂肪、ΣMUFA、ΣPUFA、ΣPUFA/ΣSFA和H/H的信息;PCA3的特征值是2.35,方差贡献率是10.21%,主要反映了SFA、AI、TI、HFI和NV;PCA4的特征值和方差贡献率为2.00和8.69%,在水分、蛋白质、IMF、胆固醇和F有较大的荷载值。PCA5的特征值和方差贡献率分别为1.15和4.99%,主要代表了蛋白质、胆固醇、NI和NV的信息。
以5个主成分所对应的方差贡献率为权重,构建营养指标的综合评价模型,即F=0.444F1+0.237F2+0.102F3+0.087F4+0.050F5。由表8可知,第一主成分得分最高的是PF;FJ是第二、四主成分得分最高的组别;第三主成分得分最高的是DNF;DAF是第五主成分得分最高的组别。综合得分越高,说明该组猪肉的综合评价越好,5组猪肉样品综合评分是PF>DNF>FJ>DAF>DLY,PF远高于其他组别,证明猪肉综合营养价值高,表明PF作为一种杂交组合,更适宜作为培育开发品种。由此看出,FJ及其二元杂交组合猪肉具有综合质量好、营养价值高的特点。
FJ及其二元杂交组合的蛋白质、氨基酸和脂肪酸营养价值较高,营养价值综合排序结果为PF˃DNF˃FJ˃DAF˃DLY,PF为最优杂交组合。与DLY相比,FJ及其二元杂交F1代IMF含量高(3.38%~4.77%)、脂肪酸含量丰富(19.13~25.93 g/100 g),NV值为0.50~0.56,风味好、营养价值高;H/H值为0.51~0.62,降胆固醇脂肪酸比例略高,人体易消化吸收;EAA/TAA(45.23%~47.02%)、EAA/NEAA(81.60%~86.94%)完全符合FAO/WHO提出的理想蛋白的要求,蛋白质质量好。此外,第一、二限制氨基酸分别为缬氨酸、异亮氨酸。其中,FJ的IMF、ΣPUFA、Σn-3PUFA、Σn-6PUFA、ΣPUFA/ΣSFA、HFI和H/H最高,TAA、EAA、味觉、药效、支链和芳香族氨基酸含量丰富,是理想的蛋白质来源,也是摄取PUFA的优质食材。二元杂交组合中,DAF的AI和TI最低,ΣUFA/ΣSFA的平衡性较好,但氨基酸、脂肪酸含量较低;DNF的ΣPUFA、Σn-3PUFA和Σn-6PUFA含量较高,但Σn-6PUFA/Σn-3PUFA最低;PF的IMF和ΣFA含量、EAA/TAA、EAAI、NI、BV和F比值最高,蛋白质、ΣMUFA、Σn-3PUFA和Lys含量较高、胆固醇含量低,具有较高的NV值,是蛋白质和脂肪酸营养价值较高的杂交组合。

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2026年第47卷第3期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020115
  • 接收时间:2025-02-17
  • 首发时间:2026-10-25
  • 出版时间:2026-02-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-17
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    1上海海洋大学水产与生命学院,上海 201306
    2上海市农业科学院畜牧兽医研究所,农业农村部畜禽资源(猪)评价利用重点实验室,上海 201106
    3上海种猪工程技术研究中心,上海 201106
    4上海市动物疫病预防控制中心,上海 202154
    5上海市松江区动物疫病预防控制中心上海种猪测定中心,上海 201699
    6上海沁侬牧业科技有限公司,上海 202178

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谈永松(1970−),男,博士,研究员,研究方向:动物遗传育种与畜产品加工,E-mail:。
张莺莺(1978−),女,博士,副研究员,研究方向:动物遗传育种与畜产品加工,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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