Article(id=1320889036881900110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320888908896907909, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020106, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1739721600000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792854087323, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1772294400000, pubDateStr=2026-03-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792854087323, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792854087323, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792854087323, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320888908896907909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='503', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1772294400000', pubDateStr='2026-03-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792854056809, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792854056809, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=463, endPage=473, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320889038685450831, articleId=1320889036881900110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Research Progress in Nutritional Components, Flavor Substances, Functional Activity and Comprehensive Utilization of Shiitake Mushroom (Lentinus edodes) Stems, columnId=1261343851327906245, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Shiitake mushrooms (Lentinus edodes) are highly favored by consumers worldwide and hold a high market share on the global consumption of mushrooms. The stems of L. edodes are often discarded because of their coarse fiber and poor taste, resulting in many environmental problems and waste of effective resources. In recent years, growing research interests in the comprehensive utilization of L. edodes stems have attracted extensive attention. This paper systematically summarizes the various nutritional components and flavor substances of L. edodes stems, coupling with their hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, antioxidant and antitumor activities. The comprehensive utilization of L. edodes stems in the fields of food, agriculture and biotechnology are summarized, including utilizations in food ingredients, texture modifiers, flavor enhancers, culture media substrates, biomass energy materials, and environmental remediation agents, as well as applications in improving crop traits, postharvest quality enhancement of fruits and vegetables, and functional feed production. This review aims to provide theoretical basis and reference for the high value utilization of L. edodes stems, as well as the quality and efficiency improvement of edible mushroom industry and the development of green economy.

, authors=Fanshu KONG1, Yu FENG1, Lina CHEN1, Jie DU1, Yulin WANG1, Daihua HU1, 2, 3, 4, *, Jiayao LI1, authorsList=Fanshu KONG, Yu FENG, Lina CHEN, Jie DU, Yulin WANG, Daihua HU, Jiayao LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Daihua HU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320889039671112276, articleId=1320889036881900110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=香菇柄营养成分、风味物质、功能活性及综合利用研究进展, columnId=1261343852603031688, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=专题综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

香菇深受世界各地消费者的青睐,在全球蘑菇消费中占有很高的市场份额,但香菇柄因纤维较粗、口感不佳常被丢弃,造成了诸多环境问题和有效资源的浪费。近年来,以香菇柄为原料的研究和综合开发利用得到了广泛关注。本文系统总结了香菇柄的多种营养成分与风味物质,及其降血糖、降血脂、抗氧化、抗肿瘤等多种功能活性,归纳了香菇柄在食品、农业、生物技术领域的综合利用,具体包括用于食品原料、改良剂、增味剂、培养基基质、生物质能源材料、环境修复材料,以及在改善作物性状、提升果蔬贮藏品质、制备功能性饲料等方面的应用,旨在为香菇柄的高值化利用、食用菌产业提质增效及绿色经济发展提供理论依据和参考。

, authors=孔凡舒1, 冯玉1, 陈丽娜1, 杜杰1, 王宇临1, 胡代花1, 2, 3, 4, *, 李佳瑶1, authorsList=孔凡舒, 冯玉, 陈丽娜, 杜杰, 王宇临, 胡代花, 李佳瑶, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=胡代花, authorNote=

孔凡舒(2001−)女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食用菌高值化利用,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
胡代花(1983−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食用菌高值化利用,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=ObYQdPvOfJiO4hrGMuYfvQ==, magXml=OKBtACuF3IRKPPWrOYRhEA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=72UWvdzQtTjAUIprSJEpdQ==, pdfFileSize=3177829, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=sUew6FVgq6nNHmxPFxpLPQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=Wb6gMEh7m0VruP+0uQ9Yfw==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320889040379949666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889036881900110, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=19860917312@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320889040472224356, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889036881900110, authorId=1320889040379949666, language=EN, stringName=Fanshu KONG, firstName=Fanshu, middleName=null, lastName=KONG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1School of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723000, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1320889040535138917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889036881900110, authorId=1320889040379949666, language=CN, stringName=孔凡舒, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1陕西理工大学生物科学与工程学院,陕西汉中 723000, bio={"content":"

孔凡舒(2001−)女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食用菌高值化利用,E-mail:

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孔凡舒(2001−)女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食用菌高值化利用,E-mail:

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Amino acid composition and content in L. edodes Stems[11]

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氨基酸含量(g/100 g)氨基酸含量(g/100 g)
谷氨酸(Glu)1.25苯丙氨酸(Phe)0.92
天冬氨酸(Asp)0.84精氨酸(Arg)0.38
甘氨酸(Gly)1.34异亮氨酸(Ile)0.52
亮氨酸(Leu)0.92赖氨酸(Lys)0.76
丝氨酸(Ser)0.72组氨酸(His)0.25
缬氨酸(Val)0.91酪氨酸(Tyr)0.51
苏氨酸(Thr)0.72蛋氨酸(Met)0.30
丙氨酸(Ala)0.85脯氨酸(Pro)0.47
半胱氨酸(Cys)0.03
), ArticleFig(id=1320889044951741078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889036881900110, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

香菇柄中氨基酸种类及含量[11]

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氨基酸含量(g/100 g)氨基酸含量(g/100 g)
谷氨酸(Glu)1.25苯丙氨酸(Phe)0.92
天冬氨酸(Asp)0.84精氨酸(Arg)0.38
甘氨酸(Gly)1.34异亮氨酸(Ile)0.52
亮氨酸(Leu)0.92赖氨酸(Lys)0.76
丝氨酸(Ser)0.72组氨酸(His)0.25
缬氨酸(Val)0.91酪氨酸(Tyr)0.51
苏氨酸(Thr)0.72蛋氨酸(Met)0.30
丙氨酸(Ala)0.85脯氨酸(Pro)0.47
半胱氨酸(Cys)0.03
), ArticleFig(id=1320889045035627159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889036881900110, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison of antioxidant activities of polysaccharides from L. edodes stems under different treatments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
抗氧化指标处理方法浓度(mg/mL)结果值参考文献
DPPH自由基清除率(%)真空提取2.0038.68[33]
中性蛋白酶脱蛋白0.5350.00[34]
活性炭脱色2.0043.58[33]
冷冻干燥2.5082.00[35]
甲酰胺乙酰化8.0057.60[36]
羟基自由基清除率(%)中性蛋白酶脱蛋白1.7741.36[34]
传统热水浸提2.0044.91[37]
闪式辅助热水浸提2.0058.89[37]
ABTS+自由基清除率(%)中性蛋白酶脱蛋白1.7540.00[34]
Sevag脱蛋白1.7520.00[34]
冷冻干燥2.5080.00[35]
Fe3+还原能力
(Abs)
传统热水浸提2.000.62[37]
闪式辅助热水浸提2.000.68[37]
), ArticleFig(id=1320889045123707544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889036881900110, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同处理香菇柄多糖抗氧化活性比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
抗氧化指标处理方法浓度(mg/mL)结果值参考文献
DPPH自由基清除率(%)真空提取2.0038.68[33]
中性蛋白酶脱蛋白0.5350.00[34]
活性炭脱色2.0043.58[33]
冷冻干燥2.5082.00[35]
甲酰胺乙酰化8.0057.60[36]
羟基自由基清除率(%)中性蛋白酶脱蛋白1.7741.36[34]
传统热水浸提2.0044.91[37]
闪式辅助热水浸提2.0058.89[37]
ABTS+自由基清除率(%)中性蛋白酶脱蛋白1.7540.00[34]
Sevag脱蛋白1.7520.00[34]
冷冻干燥2.5080.00[35]
Fe3+还原能力
(Abs)
传统热水浸提2.000.62[37]
闪式辅助热水浸提2.000.68[37]
), ArticleFig(id=1320889045190816409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889036881900110, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Development status of L. edodes stems leisure food

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
产品名称工艺创新产品特点参考文献
香菇柄松纤维素酶酶解香菇柄酶解后香菇柄持水力、膨胀力提高,香菇柄松口感改善[43]
香菇柄兔肉松在兔肉松传统配方中添加香菇柄产品水分含量15%~20%,蛋白质含量23.83%[44]
香菇柄仿真肉味素食品香菇柄通过挤压-酶法联合改性处理风味口感较佳且外形逼真[45]
高膳食纤维香菇米采用低聚化香菇柄纤维制得高品质膳食纤维香菇米营养价值高,可溶性膳食纤维含量丰富,具有良好的耐煮性[46]
高盐稀态香菇柄酱油以大豆、面粉、香菇柄为原料,采用米曲霉、黑曲霉为发酵菌种联合制曲酱油发酵周期缩短,生产成本降低[47]
香菇柄酱在传统发酵酱的基础上添加香菇柄粉发酵酱中还原糖含量(21.12%)与红色指数(1.44)提高[48]
香菇柄酒精以香菇柄为原料发酵制备酒精香菇柄酒精的平均酒精度为11.32%vol,具有香菇的特殊香气,口感柔和醇厚[49]
), ArticleFig(id=1320889045278896794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889036881900110, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

香菇柄休闲食品开发现状

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
产品名称工艺创新产品特点参考文献
香菇柄松纤维素酶酶解香菇柄酶解后香菇柄持水力、膨胀力提高,香菇柄松口感改善[43]
香菇柄兔肉松在兔肉松传统配方中添加香菇柄产品水分含量15%~20%,蛋白质含量23.83%[44]
香菇柄仿真肉味素食品香菇柄通过挤压-酶法联合改性处理风味口感较佳且外形逼真[45]
高膳食纤维香菇米采用低聚化香菇柄纤维制得高品质膳食纤维香菇米营养价值高,可溶性膳食纤维含量丰富,具有良好的耐煮性[46]
高盐稀态香菇柄酱油以大豆、面粉、香菇柄为原料,采用米曲霉、黑曲霉为发酵菌种联合制曲酱油发酵周期缩短,生产成本降低[47]
香菇柄酱在传统发酵酱的基础上添加香菇柄粉发酵酱中还原糖含量(21.12%)与红色指数(1.44)提高[48]
香菇柄酒精以香菇柄为原料发酵制备酒精香菇柄酒精的平均酒精度为11.32%vol,具有香菇的特殊香气,口感柔和醇厚[49]
), ArticleFig(id=1320889045341811355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889036881900110, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Comparison of adsorption and desorption results of Pb2+ and Cd2+ by biological adsorbents prepared from L. edodes stems

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
金属离子吸附率
(%)
吸附量
(mg/g)
HCl浓度
(mol/L)
解吸时间
(min)
解吸后再次
吸附率(%)
参考
文献
Pb2+92.40.47ndndnd[72]
Cd2+56.90.14ndndnd
Cd2+41.8~58.5ndndndnd[73]
Cd2+35.0~73.00.201012064.17[74]
Cd2+ndnd0.16069.00[75]
Pb2+ndnd1.09085.00
Cd2+ndnd0.16069.00[76]
Pb2+ndnd1.09085.24
), ArticleFig(id=1320889045434086044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889036881900110, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

香菇柄生物吸附剂对Pb2+、Cd2+的吸附与解吸结果比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
金属离子吸附率
(%)
吸附量
(mg/g)
HCl浓度
(mol/L)
解吸时间
(min)
解吸后再次
吸附率(%)
参考
文献
Pb2+92.40.47ndndnd[72]
Cd2+56.90.14ndndnd
Cd2+41.8~58.5ndndndnd[73]
Cd2+35.0~73.00.201012064.17[74]
Cd2+ndnd0.16069.00[75]
Pb2+ndnd1.09085.00
Cd2+ndnd0.16069.00[76]
Pb2+ndnd1.09085.24
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香菇柄营养成分、风味物质、功能活性及综合利用研究进展
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孔凡舒 1 , 冯玉 1 , 陈丽娜 1 , 杜杰 1 , 王宇临 1 , 胡代花 1, 2, 3, 4, * , 李佳瑶 1
食品工业科技 | 专题综述 2026,47(5): 463-473
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食品工业科技 |专题综述 2026 , 47 (5) : 463 -473
香菇柄营养成分、风味物质、功能活性及综合利用研究进展
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孔凡舒1 , 冯玉1, 陈丽娜1, 杜杰1, 王宇临1, 胡代花1, 2, 3, 4, * , 李佳瑶1
作者信息
  • 1陕西理工大学生物科学与工程学院,陕西汉中 723000
  • 2陕西省资源生物重点实验室,陕西汉中 723000
  • 3陕西理工大学秦巴生物资源与生态环境省部共建国家重点实验室,陕西汉中 723000
  • 4陕西省天然活性产物产业化工程技术研究中心,陕西汉中 723000
通讯作者:
胡代花(1983−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食用菌高值化利用,E-mail:。
作者简介:

孔凡舒(2001−)女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食用菌高值化利用,E-mail:

Research Progress in Nutritional Components, Flavor Substances, Functional Activity and Comprehensive Utilization of Shiitake Mushroom (Lentinus edodes) Stems
Fanshu KONG1 , Yu FENG1, Lina CHEN1, Jie DU1, Yulin WANG1, Daihua HU1, 2, 3, 4, * , Jiayao LI1
Affiliations
  • 1School of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723000, China
  • 2Shaanxi Key Laboratory Bio-resources, Hanzhong 723000, China
  • 3State Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecological Environment of Qinba Areas, Shaanxi Universityof Technology, Hanzhong 723000, China
  • 4Shaanxi Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Natural Active Products, Hanzhong 723000, China
出版时间: 2026-03-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020106
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香菇深受世界各地消费者的青睐,在全球蘑菇消费中占有很高的市场份额,但香菇柄因纤维较粗、口感不佳常被丢弃,造成了诸多环境问题和有效资源的浪费。近年来,以香菇柄为原料的研究和综合开发利用得到了广泛关注。本文系统总结了香菇柄的多种营养成分与风味物质,及其降血糖、降血脂、抗氧化、抗肿瘤等多种功能活性,归纳了香菇柄在食品、农业、生物技术领域的综合利用,具体包括用于食品原料、改良剂、增味剂、培养基基质、生物质能源材料、环境修复材料,以及在改善作物性状、提升果蔬贮藏品质、制备功能性饲料等方面的应用,旨在为香菇柄的高值化利用、食用菌产业提质增效及绿色经济发展提供理论依据和参考。

香菇柄  /  营养价值  /  风味物质  /  功能活性  /  综合利用

Shiitake mushrooms (Lentinus edodes) are highly favored by consumers worldwide and hold a high market share on the global consumption of mushrooms. The stems of L. edodes are often discarded because of their coarse fiber and poor taste, resulting in many environmental problems and waste of effective resources. In recent years, growing research interests in the comprehensive utilization of L. edodes stems have attracted extensive attention. This paper systematically summarizes the various nutritional components and flavor substances of L. edodes stems, coupling with their hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, antioxidant and antitumor activities. The comprehensive utilization of L. edodes stems in the fields of food, agriculture and biotechnology are summarized, including utilizations in food ingredients, texture modifiers, flavor enhancers, culture media substrates, biomass energy materials, and environmental remediation agents, as well as applications in improving crop traits, postharvest quality enhancement of fruits and vegetables, and functional feed production. This review aims to provide theoretical basis and reference for the high value utilization of L. edodes stems, as well as the quality and efficiency improvement of edible mushroom industry and the development of green economy.

Lentinus edodes stems  /  nutrition values  /  flavor compounds  /  functional activities  /  comprehensive utilization
孔凡舒, 冯玉, 陈丽娜, 杜杰, 王宇临, 胡代花, 李佳瑶. 香菇柄营养成分、风味物质、功能活性及综合利用研究进展. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (5) : 463 -473 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020106
Fanshu KONG, Yu FENG, Lina CHEN, Jie DU, Yulin WANG, Daihua HU, Jiayao LI. Research Progress in Nutritional Components, Flavor Substances, Functional Activity and Comprehensive Utilization of Shiitake Mushroom (Lentinus edodes) Stems[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (5) : 463 -473 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020106
香菇(Lentinus edodes),又名花菇、香菌,侧耳科担子菌的一种药食两用真菌,我国最常见的食用菌之一,也是世界范围种植和消费量最大的食用菌之一[1]。香菇因其独特的口感和风味在全球范围内广受欢迎,香菇柄是香菇采收和加工过程中的副产物,其占香菇总质量的25%~30%[2]。中国食用菌协会调查数据显示,2022年香菇在中国的年产量为1313.3万吨,即菇柄的年产量为328~394万吨[3]。香菇柄呈纤维状,口感较为坚硬且咀嚼困难,在多数的食品加工中,香菇柄被丢弃,造成了很多相关环境问题和有效资源的浪费。而香菇柄中富含大量优质营养成分,其中包含24.8%的碳水化合物,19.2%的蛋白质,0.35%的脂溶性成分和38.7%的膳食纤维以及大量的维生素和矿物质。尤其是香菇柄中的微量元素钠、钙、铁、钾的含量远超香菇全菇中的含量[2]。香菇柄中富含的多糖、多酚等成分具有抗肿瘤、抗病毒、稳定血糖等功效,对人体健康有一定保健功能。香菇柄挥发性风味物质主要由八碳化合物(如1-辛烯-3-醇、1-辛烯-3-酮)和硫化物(如二甲基二硫醚、二甲基三硫醚)构成[4],同时检测到醇类、酮类等63种辅助成分[5]。研究表明,紫外处理可定向调控醛类、酮类等挥发性组分,显著提升果香与杏仁风味特征[6];其非挥发性风味成分则凭借天然增味特性,已在食品工业中实现应用转化:香菇柄提取物通过增强咸味感知可降低食品钠含量,可较好地替代人工调味剂应用于膨化食品[7]和肉制品加工[8]。这些均为香菇柄的高值化利用提供了重要物质基础和理论依据。在“大食物观”战略推动下,食品资源的全链条高效利用已然成为农业供给侧改革的重要方向[9]。近年来关于香菇柄的综合研究及开发利用得到了越来越多的关注,本文系统综述了香菇柄的营养物质、风味物质、功能活性及其综合利用现状,以期为大食物观的积极践行、香菇柄的高值化利用,以及食用菌产业的提质增效和绿色经济发展提供理论依据和参考。
香菇柄富含多种营养成分,具有极高的营养价值。其蛋白质含量约为18.86%,高于水稻(7.3%)、小麦(13.2%)等粮食作物,与牛奶(25.2%)中蛋白质含量相近[2],这些蛋白质共由15种氨基酸构成,其中人体必需氨基酸为7种(氨基酸种类及含量见表1),表明香菇柄可作为人体丰富且优质的蛋白质来源;香菇柄含有丰富的矿物质元素,涵盖钾、钠、钙、镁、铁、锌、锰、铜、磷、硒等。香菇柄与香菇伞中的锰(菇伞17.40 mg/kg、菇柄17.00 mg/kg,干重)、镁(菇伞1209.56 mg/kg、菇柄1001.45 mg/kg,干重)、铁(伞36.29 mg/kg、柄35.04 mg/kg,干重)含量均无显著差异(P>0.05),钙含量(370.10 mg/kg,干重)则达到菇伞中的1.13倍[2],这些矿物质元素对人体的生长发育和代谢至关重要;在膳食纤维方面,香菇柄中的纤维素含量是菇伞的2.23倍,主要成分有β-葡聚糖、半纤维素、几丁质、甘露聚糖等[10]。丰富的膳食纤维能够促进肠道蠕动,有效预防便秘,增加饱腹感、减少其他食物的摄入量,对维持肠道健康和调节血糖、血脂发挥着积极作用。
香菇柄中维生素的种类包括维生素B1(全菇0.14 mg/100 g,菇柄0.34 mg/100 g)、维生素B2(全菇0.48 mg/100 g,菇柄0.64 mg/100 g)、维生素B3(全菇21.31 mg/100 g,菇柄22.13 mg/100 g)、维生素C(全菇5.21 mg/100 g,菇柄7.26 mg/100 g),其中维生素B和维生素C的含量远高于香菇全菇[1,11]。维生素D(Vitamin D,VD)是人体生长发育不可缺少的一种类固醇激素,维生素D2(Vitamin D2,VD2)和维生素D3(Vitamin D3,VD3)是VD家族的重要成员,均能调节钙磷的代谢,促进骨骼的健康[12]。香菇柄中几乎不含VD2,但却富含VD2前体麦角甾醇,经紫外光催化后能够显著提高菇柄VD2含量,可作为补充VD的重要天然原料[13]。本课题组前期研发了光催化提高食用菌VD2含量的设备[12],优化了光催化食用菌生产VD2的技术[14],开发了富含VD2的天然菌粉压片糖果[15],并比较了香菇伞和菇柄在光催化生产VD2中的含量差异,结果表明:新鲜菇伞和菇柄经发光二极管紫外光(Ultraviolet C Light Emitting Diode,UVC-LED)照射处理后,VD2含量分别为26.55 µg/g(干重)和29.25 µg/g(干重)(P>0.05);菇伞和菇柄经制乙醇混悬液后UVC-LED照射2 h,VD2含量分别为688.79 µg/g(干重)和399.45 µg/g(干重)(P<0.05)[6]。对于该经光催化处理的香菇柄,每日仅摄入25 mg(干重)即可达到中国营养学会对VD的膳食营养素摄入推荐量RNI水平(400 IU/d,即10 μg/d),可作为补充VD的普通食品以及膳食补充剂、保健食品、特殊医学用途配方食品、药品、饲料添加剂的重要原料或终端制剂。
除上述营养成分外,香菇柄还富含多糖、多酚、黄酮等活性物质。香菇柄中多糖(如β-葡聚糖、甘露聚糖)含量可达1.9 g/100 g(干重),并具有降血糖、降血脂、抗氧化及抗肿瘤等活性,这些功能活性与多糖的分子量、支链结构和β(1→3)糖苷键比例密切相关[16];香菇柄中多酚类物质则以没食子酸、儿茶素为主;香菇柄黄酮类化合物(总黄酮得率可达1.67 mg/g)[17]经纯化后纯度提升至75.60%[18],其作为天然抗氧化剂,具有清除自由基、抗脂质过氧化的特性,同时具有调节免疫、保护心血管系统的潜在功能[19]。
香菇柄中的挥发性风味物质主要为八碳化合物和硫化物,其中1-辛烯-3-醇(蘑菇味)、1-辛烯-3-酮(熟蘑菇味)等八碳化合物为香菇柄的特征风味物质,贡献典型的蘑菇香气,而二甲基二硫醚(洋葱味)、甲硫醇(硫磺味)和二甲基三硫醚(硫磺味、鱼腥味)等硫化物则赋予其刺激性气味基底[4]。此外,香菇柄中还检测到了63种辅助呈香物质,包括烷烃类(33种)、醇类(2种)、酮类(2种)等,其萜烯及芳香族化合物种类远多于菇伞,但香菇特征性风味物质(1-辛烯-3-醇)较为匮乏[5],这可能是香菇柄风味强度较弱但气味层次丰富的原因。Guo等[20]测定了0912菌株香菇柄中的挥发性化合物(图1):其中酮类化合物含量最高(1-辛烯-3-酮含量为348.34±7.67 μg/g,3-辛酮含量为278.22±26.41 μg/g),醇类化合物辅助影响风味(1-辛烯-3-醇含量为107.44±21.17 μg/g),硫化物含量极低,使其风味区别于菇伞及菇褶,其他化合物则在整体风味中起到微调作用。总体而言,1-辛烯-3-醇通过低阈值的特性突破其含量限制,成为香菇柄风味主导;硫化物则可通过嗅觉协同(如二甲基三硫醚的鱼腥味放大效应)影响整体风味,起到感官调节的作用;辅助成分的多样性(63种)弥补了特征性风味物质的匮乏,使香菇柄从单一蘑菇香向多种香气(如:脂香、果香)延伸,为副产物的风味定向修饰提供了化学基础。
加工处理对香菇柄风味物质的影响呈阶段性规律:较短时间内(≤30 min)的UVC-LED处理可激活脂氧合酶途径,促使新鲜菇柄粉中正丁醛、2-丁酸等22种醛酸类物质显著增加(P<0.05),增强脂香、果香和清香;延长处理时间(120 min)则加速美拉德反应,使(E)-2-庚烯醛、3-戊烯-2-酮等烤香型化合物含量增加(P<0.05);乙醇混悬处理香菇柄粉可降低硫化物衍生的汗味,但同时会加速蘑菇味的主体成分(1-辛烯-3-醇)的挥发损失[6]。此研究明确了UVC-LED处理存在“脂氧合酶激活→美拉德反应主导”两个阶段的调控,为UVC-LED处理的时间参数优化提供了理论依据;对于阈值较低的风味物质,如:(E)-2-庚烯醛(阈值0.05 ppb),即使含量增幅较低(2.25倍),仍可明显改变其感官属性。
感官评价表明,新鲜菇柄的蘑菇味强度显著高于菇伞(P<0.05),加工处理则使其风味谱系发生重构:UVC-LED处理可显著提升果香和杏仁香(P<0.05),乙醇处理可有效降低不良气味(汗味)[6],以上结果均为菇柄风味的定向调控提供了理论依据。
香菇柄中的非挥发性风味物质分为游离氨基酸、5'-核苷酸、可溶性糖和有机酸等。总游离氨基酸的含量约为11.8~19.8 mg/g(干重),其中,苏氨酸含量最高(占甜味氨基酸的90%),谷氨酸次之(占鲜味氨基酸的90%)。在菇柄的各类呈味氨基酸中,鲜味氨基酸含量(36.18 g/kg,干重)显著低于菇伞(77.88 g/kg,干重),而甜味、苦味和无味氨基酸的含量与菇伞无显著差异[21]。游离氨基酸中的谷氨酸和天冬氨酸能与T1R1+T1R3等鲜味受体结合从而产生鲜味[22],是香菇柄鲜味的重要来源之一。
5'-核苷酸属于核糖核酸,是香菇中关键的呈味物质。5'-核苷酸中的5'-AMP、5'-GMP、5'-IMP和5'-XMP能够与游离氨基酸协同作用,显著增加香菇的鲜味强度。在香菇柄中共检测出四种核苷酸(5'-CMP、5'-AMP、5'-GMP和5'-UMP),其类似味精呈味活性的5'-核苷酸含量在1.73~2.90 mg/g(干重)之间[23]。Dermiki等[24]对食用菌风味成分按等效鲜味浓度(Equivalent Umami Concentration,EUC)可分为第一水平(>1000%,>10 g MSG/g),第二水平(100%~1000%,1~10 g MSG/g),第三水平(10%~100%,0.1~1 g MSG/g)和第四水平(<10%,<0.1 g MSG/g),而香菇柄的EUC值处于第二水平,说明其在丰富食品鲜味层次、提升整体风味品质方面具备潜在价值。
香菇柄中的可溶性糖主要有甘露醇和海藻糖,有机酸包括草酸、醋酸、琥珀酸、酒石酸等,分别具有去除或抑制苦味、提供甜味、参与风味物质代谢合成等作用[23]。
香菇柄多糖可通过抑制α-淀粉酶和α-葡萄糖苷酶的活性延缓食物淀粉在肠道中的消化吸收,抑制餐后血糖水平的升高从而进一步改善血糖代谢,有利于Ⅱ型糖尿病患者的饮食治疗[25]。李顺峰等[26]采用NaOH-乙酸酐法对三种不同纯化程度(粗多糖、脱蛋白多糖、柱层析多糖)的香菇柄多糖进行乙酰化修饰,发现乙酰基取代度稳定在0.3左右,且刚果红实验证实所有的样品均具有三螺旋结构,这表明纯化和乙酰化修饰均未破坏多糖的基本空间构象。体外抑制实验显示,粗多糖、脱蛋白多糖、柱层析多糖及其对应乙酰化多糖对α-淀粉酶的半数抑制浓度(Inhibitory Concentration 50,IC50)分别为3.03、3.08、2.94、2.79、2.81、2.69 mg/mL,其中乙酰化使多糖对α-淀粉酶的抑制活性平均提升了8.4%,但纯化前后的抑制活性无显著差异;乙酰化对α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制率更为显著,当多糖质量浓度达到0.2 mg/mL时,粗多糖对α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制率为67.6%,乙酰化粗多糖的抑制率可达87.8%。据研究结果推测,乙酰化可能是通过引入疏水基团增强了与酶活性位点的结合从而提高对酶的抑制,同时三螺旋结构的完整性(红移量11.73→5.73 nm)与蛋白质组分的协同作用对活性的维持也起重要作用。
基于香菇柄多糖乙酰化修饰可显著增效的特性(α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制率提升20.2%)以及粗多糖的可直接利用性(纯化步骤未改变多糖活性),该成分或可作为天然降糖剂应用于功能性食品或植物基药物开发,为降低传统血糖调控产品的原料成本提供潜在路径。同时,香菇柄作为在我国年产量超300万吨的加工副产物,其多糖的高值化开发利用也可联动农业废弃物资源化技术,构建低碳循环经济模式。
胆酸盐是胆汁中胆固醇的前体成分,在脂肪消化过程中,约95%的胆酸盐通过肠肝循环被重吸收回血液,仅有少量随粪便排出。未被排出的胆酸盐可被人体再次吸收并转化为胆固醇,成为血脂升高的潜在因素。因此,香菇柄多糖和多酚可与胆酸盐特异性结合,阻断胆酸盐的重吸收,有效降低血液中胆固醇水平,起到降血脂的作用[27]。
孙宇晨等[28]通过体外模拟消化系统发现,香菇柄多糖提取物经脱蛋白处理后,与胆酸盐结合率迅速提升,与未脱蛋白多糖呈显著差异(P<0.05)。这可能是因为Sevage法脱蛋白除去了各种蛋白质、氨基酸等杂质,使功能活性成分更好地从大分子包裹中暴露出来。而经脱脂处理后,相较于未脱脂蛋白,其胆酸盐吸附活性减弱(P<0.05),推测可能的原因有:脱脂过程使用石油醚采用索氏抽提法,在去除脂质的同时也除去了一些对胆酸盐的吸附起促进作用的成分;该脱脂处理可能破坏了香菇柄多糖的原有结构,结构的改变可能减少与胆酸盐的结合位点或降低亲和力,从而减弱了吸附活性。香菇柄多酚纯化后,胆酸盐吸附能力增强,可达23.68%。香菇柄多糖和多酚还能协同发挥降血脂作用,且多糖所占比例越高,其对胆酸盐吸附活性越强。当二者混合比例为 1:4~1:1 时,其对胆酸盐吸附活性最高。这可能与多糖和多酚的结构有关,需要进一步体内生物活性来解析分子层面的协同作用机制。
综上,香菇柄多糖-多酚复合物可开发为靶向阻断胆酸盐重吸收的天然降血脂功能性食品添加剂,应用于低胆固醇代餐或乳制品,同时依托香菇柄原料优势,降低生产成本。此外,在加工残渣中未被利用的脂溶性成分(如甾醇)可进一步回收用于植物基乳化剂开发,构建“降血脂功能活性成分提取-副产物全链条利用”的绿色产业闭环,助力推进农业副产物资源化。
香菇柄具有良好抗氧化活性。菇柄乙醇提取物在相同的体外DPPH检测体系中,表现出显著的清除活性,其活性可达丁基羟基甲苯(合成抗氧化剂)的81.5%[29];香菇柄多糖的抗氧化活性受提取与改性工艺影响(表2),其中冷冻干燥处理对DPPH自由基清除率和ABTS+自由基清除率提升最显著,闪式辅助热水浸提可同步强化羟基自由基与Fe3+还原能力,综合表明工艺优化可有效提升香菇柄多糖的抗氧化活性。总体而言,香菇柄多糖可通过提供氢原子与自由基结合、激活细胞内抗氧化酶系统等机制发挥抗氧化作用[30];香菇柄多酚对HepG2细胞清除活性可达0.65 μmol QE/100 g[31],酚类物质因其结构中的酚羟基能够提供电子,从而有效终止自由基链式反应[32]。
香菇柄中多种生物活性成分(多糖、多酚、麦角甾醇等),可分别通过不同的机制发挥抗肿瘤作用,主要涉及的途径包括:阻滞细胞周期、调控抗癌基因、抑制血管生成等。高虹[38]研究表明:香菇柄中的麦角甾醇能够剂量依赖性地抑制肿瘤生长,其机制可能与下调血管内皮生长因子(VEGF-A)以抑制肿瘤血管生成有关。
多糖类成分为香菇柄抗肿瘤活性的核心成分,可通过调控细胞周期和干预基因表达两条路径抑制癌细胞增殖:杨卓[39]发现香菇柄多糖(250 μg/mL)可使结肠癌HCT116细胞G0/G1期比例增加,菇柄多糖对HCT116细胞的抑制率(30.8%)与菇伞多糖(36.1%)无显著差异,这说明菇柄和菇伞多糖均可通过影响HCT116细胞的有丝分裂进程抑制癌细胞增殖。该作用具有广谱性,菇柄多糖对HCT116、HT29等8种离体癌细胞系的抑制率为55.3%~76.1%;在分子层面,菇柄多糖(125~500 μg/mL)可显著促进与抗癌机制有关的ATF4的表达,同时抑制原癌基因C-myc活性。ATF4通过调控中下游的应激信号通路来提高机体的抗癌功能[40],C-myc表达的抑制则直接削弱癌细胞的增殖能力[41],二者共同构成了基因层面的抗癌防线。
香菇柄中的多酚类成分(游离酚和结合酚)具有良好的体外抗肿瘤活性。有研究表明,其对HepG2肝癌细胞的抗增殖活性的半数有效浓度(Median Effective Concentration,EC50)在1.89~5.21 mg/mL范围内,并呈现明显的量效关系[31],其可能通过抑制细胞周期蛋白(如Cyclin D1)表达或诱导癌细胞凋亡发挥抗增殖作用[42]。此外,该研究也通过对比不同物理粉碎方式发现,改变多酚的释放形式会影响其最终的活性表现[31],同时印证了香菇柄多酚本身的抗增殖活性。此研究为农副产品高值化利用提供了方向,后续可探索与酶解、包埋等技术的协同应用,通过优化工艺参数进一步促进功能成分的可控释放与生物活性提升,为香菇柄等农业副产物的精深加工及功能产品开发提供更具实践性的技术路径。
目前,香菇柄资源开发利用主要集中在食品、农业和生物技术3个领域(图2)。
香菇柄富含多种营养成分且风味独特,在食品加工的多个行业展现出卓越的应用价值和潜力,是食品开发中不可忽视的优质资源。香菇柄营养丰富,具有提升食品营养价值的潜力。为满足市场对健康食品的需求、改善其加工特性,常通过纤维素酶解、配方优化或挤压-酶法联合改性等工艺创新处理。经改性的菇柄可广泛应用于不同种类的休闲食品,在提升产品营养成分的同时,还能改善持水力和口感、降低生产成本等(表3)。
添加香菇柄还可有效解决食品生产环节中的若干技术难题、提升产品品质,其在改善色泽、口感以及延长保质期等方面都有出色的表现。在酸奶中加入香菇柄可有效弥补酸奶脱水收缩的技术缺陷,明显改善酸奶的色泽、发酵气味和口感,同时酸奶的抗氧化活性得到显著提升[50];将香菇柄或香菇柄蛋白添加到面包中,可延缓面包在储存期间的老化现象,提升面包的营养价值,强化膳食纤维[51];将香菇柄添加到小麦粉面条中可降低人食用后的血糖反应,并且蛋白质含量和抗氧化能力有显著提升[52]。
过量摄入钠可能会增加慢性非传染性疾病的患病几率,世界卫生组织建议每天盐分摄入量应少于5 g,相当于每人每天摄入的钠理论上不应超过2 g。鲜味与咸味具有协同效应,可通过提升食品的风味强度使消费者在低盐的条件下仍能获得较好的咸鲜口感。但在当前的饮食消费环境下,尽管科学界尚未有明确的研究结果表明味精会对人体健康造成实质性危害,但受诸多因素影响,消费者群体对味精普遍持有负面态度,这使得产品中味精的添加与否已然成为影响消费者购买决策的关键因素之一[53]。在目前的研究结果中,以香菇柄中提取的天然鲜味成分作为食品增味剂从而增加对食品的咸味感知是较好的替代方案。Samara等[54]从香菇柄中提取了粉状的鲜味物质,此物质颜色较浅、易溶于水,具有较低的钠含量(83.52 mg Na/100 g)和水分含量(2.76%),谷氨酸保留率可达97%。将该成分应用于玉米膨化零食[7]和低钠牛肉汉堡[8]中,发现其与味精有相似的作用且不影响零食的理化性质[7–8]。以上研究结果进一步表明基于香菇柄的鲜味成分作为低钠食品增味剂的实际应用潜力,也满足了消费者市场对天然食品添加剂的需求。
食用菌副产物在农业领域已展现出独特的应用价值。菌糠作为食用菌栽培后的残余基质仍含有丰富的营养物质,已被证实具有修复和改良土壤结构[55]、促进作物生长[56]等功效。此生物刺激作用可能源于菌类代谢产生的多糖、氨基酸及微量活性成分。在此研究背景下,杨娟等[57]探讨了香菇柄提取物对作物的生物调节作用:0.005 g/mL香菇柄水提液浸种24 h可显著提升‘秦优8号’和‘陕优6号’油菜种子的发芽性能(发芽率、发芽指数和幼苗生长势等),其作用机制可能涉及抗氧化酶系统的激活(超氧化物歧化酶活性提高13.0%~15.8%,过氧化物酶提高14.5%~17.3%)和细胞膜稳定性的增强(相对电导率降低18.3%~22.2%)。香菇柄水提液浸种处理还使油菜幼苗在低温胁迫下(4 ℃)可维持较高渗透调节能力(可溶性蛋白含量增加15.2%~19.1%),同时表现出对草甘膦、乙草胺、二甲戊灵三种除草剂的交叉耐受性,这可能为开发新型生物源抗逆诱导剂提供思路。
香菇柄富含壳聚糖(含量达176 mg/g,显著高于菇伞的105 mg/g)[58],作为植物来源的壳聚糖,可有效规避部分人群因动物源壳聚糖(如从虾蟹壳提取)存在过敏风险,以及因食素、宗教信仰等原因而无法接受的问题,为食品工业提供更具普适性的原料选择,而香菇柄壳聚糖基可食用涂层在果蔬贮藏中表现出了卓越性能。Poverenov等[58]发现,将香菇柄可食用涂层在6 ℃贮藏前施加于鲜切瓜表面,当香菇柄壳聚糖浓度达到1%和2%时,可分别完全抑制酿酒酵母和大肠杆菌生长。在贮藏过程中,该可食用涂层表现出持续保鲜的效果:可维持瓜体硬度(贮藏9 d后硬度1.66 N,未处理组1.3 N)、抑制异味(贮藏14 d乙醇含量48.83 ppm,未处理组108.10 ppm)且降低微生物负载量(最多达4 log CFU/g)。酯类物质是水果风味的关键,挥发物分析表明,经香菇柄壳聚糖包衣的甜瓜酯类物质含量高(79.93%),远高于未包衣甜瓜(57.15%)。显然,香菇柄壳聚糖可食用涂层的研发扩大了壳聚糖涂料在食品工业中的应用范围,满足了更多消费者的需求。
香菇柄富含蛋白质(12%~18%)、膳食纤维(30%~45%)及硒、锌等微量元素[2],且单位成本远低于常规饲料添加剂,这种高营养、低成本的特性使其成为开发天然功能性饲料的理想原料。杨建平等[59]以香菇柄为原料,接种纤维单胞菌和产朊假丝酵母菌发酵,得到易消化吸收且富含蛋白质的饲料。发酵过程中,营养物质在微生物和植物酶作用下转化为有机酸,饲料风味改善;高琦等[60]把不同比重(0%、5%、10%、15%)香菇柄粉加入海兰褐鸡日粮,发现鸡蛋大小、重量、蛋壳颜色、蛋清溶菌酶含量等均有显著改善。感官评价显示,添加香菇柄粉的海兰褐鸡蛋外观更红润饱满、香气更浓郁;于文清等[61]将香菇柄发酵物加入猪基础饲料,发现5%香菇柄发酵物可显著提高猪内里脊氨基酸含量,其必需氨基酸占总氨基酸的46%;呈味氨基酸含量也得到了显著提升,饲喂此饲料的猪内里脊肉的等效鲜味浓度是对照组的3.16倍。将香菇柄应用于畜禽饲料具有重要的理论价值和实践意义:一方面减少了化学类添加剂在饲料中的使用,顺应了绿色养殖的发展趋势,有助于保障畜禽产品的品质和安全,为消费者提供更健康的食品;另一方面,功能性饲料能够改善农产品品质,推动产业高质量发展,为农业产业升级和可持续发展注入动力[62]。
香菇柄作为一种潜在的培养基基质,其中的氨基酸能为微生物提供氮源和碳源,满足其生长代谢的需求,多糖和微量元素(铁、钙、镁等)也对维持微生物正常的生理功能有重要作用[11]。香菇柄中的谷氨酸在谷氨酸脱羧酶的催化脱羧作用下,可转化生成γ-氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyric acid,GABA),这一生物合成途径为利用香菇柄生产GABA提供了理论依据。刘丽娜等[63]以香菇柄为培养基基质,采用乳酸菌进行发酵。在最适培养基组分条件下,发酵液中GABA含量达到了190.93 mg/L,发酵香菇柄中含量为2.96 mg/g菇粉,相较于未发酵香菇柄原料提高了5倍。除此之外,添加香菇柄的培养基还可以改善发酵产物的质量或数量;王谦等[64]以香菇柄为特殊基质对血芝进行发酵,获得固态发酵物的多糖含量显著提升。同时,该固态发酵提取液能显著增强小鼠血清中超氧化物歧化酶及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶的活性。此后,王谦等[65]进一步利用香菇柄与山楂叶制备固态发酵培养基,并在该培养基上转接茯苓菌进行培养,所得固态培养基提取液对玉米油和卵黄脂质的过氧化具有显著抑制作用,证明了该提取液具备抗氧化潜力,为香菇柄在功能活性物质开发领域的应用提供了可靠依据。
生物质衍生的碳材料来源丰富、结构多样且易于加工[66],在众多生物质原料中,食用菌柄因其独特的细胞结构,制备出的生物碳具有高比表面积和丰富的微孔体积,且呈现出石墨结构并带有部分有利于提升电化学性能的官能团,因此在电极材料领域备受关注,被认为是一种更具优势的电极材料。目前,香菇柄衍生的生物碳(Shiitake mushroom stipe,SMB)与金针菇柄衍生的生物碳(Flammulina velutipes,FVB)相比整体性能欠佳,如比电容(0.5 A/g时FVB为140 F/g,SMB为99 F/g)和离子扩散速率较低,C=O/羧酸结构含量低(SMB为21.2%,FVB为25.7%),但同时SMB的原子排列更有序,缺陷程度相对较低(IG/ID比值为1.47)[67]。这有利于其结构稳定性,并且为其性能优化提供了思路,如:通过适当的改性方法,在不破坏其结构有序性的前提下,进一步提高其电容性能。
除应用在电极材料领域外,香菇柄还可作为生物质燃料。香菇柄中半纤维素(66.73%)、纤维素(6.87%)和木质素(0.73%)含量丰富,灰分和硫含量较低。这些特性赋予了香菇柄作为燃料时良好的燃烧性能,在燃烧过程中(尤其是第二燃烧阶段),香菇柄可以充分燃烧且对环境友好[68]。有研究表明,催化剂也可对香菇柄的燃烧产生多方面的影响:从对燃烧反应活化能的影响来看,CaO作为催化剂时会增加香菇柄的活化能,这意味着反应需要更高的能量来启动,增大了香菇柄的燃烧难度。Fe2O3作为催化剂则可以降低香菇柄的活化能,进而使其更易燃烧。从气体排放方面来说,CaO、Fe2O3及其混合物能够减少香菇柄燃烧的NOₓ释放强度,这有利于控制燃烧过程中的污染物排放,尤其是在减少酸雨形成和大气氮氧化物污染方面有积极作用[69]。
香菇具有显著的重金属富集能力,尤其是对镉和铅的积累水平显著高于其他绿色植物[70]。因此可采用聚乙烯醇-海藻酸钠(PVA-SA)作为固定材料,运用固定微生物技术对废弃香菇柄进行固定处理,制备针对以上两种重金属离子的生物吸附剂。利用生物吸附剂控制有毒化合物以净化废水,是可持续环境废水处理技术领域的关键研究方向之一[71]。固定微生物技术不仅能够高效去除废水中的重金属污染物,而且在重金属富集于生物吸附剂后,可在适当的条件下通过解吸剂进行脱除,从而实现金属与生物吸附剂的回收再利用。已有多项研究证实,HCl为最优解吸剂,其优势在于不会对生物吸附剂颗粒造成腐蚀,且经其解吸后的生物吸附剂颗粒展现出最优的再吸附潜力(表4)。以上研究为香菇柄在废水处理中的应用提供了理论和数据支持。
综上,本文聚焦香菇柄,阐述其富含的蛋白质、膳食纤维、矿物质及维生素等多种营养成分,总结菇柄中的挥发性与非挥发性风味物质及其风味作用机制,归纳了香菇柄稳定血糖、降血脂、抗氧化、抗肿瘤等多种功能活性。在综合利用方面,香菇柄在食品、农业、生物技术领域均具有利用价值,如作为食品原料、改良剂、增味剂,改善作物性状、提升果蔬贮藏品质、制备功能性饲料,用作培养基基质、生物质能源材料、环境修复材料等。以上研究为解决香菇柄资源浪费、开发新的食品原料和功能产品等实际问题奠定了基础,对香菇柄的高值化利用、推动相关产业发展具有重要意义。然而,以下问题仍需被考虑:a.当前已发现香菇柄多糖和多酚在降血脂方面有协同作用,但具体作用方式和机制不明。后续可运用细胞生物学和分子生物学技术,明确其在细胞内和细胞膜上的作用靶点及信号通路,为开发高效低副作用的降血脂复方产品提供依据,拓展菇柄在药品和功能性食品领域的应用;b.目前香菇柄功能活性的测定多为体外活性实验,后续有必要进一步开展动物实验,观察其对动物体内氧化应激指标的影响及在相关疾病模型中的干预效果,以更加全面、深入评估其功能活性,弥补体外测定无法模拟体内复杂生理过程的局限性,明确香菇柄的实际应用价值;c.在对已有香菇柄风味物质的研究基础上,进一步开发经济可行的香菇风味调味料,并应用于食品生产,使其发挥减盐提鲜作用,替代部分食品添加剂,满足消费者健康、天然的饮食需求;d.针对以香菇柄为培养基进行发酵生产的研究,需进一步探索发酵后香菇柄的抗菌功能,明确其抗菌特性及作用机制,为其在相关领域的应用提供更坚实的理论支撑;e.香菇柄水提液浸种能正向影响油菜多个指标,但由于其营养成分复杂,需深入研究究竟是何种成分发挥了改善作物性状的作用,以便更好地利用香菇柄服务农业生产。

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2026年第47卷第5期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020106
  • 接收时间:2025-02-17
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-03-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-17
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作者信息
    1陕西理工大学生物科学与工程学院,陕西汉中 723000
    2陕西省资源生物重点实验室,陕西汉中 723000
    3陕西理工大学秦巴生物资源与生态环境省部共建国家重点实验室,陕西汉中 723000
    4陕西省天然活性产物产业化工程技术研究中心,陕西汉中 723000

通讯作者:

胡代花(1983−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食用菌高值化利用,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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