Article(id=1320889283611832774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320889172802515656, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020057, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1739289600000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792854146148, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1768406400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792854146148, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792854146148, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792854146148, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320889172802515656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='514', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1768406400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792854119730, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792854119730, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=104, endPage=115, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320889283850908103, articleId=1320889283611832774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Structure, Physicochemical, and Functional Properties of Dietary Fiber Extracts Obtained from Agriophyllum squarrosum Seed and Quinoa, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

It was of great significance to explore new dietary fiber resources with excellent functional activity from available materials in nature for improving human diet level based on quinoa dietary fiber, the structure, by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, scanning electron micrographs, physicochemical properties, such as viscosity, water-holding capacity and oil-holding capacity, and functional properties of hypoglycemic and antioxidant properties from Agriophyllum squarrosum seeds of three different regions were systematically analyzed in this paper. The results showed that all dietary fibers had typical infrared spectral characteristics of polysaccharides. Compared with quinoa soluble dietary fiber (SDF), Agriophyllum squarrosum SDF had a compact structure, higher mannose content (14.97~16.82 mg/mg) and DPPH free radical scavenging ability (63.18%~63.42%). Compared with insoluble dietary fiber from quinoa (IDF), Agriophyllum squarrosum IDF had more void space, and binding phenol content, water retention capacity, cholesterol adsorption capacity, in vitro hypoglycemic activity, DPPH radical scavenging activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity and reducing power were significantly higher (P<0.05) than quinoa soluble dietary fiber. It could be seen that Agriophyllum squarrosum dietary fiber had different morphological structure, physical properties and functional properties from quinoa dietary fiber, and would be a high-quality dietary fiber resource.

, authors=Siwen NIU, Jiatong CHAI, Jiayi LI, Yanqiong JIANG, Tianle LIU, Qian WANG, Lihong HAN*, authorsList=Siwen NIU, Jiatong CHAI, Jiayi LI, Yanqiong JIANG, Tianle LIU, Qian WANG, Lihong HAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Lihong HAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320889286631731664, articleId=1320889283611832774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=沙米与藜麦膳食纤维的结构、理化性质及功能特性的比较, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

从自然界可获取材料中挖掘具有优异功能活性的膳食纤维新资源对于提升人类膳食水平意义重大。本文以藜麦膳食纤维为参考,通过傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、核磁共振光谱仪、扫描电镜等方法对三种不同产区的新资源沙米的膳食纤维的结构进行了表征,并对三种膳食纤维的粘度、持水力和持油力等理化性质,体外降糖和抗氧化功能特性进行了系统分析。结果表明,所有膳食纤维均具有典型的多糖红外光谱特征;与藜麦可溶性膳食纤维(soluble dietary fiber,SDF)相比,沙米SDF结构紧凑,具有更高的甘露糖含量(14.97~16.82 mg/mg)和DPPH自由基清除能力(63.18%~63.42%);沙米不溶性膳食纤维(insoluble dietary fiber,IDF)较藜麦IDF具有较多的空隙,且结合酚含量、持水力、胆固醇吸附能力、体外降糖活性、DPPH自由基清除活性、羟基自由基清除活性和还原力均显著(P<0.05)高于藜麦IDF。可见,沙米膳食纤维具有与藜麦膳食纤维不同的形态结构、物理性质和功能特性,是一种优质的膳食纤维资源。

, authors=牛思文, 柴佳彤, 李佳怡, 蒋艳琼, 刘天乐, 王乾, 韩立宏*, authorsList=牛思文, 柴佳彤, 李佳怡, 蒋艳琼, 刘天乐, 王乾, 韩立宏, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=韩立宏, authorNote=

牛思文(2004−),女,本科,研究方向:谷物深加工理论及应用,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
韩立宏(1979−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:谷物深加工理论及应用,E-mail:。
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International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2018, 120: 2155−2164., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320889286950498769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889283611832774, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320889286958887378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889283611832774, companyId=1320889286950498769, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Food Production and Safety, Yinchuan 750021, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320889286963081683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889283611832774, companyId=1320889286950498769, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=北方民族大学生物科学与工程学院,食品生产与安全协同创新中心,宁夏银川 750021)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320889291241271811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889283611832774, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=FT-IR spectra of SDF and IDF from Agriophyllum squarrosum seeds and quinoa samples, figureFileSmall=ZTlBF/p8Whj3IpbMEvbkVw==, figureFileBig=nDBPuDWFL3t6/2SxZampTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889291308380676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889283611832774, language=CN, label=图1, caption=沙米和藜麦SDF和IDF的红外光谱图, figureFileSmall=ZTlBF/p8Whj3IpbMEvbkVw==, figureFileBig=nDBPuDWFL3t6/2SxZampTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889291505512965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889283611832774, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=NMR carbon spectra of dietary fibers from Agriophyllum squarrosum seeds and quinoa samples, figureFileSmall=PywcOLGImC5GT2329yToNQ==, figureFileBig=3P0loRFcepQM5AEV6Dbpfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889291589399046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889283611832774, language=CN, label=图2, caption=沙米和藜麦膳食纤维的核磁共振碳谱

注:SDF:可溶性膳食纤维;IDF:不可溶性膳食纤维。

, figureFileSmall=PywcOLGImC5GT2329yToNQ==, figureFileBig=3P0loRFcepQM5AEV6Dbpfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889291677479431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889283611832774, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Microstructure of dietary fibers fromAgriophyllum squarrosum seeds and quinoa samples (2000×), figureFileSmall=x/XDnuMtb7wT1zyF+feX/Q==, figureFileBig=lhUudR9lI64oJDlI/doqgg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889291752976904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889283611832774, language=CN, label=图3, caption=沙米和藜麦膳食纤维的电镜照片(2000×), figureFileSmall=x/XDnuMtb7wT1zyF+feX/Q==, figureFileBig=lhUudR9lI64oJDlI/doqgg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889291811697161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889283611832774, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Trends of apparent viscosity with the shear rate of SDF from Agriophyllum squarrosum and quinoa samples, figureFileSmall=yd0ulKqr/fw3fVubo+yq3g==, figureFileBig=/ANqBj/eTUdfE/GsU1aK7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889291870417418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889283611832774, language=CN, label=图4, caption=沙米和藜麦可溶性膳食纤维的表观黏度随剪切速率的变化趋势, figureFileSmall=yd0ulKqr/fw3fVubo+yq3g==, figureFileBig=/ANqBj/eTUdfE/GsU1aK7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889291950109195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889283611832774, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Yields and compositions of SDF and IDF from Agriophyllum squarrosum seeds and quinoa samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品产量 (g/100 g)纯度 (%)水分含量 (%)蛋白质含量(%)灰分含量(%)
沙米AS-1SDF0.99±0.13de62.46±0.18c10.98±0.10a13.28±0.21a15.22±0.15b
IDF12.02±0.19a72.85±0.19a7.66±0.07c11.17±0.14bc8.34±0.12e
AS-2SDF1.17±0.11d60.83±0.15e10.66±0.13a13.07±0.16a16.01±0.13a
IDF11.76±0.20a72.71±0.22a7.49±0.10c11.00±0.15bc8.98±0.17d
AS-3SDF0.81±0.16e61.32±0.14d10.59±0.09a12.89±0.22a15.49±0.19b
IDF11.68±0.37a72.96±0.17a7.58±0.09c11.46±0.18b8.16±0.11e
藜麦SDF1.69±0.11c64.25±0.24b10.79±0.07a12.99±0.17a13.18±0.09c
IDF8.76±0.15b72.84±0.17a9.01±0.06b10.97±0.18c7.08±0.14f
), ArticleFig(id=1320889292038189580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889283611832774, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

沙米和藜麦中所得SDF和IDF产量及化学组成

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品产量 (g/100 g)纯度 (%)水分含量 (%)蛋白质含量(%)灰分含量(%)
沙米AS-1SDF0.99±0.13de62.46±0.18c10.98±0.10a13.28±0.21a15.22±0.15b
IDF12.02±0.19a72.85±0.19a7.66±0.07c11.17±0.14bc8.34±0.12e
AS-2SDF1.17±0.11d60.83±0.15e10.66±0.13a13.07±0.16a16.01±0.13a
IDF11.76±0.20a72.71±0.22a7.49±0.10c11.00±0.15bc8.98±0.17d
AS-3SDF0.81±0.16e61.32±0.14d10.59±0.09a12.89±0.22a15.49±0.19b
IDF11.68±0.37a72.96±0.17a7.58±0.09c11.46±0.18b8.16±0.11e
藜麦SDF1.69±0.11c64.25±0.24b10.79±0.07a12.99±0.17a13.18±0.09c
IDF8.76±0.15b72.84±0.17a9.01±0.06b10.97±0.18c7.08±0.14f
), ArticleFig(id=1320889292113687053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889283611832774, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Monosaccharide composition of SDF and IDF from Agriophyllum squarrosum seeds and quinoa samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
单糖(μg/mg)沙米藜麦
AS-1AS-2AS-3
SDFIDFSDFIDFSDFIDFSDFIDF
葡萄糖610.92393578.17375600.53336457.05437.63
半乳糖19.0223.7916.8824.6621.0824.3227.3228.35
木糖27.0847.3629.4544.6424.7944.9517.1357.11
甘露糖16.82−14.97−15.58−8.06−
阿拉伯糖7.3622.938.9321.696.9221.4410.2346.22
半乳糖醛酸8.199.339.0610.747.6110.0232.6926.52
), ArticleFig(id=1320889292189184526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889283611832774, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

沙米和藜麦膳食纤维的单糖组成

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
单糖(μg/mg)沙米藜麦
AS-1AS-2AS-3
SDFIDFSDFIDFSDFIDFSDFIDF
葡萄糖610.92393578.17375600.53336457.05437.63
半乳糖19.0223.7916.8824.6621.0824.3227.3228.35
木糖27.0847.3629.4544.6424.7944.9517.1357.11
甘露糖16.82−14.97−15.58−8.06−
阿拉伯糖7.3622.938.9321.696.9221.4410.2346.22
半乳糖醛酸8.199.339.0610.747.6110.0232.6926.52
), ArticleFig(id=1320889292260487695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889283611832774, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

CrI values of SDF and IDF from Agriophyllum squarrosum seeds and quinoa samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标沙米藜麦
AS-1AS-2AS-3
SDFIDFSDFIDFSDFIDFSDFIDF
CrI值 (%)FT-IR
NMR
25.1248.9524.5649.6624.3847.9317.8959.89
10.0634.7111.2331.7910.9633.687.8442.90
), ArticleFig(id=1320889292361150992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889283611832774, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

沙米和藜麦膳食纤维的CrI值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标沙米藜麦
AS-1AS-2AS-3
SDFIDFSDFIDFSDFIDFSDFIDF
CrI值 (%)FT-IR
NMR
25.1248.9524.5649.6624.3847.9317.8959.89
10.0634.7111.2331.7910.9633.687.8442.90
), ArticleFig(id=1320889292440842769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889283611832774, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Water retention capacity, oil-holding capacity, bound phenol content and cholesterol adsorption capacity of SDF and IDF from Agriophyllum squarrosum seeds and quinoa samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标沙米藜麦
AS-1AS-2AS-3
SDFIDFSDFIDFSDFIDFSDFIDF
持水力 (g/g)−6.16±0.72ab−6.81±0.43a−5.86±0.37b−4.45±0.96c
持油力 (g/g)13.87±0.39b10.07±0.11cd14.19±0.26b10.61±0.32c13.74±0.31b9.37±0.19d15.49±0.24a8.66±0.41e
结合酚含量 (mg GAE/g 干基样品)−4.78±0.19a−4.22±0.16a−4.36±0.25a−2.03±0.25b
胆固醇吸附能力 (mg/g)pH217.21±0.12b16.27±0.16c17.03±0.20b16.01±0.29c16.75±0.31b15.79±0.17c18.82±0.23a13.14±0.09d
pH720.70±0.13c22.34±0.17b20.99±0.10c21.98±0.22b19.70±0.18c21.79±0.20b24.43±0.13a18.08±0.200d
), ArticleFig(id=1320889292507951634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889283611832774, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

沙米和藜麦膳食纤维持水能力、持油能力、结合酚含量和胆固醇吸附能力

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标沙米藜麦
AS-1AS-2AS-3
SDFIDFSDFIDFSDFIDFSDFIDF
持水力 (g/g)−6.16±0.72ab−6.81±0.43a−5.86±0.37b−4.45±0.96c
持油力 (g/g)13.87±0.39b10.07±0.11cd14.19±0.26b10.61±0.32c13.74±0.31b9.37±0.19d15.49±0.24a8.66±0.41e
结合酚含量 (mg GAE/g 干基样品)−4.78±0.19a−4.22±0.16a−4.36±0.25a−2.03±0.25b
胆固醇吸附能力 (mg/g)pH217.21±0.12b16.27±0.16c17.03±0.20b16.01±0.29c16.75±0.31b15.79±0.17c18.82±0.23a13.14±0.09d
pH720.70±0.13c22.34±0.17b20.99±0.10c21.98±0.22b19.70±0.18c21.79±0.20b24.43±0.13a18.08±0.200d
), ArticleFig(id=1320889292604420627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889283611832774, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

In vitro hypoglycemic activities of SDF and IDF from Agriophyllum squarrosum seeds and quinoa samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品葡萄糖吸附量(mmol/g)葡萄糖透析迟缓指数(%)
50 mmol/L100 mmol/L200 mmol/L30 min60 min90 min120 min
沙米AS-1SDF1.99±0.11b5.69±0.09b11.32±0.12a50.23±0.32b40.12±0.24b26.27±0.25b24.19±0.28b
IDF1.57±0.10c5.21±0.14c7.76±0.21b40.16±0.27c27.27±0.19c22.38±0.28c20.53±0.18c
脱酚IDF0.78±0.07f2.37±0.11f3.40±0.16e30.82±0.14d16.21±0.09e19.87±0.18d18.47±0.31d
IDF结合酚−−−−−−−
AS-2SDF1.96±0.07b5.58±0.10b11.44±0.10a50.46±0.27b40.00±0.16b25.94±0.22b23.89±0.21b
IDF1.53±0.12c5.14±0.12c7.83±0.1b40.41±0.23c27.09±0.14c22.33±0.17c20.37±0.23c
脱酚IDF0.79±0.10f2.41±0.13f3.44±0.11e31.08±0.15d16.39±0.14e19.98±0.13d18.69±0.17d
IDF结合酚−−−−−−−
AS-3SDF1.91±0.09b5.62±0.12b11.25±0.13a50.07±0.18b39.88±0.21b26.59±0.22b24.16±0.17b
IDF1.61±0.13c5.24±0.07c7.69±0.12b39.95±0.22c27.41±0.22c22.46±0.16c20.67±0.10c
脱酚IDF0.72±0.08f2.30±0.08f3.41±0.13e30.58±0.20d16.01±0.18e20.05±0.20d18.25±0.26d
IDF结合酚−−−−−−−
藜麦SDF2.29±0.09a6.88±0.09a11.39±0.10a54.29±0.30a44.07±0.29a30.66±0.38a27.65±0.22a
IDF1.27±0.08d4.68±0.14d7.01±0.17c31.45±0.23d20.97±0.16d16.67±0.18e15.93±0.15e
脱酚IDF1.01±0.07e3.08±0.15e4.83±0.13d24.76±0.27e10.58±0.14f13.63±0.17f12.59±0.13f
IDF结合酚−−−−−−−
), ArticleFig(id=1320889292692501012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889283611832774, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

沙米和藜麦膳食纤维的体外降糖活性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品葡萄糖吸附量(mmol/g)葡萄糖透析迟缓指数(%)
50 mmol/L100 mmol/L200 mmol/L30 min60 min90 min120 min
沙米AS-1SDF1.99±0.11b5.69±0.09b11.32±0.12a50.23±0.32b40.12±0.24b26.27±0.25b24.19±0.28b
IDF1.57±0.10c5.21±0.14c7.76±0.21b40.16±0.27c27.27±0.19c22.38±0.28c20.53±0.18c
脱酚IDF0.78±0.07f2.37±0.11f3.40±0.16e30.82±0.14d16.21±0.09e19.87±0.18d18.47±0.31d
IDF结合酚−−−−−−−
AS-2SDF1.96±0.07b5.58±0.10b11.44±0.10a50.46±0.27b40.00±0.16b25.94±0.22b23.89±0.21b
IDF1.53±0.12c5.14±0.12c7.83±0.1b40.41±0.23c27.09±0.14c22.33±0.17c20.37±0.23c
脱酚IDF0.79±0.10f2.41±0.13f3.44±0.11e31.08±0.15d16.39±0.14e19.98±0.13d18.69±0.17d
IDF结合酚−−−−−−−
AS-3SDF1.91±0.09b5.62±0.12b11.25±0.13a50.07±0.18b39.88±0.21b26.59±0.22b24.16±0.17b
IDF1.61±0.13c5.24±0.07c7.69±0.12b39.95±0.22c27.41±0.22c22.46±0.16c20.67±0.10c
脱酚IDF0.72±0.08f2.30±0.08f3.41±0.13e30.58±0.20d16.01±0.18e20.05±0.20d18.25±0.26d
IDF结合酚−−−−−−−
藜麦SDF2.29±0.09a6.88±0.09a11.39±0.10a54.29±0.30a44.07±0.29a30.66±0.38a27.65±0.22a
IDF1.27±0.08d4.68±0.14d7.01±0.17c31.45±0.23d20.97±0.16d16.67±0.18e15.93±0.15e
脱酚IDF1.01±0.07e3.08±0.15e4.83±0.13d24.76±0.27e10.58±0.14f13.63±0.17f12.59±0.13f
IDF结合酚−−−−−−−
), ArticleFig(id=1320889292780581397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889283611832774, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Inhibitory activities of α-amylase and α-glucosidase of SDF and IDF in Agriophyllum squarrosum seeds and quinoa samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品α-淀粉酶抑制
活性(%)
α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制
活性(%)
沙米AS-1SDF67.28±0.10c81.09±0.25bc
IDF64.37±0.19d78.05±0.16d
脱酚IDF53.39±0.36f73.39±0.24e
IDF结合酚86.82±0.27a81.55±0.14b
AS-2SDF67.71±0.12c80.87±0.22bc
IDF64.55±0.11d78.23±0.19d
脱酚IDF53.58±0.24f73.60±0.27e
IDF结合酚86.49±0.25a81.28±0.24b
AS-3SDF67.45±0.18c81.26±0.20bc
IDF64.60±0.23d77.85±0.19d
脱酚IDF53.48±0.19f73.51±0.21e
IDF结合酚87.01±0.25a81.73±0.19b
藜麦SDF71.09±0.17b83.65±0.21a
IDF62.57±0.23e73.85±0.29e
脱酚IDF50.94±0.28d63.73±0.20f
IDF结合酚87.39±0.38a80.82±0.42c
), ArticleFig(id=1320889292860273174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889283611832774, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

沙米和藜麦膳食纤维α-淀粉酶和α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品α-淀粉酶抑制
活性(%)
α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制
活性(%)
沙米AS-1SDF67.28±0.10c81.09±0.25bc
IDF64.37±0.19d78.05±0.16d
脱酚IDF53.39±0.36f73.39±0.24e
IDF结合酚86.82±0.27a81.55±0.14b
AS-2SDF67.71±0.12c80.87±0.22bc
IDF64.55±0.11d78.23±0.19d
脱酚IDF53.58±0.24f73.60±0.27e
IDF结合酚86.49±0.25a81.28±0.24b
AS-3SDF67.45±0.18c81.26±0.20bc
IDF64.60±0.23d77.85±0.19d
脱酚IDF53.48±0.19f73.51±0.21e
IDF结合酚87.01±0.25a81.73±0.19b
藜麦SDF71.09±0.17b83.65±0.21a
IDF62.57±0.23e73.85±0.29e
脱酚IDF50.94±0.28d63.73±0.20f
IDF结合酚87.39±0.38a80.82±0.42c
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Antioxidant activity of SDF and IDF from Agriophyllum squarrosum seeds and quinoa samples

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样品DPPH自由基清除率(%)羟基自由基清除活性(%)总还原力
沙米AS-1SDF63.18±0.15b74.91±0.20b0.31±0.01c
IDF20.36±0.35d46.95±0.24d0.27±0.02c
脱酚IDF7.34±0.23g30.77±0.22f0.10±0.02e
IDF结合酚71.55±0.18a49.88±0.40c1.15±0.03a
AS-2SDF63.42±0.20b74.75±0.22b0.32±0.01c
IDF20.30±0.17d46.69±0.26d0.27±0.01c
脱酚IDF7.59±0.18g30.81±0.19f0.09±0.02e
IDF结合酚71.78±0.15a49.94±0.27c1.17±0.04a
AS-3SDF63.02±0.14b74.91±0.20b0.33±0.02c
IDF20.49±0.23d46.65±0.18d0.26±0.01c
脱酚IDF7.28±0.27g30.49±0.28f0.10±0.01e
IDF结合酚71.37±0.17a49.78±0.20c1.16±0.02a
藜麦SDF51.94±0.28c80.72±0.39a0.47±0.01b
IDF11.72±0.26f36.33±0.28e0.17±0.03d
脱酚IDF12.63±0.21e30.04±0.37f0.09±0.00e
IDF结合酚70.92±0.35a50.31±0.33c1.13±0.01a
), ArticleFig(id=1320889293007073816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889283611832774, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

沙米和藜麦膳食纤维的抗氧化活性

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样品DPPH自由基清除率(%)羟基自由基清除活性(%)总还原力
沙米AS-1SDF63.18±0.15b74.91±0.20b0.31±0.01c
IDF20.36±0.35d46.95±0.24d0.27±0.02c
脱酚IDF7.34±0.23g30.77±0.22f0.10±0.02e
IDF结合酚71.55±0.18a49.88±0.40c1.15±0.03a
AS-2SDF63.42±0.20b74.75±0.22b0.32±0.01c
IDF20.30±0.17d46.69±0.26d0.27±0.01c
脱酚IDF7.59±0.18g30.81±0.19f0.09±0.02e
IDF结合酚71.78±0.15a49.94±0.27c1.17±0.04a
AS-3SDF63.02±0.14b74.91±0.20b0.33±0.02c
IDF20.49±0.23d46.65±0.18d0.26±0.01c
脱酚IDF7.28±0.27g30.49±0.28f0.10±0.01e
IDF结合酚71.37±0.17a49.78±0.20c1.16±0.02a
藜麦SDF51.94±0.28c80.72±0.39a0.47±0.01b
IDF11.72±0.26f36.33±0.28e0.17±0.03d
脱酚IDF12.63±0.21e30.04±0.37f0.09±0.00e
IDF结合酚70.92±0.35a50.31±0.33c1.13±0.01a
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沙米与藜麦膳食纤维的结构、理化性质及功能特性的比较
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牛思文 , 柴佳彤 , 李佳怡 , 蒋艳琼 , 刘天乐 , 王乾 , 韩立宏 *
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(2): 104-115
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (2) : 104 -115
沙米与藜麦膳食纤维的结构、理化性质及功能特性的比较
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牛思文 , 柴佳彤, 李佳怡, 蒋艳琼, 刘天乐, 王乾, 韩立宏*
作者信息
  • 北方民族大学生物科学与工程学院,食品生产与安全协同创新中心,宁夏银川 750021
通讯作者:
韩立宏(1979−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:谷物深加工理论及应用,E-mail:。
作者简介:

牛思文(2004−),女,本科,研究方向:谷物深加工理论及应用,E-mail:

Structure, Physicochemical, and Functional Properties of Dietary Fiber Extracts Obtained from Agriophyllum squarrosum Seed and Quinoa
Siwen NIU , Jiatong CHAI, Jiayi LI, Yanqiong JIANG, Tianle LIU, Qian WANG, Lihong HAN*
Affiliations
  • College of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Food Production and Safety, Yinchuan 750021, China
出版时间: 2026-01-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020057
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从自然界可获取材料中挖掘具有优异功能活性的膳食纤维新资源对于提升人类膳食水平意义重大。本文以藜麦膳食纤维为参考,通过傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、核磁共振光谱仪、扫描电镜等方法对三种不同产区的新资源沙米的膳食纤维的结构进行了表征,并对三种膳食纤维的粘度、持水力和持油力等理化性质,体外降糖和抗氧化功能特性进行了系统分析。结果表明,所有膳食纤维均具有典型的多糖红外光谱特征;与藜麦可溶性膳食纤维(soluble dietary fiber,SDF)相比,沙米SDF结构紧凑,具有更高的甘露糖含量(14.97~16.82 mg/mg)和DPPH自由基清除能力(63.18%~63.42%);沙米不溶性膳食纤维(insoluble dietary fiber,IDF)较藜麦IDF具有较多的空隙,且结合酚含量、持水力、胆固醇吸附能力、体外降糖活性、DPPH自由基清除活性、羟基自由基清除活性和还原力均显著(P<0.05)高于藜麦IDF。可见,沙米膳食纤维具有与藜麦膳食纤维不同的形态结构、物理性质和功能特性,是一种优质的膳食纤维资源。

沙米  /  藜麦  /  膳食纤维  /  结构  /  理化性质  /  功能特性

It was of great significance to explore new dietary fiber resources with excellent functional activity from available materials in nature for improving human diet level based on quinoa dietary fiber, the structure, by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, scanning electron micrographs, physicochemical properties, such as viscosity, water-holding capacity and oil-holding capacity, and functional properties of hypoglycemic and antioxidant properties from Agriophyllum squarrosum seeds of three different regions were systematically analyzed in this paper. The results showed that all dietary fibers had typical infrared spectral characteristics of polysaccharides. Compared with quinoa soluble dietary fiber (SDF), Agriophyllum squarrosum SDF had a compact structure, higher mannose content (14.97~16.82 mg/mg) and DPPH free radical scavenging ability (63.18%~63.42%). Compared with insoluble dietary fiber from quinoa (IDF), Agriophyllum squarrosum IDF had more void space, and binding phenol content, water retention capacity, cholesterol adsorption capacity, in vitro hypoglycemic activity, DPPH radical scavenging activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity and reducing power were significantly higher (P<0.05) than quinoa soluble dietary fiber. It could be seen that Agriophyllum squarrosum dietary fiber had different morphological structure, physical properties and functional properties from quinoa dietary fiber, and would be a high-quality dietary fiber resource.

Agriophyllum squarrosum seed  /  quinoa  /  dietary fiber  /  structure  /  physiochemical properties  /  functional properties
牛思文, 柴佳彤, 李佳怡, 蒋艳琼, 刘天乐, 王乾, 韩立宏. 沙米与藜麦膳食纤维的结构、理化性质及功能特性的比较. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (2) : 104 -115 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020057
Siwen NIU, Jiatong CHAI, Jiayi LI, Yanqiong JIANG, Tianle LIU, Qian WANG, Lihong HAN. Structure, Physicochemical, and Functional Properties of Dietary Fiber Extracts Obtained from Agriophyllum squarrosum Seed and Quinoa[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (2) : 104 -115 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020057
膳食纤维是广泛存在于谷物、蔬菜和水果细胞壁中的一类高分子碳水化合物,不能被人体小肠吸收,根据其在水中的溶解度可分为不可溶性纤维(insoluble dietary fiber,IDF)和可溶性纤维(soluble dietary fiber,SDF)[1],前者主要由纤维素、木质素和不溶性半纤维素组成,后者由可溶性半纤维素、果胶、树胶和低聚糖组成[2]。膳食纤维能在大肠中发酵,促进肠道有益菌的生长,产生有益代谢产物,降低心血管疾病、糖尿病和肠道疾病的风险[3],系统综述和meta分析表明,膳食纤维摄入量最高的人与摄入量最低的人相比,其患心血管疾病、Ⅱ型糖尿病和结直肠癌的风险,以及中风发病率和死亡率降低了15%~30%[4]。因此,膳食纤维被认为是促进人体健康的重要大分子。为了丰富膳食纤维的来源,满足消费者随着健康意识增强和生活方式改变而对膳食纤维产生的日益增长的需求,研究者们探索了各种食材所含膳食纤维的价值。传统谷物,如小麦,通常被认为是膳食中膳食纤维的良好来源,但是小麦面筋蛋白已被发现会引起乳糜泻患者的胃肠道不适[5−6],这在一定程度上限制了小麦作为膳食纤维来源的广泛使用。因此,从无面筋蛋白成分的材料中获取膳食纤维已经成为当前的研究焦点[7]。
近年来,藜麦等加工食用属性与谷物相似的假谷物作为膳食纤维来源越来越受到消费者和研究人员的青睐。已有研究发现,藜麦中膳食纤维含量与传统谷物接近,约11%,其中可溶性膳食纤维与不溶性膳食纤维的比例在2:8左右[8]。藜麦膳食纤维同小麦膳食纤维一样具有多糖的红外光谱特征;同等制备条件下所得藜麦SDF的粒径大于小麦SDF,且前者与后者相比较拥有紧凑的微观结构、更高的还原力和消化酶抑制活性[9];藜麦SDF中的结合酚具有良好的DPPH自由基清除能力和α-淀粉酶抑制活性[9−10]。因此,藜麦是一种潜在的优质膳食纤维来源。
与藜麦同属于假谷物的沙米(Agriophyllum squarrosum),是苋科藜亚科沙蓬属一年生草本植物沙蓬的籽粒。沙蓬耐寒、耐旱、耐贫瘠,适于生长在裸露沙地或流动沙丘,当前作为防风固沙的先锋植物已在我国西北为主的沙漠及沙化地区有大规模的野生和人工种植。野生沙蓬的沙米产量约500~750 kg/hm2,而人工种植沙蓬的沙米产量可达950 kg/hm2,相当于高产糜子[11−12]。随着人类对沙漠生态环境治理工作的不断推进,沙蓬的种植面积有望不断扩大,沙米资源将会越来越丰富。前人研究表明,沙米中含有丰富的碳水化合物、粗蛋白、膳食纤维、多酚、脂肪及矿物质元素等,营养价值堪比联合国推荐的全营养食物藜麦[13−14],具有健脾胃、清热解毒、助消化、降血脂、抗氧化、利尿等功效[11,14−15]。沙区牧民把沙米作为粮食食用已有1300多年历史,沙米羊肉转刀面、沙米凉粉就是宁夏、甘肃等沙区的传统美食。近年来,随着研究者对沙米认识的不断深入,沙米被认为是应对全球气候恶化导致粮食减产大背景下的潜在粮食作物[11]。可见,沙米是一种优异的功能型荒漠特色食品新资源。目前国内外还没有关于沙米膳食纤维结构、理化和功能特性的系统公开报道。
本研究以藜麦膳食纤维为对照,对沙米所含SDF和IDF从结构、理化性质和功能特性方面进行系统分析,进而为沙米资源的深度开发利用提供理论依据和实践指导。这对于沙蓬经济价值的挖掘具有重大意义。
野生沙米 采自宁夏陶乐戈壁滩、内蒙古乌兰布和沙漠和腾格里沙漠甘肃民勤地段(2022年10月采收),分别编号为AS-1、AS-2和AS-3;藜麦 采自宁夏回族自治区固原市原州区三营镇(2022年10月采收);中性蛋白酶(50 U/mg)、糖化酶(100 U/mg) 瑞勇生物技术有限公司(中国上海);1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)、耐高温α-淀粉酶(50 U/mg)、α-葡萄糖苷酶(50 U/mg)、单糖标准品(葡萄糖、半乳糖、木糖、甘露糖、阿拉伯糖和半乳糖醛酸) 美国Sigma-Aldrich有限公司;其他本研究所用到的化学试剂 均来自国药集团化学试剂有限公司;以上试剂均为分析纯。
J-600核磁共振光谱仪 日本JASCO公司;ICS-5000离子交换色谱仪 美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司;S-3400N扫描电子显微镜 日立高新技术公司;Mastersizer 2000马尔文激光粒度仪 英国马尔文帕纳科仪器有限公司;MCR301旋转流变仪 奥地利安东帕(上海)商贸有限公司;DH108傅里叶变换红外光谱仪 得利特(北京)科技有限公司;2050R-1冷冻离心机 长沙湘仪离心机仪器有限公司;Grinder-CHOPIN旋风磨 法国肖邦技术公司;AL104分析天平、FE28-Standard台式酸度计 梅特勒-托利多仪器(上海)有限公司;101-3-BS-II电热恒温鼓风干燥箱 上海跃进医疗器械有限公司;SD-303-4A数显电热恒温培养箱 南通金石试验仪器有限公司;NP-28S旋涡混合器 常州恩培仪器制造有限公司;HH W-2水浴锅 金坛市友联仪器研究所。
沙米和藜麦膳食纤维的制备参考Guo等[16]的方法。将去壳的沙米和藜麦籽粒分别经旋风磨粉碎成粉,过50目筛,筛上物反复粉碎,直到全部通过50目筛,筛下物混合均匀,得到沙米和藜麦原料粉。将不同种类原料粉分别分散在正己烷(1:5,w/v)中,室温浸泡12 h,沥出正己烷,此过程重复两次进行脱脂。将10 g脱脂粉末分别用含0.55 g α-淀粉酶的酶液(10 U/mg,pH6.5,90 ℃水浴2 h)、含0.1 g糖化酶的酶液(100 U/mg,pH4.5, 60 ℃水浴60 min)和含0.8 g中性蛋白酶的酶液(50 U/mg,65 ℃水浴2 h)进行水解。酶解样品经100 ℃加热10 min使酶失活,冷却至室温,6000×g离心10 min,去离子水洗涤并离心2次。离心所得残渣依次用95%乙醇洗涤两次,丙酮洗涤两次,40 ℃干燥16 h后制得IDF;所得上清液与60 ℃的95%乙醇混合(1:4,v/v),沉淀过夜,沉淀物在8000×g离心10 min,真空干燥得SDF。
提取物中SDF和IDF的含量按照GB 5009.88-2023《食品安全国家标准 食品中膳食纤维的测定》方法测定[17];膳食纤维样品中水分、灰分和蛋白质含量分别参照GB 5009.3-2016《食品中水分的测定》中的直接干燥法[18]、GB 5009.4-2016《食品中灰分的测定》[19]和GB 5009.5-2016《食品中蛋白质的测定》方法[20]进行分析;膳食纤维的单糖组成采用离子交换色谱法进行分析[21],制备岩藻糖、鼠李糖、阿拉伯糖、半乳糖、葡萄糖、木糖、甘露糖、果糖、核糖、半乳糖醛酸、葡萄糖醛酸、氨基半乳糖盐酸盐、盐酸氨基葡萄糖、N-乙酰-D氨基葡萄糖、古罗糖醛酸、甘露糖醛酸标准品(10 mg、100 mg/L)的混合物。样品经两步72% w/w(20 ℃时比重1.6338)硫酸水解,稀释10倍,0.22 μm微孔过滤膜过滤制备样品待测液。通过样品与标准品峰时间和峰面积的比较,确定样品水解液中单糖的组成及含量。
称取1.2.1所得的沙米和藜麦膳食纤维样品各1.0 mg于玛瑙研钵中,加入100.0 mg干燥的溴化钾晶体,轻轻研磨混匀,使用压片机进行压片,制成透明且均匀的膜,用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪在红外区4000~400 cm−1范围内进行扫描,得到红外光谱特征曲线。光谱图中,896 cm−1和1424 cm−1处的吸光度强度比可以用来计算膳食纤维的结晶度指数(CrI)[22],具体计算公式如下:
$\rm CrI(\text{%})= A_{ \mathrm{1424}} \mathrm{/A}_{ \mathrm{896}} \times 100$
使用核磁共振光谱仪获取固态13C NMR光谱,参考王淑玉等[23]的方法,以实现对1.2.1所得的膳食纤维样品的分子水平表征。采用交叉极化/魔角旋转(CP/MAS)技术,工作频率为100.6 kHz。样品在4 mm Kel-F帽ZrO转子中的旋转转速为14 kHz,脉冲为1H,接触时间为1 ms。为了获得合适的信噪比,在2 s的脉冲延迟下进行了15000~81000次扫描。
参考王淑玉等[23]的方法,取适量1.2.1所得沙米和藜麦膳食纤维样品,干燥至恒重。将干燥的样品用双面胶固定在电镜专用样品台上,喷金30 s后分别在2000×放大倍数下观察样品颗粒的形貌。
1.2.1所得的沙米和藜麦SDF的黏度采用Ding等[24]提出的方法稍作修改进行评价。称取0.010 g的沙米和藜麦SDF于100 mL超纯水中,25 ℃下持续搅拌5 h,通过旋转流变仪(平板夹具直径:50 mm;间隙:0.047 mm;测试温度:20 ℃)测定SDF样品黏度随剪切速率的变化。
1.2.1所得的沙米和藜麦膳食纤维的持水和持油能力依据Ma等[25]的方法测定。室温下将两份0.100 g干燥IDF样品放置在离心管中分别与5 mL蒸馏水混合24 h,6000 r/min离心20 min,倾倒上层液体,称量残渣重量。根据公式(2)计算样品的持水力(g/g)。
$ \text{持水力}\left({\text{g}}/{\text{g}}\right)=\frac{{\text{m}}_{\text{2}}-{\text{m}}_{\text{1}}}{{\text{m}}_{\text{1}}} $
式中,m1和m2分别为干样品IDF质量(g)和残渣质量(g)。
分别准确称取0.200 g干膳食纤维样品置于试管中,加入30 mL葵花籽油,室温放置18 h(每隔1 h振荡一次),3000 r/min离心20 min,除去油层,称量残渣。根据公式(3)计算样品的持油力(g/g)。
$ \text{持油力}\left({\text{g}}/{\text{g}}\right)=\frac{{\text{m}}_{\text{2}}-{\text{m}}_{\text{1}}}{{\text{m}}_{\text{1}}} $
式中m1和m2分别为干膳食纤维质量(g)和残渣质量(g)。
1.2.1所得的沙米和藜麦IDF中结合酚的含量测定参考Chandrasekara等[26]和Zhang等[27]的方法。称取1.000 g的IDF,25 mL乙醇溶液(80%,V/V)浸提,4 ℃离心(4000×g)20 min。此过程重复3次,收集离心后的残渣提取结合酚类化合物。将残渣与20 mL(2 mol/L)NaOH溶液在室温下混合1 h,用6 mol/L HCl调节pH为2,4000×g离心20 min,上清液用正己烷和乙酸乙酯萃取5次。萃取液45 ℃蒸发后,将残留物溶于甲醇中,−20 ℃暗藏待测。以没食子酸为对照,结果以没食子酸当量(GAC)mg/g干样品(mg GAE/g)表示。
1.2.1所得的沙米和藜麦膳食纤维的胆固醇吸附能力测定参考Wu等[28]利用比色法进行测定。取0.100 mg/mL的胆固醇标准工作液0、0.05、0.10、0.15、0.20、0.25、0.30和0.35 mL分别于10 mL试管中,在各管内加入冰乙酸使总体积均达0.40 mL,沿管壁加入0.20 mL邻苯二甲醛溶液(1 mg/mL)和4 mL混合酸(冰乙酸:浓硫酸=1:1)混合均匀,室温静置10 min,550 nm波长处测定吸光度。并以总胆固醇量(mg)为横坐标,吸光度为纵坐标,绘制胆固醇标准曲线。
称取1.000 g膳食纤维样品分别置于100 mL的锥形瓶中,各加入50 mL稀释后的蛋黄液(取新鲜鸡蛋蛋黄与9倍质量的蒸馏水充分搅拌混匀即得蛋黄液),混合均匀,调节溶液的pH至2.0和7.0,摇床振荡2 h(温度37 ℃,转速120 r/min),6000 r/min离心20 min,取上清液1 mL,加入90%的乙酸稀释五倍;取0.1 mL稀释液,加入0.3 mL冰乙酸,按照标准曲线法在550 nm处测定吸光度值,然后根据公式(4)计算样品的胆固醇吸附能力(g/g)。
$ \text{胆固醇的吸附能力}\left({\text{g}}/{\text{g}}\right)=\frac{{\text{m}}_{\text{1}}-{\text{m}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{m}}_{\text{3}}} $
式中m1、m2和m3分别代表吸附前蛋黄液中胆固醇量(g)、吸附后上清液中胆固醇量(g)和膳食纤维的质量(g)。
参考Qi等[29]的方法,取1.2.1所得的膳食纤维样品(0.100 g)分别与10 mL不同浓度的葡萄糖(50、100和200 mmol/L)混合,37 ℃下孵育6 h,4000×g下离心20 min,用葡萄糖测定试剂盒测定上清液中的葡萄糖含量,计算样品的葡萄糖吸附量;将样品(0.1000 g)分散于10 mL 50 mmol/L的葡萄糖溶液中,使用截留分子量为12000 Da的透析膜在37 ℃下对200 mL蒸馏水进行透析。在30、60、90和120 min后,用葡萄糖测定试剂盒测定透析液中的葡萄糖含量。在不添加膳食纤维样品的情况下进行对照试验。葡萄糖透析迟缓指数的计算公式如下:
$\begin{split} & \text{葡萄糖透析迟缓指数}(\text{%})=\\&\left(1-\frac{\text{添加膳食纤维样品后的葡萄糖含量}}{\text{对照中的葡萄糖含量}}\right){\times 1} 00 \end{split}$
参考Zhang等[27]的方法测定样品的α-淀粉酶和α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性。将500 μL 20 mg/mL的样品与500 μL 1 U/mL的α-淀粉酶溶液混合,37 ℃水浴培养10 min,加入500 μL 1%(w/w)的淀粉溶液,37 ℃下再培养10 min,加入1 mL DNS,沸水浴5 min终止反应,冷却至室温,用9 mL蒸馏水稀释,520 nm处测量吸光度。按照上述程序开展无样品对照试验。α-淀粉酶抑制率计算公式如下:
$ \alpha\text-\text{淀粉酶抑制率}\text{(\%)}=\frac{{\text{A}}_{\text{1}}-{\text{A}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{A}}_{\text{1}}}\text{×1} 00 $
式中A1和A2分别代表对照和样品的吸光度。
同样,将50 μL、20 mg/mL的样品与100 μL、100 mmol/L的PBS和0.2 mL 0.5 U/mL的α-葡萄糖苷酶混合,37 ℃水浴预孵育10 min,加入0.4 mL、1.5 mmol/L的PNPG混合,37 ℃孵育30 min,加入1 mL 1 mol/L的Na2CO3溶液终止反应,400 nm处测定吸光度。膳食纤维样品对α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制率与α-淀粉酶的抑制率的计算方式相同。
参考Yan等[30]的方法,分别将测试样品按照0.2~1.2 mg/mL的浓度范围分散在蒸馏水中。取150 μL SDF样品液与1 mL 0.2 mmol/L的DPPH-乙醇溶液混合后,室温下避光保存20 min,517 nm处测定吸光度(A2);以蒸馏水替代样品液同样条件下测得的吸光度记作A1。
另外,取0.5 mL的IDF样品悬浮液与0.5 mL 0.2 mmol/L的DPPH-乙醇溶液混合,室温黑暗条件下反应30 min,与IDF相同测定条件测定吸光度(A2);以蒸馏水替代样品悬浮液同样条件下测得的吸光度记作A1。样品清除DPPH自由基的能力计算公式如下:
$ \text{DPPH}\text{自由基清除能力}(\text{%})=\frac{{\text{A}}_{\text{1}}-({\text{A}}_{\text{2}}-{\text{A}}_{\text{3}})}{{\text{A}}_{\text{1}}}\text{×100} $
式中,A3为与样品测试相同条件下,乙醇溶液代替DPPH-乙醇溶液条件下样品的吸光度。
取100 μL样品溶液,加入2 mL 0.02 mol/L的PBS(pH7.4)、100 μL 1.8 mmol/L水杨酸-乙醇溶液、100 μL1.8 mmol/L的FeSO4溶液、25 μL 0.02%的H2O2及175 μL超纯水,37 ℃孵育30 min,510 nm处测定吸光度。样品对羟基自由基的清除活性计算公式如下:
$ \text{羟基自由基清除活性}(\text{%})=\frac{{\text{A}}_{\text{1}}-({\text{A}}_{\text{2}}-{\text{A}}_{\text{3}})}{{\text{A}}_{\text{1}}}\text{×100} $
式中,A1为空白对照组的吸光度;A2为样品的吸光度;A3为与A2相同条件下,水杨酸-乙醇溶液代替FeSO4和H2O2溶液条件下样品的吸光度。
参考Zhang 等[27]的方法确定膳食纤维样品的总还原能力。将20 μL 1 mg/L的样品溶液,100 μL 0.2 mol/L的磷酸盐缓冲液(pH6.6)和100 μL铁氰化钾(1%)溶液混合,50 ℃水浴中反应20 min后加入100 μL TCA(10%),再室温反应30 min。取250 μL反应溶液加入100 μL蒸馏水和20 μL 0.1%的FeCI3溶液,混合均匀,静置10 min,700 nm处测定吸光度。
每个实验做3次重复,实验结果表示为“平均值±标准差”。样品之间的差异显著性(P<0.05)采用SPSS软件的Duncan法进行分析,绘图采用Origin2023软件。
从沙米和藜麦中所得SDF和IDF的产量和化学组成如表1所示。沙米和藜麦的SDF的产量分别为0.81~1.17 g/100 g和1.69 g/100 g,均显著低于两种原料中的IDF的产量(P<0.05),这与植物性膳食纤维大多数为IDF的发现是一致的[31]。三种不同产地沙米中SDF含量显著低于藜麦(P<0.05);沙米中IDF含量均显著高于藜麦(P<0.05),但三种沙米材料中的IDF含量没有显著性差异。这些发现可以归因于样品的不同植物来源和生长条件[32];两种SDF中的水分、蛋白质和灰分含量均显著高于对应的IDF(P<0.05),这与Chen等[9]关于藜麦和小麦膳食纤维的相关研究所得结果一致;沙米SDF和IDF的灰分含量均显著高于相对应的藜麦SDF和IDF(P<0.05),这与沙米相对于藜麦含有更丰富的矿物质元素有关[33−34];在沙米样品中,AS-2的灰分含量显著高于AS-1和AS-3(P<0.05),这可能是因为AS-2的生长环境含有较多的矿物元素。
沙米和藜麦膳食纤维的单糖组成分析结果如表2所示。藜麦SDF的单糖成分有葡萄糖、半乳糖醛酸、半乳糖、木糖、阿拉伯糖、甘露糖和盐酸氨基葡萄糖,含量依次为葡萄糖>半乳糖醛酸>半乳糖>木糖>阿拉伯糖>甘露糖。这主要归因于藜麦SDF中木葡聚糖和果胶多糖的存在,有报道称它们是藜麦SDF的主要成分[7−9]。与藜麦SDF相比,沙米SDF中所含单糖的成分与前者一致,但是沙米SDF中葡萄糖、木糖和甘露糖含量高于前者。甘露糖是半纤维素的主要成分之一[35],说明沙米SDF相对于藜麦SDF含有更多的半纤维素成分。就IDF而言,藜麦IDF中检测到葡萄糖、半乳糖、木糖、阿拉伯糖和半乳糖醛酸成分,含量依次为葡萄糖(437.63 μg/mg)>木糖(57.11 μg/mg)>阿拉伯糖(46.22 μg/mg)>半乳糖(28.35 μg/mg)>半乳糖醛酸(26.52 μg/mg);沙米IDF中的单糖成分与藜麦IDF一致,其中最主要的单糖,依次为葡萄糖和木糖、半乳糖、阿拉伯糖、半乳糖醛酸。这是因为两种IDF中纤维素和木聚糖的存在,已有研究发现木聚糖是所有双子叶种子细胞壁中主要的交联半纤维素[36]。三种沙米的膳食纤维的单糖组成一致,但在单糖含量上存在差异。样品AS-2的木糖水平低于AS-1和AS-3,而其半乳糖醛酸、半乳糖含量则显著高于后两者。这些变化可能与它们不同的生长环境有关。已有研究表明,湿度、温度和养分水平等环境因素可能会影响植物膳食纤维中的单糖组成和含量[37]。
反映沙米和藜麦膳食纤维官能团的FT-IR光谱如图1所示。从图1A中可以看出,沙米和藜麦SDF的一般光谱特征相似。谱图中2930 cm−1处的弱吸收峰源于多糖聚合物中C-H和CH2基团的伸缩[38];3300 cm−1处的宽峰是O-H的伸缩振动峰,而O-H主要来自纤维素或半纤维素[39]。藜麦SDF在这两个波段的吸收峰相对较弱,说明纤维素和果胶多糖的氢键含量较低。沙米SDF的峰强度较高,说明其中可能含有更多的木聚糖等半纤维素,这与单糖组成的研究结果一致(表2)。谱图中1000、1220和1660 cm−1处的吸收峰分别对应于C-O、CO-OR和芳香木质素烃的伸缩振动[7,38]。如图1B所示,藜麦IDF的整体键活性弱于沙米IDF。在2929 cm−1和3340 cm−1处,沙米IDF的峰强度高于藜麦IDF,说明沙米IDF比藜麦IDF具有更典型的多糖复合物结构。沙米和藜麦IDF均在约1000 cm−1处表现出较高的峰强度,这是典型的木聚糖吸收峰[40],进一步表明两种IDF含有木聚糖。
此外,从表3中FT-IR图谱所得的CrI值可知,所有SDF样品的有序度均小于IDF样品;沙米SDF样品的结晶度高于藜麦SDF,但是沙米IDF的结晶度却低于藜麦IDF。这种有序度差异将对膳食纤维的功能特性产生显著影响。
图2是膳食纤维样品的13C CP/MAS NMR图谱,所有样品在碳水化合物区域(60~110 ppm)显示出显著的信号峰。δ60~70 ppm范围内的峰对应于C6,δ70~81 ppm之间的峰群则分配给C2、C3和C5,δ98~108 ppm处的共振信号被分配给C1,79~86 ppm范围内的信号与非晶态纤维素的C4相关,而86~93 ppm的信号则与结晶纤维素的C4相关[41]。沙米和藜麦的SDF或IDF样品的NMR光谱信号相似,这表明它们由于相同的单糖组成而具有可比的化学结构。79~86 ppm和86~92 ppm之间的C4峰比率可以用来测量纤维素的结晶度[41],由此得出来的沙米和藜麦膳食纤维的CrI值如表3所示。所有IDF样品的CrI值均高于SDF样品,且藜麦的IDF的CrI值高于沙米IDF,表明藜麦的IDF具有更高的结晶值和更有序的结构,这些跟FT-IR的研究结果一致。63.0 ppm处的信号归因于纤维素和/或半纤维素[42],所有SDF样品的信号强度强于IDF样品,且藜麦的SDF信号强度大于沙米的SDF信号。这些结果可能归因于所有SDF样本中半纤维素含量高于IDF样本,以及藜麦SDF中半纤维素含量高于沙米SDF。
表征沙米和藜麦膳食纤维微观形态的扫描电镜图片如图3所示。藜麦SDF表面粗糙、结构松散,有一定的间隙度;而沙米SDF表面相对平整、结构致密空洞少、碎片不规则。与两种SDF样品相比,藜麦和沙米IDF空间网络结构更紧密,呈现较大的团块状,且藜麦IDF相对于沙米IDF呈现出更加紧密无孔的结构。这些结果进一步证实了FT-IR和NMR所得的CrI值反映的不同膳食纤维样品有序度之间的差异。膳食纤维的微观结构不仅与其自身的性能有关,还取决于诸多因素[43]。如提取方法和加工条件会对纤维素和半纤维素产生不同程度的破坏,进而造成其形态上的差异。
黏度是SDF的重要特性之一,与其降低餐后血糖反应的能力有关[9]。沙米和藜麦SDF溶液的黏度随着剪切速率的变化趋势如图4所示,室温条件下随着剪切速率的增大,四种SDF溶液的黏度均迅速降低,呈现出剪切稀化属性,表明所有SDF样品溶液均为假塑性流体[44],这与Chen等[9]关于藜麦和小麦SDF溶液黏度的研究结果一致。沙米和藜麦SDF溶液的黏度接近,这可能是因为他们的分子量及所含粘性纤维种类和数量相近。
持水力反映膳食纤维在受到外力时保持水分的能力[25]。如表4所示,三种沙米IDF的持水能力显著(P<0.05)高于藜麦IDF,这是由于沙米IDF的结构相对藜麦IDF更疏松、孔隙率更高,暴露出更多的氢键和水结合位点[45];另外,膳食纤维的持水力也跟加工条件和电荷密度等诸多因素有关[45]。在三种沙米IDF样品中,AS-3的保水能力显著(P < 0.05)低于AS-1和AS-2,这可能是由于AS-3相比于AS-1和AS-2具有更紧凑的结构(这一结果已在SEM分析实验中得到证实)。
膳食纤维的持油力取决于其表面性能、总电荷密度和疏水性[46],高持油能力的膳食纤维可阻止食品加工过程中脂肪的流失,以及带走人体中过多摄入的脂肪[47]。藜麦和三种沙米SDF的持油力均显著(P<0.05)高于相对应的IDF样品,这主要归因于SDF具有相对于IDF更松散的网络结构,Wang等[43]研究发现结构相对疏松的猕猴桃SDF的持油力显著高于猕猴桃IDF;藜麦SDF表现出比三种沙米SDF显著高的持油力(P<0.05),但是藜麦IDF的持油力显著低于三种沙米IDF(P<0.05),这些结果与样品的形态结构的研究结果一致,越疏松的网络结构表现出越高的持油能力。
膳食纤维中的酚类物质,尤其是与IDF结合的多酚类物质,与膳食纤维的一些功能特性密切相关[48]。藜麦IDF中结合酚含量约2.03 mg GAE/g(表4),显著低于沙米IDF的4.22~4.78 mg GAE/g左右。已有研究发现,藜麦中的酚类物质主要以游离酚的形式存在,游离组分对总酚含量的贡献在53.5%~78.0%之间[9]。沙米IDF结合酚含量约为藜麦IDF的3倍,说明沙米中以结合态存在的酚类物质的含量要高于藜麦。这可能跟沙米IDF相对藜麦IDF具有更疏松的形态结构有关,因为酚类物质会进入膳食纤维的疏水空腔或孔洞并发生以疏水相互作用为主导的结合[49]。
胆固醇吸附能力是评价材料体外降血脂能力的重要指标。沙米和藜麦膳食纤维在pH2(模拟胃环境)和pH7(模拟肠道环境)条件下对胆固醇的吸附能力如表4所示。所有膳食纤维样品在pH7时的胆固醇吸附能力显著强于pH2时,这与Wu等[28]关于竹笋膳食纤维胆固醇吸附能力的研究结果一致,说明藜麦和沙米膳食纤维与竹笋膳食纤维一样均具有更强的降低小肠胆固醇浓度的能力。藜麦SDF的胆固醇吸附量显著高于三种沙米SDF(P<0.05),而藜麦IDF的胆固醇吸附量显著低于三种沙米IDF(P<0.05)。这可能是因为藜麦SDF相对于沙米SDF,沙米IDF相对于藜麦IDF具有更疏松多孔的结构,因而有更大的比表面积,从而具有更多的胆固醇吸附位点。由于其物理化学性质,沙米和藜麦膳食纤维可以作为一种降胆固醇的功能性散装成分在各种食品加工中得到潜在的利用,如膳食纤维面条、烘焙、浓缩和其他需要油和水分保持的食品。
GA和GDRI指标是评价膳食纤维对肠道血糖影响的重要体外参数。已有研究表明,竹笋、谷物等高膳食纤维食品可以延迟或者降低消化道对葡萄糖的吸收,进而呈现一定的降血糖功能[50]。如表5所示,四种膳食纤维样品对不同浓度的葡萄糖(50~200 mmol/g)均表现出了有效的吸附能力,且每种样品对葡萄糖的吸附量与葡萄糖浓度均成正比,在葡萄糖低浓度条件下,三种沙米SDF的GA值显著低于(P<0.05)藜麦SDF,当葡萄糖浓度达到200 mmol/g时,沙米和藜麦SDF的GA值没有显著性差异;藜麦SDF的GDRI值在30~120 min范围内均高于三种沙米SDF。这可能是因为藜麦SDF相对更疏松的质地,增加了吸收葡萄糖的接触面积,减缓了葡萄糖溶液的扩散速度,进而表现出相对沙米SDF较高的GA和GDRI值,此发现与Gu等[51]对不同酶处理的马铃薯皮SDF的研究结果一致;高糖浓度(200 mmol/L)下两种SDF的葡萄糖吸附能力没有显著性差异,这可能归因于两者相似的黏度,SDF的黏性可以增强葡萄糖分子在纤维网络内的包裹,从而延缓葡萄糖的扩散[25],达到吸附葡萄糖的效果。三种沙米IDF的GA和GDRI值在三种葡萄糖浓度下均显著高于(P<0.05)藜麦IDF,沙米和藜麦IDF脱酚后的GA和GDRI值均显著低于(P<0.05)相对应的未脱酚的IDF样品。这可能主要还是因为沙米IDF相对藜麦IDF具有更多孔的结构;其次,酚酸基团对葡萄糖有很强的亲和力[52],因此脱酚IDF的GA和GDRI值相对于未脱酚IDF显著降低。
通过抑制参与碳水化合物消化的α-淀粉酶和α-葡萄糖苷酶的活性降低葡萄糖吸收率和餐后血糖升高,在控制高血糖和糖尿病方面已经取得了巨大成功[53]。前人研究表明,膳食纤维可以通过增加胃肠道粘液的粘度或将酶和底物包裹在纤维的网络结构中来降低酶和底物之间的可达性,也可以通过形成酶-抑制剂或酶-抑制剂-底物复合物来改变α-淀粉酶的构象这两种主要方式减弱α-淀粉酶的酶促反应[54−55]。沙米和藜麦膳食纤维样品的α-淀粉酶和α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性如表6所示。沙米SDF对α-淀粉酶和α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制活性均显著小于(P<0.05)藜麦SDF,这可能是因为藜麦SDF具有更高的纯度(表1)和比表面积(结构疏松、孔隙度高),高孔隙表面结构就是导致膳食纤维具有高α-淀粉酶抑制活性的主要原因[54];沙米IDF的α-淀粉酶和α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制活性均显著(P<0.05)高于藜麦IDF,脱酚IDF的酶抑制活性显著低于相对应的未脱酚的IDF样品,这可能是由于沙米IDF对于藜麦IDF含有更多的结合酚导致的,多项研究表明IDF脱酚之后其α-淀粉酶和α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性均显著下降[9,56−57];沙米和藜麦结合酚对两种酶的抑制活性均没有显著性差异,这进一步验证了藜麦IDF中含有更高的结合酚。
DPPH自由基清除活性、羟基自由基清除活性和还原力实验被广泛用于评价膳食抗氧化剂的体外活性。如表7所示,沙米SDF的DPPH自由基清除活性显著高于(P<0.05)藜麦SDF,这是因为沙米SDF中含有更多的木糖(表2),木糖的C(O)-2和C(O)-3位点存在较多的羟基,可以提供电子或氢原子与自由基结合[21];而沙米SDF的羟基自由基清除活性却显著(P<0.05)低于藜麦SDF,这归因于藜麦SDF中含有更多的醛酸(表2),这可能会改变多糖的性质,提高其抗氧化活性[58];藜麦SDF的还原能力显著(P<0.05)高于沙米SDF,所有SDF样品的抗氧化活性均高于IDF样品,这与Chen等[9]对藜麦和小麦膳食纤维的抗氧化活性的研究结果一致;沙米IDF的DPPH自由基清除活性、羟基自由基清除活性和还原力均显著(P<0.05)优于藜麦IDF,脱酚IDF的三种抗氧化能力均显著(P<0.05)低于相对应的未脱酚IDF样品,表明IDF样品的抗氧化能力部分来自其结合酚,因为沙米IDF中结合酚含量显著(P<0.05)高于(表5)藜麦IDF,因此沙米IDF抗氧化性能优于藜麦IDF;沙米和藜麦IDF结合酚的三种抗氧化能力之间无显著性差异,这表明沙米和藜麦IDF的结合酚的组成可能相似。
本研究对比分析了沙米与藜麦SDF和IDF的结构、理化性质和功能特性。结果表明,藜麦SDF较沙米SDF具有更疏松多孔的网络结构,而藜麦IDF的结构相对于沙米IDF更致密;沙米IDF的结合酚含量、持水力及胆固醇吸附能力显著高于藜麦IDF;沙米IDF的GA值、GDRI值、α-淀粉酶抑制能力、α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制能力、DPPH自由基清除活性、羟基自由基清除活性和还原力均高于藜麦IDF;但是藜麦SDF的体外降糖活性、羟基自由基清除活性和还原力优于沙米SDF。总体来说,沙米和藜麦膳食纤维由于网络结构、单糖组成和结合酚含量不同而表现出各有优势的物理性质和功能特性,沙米膳食纤维可以认为是一种功能优异的膳食纤维资源。本研究为沙米资源的深度开发利用提供了重要的理论及实践指导,但需结合多学科技术从分子水平剖析沙米膳食纤维与酚类物质结合位点,为其在精准营养和慢性病防控领域的创新应用提供科学支撑。

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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020057
  • 接收时间:2025-02-12
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-01-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-12
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    北方民族大学生物科学与工程学院,食品生产与安全协同创新中心,宁夏银川 750021

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韩立宏(1979−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:谷物深加工理论及应用,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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