Article(id=1320883684866118568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320883558764359808, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1738944000000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852811303, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1776182400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852811303, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852811303, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852811303, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320883558764359808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='524', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1776182400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852781239, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852781239, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=55, endPage=67, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320883685117776809, articleId=1320883684866118568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Influence of Rutin Addition Amount on the Physicochemical Properties, Stability and in Vitro Digestibility of Heat-induced Rutin-Soybean Protein Complex High-phase-inversion Emulsions, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study involved the thermal-induced covalent conjugation of soy protein isolate (soy protein isolate, SPI, 2%, w/v) with different concentrations of rutin (0%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, w/v) to prepare rutin-soy protein isolate (rutin-soy protein isolate, R-SPI) complex particles. These R-SPI particles were used as stabilizers to prepare high internal phase emulsions (high internal phase emulsions, HIPEs) with soy oil by one-pot homogenization. The effects of different rutin addition amounts on the particle size, zeta potential, rheological properties, interface protein adsorption rate, thermodynamic properties and microstructure of R-SPI composite HIPEs systems were investigated. The storage stability, thermal stability, acid-base stability, ionic stability, oxidation stability and digestive properties of the emulsion system were also studied. It was found that as the rutin concentration increased, the storage modulus (G') and loss modulus (G'') of HIPEs increased. When the rutin addition amount was 2.5%, the G' and G'' of HIPEs reached the maximum, and at this time, the particle size (1494.23±54.05 nm) and potential (−59.23±1.82 mV) of HIPEs reached the minimum values. At this time, the interface protein adsorption rate and free fatty acid release amount of HIPEs were the highest compared to other treatment groups (P<0.05). Further analysis of the stability of HIPEs revealed that after heating at 100 ℃ for 15 minutes, all treatment groups showed oil precipitation, while the HIPEs stabilized by R-SPI had stronger thermal stability, manifested by higher storage modulus (G'). Moreover, with the increase in rutin concentration, the acid-base stability, ionic stability and centrifugal stability of HIPEs increased. When the rutin concentration was 2.5%~3%, the alkaline stability, ionic stability and centrifugal stability of other treatment groups were better, and HIPEs with this concentration range showed stronger antioxidant capacity after accelerated oxidation. These findings will provide theoretical basis and experimental guidance for the development of new functional food-grade HIPEs.

, authors=Juyang ZHAO1, Jing LIU1, Changmou LIANG1, Can SU1, Wei DU1, Ying SUN1, *, Xin BIAN2, *, authorsList=Juyang ZHAO, Jing LIU, Changmou LIANG, Can SU, Wei DU, Ying SUN, Xin BIAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ying SUN, Xin BIAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320883689383384006, articleId=1320883684866118568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=芦丁添加量对热诱导芦丁-大豆分离蛋白复合高内相乳液理化性质、稳定性及体外消化性的影响, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究将大豆分离蛋白(Soy protein isolate,SPI,2%,w/v)与不同浓度芦丁(0%、0.5%、1%、1.5%、2%、2.5%、3%,w/v)热诱导共价复合,制备芦丁-大豆分离蛋白(Rutin-Soy protein isolate,R-SPI)复合物颗粒,以此R-SPI颗粒作为稳定剂与大豆油通过一锅均质法制备成高内相乳液(High internal phase emulsions,HIPEs)。考察不同芦丁添加量对R-SPI复合HIPEs体系粒径、Zeta电位、流变特性、界面蛋白吸附率、热力学特性和微观结构的影响,并研究乳液体系的贮藏稳定性、热稳定性、酸碱稳定性、离子稳定性、氧化稳定性和消化特性。结果发现,随着芦丁浓度的提高,HIPEs的储能模量(G')、损耗模量(G'')增加,当芦丁添加量为2.5%时,HIPEs的G'和G''最大,此时HIPEs粒径(1494.23±54.05 nm)和电位(−59.23±1.82 mV)均达到最小值,且此时HIPEs的界面蛋白吸附率和游离脂肪酸释放量相较于其他处理组达到最大(P<0.05)。进一步分析HIPEs的稳定性发现,经100 ℃加热15 min各处理组出现析油现象,而由R-SPI稳定的HIPEs的热稳定性较强,表现为储能模量(G')较高,此外,随着芦丁浓度的增加,HIPEs酸碱稳定性、离子稳定性、离心稳定性上升,当芦丁浓度为2.5%~3%时,酸碱稳定性、离子稳定性、离心稳定性相较于其他处理组较优,并且在此浓度范围内加速氧化后的HIPEs具有更强的抗氧化能力。这些发现将对开发新型功能性食品级HIPEs提供理论依据和实验指导。

, authors=赵钜阳1, 刘静1, 梁昌谋1, 苏灿1, 杜威1, 孙莹1, *, 边鑫2, *, authorsList=赵钜阳, 刘静, 梁昌谋, 苏灿, 杜威, 孙莹, 边鑫, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=孙莹, 边鑫, authorNote=

赵钜阳(1987−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:生物活性物质递送,蛋白质基凝胶体系构建,中式预制菜肴开发,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
孙莹(1982−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:双蛋白基凝胶体系构建,E-mail:。
边鑫(1986−),男,博士,讲师,研究方向:谷物加工,E-mail:。
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赵钜阳(1987−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:生物活性物质递送,蛋白质基凝胶体系构建,中式预制菜肴开发,E-mail:

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

赵钜阳(1987−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:生物活性物质递送,蛋白质基凝胶体系构建,中式预制菜肴开发,E-mail:

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LWT, 2023, 182: 114780., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320883689781842887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883684866118568, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320883689802814408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883684866118568, companyId=1320883689781842887, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Tourism and Cuisine, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150028, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320883689840563145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883684866118568, companyId=1320883689781842887, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1哈尔滨商业大学旅游烹饪学院,黑龙江哈尔滨 150028)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320883689928643530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883684866118568, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320883689941226443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883684866118568, companyId=1320883689928643530, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2College of Food Science and Engineering, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150028, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320883689953809356, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883684866118568, companyId=1320883689928643530, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2哈尔滨商业大学食品工程学院,黑龙江哈尔滨 150028)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320883694873727994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883684866118568, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Rheological properties of rutin-soy protein isolate HIPEs isolate, figureFileSmall=mcM90loZDTJe9IDTJQl1sA==, figureFileBig=t4ab5K84GfmQLEx+ssqXcA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883695129580539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883684866118568, language=CN, label=图1, caption=芦丁-大豆分离蛋白HIPEs的流变特性, figureFileSmall=mcM90loZDTJe9IDTJQl1sA==, figureFileBig=t4ab5K84GfmQLEx+ssqXcA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883695309935613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883684866118568, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Differential scanning calorimetric analysis of rutin-soy protein isolate HIPEs, figureFileSmall=hGlMcA3gVjZnp6AyuhU+nw==, figureFileBig=FCXXnZHY2a3GhzO8fHTOpA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883695381238782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883684866118568, language=CN, label=图2, caption=芦丁-大豆分离蛋白HIPEs的差示扫描量热分析结果, figureFileSmall=hGlMcA3gVjZnp6AyuhU+nw==, figureFileBig=FCXXnZHY2a3GhzO8fHTOpA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883695532233727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883684866118568, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Adsorption rate of interfacial protein of rutin-soybean protein isolate HIPEs, figureFileSmall=ElBcQrNJBOICJRNLnNfNmg==, figureFileBig=BtsZxCnhMFiD6Wn9iR5yxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883695599342592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883684866118568, language=CN, label=图3, caption=芦丁-大豆分离蛋白HIPEs的界面蛋白吸附率

注:小写字母不同表示组间差异显著(P<0.05)。

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label=图11, caption=芦丁-大豆分离蛋白HIPEs的离心稳定性

注:小写字母不同表示组间差异显著(P<0.05)。

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Particle size and zeta potential of rutin-soybean protein isolate HIPEs

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
芦丁添加量(%)粒径(nm)多分散性指数(PDI)ζ电位(mV)
06420.45±1167.95a0.52±0.15a−37.79±1.35a
0.55716.70±837.42a0.31±0.14b−42.86±0.81ab
12854.24±316.30b0.34±0.11b−44.47±0.31bc
1.52677.58±408.57b0.38±0.10ab−45.97±1.54bc
22621.32±538.90b0.40±0.08ab−51.91±3.84d
2.51494.23±54.05c0.40±0.03ab−59.23±1.82e
32231.03±156.02bc0.44±0.07ab−48.12±3.49cd
), ArticleFig(id=1320883699739119640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883684866118568, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

芦丁-大豆分离蛋白HIPEs的粒径和Zeta电位

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
芦丁添加量(%)粒径(nm)多分散性指数(PDI)ζ电位(mV)
06420.45±1167.95a0.52±0.15a−37.79±1.35a
0.55716.70±837.42a0.31±0.14b−42.86±0.81ab
12854.24±316.30b0.34±0.11b−44.47±0.31bc
1.52677.58±408.57b0.38±0.10ab−45.97±1.54bc
22621.32±538.90b0.40±0.08ab−51.91±3.84d
2.51494.23±54.05c0.40±0.03ab−59.23±1.82e
32231.03±156.02bc0.44±0.07ab−48.12±3.49cd
), ArticleFig(id=1320883699814617113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883684866118568, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Peak temperature and enthalpy values in differential scanning calorimetric analysis of rutin-soy protein isolate HIPEs

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
程序芦丁添加量(%)峰值温度(℃)焓值(J/g)
降温段0−13.91±0.75c−169.66±29.08a
0.5−12.41±0.28b−204.46±4.63ab
1−12.01±0.13ab−273.29±7.91cd
1.5−11.85±0.04ab−286.42±28.49cd
2−11.75±0.01ab−290.57±12.08cd
2.5−11.01±0.13a−307.56±7.63d
3−11.41±0.07ab−240.14±2.44bc
升温段03.57±0.46a303.24±67.50b
0.54.10±0.25a317.82±15.48ab
13.72±0.27a425.20±7.76a
1.54.11±0.68a395.20±17.82ab
23.49±0.78a359.21±37.49ab
2.54.22±0.09a416.96±54.07ab
34.21±0.12a355.51±30.11ab
), ArticleFig(id=1320883699890114586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883684866118568, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

芦丁-大豆分离蛋白HIPEs的 差示扫描量热分析图谱中的峰值温度及焓值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
程序芦丁添加量(%)峰值温度(℃)焓值(J/g)
降温段0−13.91±0.75c−169.66±29.08a
0.5−12.41±0.28b−204.46±4.63ab
1−12.01±0.13ab−273.29±7.91cd
1.5−11.85±0.04ab−286.42±28.49cd
2−11.75±0.01ab−290.57±12.08cd
2.5−11.01±0.13a−307.56±7.63d
3−11.41±0.07ab−240.14±2.44bc
升温段03.57±0.46a303.24±67.50b
0.54.10±0.25a317.82±15.48ab
13.72±0.27a425.20±7.76a
1.54.11±0.68a395.20±17.82ab
23.49±0.78a359.21±37.49ab
2.54.22±0.09a416.96±54.07ab
34.21±0.12a355.51±30.11ab
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芦丁添加量对热诱导芦丁-大豆分离蛋白复合高内相乳液理化性质、稳定性及体外消化性的影响
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赵钜阳 1 , 刘静 1 , 梁昌谋 1 , 苏灿 1 , 杜威 1 , 孙莹 1, * , 边鑫 2, *
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(8): 55-67
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (8) : 55 -67
芦丁添加量对热诱导芦丁-大豆分离蛋白复合高内相乳液理化性质、稳定性及体外消化性的影响
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赵钜阳(1987−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:生物活性物质递送,蛋白质基凝胶体系构建,中式预制菜肴开发,E-mail:

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赵钜阳(1987−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:生物活性物质递送,蛋白质基凝胶体系构建,中式预制菜肴开发,E-mail:

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赵钜阳1 , 刘静1, 梁昌谋1, 苏灿1, 杜威1, 孙莹1, * , 边鑫2, *
作者信息
  • 1哈尔滨商业大学旅游烹饪学院,黑龙江哈尔滨 150028
  • 2哈尔滨商业大学食品工程学院,黑龙江哈尔滨 150028
通讯作者:
孙莹(1982−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:双蛋白基凝胶体系构建,E-mail:。
边鑫(1986−),男,博士,讲师,研究方向:谷物加工,E-mail:。
作者简介:

赵钜阳(1987−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:生物活性物质递送,蛋白质基凝胶体系构建,中式预制菜肴开发,E-mail:

Influence of Rutin Addition Amount on the Physicochemical Properties, Stability and in Vitro Digestibility of Heat-induced Rutin-Soybean Protein Complex High-phase-inversion Emulsions
Juyang ZHAO1 , Jing LIU1, Changmou LIANG1, Can SU1, Wei DU1, Ying SUN1, * , Xin BIAN2, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Tourism and Cuisine, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150028, China
  • 2College of Food Science and Engineering, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150028, China
出版时间: 2026-04-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020004
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本研究将大豆分离蛋白(Soy protein isolate,SPI,2%,w/v)与不同浓度芦丁(0%、0.5%、1%、1.5%、2%、2.5%、3%,w/v)热诱导共价复合,制备芦丁-大豆分离蛋白(Rutin-Soy protein isolate,R-SPI)复合物颗粒,以此R-SPI颗粒作为稳定剂与大豆油通过一锅均质法制备成高内相乳液(High internal phase emulsions,HIPEs)。考察不同芦丁添加量对R-SPI复合HIPEs体系粒径、Zeta电位、流变特性、界面蛋白吸附率、热力学特性和微观结构的影响,并研究乳液体系的贮藏稳定性、热稳定性、酸碱稳定性、离子稳定性、氧化稳定性和消化特性。结果发现,随着芦丁浓度的提高,HIPEs的储能模量(G')、损耗模量(G'')增加,当芦丁添加量为2.5%时,HIPEs的G'和G''最大,此时HIPEs粒径(1494.23±54.05 nm)和电位(−59.23±1.82 mV)均达到最小值,且此时HIPEs的界面蛋白吸附率和游离脂肪酸释放量相较于其他处理组达到最大(P<0.05)。进一步分析HIPEs的稳定性发现,经100 ℃加热15 min各处理组出现析油现象,而由R-SPI稳定的HIPEs的热稳定性较强,表现为储能模量(G')较高,此外,随着芦丁浓度的增加,HIPEs酸碱稳定性、离子稳定性、离心稳定性上升,当芦丁浓度为2.5%~3%时,酸碱稳定性、离子稳定性、离心稳定性相较于其他处理组较优,并且在此浓度范围内加速氧化后的HIPEs具有更强的抗氧化能力。这些发现将对开发新型功能性食品级HIPEs提供理论依据和实验指导。

高内相乳液  /  芦丁-大豆分离蛋白复合物  /  乳液稳定性  /  体外消化特性  /  脂质氧化

This study involved the thermal-induced covalent conjugation of soy protein isolate (soy protein isolate, SPI, 2%, w/v) with different concentrations of rutin (0%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, w/v) to prepare rutin-soy protein isolate (rutin-soy protein isolate, R-SPI) complex particles. These R-SPI particles were used as stabilizers to prepare high internal phase emulsions (high internal phase emulsions, HIPEs) with soy oil by one-pot homogenization. The effects of different rutin addition amounts on the particle size, zeta potential, rheological properties, interface protein adsorption rate, thermodynamic properties and microstructure of R-SPI composite HIPEs systems were investigated. The storage stability, thermal stability, acid-base stability, ionic stability, oxidation stability and digestive properties of the emulsion system were also studied. It was found that as the rutin concentration increased, the storage modulus (G') and loss modulus (G'') of HIPEs increased. When the rutin addition amount was 2.5%, the G' and G'' of HIPEs reached the maximum, and at this time, the particle size (1494.23±54.05 nm) and potential (−59.23±1.82 mV) of HIPEs reached the minimum values. At this time, the interface protein adsorption rate and free fatty acid release amount of HIPEs were the highest compared to other treatment groups (P<0.05). Further analysis of the stability of HIPEs revealed that after heating at 100 ℃ for 15 minutes, all treatment groups showed oil precipitation, while the HIPEs stabilized by R-SPI had stronger thermal stability, manifested by higher storage modulus (G'). Moreover, with the increase in rutin concentration, the acid-base stability, ionic stability and centrifugal stability of HIPEs increased. When the rutin concentration was 2.5%~3%, the alkaline stability, ionic stability and centrifugal stability of other treatment groups were better, and HIPEs with this concentration range showed stronger antioxidant capacity after accelerated oxidation. These findings will provide theoretical basis and experimental guidance for the development of new functional food-grade HIPEs.

high internal phase emulsion  /  rutin-soybean protein isolate complex  /  emulsion stability  /  digestive characteristics in vitro  /  lipid oxidation
赵钜阳, 刘静, 梁昌谋, 苏灿, 杜威, 孙莹, 边鑫. 芦丁添加量对热诱导芦丁-大豆分离蛋白复合高内相乳液理化性质、稳定性及体外消化性的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (8) : 55 -67 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020004
Juyang ZHAO, Jing LIU, Changmou LIANG, Can SU, Wei DU, Ying SUN, Xin BIAN. Influence of Rutin Addition Amount on the Physicochemical Properties, Stability and in Vitro Digestibility of Heat-induced Rutin-Soybean Protein Complex High-phase-inversion Emulsions[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (8) : 55 -67 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020004
高内相乳液(High internal phase emulsions,HIPEs)是指油相体积比例大于或等于74%(ϕ≥0.74)的乳液,呈半固体或固体,因此又称为高浓缩型乳液或者凝胶乳液[1],与液态乳液相比,HIPEs具有更好的可塑流变特性和较好的稳定性结构,这使得HIPEs在可食用3D打印油墨、动物脂肪代替物和生物材料的制备等方面拥有广阔的应用前景[2]。传统HIPEs在制备过程中通常使用合成表面活性剂、无机和化学合成颗粒来稳定,但无机稳定剂和合成稳定剂,存在稳定性有限、生物相容性差和成本高等弊端。因此,大量研究倾向于使用安全、环保的天然生物大分子(蛋白质、多糖、复合物)及其制备的固体颗粒来稳定HIPEs并应用于食品中[3]。蛋白质基颗粒由于环境友好性和良好的界面效应,可以用来稳定HIPEs。然而,由于天然蛋白质两亲性不足不能够有效的稳定HIPEs。蛋白质经改性处理或与其他分子(如多糖、多酚或蛋白质等)结合能够克服这些限制[4]。近年来,蛋白质与多酚的相互作用已成为研究热点。众多研究表明,多酚能够与蛋白质相互作用,形成蛋白质-多酚复合物,能够改善蛋白质的功能特性,如乳化性、胶凝性和发泡性[5−7]。
芦丁作为槲皮素(黄酮醇)与芦丁糖(双糖)形成的糖苷,呈淡黄色或淡绿色,可溶于乙醇、热水及碱水等。其结构含多个官能团,具备抗氧化[8]、抗炎[9]、抗癌[10]、抗高血压[11]等多种生物活性,可用于多种疾病的治疗与预防。由于安全无毒且功能优良,芦丁已广泛应用于食品、药品和营养学领域,并且芦丁可以通过共价和非共价的方式,与蛋白质相互作用形成具有抗氧化性的复合物,从而在提高乳化剂的乳化能力的基础上,进一步提高乳化剂的抗氧化性[12−13]。据报道,与单独添加蛋白质的乳液相比,添加2.5 mg/mL猪骨蛋白水解物-芦丁耦联物的乳状液具有更高的乳化稳定性,且具有更小的液滴尺寸和更均匀的液滴分布[14]。Peng等[15]研究了大豆β-伴大豆球蛋白和表没食子儿茶素-3-没食子酸酯复合纳米颗粒稳定的HIPEs,发现这些HIPEs具有耐高温和较好的储存稳定性,能够抑制脂质氧化,并对包封在油相中的β-胡萝卜素具有良好的加热保护作用。
大豆分离蛋白(soybean protein isolate,SPI)是大豆油生产中的副产品,因其营养价值高、成本低廉,来源广而在食品工业中得到了广泛利用。SPI具有乳化性、粘弹性、凝胶性、持水性、起泡性等功能[3],这些功能特性是由SPI的两亲性质决定的:SPI的氨基酸序列中有较高比例的疏水性残基(>40%)和一定比例的酸性/碱性氨基酸;分子链在疏水作用、氢键和范德华力的作用下,形成疏水核心区[16]。这种结构一方面使大豆蛋白本身具有乳化性、起泡性等功能,另一方面也为蛋白与小分子活性物质结合提供了疏水位点,使得SPI可以作为疏水物质的良好载体。另外,因为SPI具有油水两亲性,可以作为乳化剂构建乳液体系。课题组前期研究表明,通过芦丁与SPI形成复合物可以提高SPI的乳化性,并且复合物具有良好的界面活性[7]。基于此特性发现以芦丁-SPI复合物为乳化剂可以稳定高内相乳液[17]。
本文研究不同芦丁添加量对热诱导R-SPI复合HIPEs性质的影响,通过粒径、电位、流变性质、热特性等分析乳液理化性质;界面蛋白吸附率、消化特性、稳定性和脂质氧化表征乳液贮藏与消化特性,旨在为研究多酚-蛋白质复合颗粒改善HIPEs乳液性质,制备具有较强抗氧化性、贮藏特性并利于消化的HIPEs提供一定的参考依据。
芦丁(≥98%) 合肥博美生物公司;大豆分离蛋白(>98%) 优宝嘉食品有限公司;大豆油 益海嘉里有限公司;盐酸 优级纯,北京化工厂;过硫酸钾 分析纯,天津市鑫铂特化工有限公司;脂肪酶(30000 U/g)、胰酶(1:4000)、胃蛋白酶(1:3000) 上海源叶生物科技有限公司;实验试剂均为分析纯。
T18DS25均质机 德国IKA;H1850R高速离心机 湖南湘仪实验室仪器开发有限公司;UV-800紫外可见分光光度计 上海元析仪器有限公司;VORTEX 3涡流振荡仪 德国IKA;DK-9S-Ⅱ电热恒温水浴锅 天津市泰斯仪器有限公司;A01-10NA0899冷冻干燥机 宁波新芝生物科技有限公司;DSC4000差示扫描热量仪 美国珀金埃尔默股份有限公司;MCR102流变仪 澳大利亚Anton Paar公司;Nano ZS激光粒度仪 英国马尔文仪器公司。
根据Zhou等[18]的实验方法适当修改,将不同质量0%、0.5%、1%、1.5%、2%、2.5%、3%(w/v,溶液百分比)的芦丁及2%(w/v)大豆分离蛋白分别称重溶解于蒸馏水中,两种溶液混合后搅拌15 min,调节pH为7.0,于90 ℃加热30 min。将反应样品透析48 h(分子截流量8000~14000 kDa),以除去未反应的游离的芦丁,每2 h更换一次水,将透析液冷冻真空干燥后备用。其中,不同浓度的芦丁制备的R-SPI复合颗粒分别记为:0% R-SPI(对照组)、0.5%、1%、1.5%、2%、2.5%、3% R-SPI。前期研究表明1%(w/v)的芦丁及2%(w/v)大豆分离蛋白复合的结合率为28.53%。
参考于迪[19]的实验方法并稍作修改,首先将冻干的R-SPI以蒸馏水溶解,并装在100 mL的烧杯中,制备成质量分数4%(w/v)的溶液(20%的水相),用150 mm的转子搅拌2 h,确保充分分散。在4 ℃条件下搅拌过夜以充分水合。大豆油为油相(80%)。将水相与油相混合,11000 r/min均质2 min,得到R-SPI稳定大豆油的高内相乳液。
用激光粒度分析仪测量HIPEs液滴的粒径分布[20]。为了避免多次散射效应,每个样品分散在蒸馏水中,于25 ℃测定HIPEs的平均粒径和Zeta电位,数据以mean±SD表示。
采用流变仪测定高内相乳液的流变性能[21],平行板(d=50 mm)。相关参数设定:测试温度25 ℃,两板间隔1 mm,频率扫描范围为0.1~10 Hz,应变为0.5%。用滴管吸取5 mL HIPEs,挤在流变仪的平行板上进行测试。
所有HIPEs使用差示扫描量热计进行热分析[22]。将7~12 mg样品置于铝锅中密封,空锅作为参考。样品保存在4 ℃直到分析。以10 ℃/min的速率从25 ℃冷却到−40 ℃,在−40 ℃下保持10 min,然后以10 ℃/min的速率从−40 ℃加热到100 ℃。采用Pyris Manager软件计算初始温度、峰值温度、结束温度、结晶焓、熔融焓。
参照李杨等[23]的方法并适当修改,乳液在12000 r/min下离心15 min后,取上层清液过滤,用BCA法测定滤液中的蛋白质量浓度。界面蛋白吸附率计算公式(1)如下:
$ \mathrm{界面蛋白吸附率}(\text{%})=\frac{{\mathrm{C}}_{0}-{\mathrm{C}}_{1}}{{\mathrm{C}}_{0}}\times 100 $
式中:C0为制备乳液的水相中的蛋白质质量浓度,mg/mL;C1为乳液离心后未吸附层(下清层+沉淀层)中的蛋白质浓度,mg/mL。
将制备好的HIPEs装入玻璃瓶中,立即拍照记录。采用光学显微镜观察HIPEs的显微结构。将一滴稀释后的HIPEs滴入玻璃载玻片,并用盖玻片覆盖。样品在25 ℃下用物镜100×放大观察。
将乳液置于4 ℃的冰箱中保存40 d,并测定其流变性质,方法同1.2.4。
HIPEs热稳定性按照Miao等[24]的方法测定。将HIPEs在水浴锅加热(100 ℃,15 min),然后在冰水浴中冷却后,并测定其流变性质,方法同1.2.4。
用勺子将乳液小心填入5 mL量筒中,避免气泡,垂直静置片刻,待乳液自然下沉至刻度线,缓慢移至目标容器,刮净残留。然后分别取2 mL 0.02、0.1和0.5 mol/L NaCl 溶液添加至5 mL乳液中。混匀后在室温下静置12 h,对乳状液分层现象进行观察并拍照记录,并计算乳析指数(Creaming index,CI),乳析指数计算公式(2)如下:
$ \mathrm{CI}(\text{%})=\frac{\text{HSL}}{\text{HT}}\times 100 $
式中:HT为乳状液的总高度,cm;HSL为清层高度,cm。
调节蒸馏水pH至3、7、11,溶解芦丁-大豆分离蛋白复合物,制备成质量分数4%(w/v)的溶液(20%的水相),大豆油为油相(80%)。将水相与油相混合,11000 r/min均质2 min,得到R-SPI稳定大豆油的高内相乳液。在室温下静置12 h,测定乳析指数并拍照。
参考赵妍嫣等[25]的方法并适当修改测定离心稳定性。将制备的芦丁-大豆分离蛋白HIPEs置于离心管中,使用台式高速离心机在4 ℃下以11000 r/min离心10 min。去除上层析出的大豆油和下清液后,称重得到质量,按照下式计算HIPEs的离心稳定性:
$ \text{离心稳定性}(\text{%})=\frac{{\mathrm{m}}_{2}}{{\mathrm{m}}_{1}}\times 100 $
式中:m1为离心前芦丁-大豆分离蛋白HIPEs的质量,g;m2为离心后去除上层析出的大豆油和下清液后的芦丁-大豆分离蛋白HIPEs的质量,g。
将乳液在−20 ℃下冷冻24 h后,于室温解冻,并记录HIPEs的宏观图像。
将乳液置于50 ℃的常亮恒温箱中储存15 d,然后测定HIPEs的初级氧化产物(氢过氧化物)和次级氧化产物(丙二醛)的生成量。
参考Wang等[26]的方法并稍作改动。将等分(0.1 g)HIPEs样品与1.5 mL异辛烷/2-丙醇(3:1,v/v)涡旋混合(3次,每次约10 s)。然后将混合物在1000×g下离心2 min,取上清液。将200 μL上清液加入2.8 mL甲醇:1-丁醇(2:1,v/v)混合物中,然后加入15 μL 3.94 mol/L硫氰酸铵和15 μL亚铁溶液(由0.132 mol/L BaCl2和0.144 mol/L FeSO4混合而成)。反应20 min后,在520 nm处测定样品的吸光度。采用双氧水异丙苯标准曲线(y=0.5406x−0.0021,R2=0.9995)计算HIPEs的氢过氧化物浓度。氢过氧化物值计算公式(4)如下:
$ \mathrm{X}=\frac{\mathrm{C}\times \mathrm{V}}{\mathrm{m}}\times \frac{1000}{34} $
式中:X为试样中氢过氧化值含量,μmol/g;C为根据标准曲线中得到的样品溶液中氢过氧化物浓度,mg/mL;V为样品溶液总体积,mL;m为样品质量,g;1000/34为换算系数。
按照Peng等[15]的方法并适当修改。将0.1 g HIPE样品加入去离子水(1.8 mL),然后与2.0 mL TBA试剂(2.5%(w/v)三氯乙酸和0.375%(w/v)TBA)在0.25 mol/L HCl中混合3次。沸水加热15 min(空气冷却至室温)后,用1.5 μm微孔膜过滤。在532 nm处测定吸光度。采用1,1,3,3-四乙氧基丙烷标准曲线(y=1.6664x+0.0019,R2=0.9991)计算丙二醛的生成量。
$ \mathrm{X}=\frac{\mathrm{c}\times \mathrm{V}}{\mathrm{m}}\times \frac{1}{72} $
式中:X为试样中丙二醛含量,μmol/g;c为从标准系列曲线中得到的试样溶液中丙二醛的浓度,μg/mL;V为试样溶液定容体积,mL;m为最终试样溶液所代表的试样质量,g;1/72为换算系数。
按照姚弘彬等[27]的方法并稍作修改,胃消化阶段:将0.32 g胃蛋白酶和0.2 NaCl混合,用10 mmol/L磷酸盐缓冲溶液定容到100 mL的容量瓶中,并用1.0 mol/L的HCl将pH调至2.0,得到模拟胃液。分别取9 mL乳液与30 mL模拟胃液混合均匀,用0.1 mol/L的NaOH和1.0 mol/L的HCl将混合液的pH调至2.0,模拟胃液消化时间为0.5 h。
肠消化阶段:消化液冷却至室温,用0.1 mol/L的NaOH将消化液调节为pH7.0。取10 mL乳液按照顺序依次加入8 mL 48.5 mg/mL胆盐溶液、2 mL 750 mmol/L CaCl2溶液、10 mL 12 g/mL胰脂肪酶溶液,混合均匀。然后加入0.1 mol/L的NaOH使得pH为7.0,在消化过程中记录加入NaOH的量。整个消化过程持续1.5 h。整个消化过程在37 ℃和200 r/min恒温震荡箱中进行。体外消化率用FFA释放量表示,按公式(6)计算。
$ \text{FFA}\mathrm{释放量}(\text{%})=\frac{\mathrm{V}\times \mathrm{C}\text{×1000}}{\mathrm{W}} $
式中:V为NaOH的添加量,mL;C为NaOH的浓度,mol/L;W为大豆油的质量,g。
采用Excel 2019进行数据的相关整理,实验均采用3次平行重复测定,实验结果以平均值±标准偏差方式表现。采用Statistix 8软件进行数据分析,所得的有效数据组采用Origin 2018软件作图。
R-SPI HIPEs的粒径和Zeta电位分布如表1所示,除0.5%添加量外,其余添加芦丁的HIPEs各处理组的平均粒径显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。特别是,当芦丁添加量为2.5%时,R-SPI HIPEs的粒径最小。这是由于芦丁与SPI发生的共价作用使SPI结构变得更加紧凑,有利于R-SPI复合物吸附在油-水界面上[7],当芦丁添加浓度适宜,就会形成一层更加紧密、规整的界面膜,有效阻止液滴之间的聚集,降低界面张力,使油滴更均匀的分散在水相中,形成粒径更小的乳液液滴[28]。Chen等[29]研究也得到了类似的结论,发现添加姜黄素制备形成姜黄素-SPI颗粒制备的乳液粒径减小,这主要源于姜黄素与SPI发生疏水相互作用诱导蛋白构象更加紧凑。当芦丁添加量为3%时,HIPEs粒径反而增加,但仍显著小于对照组(P<0.05)。这可能是由于高浓度芦丁可能在水相中形成聚集体颗粒,这些聚集体可能作为异质成核点,吸附到乳液液滴表面,引发液滴聚集,导致粒径增大[30]。
多分散指数(PDI)可以用来反映颗粒的粒径分布程度,PDI值越高,说明粒径分布越不均匀,当PDI小于0.5时,表明此颗粒在溶液中具有良好的分散性及稳定性[31]。由表1可知,由R-SPI稳定的HIPEs处理组的PDI均小于0.5,并且随着芦丁浓度的提高,PDI逐渐升高,这可能是由于芦丁浓度增加时,R-SPI复合物形态发生改变,在高浓度芦丁添加量下,芦丁与SPI之间的相互作用(氢键、疏水相互作用)变得复杂,使得R-SPI复合物的聚集方式和程度不同,导致乳液中液滴大小分布不均匀,PDI升高[32]。
Zeta电位是评价乳液性质的重要指标,Zeta电位的绝对值越大,对应乳液体系也就越趋于稳定[33]。从表1可以看出,芦丁添加量<2.5%时,随芦丁添加量的增加,HIPEs的Zeta电位的绝对值逐渐增加,当芦丁的添加量为2.5%时,乳液的Zeta电位的绝对值达到最高,乳液体系更加稳定。然而,当芦丁添加量为3%时,乳液的Zeta电位的绝对值降低。这可能是因为适当的芦丁添加量有助于复合物在油-水界面形成稳定的吸附层,复合物的带电有效阻止液滴聚集,导致Zeta电位的绝对值最大,稳定性较高[34]。有研究表明,蛋白质与多酚相互作用后可以改变蛋白质分子的表面电荷,使乳清分离蛋白-表没食子儿茶素-3-没食子酸酯共价耦联物稳定的Pickering高内相乳液的尺寸变小[35]。由SPI形成的HIPEs Zeta电位的绝对值最小,这是因为经过加热后的蛋白质结构展开,大量带电氨基酸(如谷氨酸和天冬氨酸)裸露出来[36],加入适当芦丁后,会引入更多带电基团,进一步增强SPI乳状液中的Zeta电位的负电荷,乳液液滴之间形成较强的静电斥力,从而提高HIPEs的稳定性。这与苦荞麸皮蛋白-芦丁共价复合乳液的变化趋势一致[37],苦荞麸皮蛋白-芦丁共价复合物形成β-胡萝卜素乳液相较于纯荞麸皮蛋白形成的β-胡萝卜素乳液具有更高的Zeta电位绝对值,能够有效抑制油滴聚集,稳定乳液。
频率扫描期间储能模量(G')用于描述HIPEs凝胶形成过程中的弹性特征,损耗模量(G'')用于描述HIPEs凝胶形成过程中的黏性特征。通常,在流变性质测定中,乳状液的G'大于G'',表明乳液形成了类固状物,并且模量随着频率的提高而增大[35]。R-SPI HIPEs的粘弹性变化情况如图1所示,所有乳液的G'和G''均呈现随扫描频率的增加而上升,最后趋于稳定。HIPEs的G'和G''随着扫描频率的增加而逐渐上升的原因是HIPEs的制备过程中芦丁的加入增强了体系中蛋白质分子之间的交联,复合网络结构逐步形成。最后趋于稳定可能是因为参与交联的游离蛋白质分子减少,以及凝胶结构的基本形成[37]。所有的HIPEs的G'均大于G'',说明R-SPI乳液是类固体三维交联网络结构。随着芦丁添加量的增加,G'和G''逐渐增大,表明芦丁的加入改善了乳液的流变特性,主要可能是因为芦丁的加入增强了体系中蛋白质分子之间的交联,诱导形成了较厚的界面膜和致密而坚固的网络结构[38]。然而,当芦丁添加量增加至3%时,G'和G''反而减小,这可能是由于过量的芦丁与SPI结合,会屏蔽SPI的亲水基团,使蛋白聚集,降低HIPEs稳定性[39]。结合粒径和电位的结果发现,2.5% R-SPI颗粒稳定的HIPEs具有更小的液滴尺寸和更强的静电斥力,增强了HIPEs液滴的堆积,形成了抗絮凝致密结构,具有更坚固的流变特性。
差示扫描量热分析(DSC)被广泛应用于研究纯油和乳液体系中的脂肪相变热力学特性。油脂的物理状态(如熔化、结晶等)或晶型的变化都与热量的吸收(吸热)或释放(放热)有关[40]。通过计算峰面积确定其焓值,用差示扫描量热法对不同R-SPI颗粒稳定的HIPEs进行分析,如图2所示。在降温过程中所有HIPEs均在−17 ℃左右形成明显的放热峰;而在升温过程中则在3 ℃左右表现出一致的吸热反应。赵嘉雯[41]的研究也发现在升温过程中,HIPEs在0~2 ℃出现明显的吸热峰。截取以上两个较明显的吸放热峰于图2b及图2c中进行进一步比较分析。由图2b可以看出,HIPEs各处理组在降温段均表现出明显的结晶峰,大豆油的凝固点为−18~−15 ℃[42],在降温过程中,乳液出现结晶峰[43],一方面可能是因为在降温过程中,SPI分子的构象发生变化,蛋白质分子因为温度降低发生聚集,促进结晶。另一方面可能是因为蛋白质周围水分子的结构改变,蛋白质为了适应改变发生聚集和构象改变[44]。R-SPI稳定乳液放热峰的峰值温度显著高于对照组(P<0.05),并随着芦丁添加量的增加而提高,可能是因为芦丁与SPI之间通过氢键、疏水相互作用等非共价键结合,这种相互作用改变了SPI的结构,使得乳液稳定性增强,导致乳液在更高的温度下才出现状态变化,从而表现出较高的峰值温度[45−47]。各处理组的降温阶段焓值如表2所示,对照组HIPEs降温阶段的焓值显著高于芦丁添加量为1%~3%的R-SPI HIPEs的焓值(P<0.05)。这说明对照组HIPEs具有较强的晶化放热能力,而研究发现乳液的晶化放热能力强,意味着体系不稳定[48]。进一步分析由R-SPI稳定的HIPEs焓值变化趋势发现,随着芦丁添加量的增加,HIPEs焓值呈现先降低后升高的非单调性变化趋势,这一趋势与流变特性结果相似,表明由R-SPI稳定的HIPEs三维交联网络结构致密,有效抑制了降温阶段由冰晶生长引发的应力破坏和油水相分离,从而显著提升乳液的低温稳定性。DSC升温段的峰值温度及焓值见表2。与对照组相比,由R-SPI稳定的HIPEs乳液峰值温度和焓值整体呈升高趋势,仅在芦丁添加量为2%时峰值温度略有波动。这可能是由于芦丁与SPI发生共价结合,芦丁的羟基与SPI氨基酸残基结合使其空间结构展开,R-SPI稳定的HIPEs形成紧密交联的网状结构,从而令R-SPI HIPEs晶型崩解所需的能量提高。
乳液的稳定性是由其油水界面的性质和组成决定的。在蛋白质稳定的连续相中,蛋白质的组成成分和两亲性均会影响其对于界面层的吸附能力和吸附量,进而影响乳液性能。此外,油水界面上的蛋白质彼此之间相互作用(疏水作用、范德华力)也会影响其界面吸附能力及乳液性质,并最终影响乳液的稳定性[49]。如图3所示,R-SPI HIPEs的界面蛋白质吸附率随着芦丁添加量的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势,其中添加2.5%芦丁的处理组其界面蛋白质吸附率显著高于除添加量为3.0%以外的其他各处理组(P<0.05)。说明添加适量芦丁改变了SPI的构象,诱导SPI中的疏水基团暴露,增强了R-SPI的静电相互作用,增加了复合物对油相的亲和力,促进了在油水界面上的吸附作用,提高了SPI在油滴界面上的稳定性[50]。而当芦丁添加量增至3.0%时,R-SPI HIPEs的界面蛋白质吸附率反而降低,可能是因为过量芦丁使蛋白质逐渐形成二聚体或多聚物,二聚体和多聚物聚集成高分子量的不溶性团聚体[51],反而抑制蛋白质的界面吸附作用。
HIPEs外观图如图4所示。从图4a可看出,各HIPEs处理组均可倒置不流动,说明乳液的结构稳定呈类固态,并且具有类凝胶的粘附性及可塑性。SPI HIPEs呈现乳白色,受芦丁颜色(淡黄色或淡绿色)的影响,R-SPI HIPEs呈现淡黄色。光学显微镜可以直观地表征乳液颗粒大小、分散状况。图4b为通过光学显微镜观察的R-SPI HIPEs的表观形态,如图所示,对照组样品出现球状液滴大小不均的情况,部分液滴尺寸较大,而随着R-SPI添加量的增加,R-SPI稳定的HIPEs中液滴尺寸明显变小,且分布更加均匀。特别是当芦丁添加量为2%、2.5%和3%时,R-SPI HIPEs液滴呈现出规则的球形外观,乳液均一性较高。这与粒径和电位的结果一致。这是因为芦丁-SPI复合物作为乳液乳化剂时,芦丁的加入引入了带负电荷基团,液滴之间静电斥力变强,液滴不易聚集,有利于乳液平均粒径减小,乳液稳定性提高[52]。
图5a~图5b为HIPEs贮藏40 d的流变特性,如图5所示,贮藏40 d后,所有处理组HIPEs的G'均高于G'',由于乳状液的G'大于G'',表明乳液是以弹性响应为主,具有类固体形态[53]。因此说明由R-SPI形成的HIPEs经过贮藏后仍然是以弹性为主的类固体结构。这与图6贮藏40 d的外观图结果一致,乳液倒置后不流动。R-SPI HIPEs的G'和G''高于对照组,表明由R-SPI形成的HIPEs经过贮藏后仍优于SPI形成的HIPEs流变性能。对照组SPI稳定的液滴在储存过程中更容易聚集,而芦丁的加入提高了乳液的抗聚集能力。被SPI包裹的液滴可能在储存过程中缓慢聚集,这是由于球形蛋白在吸附到油水界面后展开的结果[54]。经过40 d贮藏,芦丁浓度为0.5%、1%和1.5%组R-SPI HIPEs的G'和G''变化不明显,适合的芦丁浓度(2.5%)能够较好地维持贮藏乳液稳定性。可能是由于R-SPI HIPEs中的油相在长期贮藏中发生自动氧化,生成自由基。这些自由基可与蛋白质的氨基酸残基发生反应,形成共价交联,导致蛋白质网络结构交联度增加。这与HIPEs的粒径、电位及界面蛋白吸附率的结果一致。适量的芦丁与SPI的紧密结合,使得R-SPI HIPEs凝胶网络结构更为致密,油水界面膜增厚,使液滴迁移率降低[55]。然而,过量添加芦丁则不利于R-SPI HIPEs的贮藏稳定性,相较于0 d的HIPEs流变特性,经过贮藏40 d的HIPEs G'和G''显著降低。这说明过度氧化破坏原有交联网络的均一性,使蛋白质分子链断裂或聚集,导致乳液的流变特性降低[56]。此外,乳液受重力作用和布朗运动的影响,极易发生聚集,从而使稳定性下降[57]。
在食品工业中,热处理技术(例如巴氏杀菌)是一种普遍应用的方法,它有助于保持食品的优良口感并延长其保存期限[58]。因此,有必要评价HIPEs的热稳定性,图7和图8表征了100 ℃加热15 min后样品的流变性质和乳液外观。如图7a和图7b,在剪切频率范围内(0.1~10 Hz),天然SPI稳定的HIPEs的G'和G''明显小于R-SPI HIPEs,说明相较于天然SPI制备的HIPEs,R-SPI制备的HIPEs具有稳定的三维网络结构和较高的热稳定性。加热后各处理组HIPEs的G'和G''均发生不同程度的降低,这可能是因为高温会破坏SPI的氢键、疏水相互作用等非共价键,导致α-螺旋减少、β-折叠增加,蛋白质分子展开并失去原有构象的刚性。这种结构展开削弱了蛋白质分子间的相互作用力,降低乳液网络的弹性[59]。加热后HIPEs的G'和G''随着芦丁添加量的增加呈现先增加后减小的趋势,在芦丁添加量为2.5%时G'和G''最大,这与加热后乳液的外观图的结果一致,从图8可以看出,当芦丁添加量为0%~2.0%时,乳液有不同程度的裂痕,而当芦丁浓度为2.5%时,乳液结构致密。是因为当芦丁添加量2.5%时,界面吸附的蛋白质-芦丁复合物形成致密且均匀的膜,有效抵抗液滴聚集,表现为高G'和G''。过量芦丁可能导致界面膜过厚但机械强度不足,或液滴间发生“过度桥连”,引发结构缺陷[38]。这与HIPEs的粒径、电位及界面蛋白吸附率的结果一致。
由乳液制备的食品中通常会含有一定浓度的离子,而盐离子在一定程度上会引起蛋白质发生絮凝和沉淀,因此探究离子浓度对R-SPI HIPEs稳定性的影响具有一定意义。乳液CI值指的是乳液的凝聚分层指数,常被用于评价乳液的稳定性,CI值越大,意味着乳液的凝聚程度较大,稳定性差[60]。NaCl浓度对HIPEs的CI值影响如图9所示。由宏观图片图10观察到,相较于NaCl浓度为0.02 mol/L和0.1 mol/L的乳液,当NaCl浓度为0.5 mol/L时,在相同芦丁添加量下HIPEs分层程度明显变大,说明离子强度增加,HIPEs的稳定性变差。可能是由于高浓度的NaCl能够屏蔽液滴之间的静电排斥作用,导致R-SPI乳液中的液滴发生聚集,且NaCl浓度越大,静电排斥作用越弱,以及聚电解质与离子相互结合,胶体表面电荷被中和,会阻遏带有相反电荷的聚电解质相互结合导致体系失稳,从而降低油体乳液的稳定性[61−62]。如图10所示,乳液CI值随芦丁浓度增大呈减小的趋势。表明芦丁浓度越大,乳液越稳定,与粒径研究变化趋势一致。
乳液产品生产过程中也要考虑酸碱条件带来的变化,探究不同pH对HIPEs稳定性的影响如图9所示。由宏观图片可以看出,当调节pH2.0和pH7.0时,乳液没有出现分层,这可能是因为R-SPI颗粒吸附在油滴表面提供了致密的屏障,增强液滴之间的静电斥力和空间位阻,减少了油滴的聚集和奥氏熟化[63]。如图8所示,调节pH2.0和pH7.0的乳液CI值为0,而当pH为10.5时,乳液的CI值随着芦丁浓度增加而增加,主要是因为芦丁分子中的羟基在碱性条件下可能发生去质子化,形成带负电荷的酚氧阴离子。然而,当芦丁浓度过高时,溶液中过量的负电荷可能通过静电屏蔽效应削弱芦丁分子间的静电排斥,导致芦丁分子聚集或沉淀。而SPI在pH10.5时带负电荷,芦丁的负电荷可能通过静电排斥阻碍其与SPI的结合,降低界面膜的稳定性,从而加剧液滴聚集和分层[64]。
图11为不同芦丁添加量对芦丁-大豆分离蛋白HIPEs的离心稳定性的影响,如图11所示,随着芦丁添加量从0%增至2.0%,HIPEs的离心稳定性显著提升(P<0.05);对照组的离心稳定性显著低于(P<0.05)其他处理组,说明HIPEs在离心过程中发生明显分层,液滴聚集严重。当芦丁添加量为0.5%~1.5%时,HIPEs的离心稳定性逐步上升,但增幅不显著(P>0.05),推测可能是因为低浓度芦丁仅仅通过羟基与乳液界面蛋白形成弱氢键,提供有限的空间位阻效应,延缓液滴碰撞聚集[65]。当芦丁添加量为2.0%时,HIPEs的离心稳定性达到峰值,此时芦丁分子在油水界面形成致密单分子层,有效抑制液滴聚并。而当芦丁添加量为2.5%~3.0%时,乳液的离心稳定性维持在80%以上,说明超过临界浓度后,芦丁的增稠效应和空间位阻作用趋于饱和。
不同芦丁添加量对芦丁-大豆分离蛋白HIPEs的冻融稳定性的影响如图12所示,刚制备的芦丁-大豆分离蛋白HIPEs乳液均可以倒立,而经过一个冻融循环后,乳液均出现不同程度的析油和分层现象。玻璃瓶底部是水相,中间层和顶部漂浮的是HIPEs,可见芦丁-大豆分离蛋白HIPEs的冻融稳定性欠佳。冻融处理后,对照组的HIPEs破乳最严重,当芦丁添加量大于1%时,分层现象有一定的改善,尤其当芦丁添加量为2.0%~3.0%时,说明芦丁在一定程度上能够抑制乳液的相分离。
由于高内相乳液中油相占比超过75%,因此乳液极易在贮藏期内发生油脂氧化产生氢过氧化物等氧化产物,最终使得乳液的贮藏品质下降。因此通过测定氢过氧化物含量可反映乳液的氧化程度,间接反映HIPEs的氧化稳定性[66]。图13a反映了15 d贮藏过程中HIPEs中氢过氧化物的变化情况,在15 d的加速氧化过程中,所有乳液的脂质氢过氧化物的生成量随着贮藏时间的延长而增加,随着芦丁添加量的增加,HIPEs中氢过氧化物含量逐渐降低,并且随着贮藏时间的延长,高浓度芦丁含量(2.5%和3.0%)的HIPEs的脂质氢过氧化物形成过程较慢。表明R-SPI复合物在稳定HIPEs的同时还能发挥抗氧化作用。这是因为多酚能够与油相中的脂质相互作用和/或螯合水相中的过渡金属离子,能起到延缓油脂氧化的作用[67]。
丙二醛是脂质过氧化的分解产物之一,常用于评估富含油脂食品的氧化程度。图13b反映了15 d贮藏过程中HIPEs中丙二醛的变化情况,由图13b可以看出,对照组的脂质丙二醛形成过程最快,添加芦丁的HIPEs的脂质丙二醛形成过程较慢。除了芦丁自身的抗氧化性还可能是因为R-SPI稳定的HIPEs比纯SPI稳定的HIPEs在油-水界面形成的界面膜更稳定,界面膜可以减少氧气和其他促氧物质进入油相,延缓丙二醛形成进程[68]。随着贮藏时间的延长,次级氧化产物丙二醛含量不断积累,这是因为在油水界面处,氧化因子与液滴表面的氢过氧化物接触,使其进一步氧化分解,从而导致脂质稳定性下降[69]。
通过检测模拟胃及小肠消化阶段FFA释放量,能够评估乳液中油脂的消化和分解水平,进而更深入地了解乳液在体外的模拟消化特性[70]。由图14可知,在胃消化30 min内FFA迅速释放,随后释放速度减慢,逐渐达到平缓状态。由R-SPI稳定的乳液FFA释放总量比对照组高,并随着芦丁浓度的增加逐渐提高,芦丁浓度为2.5%时达到最大。这可能是因为乳液界面层被水解,芦丁浓度的增加使乳液粒径减小,比表面积增大,增加了酶促反应的接触面积,促进脂肪的水解[71]。并且界面层厚度的增加导致液滴在胃蛋白酶存在下水解比在较低浓度芦丁下水解得更慢,使得更多的液滴至小肠阶段消化[72]。随着芦丁添加量的增加,HIPEs的FFA释放量呈先提高后降低的趋势。结合图1可知,芦丁浓度为2.5%时,乳液粒径最小,因此其FFA释放总量最大。这与SPI-表没食子儿茶素-3-没食子酸酯共价复合微凝胶颗粒稳定的乳液变化趋势一致[5]。随着芦丁浓度进一步提高(3%),FFA释放量逐渐平缓。这可能是因为乳液粒径变大(图1),减少液滴与消化液的接触面积,限制FFA的释放。
本实验探究不同芦丁添加量对90 ℃热诱导芦丁-大豆分离蛋白复合高内相乳液理化、贮藏及体外消化特性的影响。结果表明,不同芦丁添加量对HIPEs的粒径、Zeta电位、流变及消化特性等均有不同程度的影响。与对照组相比,随着芦丁浓度提高,HIPEs的流变性能、界面蛋白吸附率和消化特性提高,芦丁浓度为2.5%时达到最大。当芦丁浓度2.5%(w/v)时,HIPEs粒径和电位达到最小值1494.23±54.05 nm,−59.23±1.82 mV。界面蛋白吸附率结果显示,2.5% R-SPI HIPEs的界面蛋白质吸附率最大(73.18%),R-SPI颗粒吸附在油滴表面,乳化油滴聚集形成网络结构。流变特性结果表明R-SPI颗粒稳定HIPEs均表现出凝胶特性。与对照组相比,R-SPI形成的HIPEs G'和G''增加。经过100 ℃加热15 min,对照组HIPEs出现析油现象,而R-SPI稳定的乳液可以增强HIPEs的弹性。此外,调节乳液到pH10.5,HIPEs的稳定性随着芦丁浓度的增加而上升,3% R-SPI HIPEs的乳析指数(CI)最大(13.98%),2.5% R-SPI稳定的HIPEs对长期储存、加热、离心、冻融和离子强度都非常稳定。经过15 d的加速氧化,芦丁浓度3%(w/v)时,HIPEs的抗氧化能力最大,R-SPI颗粒同时具备乳化剂和抗氧化剂的作用。

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2026年第47卷第8期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020004
  • 接收时间:2025-02-08
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-04-15
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    1哈尔滨商业大学旅游烹饪学院,黑龙江哈尔滨 150028
    2哈尔滨商业大学食品工程学院,黑龙江哈尔滨 150028

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孙莹(1982−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:双蛋白基凝胶体系构建,E-mail:。
边鑫(1986−),男,博士,讲师,研究方向:谷物加工,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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