Article(id=1320888941063033617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320888908896907909, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010252, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1737561600000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-23, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792854064479, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1772294400000, pubDateStr=2026-03-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792854064479, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792854064479, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792854064479, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320888908896907909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='503', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1772294400000', pubDateStr='2026-03-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792854056809, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792854056809, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=446, endPage=453, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320888941285331730, articleId=1320888941063033617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Research Progress on the Mechanism of Active Ingredients from Medicine Food Homology Plants in Relieving Functional Constipation, columnId=1261343851327906245, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Functional constipation (FC) is a prevalent gastrointestinal disorder with complex causes. It is characterized by decreased bowel movement frequency, dry and hard stools, difficult defecation, or incomplete evacuation. And these symptoms might significantly impact the life quality of patients. Currently, there are numerous medications available for FC. However, they often lead to issues such as limited efficacy, significant toxic side effects, and low patient compliance. In recent years, there has been considerable interest in the development and application of bioactive ingredients derived from medicine food homology plants. Numerous studies have demonstrated that various bioactive compounds derived from medicinal and edible plants exert significant benefits in alleviating FC. This review comprehensively summarizes domestic and international research advancements and elucidates the potential pathogenesis of FC. Furthermore, therapeutic efficacy and underlying mechanisms of bioactive components derived from medicinal and edible homologous plants in alleviating FCs are systematically examined. The findings provide a theoretical foundation for the development of functional foods or dietary supplements with demonstrated efficacy against FC.

, authors=Jialu DU1, 2, 3, Ting LUO2, Dou WANG2, 4, Shiyu LI3, Tao LIU3, Xiaohui LI1, *, Guiling YANG1, 2, 3, 4, *, authorsList=Jialu DU, Ting LUO, Dou WANG, Shiyu LI, Tao LIU, Xiaohui LI, Guiling YANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiaohui LI, Guiling YANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320888942073860887, articleId=1320888941063033617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=药食同源植物活性物质缓解功能性便秘的机制研究进展, columnId=1261343852603031688, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=专题综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

功能性便秘(functional constipation,FC)是一种常见的胃肠道疾病,其病因十分复杂,临床表现为排便频次减少、粪便干硬、排便困难或排便不尽等症状,严重影响患者生活质量。当前,市面上针对便秘的治疗药物虽多,但普遍存在治疗效果有限、毒副作用明显以及患者依从性不佳等问题。近年来,药食同源植物活性物质的开发和应用备受关注。众多研究显示,多种药食同源植物活性物质在改善FC方面具有显著效果。本文综述了国内外研究成果,深入探究了FC的可能发病机制,系统梳理了药食同源植物活性物质缓解FC的疗效及作用机制,为开发对于FC具有良好疗效的功能性食品或保健品提供理论参考。

, authors=杜嘉璐1, 2, 3, 罗婷2, 王豆2, 4, 李诗语3, 刘滔3, 李小辉1, *, 杨桂玲1, 2, 3, 4, *, authorsList=杜嘉璐, 罗婷, 王豆, 李诗语, 刘滔, 李小辉, 杨桂玲, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李小辉, 杨桂玲, authorNote=

杜嘉璐(1999−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:功能性食品开发,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
李小辉(1989−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:植物活性物质合成和代谢机制研究,E-mail:。
杨桂玲(1976−),女,博士,研究员,研究方向:农产品质量安全风险评估和健康食品创制,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=2w84LK1YAYudz5utdDyHog==, magXml=NtNMGQ4PgdtXCK+cMJ7TPw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=ZiqqDh9CRz/IgcUVfSXTSg==, pdfFileSize=2128304, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=bEPIr3jiZE0d/bNRb6jHdg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=x+Bprl6VowAXUmL94Vxlmw==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320888944368145189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888941063033617, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=1542786689@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320888944514945833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888941063033617, authorId=1320888944368145189, language=EN, stringName=Jialu DU, firstName=Jialu, middleName=null, lastName=DU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, 3, address=1State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315832, China
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Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2018, 36(8): 1878−1881.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320888969009681338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888941063033617, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=61, rfOrder=91, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI Hanbing, WU Suhui, LI Genlin, et al. Ameliorating effect of hemp seed oil on intestinal microecology in constipated rats[J]. 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Effect of active ingredients from medicine food homology plants in relieving FC

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
药食同源物质活性成分名称剂量评价模型作用效果参考文献
黄芪黄芪多糖200 mg/kg洛哌丁胺诱导,大鼠胃肠转运时间减少30%~40%、粪便量增加50%~100%、粪便含水量提升20%~30%[6]
肉苁蓉肉苁蓉多糖100 mg/kg洛哌丁胺诱导,小鼠体重增加、胃肠转运率提高、首粒黑便排出时间缩短[56]
白术生白术多糖4030 mg/kg洛哌丁胺诱导,大鼠粪便含水量及12 h排出粪便颗粒数增加、小肠推进率增加[5]
铁皮石斛铁皮石斛多糖114 mg/kg地芬诺酯诱导,小鼠胃肠传输率提升30%~50%、粪便湿重提高80%以上[42]
枸杞枸杞多糖120 mg/kg地芬诺酯诱导,小鼠体重增加、排便量和粪便含水量增加、小肠推进率提高[47]
番泻叶番泻叶苷2 mg/d冰水诱导,大鼠提高环行肌和纵行肌肉收缩频率和收缩幅度、提升小肠推进率[55]
火麻仁柚皮苷29.6 g/kg地芬诺酯诱导,大鼠体重和24 h粪便排除颗粒数增加、碳墨推进率提升[46]
桑葚黄酮790 mg/kg地芬诺酯诱导,小鼠提高小肠酚红推进率[8]
桑叶黄酮5 g/kg洛哌丁胺诱导,大鼠首粒白便时间缩短、小肠推进率、24 h内排粪便粒数增加、回肠收缩张力及幅度提升、肌层厚度变厚[43]
山楂山楂膳食纤维2 g/kg地芬诺酯诱导,小鼠粪便含水量、墨水渗透率、结肠水含量、排便频率分别提高45.65%、89.90%、25.11%、97.06%[44]
), ArticleFig(id=1320888949493584731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888941063033617, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

药食同源植物活性物质缓解FC的效果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
药食同源物质活性成分名称剂量评价模型作用效果参考文献
黄芪黄芪多糖200 mg/kg洛哌丁胺诱导,大鼠胃肠转运时间减少30%~40%、粪便量增加50%~100%、粪便含水量提升20%~30%[6]
肉苁蓉肉苁蓉多糖100 mg/kg洛哌丁胺诱导,小鼠体重增加、胃肠转运率提高、首粒黑便排出时间缩短[56]
白术生白术多糖4030 mg/kg洛哌丁胺诱导,大鼠粪便含水量及12 h排出粪便颗粒数增加、小肠推进率增加[5]
铁皮石斛铁皮石斛多糖114 mg/kg地芬诺酯诱导,小鼠胃肠传输率提升30%~50%、粪便湿重提高80%以上[42]
枸杞枸杞多糖120 mg/kg地芬诺酯诱导,小鼠体重增加、排便量和粪便含水量增加、小肠推进率提高[47]
番泻叶番泻叶苷2 mg/d冰水诱导,大鼠提高环行肌和纵行肌肉收缩频率和收缩幅度、提升小肠推进率[55]
火麻仁柚皮苷29.6 g/kg地芬诺酯诱导,大鼠体重和24 h粪便排除颗粒数增加、碳墨推进率提升[46]
桑葚黄酮790 mg/kg地芬诺酯诱导,小鼠提高小肠酚红推进率[8]
桑叶黄酮5 g/kg洛哌丁胺诱导,大鼠首粒白便时间缩短、小肠推进率、24 h内排粪便粒数增加、回肠收缩张力及幅度提升、肌层厚度变厚[43]
山楂山楂膳食纤维2 g/kg地芬诺酯诱导,小鼠粪便含水量、墨水渗透率、结肠水含量、排便频率分别提高45.65%、89.90%、25.11%、97.06%[44]
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药食同源植物活性物质缓解功能性便秘的机制研究进展
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杜嘉璐 1, 2, 3 , 罗婷 2 , 王豆 2, 4 , 李诗语 3 , 刘滔 3 , 李小辉 1, * , 杨桂玲 1, 2, 3, 4, *
食品工业科技 | 专题综述 2026,47(5): 446-453
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食品工业科技 |专题综述 2026 , 47 (5) : 446 -453
药食同源植物活性物质缓解功能性便秘的机制研究进展
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杜嘉璐1, 2, 3 , 罗婷2, 王豆2, 4, 李诗语3, 刘滔3, 李小辉1, * , 杨桂玲1, 2, 3, 4, *
作者信息
  • 1宁波大学食品科学与工程学院,农产品质量安全全国重点实验室,浙江宁波 315832
  • 2浙江省农业科学院农产品质量安全与营养研究所,农产品质量安全全国重点实验室,浙江杭州 310021
  • 3湘湖实验室,浙江杭州 311231
  • 4农业农村部农业转基因生物朔源重点实验室,浙江杭州 310021
通讯作者:
李小辉(1989−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:植物活性物质合成和代谢机制研究,E-mail:。
杨桂玲(1976−),女,博士,研究员,研究方向:农产品质量安全风险评估和健康食品创制,E-mail:。
作者简介:

杜嘉璐(1999−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:功能性食品开发,E-mail:

Research Progress on the Mechanism of Active Ingredients from Medicine Food Homology Plants in Relieving Functional Constipation
Jialu DU1, 2, 3 , Ting LUO2, Dou WANG2, 4, Shiyu LI3, Tao LIU3, Xiaohui LI1, * , Guiling YANG1, 2, 3, 4, *
Affiliations
  • 1State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315832, China
  • 2State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
  • 3Xianghu Laboratory, Hangzhou 311231, China
  • 4Key Laboratory of Traceability for Agricultural Genetically Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310021, China
出版时间: 2026-03-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010252
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功能性便秘(functional constipation,FC)是一种常见的胃肠道疾病,其病因十分复杂,临床表现为排便频次减少、粪便干硬、排便困难或排便不尽等症状,严重影响患者生活质量。当前,市面上针对便秘的治疗药物虽多,但普遍存在治疗效果有限、毒副作用明显以及患者依从性不佳等问题。近年来,药食同源植物活性物质的开发和应用备受关注。众多研究显示,多种药食同源植物活性物质在改善FC方面具有显著效果。本文综述了国内外研究成果,深入探究了FC的可能发病机制,系统梳理了药食同源植物活性物质缓解FC的疗效及作用机制,为开发对于FC具有良好疗效的功能性食品或保健品提供理论参考。

功能性便秘  /  药食同源  /  活性物质  /  作用机制

Functional constipation (FC) is a prevalent gastrointestinal disorder with complex causes. It is characterized by decreased bowel movement frequency, dry and hard stools, difficult defecation, or incomplete evacuation. And these symptoms might significantly impact the life quality of patients. Currently, there are numerous medications available for FC. However, they often lead to issues such as limited efficacy, significant toxic side effects, and low patient compliance. In recent years, there has been considerable interest in the development and application of bioactive ingredients derived from medicine food homology plants. Numerous studies have demonstrated that various bioactive compounds derived from medicinal and edible plants exert significant benefits in alleviating FC. This review comprehensively summarizes domestic and international research advancements and elucidates the potential pathogenesis of FC. Furthermore, therapeutic efficacy and underlying mechanisms of bioactive components derived from medicinal and edible homologous plants in alleviating FCs are systematically examined. The findings provide a theoretical foundation for the development of functional foods or dietary supplements with demonstrated efficacy against FC.

functional constipation  /  medicine food homology  /  active ingredients  /  mechanism of action
杜嘉璐, 罗婷, 王豆, 李诗语, 刘滔, 李小辉, 杨桂玲. 药食同源植物活性物质缓解功能性便秘的机制研究进展. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (5) : 446 -453 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010252
Jialu DU, Ting LUO, Dou WANG, Shiyu LI, Tao LIU, Xiaohui LI, Guiling YANG. Research Progress on the Mechanism of Active Ingredients from Medicine Food Homology Plants in Relieving Functional Constipation[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (5) : 446 -453 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010252
由于现代生活方式和饮食习惯改变、社会老龄化加剧、社会压力增加以及药物副作用等诸多因素,便秘的患病率呈逐年上升趋势。流行病学数据显示,便秘的全球发病率为11%~14%,且随年龄的增长呈正相关态势[1]。然而,近年来其发病年龄逐渐呈年轻化趋势。长期的便秘症状会大幅降低患者的生活质量,其复杂的发病机制也给临床治疗带来挑战[2]。
功能性便秘(functional constipation,FC)作为便秘常见的主要亚型之一,近年来备受关注。其主要临床表现为排便频次减少、粪便干硬、排便困难或排便不尽感等[2]。研究表明,FC的发生与肠道功能障碍密切相关,包括Cajal间质细胞(interstitial cell of Cajal,ICC)数量和形态改变,肠神经系统(enteric nervous system,ENS)异常、水通道蛋白(aquaporin,AQP)表达异常、胃肠神经递质失调等[3]。当前,FC治疗主要依赖药物,但存在显著局限性:首先,FC的病因具有多元性,多数药物仅针对单一病因,导致整体疗效有限,仅能暂时缓解症状而难以根治,导致病情易反复;另一方面,部分FC治疗药物毒副作用明显,长期服用可能引发药物依赖性、肠道损伤以及恶心、呕吐、腹痛等其它副作用[4]。此外,FC药物疗效个体差异显著,加之需长期治疗并配合生活方式调整,可能导致患者依从性不佳的问题。基于以上现状,深入解析FC的发病机制,开发安全、有效的相关功能性产品,对满足患者需求、提升患者生活质量具有重要意义。
众多研究表明,药食同源植物活性物质在缓解FC方面具有显著疗效,其主要活性成分包括多糖类、多酚类和膳食纤维等。例如,白术多糖[5]和黄芪多糖[6]可通过调节胃肠神经递质水平以及肠道菌群代谢产物,显著改善FC小鼠的排便功能。此外,多酚类物质如罗汉果甜苷[7]和桑葚黄酮[8],膳食纤维如山楂膳食纤维[9]、薏苡仁抗性淀粉[10]等也可通过不同程度优化肠道菌群组成结构,促进短链脂肪酸(short-chain fatty acids,SCFAs)生成等途径发挥肠道功能调节作用。综合现有研究,药食同源植物活性物质主要可以通过调节AQP表达、促进ICC增殖、影响神经递质释放、改善肠道菌群组成等多种途径有效减轻FC症状或治疗FC,展现出广阔的应用前景。本文主要从FC的可能发病机制、药食同源植物活性物质对FC的干预效果和作用机制两个方面来进行探讨,为功能性食品和保健品及创新疗法的研发提供理论依据。
FC是一种常见的功能性胃肠道疾病,通常以排便频次减少、粪便干硬、排便困难或排便不尽感等为典型临床表现,且通常无明显生理学或器质性病变[11]。根据报道显示,FC的全球发病率平均为15%左右,其中60岁以上人群患病比例为33%,呈现随着年龄增加发病率上升的变化特征。从地域分布看,北美国家的FC患病率为12%~19%,欧洲国家为10%~15%左右,亚洲国家则分布在2%~16.7%[12]。研究显示,我国FC患病率与亚洲平均水平基本持平,为3%~11%,其中成年人的平均患病率为10.9%[13],60岁以上人群达15%~20%[14],并呈现女性好发于男性的特征[15]。根据病理机制,FC可分为三个亚组:慢传输型便秘(slow-transit constipation,STC)、出口梗阻便秘(outlet obstructive constipation,OCC)以及混合型便秘(mixedconstipation,MC)[16]。
FC的发病机制涉及多因素交互作用,主要病因可归纳为以下类别(图1):a.饮食因素:膳食纤维摄入不足会影响肠道蠕动,水分摄入不够则容易导致大便干结[17]。b.生活方式因素:缺乏运动、长时间久坐、排便习惯不良等,会通过降低肠道平滑肌张力导致肠道动力不足[18]。c.精神心理因素:精神紧张、焦虑、抑郁等不良情绪可通过脑-肠轴干扰肠道的神经调节功能,破坏肠道蠕动节律[19]。d.肠道菌群失调:菌群失调会影响微生物的定植和代谢,影响肠道屏障功能和电解质转运等,削弱肠道的消化和吸收功能[20]。
长期FC可导致胃肠消化功能紊乱,还可能引发其他系统性健康风险:如肠道毒素过量累积会增加肝脏代谢压力,导致肝功能异常;粪便滞留会导致腹内压升高,可能增加心脑血管疾病的风险;而长期肠道不适与内分泌失调,还可能增加抑郁和患癌风险。
食物经胃肠道消化吸收后,在结肠内微生物的作用下形成粪便。粪便通过肠道蠕动推送至结肠,当体积达到排便阈值时,触发排便反射:神经冲动通过神经系统传递至大脑皮层,再由大脑皮层将信号发回至直肠,调控直肠肌肉收缩及肛门内括约肌放松,最终推动粪便顺利排出。正常排便需要全身多器官和系统协同参与,受到多重因素共同调节,任一环节失调都可能导致FC的发生。现有研究表明,排便过程主要与ICC、AQP、ENS、胃肠神经递质以及肠道菌群稳态等存在重要关联[21]。
a.ICC形态和数量改变:ICC通过生成并传导周期性慢波电位来控制肠道收缩运动。结肠ICC数量减少或形态改变会导致慢波节律紊乱、传导异常,使平滑肌收缩受到抑制,从而破坏正常肠蠕动,最终诱发FC[22]。
b.AQP表达异常:AQP家族(共13种亚型)是一类细胞膜通道蛋白,主要介导胃肠水以及离子跨膜转运[3,20]。当AQP表达异常时,结肠水重吸收失衡,同时通透性改变,导致肠道中水分减少,粪便含水量降低,导致排便困难[23]。
c.胃肠神经递质紊乱:胃肠神经递质主要可分为兴奋性和抑制性两类,通过兴奋-抑制平衡作用于平滑肌,调节胃肠道运动。兴奋性神经递质包括乙酰胆碱(acetylcholine,ACh)、P物质(substance P,SP)、5-羟色胺(5-hydroxytryptamine,5-HT)、胃动素(motilin,MTL)、胃泌素(gastrin,GAS)等:ACh与M受体结合触发平滑肌膜去极化,加速平滑肌的收缩[24];5-HT通过作用于5-HT3/4受体调控胃肠动力及内容物转运[25];SP在应激条件下可快速释放,诱导平滑肌收缩,促进肠蠕动[26];GAS则可刺激组胺形成,促进胃酸分泌,间接加速胃肠蠕动速度[27];MTL可增强胃肠道运动及水的转运过程,其水平升高可促使结肠运动加快,加速肠内容物排出[28]。抑制性神经递质包括血管活性肠肽(vasoactive intestinal polypeptide,VIP)、一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)、生长抑素(somatostatin,SS)等。VIP虽是一种抑制性神经递质,但其含量过度减少会削弱抑制性反射,引发结肠过度蠕动并减弱有效肠推进运动,导致FC发生[29];NO水平过量会抑制肠推进运动,延长排便时间[29]:SS水平升高可直接抑制肠道蠕动与分泌功能,加重排便障碍[30]。
d.肠道菌群紊乱:肠道菌群与FC存在双向调控机制,一方面,菌群紊乱会影响肠屏障功能而诱发FC;另一方面,FC导致的肠道内环境变化可能进一步加剧菌群组成的改变。FC患者与健康人群肠道菌群组成和丰度上存在差异,FC患者肠道中普雷沃氏菌属丰度显著降低[31],产甲烷菌丰度显著上升[32]。也有一些研究指出,FC患者肠道还可能呈现出好氧菌和潜在致病菌丰度上升、专性厌氧菌丰度下降[33]、产SCFAs菌减少等特征,导致肠黏膜能量供应不足,影响水钠吸收及肠蠕动驱动力。
FC的临床治疗以恢复正常排便功能为核心,包括一般生活治疗、药物治疗、生物反馈治疗、手术治疗等[34]。一般生活治疗主要是针对调整个人行为及日常习惯,通过优化饮食结构、确保规律作息、培养规律的肠道活动模式起到缓解FC症状的效果[35]。现阶段,药物治疗仍是FC最主要的治疗方式,常用治疗药物主要包括泻剂[36]、促分泌剂[37]、促动力剂[38]。这些药物短期内效果显著,但长期服用易引发耐药性,导致疗效下降。生物反馈治疗也是FC治疗的有效手段之一,主要是使用仪器检测肛门肌肉的活动情况,引导患者进行锻炼,以改善肌肉收缩和肠道排便功能,对于肌肉功能失调导致的FC有一定疗效[39]。当FC长期发生且药物治疗无效时,则需要进行手术干预治疗。手术治疗仅适用于药物及非手术治疗无效的慢性顽固性FC,同时手术还可能存在较高并发症风险,临床应用需严格把握指征[40]。
药食同源植物是指兼具食品安全性与药用保健功能的特殊植物资源,在日常饮食和传统医学领域都有重要地位[41]。黄芪[6]、铁皮石斛[42]、生白术[5]、桑叶[43]、桑葚[8]、山楂[44]等药食同源植物通常含有具有丰富的生物活性物质,主要包括多糖、多酚、黄酮、膳食纤维等。这些药食同源植物及其生物活性物质可通过促进ICC增殖、调节AQP的表达、调控胃肠神经递质水平、调节肠道菌群及其代谢产物含量等多种作用机制来缓解FC,具体作用效果及机制见文中表1和图2。
ICC在平滑肌和神经系统中扮演着起搏器的角色,通过生成并传导慢波电位调控平滑肌节律性收缩,同时还可放大和转导平滑肌细胞神经元信号[45]。ICC数量减少或形态改变会使肠道收缩异常,导致FC的发生。其生理功能完整性主要依赖于酪氨酸激酶受体(C-kit)与干细胞因子(SCF)的特异性结合:SCF与C-kit受体结合后,会激活下游信号通路,驱动ICC增殖并维持线粒体、内质网等结构的完整性。
研究中常用C-kit和SCF的表达情况来表征ICC的增殖状况。火麻仁中的多酚类物质柚皮苷是治疗FC的主要活性成分。蒋峰[46]使用含有火麻仁柚皮苷的润肠汤对FC小鼠进行干预处理,发现干预后可显著上调小鼠结肠组织SCF/C-kit表达,使部分损伤的ICC超微结构得到恢复,增强了平滑肌的收缩,使小鼠FC症状得到缓解。类似地,Liu等[47]发现枸杞多糖干预后,FC小鼠结肠中C-kit和SCF表达水平也明显提高,同时肠道ICC数量也有所增加,有效促进了肠道蠕动。此外,药食同源植物多糖也具有促进ICC增殖的生物活性。高金龙[48]通过实验发现,肉苁蓉多糖能显著上调FC大鼠C-kit基因和蛋白的表达,ICC数量恢复至接近正常水平,提高了结肠敏感性;而注射伊马替尼阻断SCF/C-kit信号通路后,治疗效果消失。此项研究不仅揭示了肉苁蓉多糖治疗FC的机制,同时也验证了ICC数量受SCF/C-kit通路特异性表达调控的结论。综上,枸杞多糖、肉苁蓉多糖以及火麻仁中的活性成分柚皮苷均可通过激活SCF/C-kit通路来改善FC,但作用细节略有差异:火麻仁中的柚皮苷侧重于ICC结构修复,增强平滑肌收缩,枸杞多糖和肉苁蓉多糖主要侧重增加ICC数量,促进结肠蠕动。
AQP是细胞膜上负责水分跨膜转运的关键蛋白,对机体水代谢具有重要的调控作用,肠道中的AQP参与水液平衡调节,其表达异常会导致肠道水分过度吸收和黏液分泌减少[49]。其中AQP3、AQP8和AQP9在结肠中大量分布,与FC的发生密切相关[50]。研究表明,AQP3参与结肠中水分代谢和运输,影响粪便含水量。许多粪便含水量降低的FC模型中,肠道AQP3表达普遍升高[51]。AQP8主要调节结肠中水分的重吸收,当AQP8表达水平升高时,结肠中重吸收水分量会增多,粪便含水量下降[52]。AQP9多数表达于肠道杯状细胞,其主要功能为分泌肠黏液、修复肠黏膜并润滑粪便[46]。
药食同源植物生物活性物质也可通过调节AQP的表达起到缓解和治疗FC的作用。蒋峰[46]发现火麻仁中的柚皮苷除了可促进ICC增殖外,还能显著降低FC小鼠结肠中AQP3的表达,同时促进AQP9的表达,从而提高粪便含水量、增加肠黏液分泌起到润滑粪便的作用。另外,Zhang等[44]发现用山楂膳食纤维可降低FC小鼠结肠中AQP3和AQP8的表达,减少结肠中的水分被过度吸收。段晓峰等[43]还发现桑叶水提物,其主要活性成分桑叶黄酮,也可显著抑制AQP3的表达,通过增加粪便含水量,实现软化粪便的效果。综上,火麻仁中的柚皮苷、桑叶黄酮及山楂膳食纤维均可通过降低AQP3的表达来抑制结肠对水分的重吸收,增强粪便含水量,缓解FC。不同的是,火麻仁柚皮苷还可促进AQP9的表达,增加肠粘液分泌,从而更全面地起到改善FC的效果。
胃肠神经递质主要由消化道神经细胞合成,其紊乱会导致胃肠传输障碍、排空效率降低,进而引发FC[53]。健康人体的胃肠神经递质维持动态平衡,可作用于平滑肌调节胃肠道运动[54]。神经递质作为中间介质可分为兴奋性(ACh、SP、5-HT、MTL、GAS等)和抑制性(VIP、NO、SS等)两类。
多项研究表明,多种药食同源植物活性物质可通过调节胃肠神经递质水平来改善FC。例如,贾梦鑫等[5]发现生白术多糖可以提高FC大鼠血浆中MTL含量,同时降低VIP水平,从而加速胃排空进程。Luo等[42]发现,铁皮石斛多糖可上调FC小鼠血浆中ACh、MTL、SP、GAS水平,同时下调SS水平,促进肠道蠕动以及肠液分泌。此外,枸杞多糖[47]和番泻叶苷A[55]分别可使FC小鼠和大鼠血浆中SP和VIP恢复至正常水平,刺激肠道推进运动。山楂膳食纤维[44]也能促进FC小鼠血浆MTL、GAS、SP水平升高,导致SS、NO水平下降,促进肠道平滑肌收缩。Yu等[56]发现FC小鼠血浆中的MTL、5-HT水平显著下降,SS水平显著升高,而肉苁蓉多糖干预逆转了这种现象,促进了肠黏液的释放和肠道运动。综上,药食同源植物活性成分调节胃肠神经递质水平的指标体系略有差异,主要通过调控神经递质兴奋-抑制平衡(即促进兴奋性递质分泌、减少抑制性递质分泌),最终作用于肠道平滑肌,增强肠道动力,从而发挥改善FC的功效。
药食同源植物活性成分(多糖、多酚、膳食纤维等)可通过调节肠道微生态及代谢产物,改善肠道功能[57]。肠道菌群代谢产物SCFAs在肠道健康中具有关键作用:可通过降低肠道微环境pH抑制病原微生物定植,作为营养物质调控肠道生理功能,通过促进肠道菌群增殖及为肠黏膜上皮细胞供能维持菌群-宿主互作,还能通过诱导抗炎因子分泌及调节紧密连接蛋白表达维持肠黏膜完整性[58]。
据报道,药食同源植物多糖可通过调节肠道菌群进而改善FC。Yu等[56]发现肉苁蓉多糖能增加FC小鼠肠道中双歧杆菌属的丰度,降低肠球菌属等条件致病菌的数量,促进SCFAs的产生,提高肠道菌群多样性。Liu等[6]证实了黄芪多糖可显著提升FC大鼠肠道中布拉氏杆菌和双歧杆菌属的相对丰度,同时促进产生SCFAs并降低FC大鼠粪便中乙酸盐、丁酸盐和丙酸盐的水平,降低肠道pH,抑制有害菌生长。Bai等[59]发现山药多糖释放的游离葡萄糖和甘露糖可被肠道菌群利用产生SCFAs,并促进双歧杆菌属的增殖。Fu等[60]发现,马齿苋多糖可通过降低衰老大鼠肠道中厚壁菌/拟杆菌的比值以及梭杆菌的相对丰度来优化肠道菌群。综上,药食同源植物多糖可通过促进有益菌生长、抑制有害菌繁殖、增加SCFAs产生、优化肠道菌群结构几个方面来缓解FC症状,但不同来源的活性多糖作用特点存在差异:黄芪多糖和肉苁蓉多糖对促进双歧杆菌属的增殖作用更为显著,山药多糖和马齿苋多糖在调节复杂菌群平衡方面可能更具优势。
药食同源植物多酚在调节肠道菌群中同样发挥着重要作用。付山等[8]发现桑葚黄酮可使FC小鼠肠道中的双歧杆菌属丰度显著提高,普雷沃氏菌属的丰度下降;李寒冰等[61]发现火麻仁油中的柚皮苷可使FC大鼠肠道中的双歧杆菌属、乳杆菌属的丰度增加,杆菌/球菌比值升高,同时乙酸、丁酸等SCFAs含量显著增加。同样的,Xiao等[62]发现罗汉果苷对肠道菌群也存在类似的调控作用,促进维持肠道微生态平衡。综上,桑葚黄酮和火麻仁油中的植物活性成分柚皮苷均可影响SCFAs的产生,降低肠道pH,促进有益菌增殖,同时抑制有害菌生长,调节肠道菌群构成从而起到缓解FC的作用。罗汉果苷也同样具备上述类似功效,但目前针对罗汉果苷应用于治疗FC方面的研究较少,但其在改善FC方面具有较大应用潜力。
药食同源膳食纤维在调节肠道菌群方面颇具潜力。Zhang等[44]发现山楂膳食纤维可使FC小鼠肠道中的拟杆菌属的相对丰度增加,SCFAs乙酸、丙酸、异丁酸、异戊酸水平显著提高,优化了肠道菌群构成,并降低肠道pH,抑制致病菌生长,修复肠黏膜损伤,从而起到缓解FC的功效。包辰[10]发现薏苡仁抗性淀粉可以使大鼠肠道中双歧杆菌属和乳杆菌属的相对丰度显著增加,大肠杆菌和产气荚膜梭菌丰度则有所降低,SCFAs如乙酸、丙酸、丁酸含量也有所改变,从而调节肠道屏障功能,增加了大鼠粪便含水量,在缓解和治疗FC方面展现出很大潜力。药食同源膳食纤维对于治疗FC的研究除山楂膳食纤维外,对其他膳食纤维的研究相对较少,薏苡仁抗性淀粉在未来改善FC方面的研究具有很大挖掘空间。
综上,FC的病因和发病机制复杂,药食同源植物活性物质主要通过调节肠道菌群及其代谢产物、ICC数量和形态、AQPs的表达、胃肠神经递质的分泌等途径来改善或治疗FC。药食同源植物活性物质可促进肠道中益生菌的增殖和定植,并且抑制潜致病菌的增殖,从而改善胃肠道微环境。然而,相关领域研究仍存在一些不足之处:a.药食同源植物富含丰富的活性物质,成分复杂(包括多糖、黄酮类、酚类、膳食纤维等),部分成分虽然已被证实对FC具有良好缓解治疗作用,但各组分间相互作用机制(协同或拮抗)尚不清楚,这也对药食同源植物直接用于相关产品开发与生产提出了挑战;b.虽然目前明确了部分药食同源植物活性物质可以改善FC,但是深度不足,比如同为多糖,不同药食同源植物多糖结构组成、功能特性上存在差异,甚至同一植物来源的多糖也有结构差异,多酚和膳食纤维同样存在类似的问题,而这些差异性成分在调节FC效果及机制上的对比研究仍十分匮乏;c.现有多数关于药食同源植物活性物质缓解FC的研究存在样本量小、实验周期短的问题,临床研究上缺乏长期跟踪,难以精准评估产品的安全性和有效性。
未来研究方向需聚焦机制解析:可通过利用网络药理学手段挖掘具有缓解FC功效的药食同源活性成分,全方位、多角度研究不同药食同源植物活性成分改善FC的具体机制和作用通路;同时结合基础实验和临床研究,建立不同药食同源植物活性物质之间相互作用的标准化体系,筛选多种对于改善FC不同作用机制及通路的药食同源植物活性物质进行复配,确定不同组合的最佳剂量、配比及使用方法,提高产品的有效性和稳定性。在产品开发方面,需要研发产品新剂型,采用先进的微囊化技术、纳米技术等,将具有高活性的药食同源植物活性物质进行包埋,制备成肠溶胶囊或缓释体系,提高其适口性、稳定性以及生物利用度,增强肠道靶向性,保证安全高效,为FC患者提供可靠的治疗选择。

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2026年第47卷第5期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010252
  • 接收时间:2025-01-23
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-03-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-23
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    1宁波大学食品科学与工程学院,农产品质量安全全国重点实验室,浙江宁波 315832
    2浙江省农业科学院农产品质量安全与营养研究所,农产品质量安全全国重点实验室,浙江杭州 310021
    3湘湖实验室,浙江杭州 311231
    4农业农村部农业转基因生物朔源重点实验室,浙江杭州 310021

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李小辉(1989−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:植物活性物质合成和代谢机制研究,E-mail:。
杨桂玲(1976−),女,博士,研究员,研究方向:农产品质量安全风险评估和健康食品创制,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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