Article(id=1320882603754893497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320882022160126288, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010234, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1737561600000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-23, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852553547, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1767196800000, pubDateStr=2026-01-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852553547, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852553547, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852553547, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320882022160126288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='498', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1767196800000', pubDateStr='2026-01-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852414884, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852414884, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=348, endPage=356, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320882604006551738, articleId=1320882603754893497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Preparation of Zearalenone Metal Phenolic Network-coated Immunomagnetic Beads and Their Application in Pre-treatment of the Assay, columnId=1261343843585241413, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Analysis and Determination, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The present study aimed to establish a pretreatment method for specific and rapid enrichment of zearalenone (ZEN) using metal-phenolic network (MPN)-modified immunomagnetic beads (IMBs) for efficient detection of ZEN in grains and feed. Surfaces of Fe3O4@SiO2-NH2 magnetic microspheres were coated with MPNs to enable directional immobilization of anti-ZEN antibodies via metal-phenolic hydroxyl coordination and hydrogen bonding. The results revealed that at pH5.5, 80 μg antibody immobilized per mg magnetic beads, and 10 min incubation duration, the IMBs had a saturated adsorption capacity of 35 ng/mg, with the Langmuir adsorption equilibrium constant KL of 595.1 L/mg. Spiked recovery tests performed in corn, wheat, and feed matrices, with recoveries >90% and coefficients of variation (CVs) within 1.3%~4.5% at spiking levels of 30~60 µg/kg. At the elevated spiking level of 120 µg/kg, consistent recoveries of 81.0%, 83.7%, and 77.6% were maintained with CVs≤6.5% across the three matrices. This method demonstrated excellent anti-interference performance towards interfering substances such as starch and pigments in complex substrates, including corn, wheat, and feed. When this method and the immunoaffinity column method were separately applied for sample pretreatment, the results showed a relative standard deviation of ≤7.30%, indicating good consistency between the two methods. By achieving synergy between specific recognition and controllable dissociation, our strategy provides a reliable solution for efficient ZEN enrichment in grains and feed.

, authors=Jiawen CHEN1, 2, Jiaxin CHEN1, 2, Yingjie DU3, Shan JIAN2, 4, Lingbo ZHAO2, 4, Baoqing ZHOU2, 3, Wei ZHANG2, 4, Yonghua XIONG3, Ping GUO2, 4, *, authorsList=Jiawen CHEN, Jiaxin CHEN, Yingjie DU, Shan JIAN, Lingbo ZHAO, Baoqing ZHOU, Wei ZHANG, Yonghua XIONG, Ping GUO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ping GUO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320882605323563205, articleId=1320882603754893497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=玉米赤霉烯酮金属酚醛网络涂层免疫磁珠的制备及在检测前处理中的应用, columnId=1261343846139572559, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=分析检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究旨在建立一种基于金属-酚醛网络(MPN)修饰的免疫磁珠特异性快速富集玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEN)的前处理方法,用于粮食及饲料中ZEN的高效检测。通过将金属酚醛网络涂层包覆在Fe3O4@SiO2-NH2磁性微球表面,利用金属-酚羟基配位及氢键作用定向固定ZEN单克隆抗体。系统优化结果显示,在pH5.5缓冲体系、80 μg/mg抗体标记量、孵育10 min的最佳条件下,所制备免疫磁珠对ZEN的饱和吸附量为35 ng/mg,Langmuir吸附平衡常数KL值为595.1 L/mg。使用玉米、小麦及饲料进行加标回收试验,加标浓度为30~60 µg/kg时,回收率均大于90%,变异系数在1.3%~4.5%之间;当加标浓度为120 µg/kg时,回收率分别为81.0%、83.7%和77.6%,变异系数≤6.5%。针对玉米、小麦、饲料等复杂基质中淀粉、色素等干扰物,该方法展现出较好的抗干扰性能。将该方法与免疫亲和柱法同时应用在真实样本检测前处理中,两者结果相对标准偏差≤7.30%,一致性良好。该策略通过特异性识别与可控解离的协同作用,为粮食和饲料中ZEN的高效富集提供了可靠解决方案。

, authors=陈佳文1, 2, 陈嘉欣1, 2, 杜英杰3, 简姗2, 4, 赵令波2, 4, 周宝青2, 3, 张威2, 4, 熊勇华3, 郭平2, 4, *, authorsList=陈佳文, 陈嘉欣, 杜英杰, 简姗, 赵令波, 周宝青, 张威, 熊勇华, 郭平, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=郭平, authorNote=

陈佳文(1999−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品安全快速检测,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
郭平(1980−),男,博士,正高级工程师,研究方向:食品安全快速检测,E-mail:。
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注:(a)透射电镜;(b)电位;(c)Fe3O4@SiO2-NH2@MPN EDS元素映射表征;(d)粒径。

, figureFileSmall=HWv+/ovKYkksX5bSStoumA==, figureFileBig=uWpRNndmTcitywwh2qpmFQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882612726509842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882603754893497, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Changes in particle size and potential after coupling antibodies to magnetic beads, figureFileSmall=E5Ju0hj0Sw43LePHAHsC8Q==, figureFileBig=ViLN8w/aD4OfT7Z4Px5Whg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882612827173139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882603754893497, language=CN, label=图2, caption=磁珠偶联抗体后粒径和电位的变化

注:(a)粒径变化;(b)电位变化。

, figureFileSmall=E5Ju0hj0Sw43LePHAHsC8Q==, figureFileBig=ViLN8w/aD4OfT7Z4Px5Whg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882612902670612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882603754893497, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Optimization of immunobead coupling and adsorption conditions, figureFileSmall=vMBYl8nTjdKgAh7qiucZ6w==, figureFileBig=o5BzvvymfZ9fAsvB0T9wTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882612999139605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882603754893497, language=CN, label=图3, caption=免疫磁珠偶联、吸附条件优化

注:(a)抗体偶联缓冲液pH优化;(b)抗体标记量优化;(c)吸附时间优化。

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注:(a)ZEN-免疫磁珠吸附平衡曲线;(b)Langmuir方程拟合结果。

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注:(a)洗脱液种类优化;(b)甲醇浓度优化;(c)洗脱时间优化;(d)洗脱液体积优化。

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Spiked recoveries and coefficients of variation for samples

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样本加标浓度
(µg/kg)
检测浓度
(µg/kg)
回收率
(%)
变异系数
(%)
玉米3029.531.132.4103.33.8
6058.654.556.197.52.9
12097.1100.0111.581.06.4
小麦3029.528.732.4100.72.0
6057.257.358.896.31.3
12097.0109.694.983.76.5
饲料3027.230.328.395.54.5
6053.451.255.689.13.3
12093.198.289.177.64.1
), ArticleFig(id=1320882613498261787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882603754893497, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

样本的加标回收率及变异系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样本加标浓度
(µg/kg)
检测浓度
(µg/kg)
回收率
(%)
变异系数
(%)
玉米3029.531.132.4103.33.8
6058.654.556.197.52.9
12097.1100.0111.581.06.4
小麦3029.528.732.4100.72.0
6057.257.358.896.31.3
12097.0109.694.983.76.5
饲料3027.230.328.395.54.5
6053.451.255.689.13.3
12093.198.289.177.64.1
), ArticleFig(id=1320882613607313692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882603754893497, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison of immunoaffinity chromatography column and immunomagnetic bead purification result

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品名称免疫亲和柱测定结果(µg/kg)免疫磁珠测定结果(µg/kg)相对标准偏差
(%)
玉米125.59±1.7323.15±2.067.10
玉米234.10±1.1931.54±1.835.53
玉米341.25±3.8940.21±2.061.83
小麦139.07±3.1137.17±1.823.56
小麦235.34±1.9231.89±3.047.30
小麦321.09±2.1022.95±1.425.93
猪饲料187.86±5.2784.09±5.683.14
猪饲料2120.37±9.75119.22.±12.81.31
猪饲料363.75±6.0466.01±4.672.43
鸡饲料176.31±1.8372.11±5.804.04
鸡饲料2112.67±8.89109.28±8.932.19
鸡饲料353.06±3.5150.17±5.903.99
), ArticleFig(id=1320882613687005469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882603754893497, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

免疫亲和层析柱和免疫磁珠净化结果比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品名称免疫亲和柱测定结果(µg/kg)免疫磁珠测定结果(µg/kg)相对标准偏差
(%)
玉米125.59±1.7323.15±2.067.10
玉米234.10±1.1931.54±1.835.53
玉米341.25±3.8940.21±2.061.83
小麦139.07±3.1137.17±1.823.56
小麦235.34±1.9231.89±3.047.30
小麦321.09±2.1022.95±1.425.93
猪饲料187.86±5.2784.09±5.683.14
猪饲料2120.37±9.75119.22.±12.81.31
猪饲料363.75±6.0466.01±4.672.43
鸡饲料176.31±1.8372.11±5.804.04
鸡饲料2112.67±8.89109.28±8.932.19
鸡饲料353.06±3.5150.17±5.903.99
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玉米赤霉烯酮金属酚醛网络涂层免疫磁珠的制备及在检测前处理中的应用
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陈佳文 1, 2 , 陈嘉欣 1, 2 , 杜英杰 3 , 简姗 2, 4 , 赵令波 2, 4 , 周宝青 2, 3 , 张威 2, 4 , 熊勇华 3 , 郭平 2, 4, *
食品工业科技 | 分析检测 2026,47(1): 348-356
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食品工业科技 |分析检测 2026 , 47 (1) : 348 -356
玉米赤霉烯酮金属酚醛网络涂层免疫磁珠的制备及在检测前处理中的应用
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陈佳文1, 2 , 陈嘉欣1, 2, 杜英杰3, 简姗2, 4, 赵令波2, 4, 周宝青2, 3, 张威2, 4, 熊勇华3, 郭平2, 4, *
作者信息
  • 1江西农业大学食品科学与工程学院,江西南昌 330000
  • 2江西省检验检测认证总院食品检验检测研究院,江西南昌 330200
  • 3南昌大学食品学院,江西南昌 330000
  • 4南昌市食品快速检测重点实验室,江西南昌 330200
通讯作者:
郭平(1980−),男,博士,正高级工程师,研究方向:食品安全快速检测,E-mail:。
作者简介:

陈佳文(1999−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品安全快速检测,E-mail:

Preparation of Zearalenone Metal Phenolic Network-coated Immunomagnetic Beads and Their Application in Pre-treatment of the Assay
Jiawen CHEN1, 2 , Jiaxin CHEN1, 2, Yingjie DU3, Shan JIAN2, 4, Lingbo ZHAO2, 4, Baoqing ZHOU2, 3, Wei ZHANG2, 4, Yonghua XIONG3, Ping GUO2, 4, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330000, China
  • 2Jiangxi Provincial General Institute of Testing and Certification Food Inspection and Testing Research Institute, Nanchang 330200, China
  • 3College Food Science & Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, China
  • 4Nanchang Key Laboratory of Food Rapid Testing, Nanchang 330200, China
出版时间: 2026-01-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010234
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本研究旨在建立一种基于金属-酚醛网络(MPN)修饰的免疫磁珠特异性快速富集玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEN)的前处理方法,用于粮食及饲料中ZEN的高效检测。通过将金属酚醛网络涂层包覆在Fe3O4@SiO2-NH2磁性微球表面,利用金属-酚羟基配位及氢键作用定向固定ZEN单克隆抗体。系统优化结果显示,在pH5.5缓冲体系、80 μg/mg抗体标记量、孵育10 min的最佳条件下,所制备免疫磁珠对ZEN的饱和吸附量为35 ng/mg,Langmuir吸附平衡常数KL值为595.1 L/mg。使用玉米、小麦及饲料进行加标回收试验,加标浓度为30~60 µg/kg时,回收率均大于90%,变异系数在1.3%~4.5%之间;当加标浓度为120 µg/kg时,回收率分别为81.0%、83.7%和77.6%,变异系数≤6.5%。针对玉米、小麦、饲料等复杂基质中淀粉、色素等干扰物,该方法展现出较好的抗干扰性能。将该方法与免疫亲和柱法同时应用在真实样本检测前处理中,两者结果相对标准偏差≤7.30%,一致性良好。该策略通过特异性识别与可控解离的协同作用,为粮食和饲料中ZEN的高效富集提供了可靠解决方案。

玉米赤霉烯酮  /  免疫磁珠  /  磁富集  /  粮谷  /  饲料

The present study aimed to establish a pretreatment method for specific and rapid enrichment of zearalenone (ZEN) using metal-phenolic network (MPN)-modified immunomagnetic beads (IMBs) for efficient detection of ZEN in grains and feed. Surfaces of Fe3O4@SiO2-NH2 magnetic microspheres were coated with MPNs to enable directional immobilization of anti-ZEN antibodies via metal-phenolic hydroxyl coordination and hydrogen bonding. The results revealed that at pH5.5, 80 μg antibody immobilized per mg magnetic beads, and 10 min incubation duration, the IMBs had a saturated adsorption capacity of 35 ng/mg, with the Langmuir adsorption equilibrium constant KL of 595.1 L/mg. Spiked recovery tests performed in corn, wheat, and feed matrices, with recoveries >90% and coefficients of variation (CVs) within 1.3%~4.5% at spiking levels of 30~60 µg/kg. At the elevated spiking level of 120 µg/kg, consistent recoveries of 81.0%, 83.7%, and 77.6% were maintained with CVs≤6.5% across the three matrices. This method demonstrated excellent anti-interference performance towards interfering substances such as starch and pigments in complex substrates, including corn, wheat, and feed. When this method and the immunoaffinity column method were separately applied for sample pretreatment, the results showed a relative standard deviation of ≤7.30%, indicating good consistency between the two methods. By achieving synergy between specific recognition and controllable dissociation, our strategy provides a reliable solution for efficient ZEN enrichment in grains and feed.

zearalenone  /  immunomagnetic beads  /  magnetic enrichment  /  cereal  /  feed
陈佳文, 陈嘉欣, 杜英杰, 简姗, 赵令波, 周宝青, 张威, 熊勇华, 郭平. 玉米赤霉烯酮金属酚醛网络涂层免疫磁珠的制备及在检测前处理中的应用. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (1) : 348 -356 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010234
Jiawen CHEN, Jiaxin CHEN, Yingjie DU, Shan JIAN, Lingbo ZHAO, Baoqing ZHOU, Wei ZHANG, Yonghua XIONG, Ping GUO. Preparation of Zearalenone Metal Phenolic Network-coated Immunomagnetic Beads and Their Application in Pre-treatment of the Assay[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (1) : 348 -356 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010234
近年来,真菌毒素(Mycotoxin)引起的食品安全问题已成为最突出的公共卫生问题之一。真菌毒素是由真菌或霉菌在适宜的条件下产生的小分子次级代谢产物,其化学性质稳定且不易被破坏[1−2]。联合国粮农组织数据显示,世界上每年约有25%的农产品受到真菌毒素污染,被污染的农产品易产生毒害作用,严重的甚至会威胁生命健康[3]。此外,真菌毒素多具有较强的热稳定性,加热或烹饪不能使其破坏或降解[4]。常见污染食品的真菌毒素主要有玉米赤霉烯酮(Zearalenone,ZEN)、黄曲霉毒素B1(Aflatoxin B1,AFB1)、赭曲霉毒素A(Ochratoxin,OTA)、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(Deoxynivalenol,DON)等[5]。ZEN是目前污染范围最广的镰刀菌毒素之一,常污染谷物粮食作物和动物饲料等,对人类健康造成很大的威胁[6−9]。ZEN是一种具有雌激素作用的真菌毒素,可导致人或动物流产、死胎、畸胎[10−13]。针对ZEN污染现状,许多国家都制定了限量标准,我国规定谷物及其制品中ZEN的限量为60 µg/kg,饲料及其产品中的限量为0.1~1.5 mg/kg[14]。
目前精准检测食品中ZEN的方法有液相色谱法[15−17]、液相色谱-质谱分析法[18−20]、酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)[21]等。由于食品样品基质复杂,一般都需要使用固相萃取柱,免疫亲和柱(IAC)或QuEChERS方法等进行提取和纯化[22],前处理操作繁琐、耗时、成本较高,且不能有效去除与待分析物化学性质相似的杂质[23]。
免疫磁珠(Immunomagnetic bead,IMBs)技术,是通过磁场作用特异性分离目标产物的新兴技术[24−25]。以表面具有活化基团的磁性微球与抗体结合,利用抗原-抗体的特异性结合,形成磁珠-抗原抗体复合物,在磁力作用下,达到分离特异性抗原的目的。金属-酚醛网络(Metal-phenolic networks,MPN)是由金属离子与酚类配体配位的超分子网络结构[26]。利用MPN与各功能组分之间的相互作用(氢键、π-π相互作用、疏水相互作用等)可以简化抗体与磁珠的偶联过程,MPN的金属离子可以引导抗体在MPN表面的定向固定,从而实现抗体-抗原(目标物质)的高特异性识别[27]。
本研究以磁性复合微球为基底,以单宁酸和Zr4+作为有机配体和交联剂[27],通过单宁酸的氧化和自聚合[28−29]在磁性复合微球表面包覆金属酚醛网络涂层,制备了Fe3O4@SiO2-NH2@MPN。本研究通过整合MPN涂层对抗体的高亲和力以及磁性微球快速磁响应性的优点,首次开发了以Fe3O4@SiO2-NH2@MPN为载体的ZEN免疫磁珠,并建立了粮谷及饲料样本中ZEN的高效前处理方法。
聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(Polyvinyl pyrrolidone,PVP)、四甲基氢氧化铵(Tetramethylammonium hydroxide,TMAH)、单宁酸(Tannic acid,TA)、八水氯氧化锆(Zirconyl chloride solution,ZrOCl2·8H2O)、四乙氧基硅烷(Tetraethoxysilane,TEOS)、3-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷(3-Aminopropyl-triphenyloxy-silane,APTES) 上海麦克林生化股份有限公司;3-吗啉丙磺酸(3-Morpholinopropanesulfoinc acid,MOPS)缓冲液 自行配制;胶体金免疫层析试纸条、磁性Fe3O4微球 南昌大学中德食品研究院;玉米赤霉烯酮单克隆抗体 实验室制备;甲醇 色谱纯,美国HoneyWell(B&J)公司;免疫亲和层析柱 北京华安麦科生物技术有限公司;0.22 μm尼龙滤膜 岛津仪器有限公司;玉米、小麦、饲料等真实样本 江西省检验检测认证总院食品检验检测研究院。
Direct-Q5超纯水仪 Millipore公司;HZ-2014B恒温鼓风干燥箱 上海福玛设备有限公司;QT-1涡旋振荡仪 上海琪特分析仪器有限公司;TGL-20M高速冷冻离心机 湘仪仪器开发有限公司;BD202电子天平 日本岛津公司;UP5200H超声波处理器 上海生析超声仪器有限公司;Agilent 1260 Infinity液相色谱-质谱联用仪 配有电喷雾离子源(ESI),Agilent公司。
称取2.5 g聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP),溶于20 mL去离子水中,超声溶解。取100 mg Fe3O4加入到250 mL三颈瓶中,加入PVP溶液并补水至100 mL。机械搅拌反应14~16 h。反应结束后,产物经去离子水和无水乙醇洗涤数次,保存于无水乙醇中。取上述PVP修饰的磁性Fe3O4微球,重悬于100 mL乙醇-水(7:3,V/V)混合液中,超声分散5 min,加入0.4 mL TMAH,机械搅拌反应。另将0.3 mL四乙氧基硅烷(Tetraethoxysilane,TEOS)和0.3 mL 3-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷(3-Aminopropyl-triphenyloxy-silane,APTES)溶于30 mL乙醇,逐滴加入反应体系。继续搅拌反应13 h,产物经去离子水和无水乙醇洗涤后保存于去离子水中[30]。
取10 mg Fe3O4@SiO2-NH2复合微球,去除上清液后分散于5 mL去离子水中。在超声辅助下,依次加入115 μL单宁酸溶液(10 mg/mL)和70 μL氯氧化锆溶液(10 mg/mL)。随后加入5 mL MOPS缓冲液(100 mmol/L,pH为8.5)以调节pH。反应完成后,磁性分离去除上清,用去离子水洗涤磁珠3次,以去除多余的TA和Zr4+,最后将Fe3O4@SiO2-NH2@MPN重悬于0.01 mol/L MES(2-吗啉乙磺酸)缓冲液(pH8.0)中保存。
利用透射电镜(TEM)、能量色散X射线谱(EDS)、Zeta电位及动态光散射(DLS)等,对磁珠的形貌及表面特性进行系统表征。
取1 mg Fe3O4@SiO2-NH2@MPN磁珠,经PBST缓冲液(0.01 mol/L,pH7.0,0.1%吐温-20)洗涤2~3次,磁分离1 min去除上清;取0.1 mg磁珠重悬于0.5 mL MES缓冲液(pH6.5)中,加入40 μg ZEN单克隆抗体,室温振荡反应30 min;随后加入10%酪蛋白封闭30 min。PBST缓冲液洗涤3次,用去离子水重悬并于4 ℃保存。该磁珠标记为ZEN免疫磁珠。
基于胶体金免疫层析试纸条定量分析免疫磁珠吸附后上清液中玉米赤霉烯酮的残留量,系统优化其制备及吸附条件。首先以0.01 mol/L PBS配制0.0625~32 ng/mL的ZEN标准溶液梯度,通过试纸条测定T/C值(ODT/ODC),建立B/B0(B/B0为各浓度与空白T/C值之比)与ZEN对数浓度的标准曲线。基于该曲线,探究不同pH(5.0、5.5、6.0、6.5、7.0、7.5、8.0)的MES缓冲液及抗体标记量(20、40、60、80、100、120 µg/mg)对免疫磁珠偶联效果的影响,通过胶体金免疫层析法检测上清液ZEN含量,结合T/C值与吸附效率(吸附效率(%)=(初始浓度−吸附后上清浓度)/初始浓度×100)确定最佳偶联条件。以优化后偶联条件合成免疫磁珠,评估不同吸附时间(0、3、5、10、15、20、25 min)下的吸附效率以此来确定最佳吸附时长,随后将其与系列浓度ZEN标准溶液(0、0.5、1、2、4、6、8、10、12、14、16 ng/mL)反应,通过平衡浓度与吸附量绘制吸附等温线,并利用Langmuir和Freundlich模型拟合分析吸附机制,经模型参数计算得出免疫磁珠的饱和吸附容量。该模型可表示为:
$ {\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{e}}/{\mathrm{q}}_{\mathrm{e}} = 1/({{\mathrm{K}}_{\mathrm{L}}}{\mathrm{q}}_{\mathrm{m}})+{\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{e}}/{\mathrm{q}}_{\mathrm{m}} $
式中,Ce为吸附达平衡时清液中ZEN的浓度(mg/L);qe为吸附平衡时单位质量磁珠对ZEN的吸附量(mg/g);qm为单位质量免疫磁珠对ZEN的最大吸附容量(mg/g);KL为Langmuir吸附平衡常数(L/mg)。
0.1 mg免疫磁珠与1 mL ZEN标准溶液(4 ng/mL)于室温静置吸附10 min,磁分离并洗涤后,分别用500 μL浓度100%的乙醇、正己烷、乙酸乙酯、甲醇、乙腈洗脱10 min,收集洗脱液,氮气吹干后用乙腈-水-甲醇(46:8:46,V/V/V)复溶,过0.22 μm尼龙滤膜后用LC-MS上机检测,定量分析洗脱效率(洗脱效率(%)=洗脱液中测得的目标物浓度/初始浓度×100)。基于最佳洗脱溶剂,进一步优化洗脱条件参数:洗脱剂浓度(10%、20%、40%、60%、80%、90%、100%)、洗脱时间(1、3、5、10、15、20 min)、洗脱剂体积(300、400、500、600、700 µL)。
基于免疫磁珠富集净化,结合LC-MS/MS检测玉米、小麦及饲料中玉米赤霉烯酮含量。通过方法学考察验证了其准确度与精密度,并与免疫亲和柱方法对比,证实其可靠性。
参考国标GB 5009.209-2016[31]对真实样本进行提取,准确称量 4 g粉碎样品于50 mL离心管,加入20 mL乙腈-水(80:20,V/V)提取液,涡旋振荡2 min后超声处理20 min,4000 r/min离心10 min,取0.5 mL上清液与10 mL PBST缓冲液混合。取1 mL混合液加入500 μL玉米赤霉烯酮免疫磁珠,涡旋分散后静置吸附10 min,磁分离弃上清后,用1 mL甲醇洗脱(1滴/s),洗脱液经50 ℃氮吹浓缩,用1 mL初始流动相(乙腈-水-甲醇(46:8:46,V/V/V))复溶,过0.22 μm尼龙滤膜后,进行LC-MS检测。本研究采用液相色谱-质谱联用技术对目标物进行分析,具体条件如下:色谱分离使用C18反相色谱柱(50 mm×2.0 mm,0.25 μm),流动相流速为0.2 mL/min,柱温维持在40 ℃,进样量为5 μL。质谱检测采用电喷雾电离负离子模式(ESI−),主要参数包括:毛细管电压3.0 kV,离子源温度120 ℃,去溶剂气温度350 ℃;氮气作为锥孔气(100 L/h)和去溶剂气(600 L/h),氩气作为碰撞气(压力2.60×10−4 Pa)。
分别称取4 g玉米、小麦、饲料,添加ZEN标准溶液使其终浓度分别为30、60、120 µg/kg,每个浓度设置3个平行,按1.2.5中ZEN免疫磁珠富集分离方法进行前处理,用LC-MS测定样品中ZEN浓度。计算回收率和变异系数(Coefficient of variation,CV)。
采用ZEN免疫磁珠富集净化前处理方法和免疫亲和柱前处理方法分别对玉米、小麦、饲料等真实样本进行处理,通过对比两种方法的检测结果,评价两种前处理方法的一致性。
通过实验得到的数据使用Excel 2020进行相应的计算和分析,LC-MS测定的数据使用MassHunter进行处理和分析。使用Origin 2021绘图、对数据拟合等。
本研究参考Graf等[32]提出的快速的硅胶胶体涂层方法,结合Stöber生长法制备Fe3O4@SiO2-NH2复合微球。首先在Fe3O4磁性微球的制备过程中引入聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)作为分散剂,借助其分子链的空间位阻效应与静电排斥作用,有效抑制纳米颗粒的自聚集倾向[32]。然后直接将其转移到氨和乙醇的混合溶液中,加入四乙氧基硅烷(TEOS)和3-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷(APTES)混合溶液,TEOS和APTES作为功能互补性硅烷偶联剂,可在Fe3O4表面实现SiO2包覆与氨基修饰的协同效应。反应结束后其表面便能生成光滑均匀、厚度可调的二氧化硅壳,同时在二氧化硅表面修饰氨基基团。如图1(a)透射电镜结果所示,与初始状态下Fe3O4磁性微球相比,复合微球Fe3O4@SiO2-NH2呈现清晰的核壳结构,SiO2壳层厚度均匀,且Fe3O4核与壳层界面分明;Zeta电位变化如图1(b),经SiO2包覆和氨基修饰后因为氨基(-NH2)质子化形成带正电的-NH3+,使Fe3O4@SiO2-NH2表面为正电性(20.2 mV)[33],以上表征结果表明磁性微球表面成功修饰SiO2和氨基。
利用金属酚醛网络涂层对复合微球进行修饰,得到Fe3O4@SiO2-NH2@MPN。MPN通过Zr4+与TA的配位作用形成,赋予磁珠表面丰富的酚羟基和金属配位位点。金属酚醛网络包覆后,透射电镜结果如图1(a)所示,Fe3O4@SiO2-NH2@MPN磁珠的壳层厚度有所增加。由于Fe3O4@SiO2-NH2@MPN表面TA分子的脱质子作用[34],其Zeta电位也发生明显变化。如图1(b)所示,磁珠表面由原来的正电(20.2 mV)变为负电(−20.5 mV)。通过EDS元素映射对其进一步表征,结果如图1(c)所示,Fe、C、O元素在磁珠表面高度重叠,说明Fe3+与单宁酸中的邻苯二酚基团(C-O配位位点)形成了稳定的配位键。此外,磁珠表面分散的Zr元素(源自MPN中Zr4+-TA配位网络),也可表明MPN涂层的成功修饰。动态散射仪表征结果如图1(d),包覆MPN的磁珠粒径增大至400 nm左右。以上结果表明磁珠表面成功包覆金属酚醛网络涂层。
金属酚醛网络表面富含的羟基基团,使Fe3O4@SiO2-NH2@MPN复合材料对抗体具有较强的非特异性吸附能力[27]。该材料可以通过氢键、疏水作用和离子相互作用等物理作用方式与抗体偶联。Fe3O4@SiO2-NH2@MPN粒径的增加和Zeta电位的变化可以证明ZEN单克隆抗体(mAbZEN)成功地偶联到Fe3O4@SiO2-NH2@MPN表面。如图2(a)所示,偶联ZEN单克隆抗体后,材料的粒径显著增大。在偶联过程中,MPN表面的羟基会与抗体氨基酸残基中的氨基(-NH2)和巯基(-SH)发生反应,导致Zeta电位值的变化[35]。如图2(b)所示,偶联后的Fe3O4@SiO2-NH2@MPN-mAbZEN的Zeta电位值从−20.5 mV变为−16.7 mV,这种电位变化进一步验证了抗体的成功偶联。
使用不同pH的缓冲液制备ZEN免疫磁珠,结果如图3(a)所示,当MES缓冲液pH为5.5~7.5时,免疫磁珠对ZEN的吸附效率均在80%以上;pH为5.5时,吸附效率最高,为92.21%。并且在该pH下试纸条T/C值最高,反映了该pH下抗体偶联效率相对较高。随着pH的升高吸附效率下降,当pH大于7.5时,吸附效率降到80%以下;可能是因为在弱酸条件下,MPN涂层中的酚羟基(-OH)部分解离,形成带负电的酚氧基团[36]。而抗体在pH5.5时,表面带正电,两者之间存在静电吸引作用。其次,金属离子在该条件下仍保持配位能力,能够与抗体中的氨基(-NH2)或羧基(-COOH)发生配位作用。因此,选择pH5.5为ZEN免疫磁珠的最佳偶联缓冲液pH。
抗体标记量与免疫磁珠的吸附效率密切相关,为了提高吸附效率,本研究对抗体标记量进行了优化。吸附效率随抗体标记量变化关系如图3(b)所示,抗体标记量在20~80 µg/mg时,随着抗体标记量的增加免疫磁珠的吸附效率提高。当抗体标记量为80 µg/mg时吸附效率最高达到96.27%,但磁珠表面抗体过多时(100、120 µg/mg),吸附效率和试纸条T/C信号值有所下降。这可能是抗体在磁珠表面过多堆积造成空间位阻,阻碍了抗原-抗体的结合。因此,免疫磁珠合成时最佳抗体标记量为80 µg/mg。
吸附反应时间是免疫磁珠吸附净化效果的影响因素之一,在一定范围内吸附反应时间的延长,可以提高免疫磁珠与目标物的结合效率。这主要归因于有效结合位点的充分利用。ZEN免疫磁珠吸附效率随时间变化结果见图3(c)所示,在反应初期阶段,随着反应时间的增加吸附效率也随之提高,10 min时吸附效率最高为91.68%,且试纸条T/C值相对最高。然而,当吸附进行至特定时间阈值后,体系逐渐达到吸附-解离平衡状态,此时继续延长反应时间无法提高捕获效率。从实验结果来看,当吸附时间超过10 min后,吸附效率开始下降。这一现象可通过抗原-抗体结合动力学理论进行解释:即在平衡状态下,单位时间内被捕获的毒素分子数量与解离的分子数量达到动态平衡,从而导致总体吸附量趋于稳定[37]。在长时间的吸附过程中,抗原-抗体复合物的解离速率加剧。当解离速率开始超过结合速率时,净吸附量不再维持平衡,而是开始减少,最终在实验数据上表现为吸附效率的下降。通过系统优化实验确定的最佳吸附时间,既可确保获得理想的富集效果,又能有效提高实验效率。因此吸附时间不宜过长,本实验优化的最优吸附时间为10 min。
在不同浓度ZEN标准溶液中加入0.1 mg ZEN免疫磁珠进行吸附,并收集吸附反应后的上清液,用胶体金免疫层析试纸条检测上清中ZEN浓度,通过对不同初始浓度条件下免疫磁珠吸附ZEN的性能研究,建立了吸附平衡体系中ZEN浓度(Ce,mg/L)与固相吸附量(qe,mg/g)的定量关系(如图4(a)所示)。为深入了解吸附机制,采用Langmuir等温吸附模型对实验数据进行拟合分析。拟合结果如图4(b)所示,Ce/qe与Ce呈现良好的线性相关性,线性方程y=28.568x+0.0048,相关系数R2=0.9939。经模型参数计算得出,该免疫磁珠对ZEN的饱和吸附容量为35 ng/mg,KL值为595.1 L/mg。该结果表明磁珠表面抗体与ZEN分子间具有较高的亲和力,这些数据为后续优化免疫磁珠的应用条件提供了重要的理论依据。
抗原-抗体的非共价键结合是一种可逆的免疫反应,洗脱是指利用有机试剂破坏抗原-抗体复合物之间的非共价键结合来实现抗原-抗体的解离[38]。分别使用乙醇、乙酸乙酯、乙腈、甲醇、正己烷进行洗脱,结果如图5(a)所示,其中甲醇的洗脱效率最高,可达到90.71%。因此,选用甲醇作为洗脱液。
本研究系统考察了甲醇-水体系中甲醇体积分数(10%~100%)对免疫磁珠洗脱效率的影响规律。如图5(b)所示,洗脱效率与甲醇浓度呈正相关。当甲醇比例低于80%时,洗脱效率维持在较低水平(<80%);当浓度提升至90%时,效率明显提高至87%;而采用纯甲醇时,洗脱效率达到最优值92.8%。基于此实验结果,为确保实际样本检测的可靠性,最终选择纯甲醇作为最优洗脱溶剂,该条件可有效破坏抗原-抗体的偶联,从而实现目标物的高效回收。
洗脱时间是影响洗脱效率的因素之一。如图5(c)所示,在初始阶段,洗脱效率随时间的延长而快速上升,这主要归因于有机溶剂对抗原-抗体复合物的逐步解离作用。当洗脱时间达到5 min时,达到最佳解离平衡状态,此时洗脱效率可达96.3%。进一步延长洗脱时间至5 min以上,洗脱效率维持在95%~97%的稳定区间,趋于平衡。这一现象表明,5 min的洗脱时间已足以使目标物从免疫磁珠表面解吸附。基于上述实验结果,本研究确定5 min为最优洗脱时间。
为探究洗脱体积对免疫磁珠洗脱效率的影响,分别使用300、400、500、600、700 µL 100%甲醇进行洗脱。如图5(d)所示,随洗脱液体积增加,洗脱效率逐渐提高,由87.8%提高至95%,洗脱液体积增加到500 µL后,洗脱效率无明显变化。基于绿色化学理念和实验效率考量,最终确定500 μL为最佳洗脱体积,该条件既可确保95%以上的洗脱效率,又能最大限度减少有机溶剂消耗。
用ZEN免疫磁珠富集净化前处理方法对真实样本进行加标回收试验,结果如表1所示,加标浓度为30~60 µg/kg时,回收率大于90%,变异系数在1.3%~4.5%之间;当加标浓度为120 µg/kg时,三种样本的回收率分别为81.0%、83.7%和77.6%,可能是ZEN-免疫磁珠在富集高浓度样本时已经达到饱和,所以在加标120 µg/kg时回收率有所下降。
分别采用国标方法(免疫亲和层析柱法)和建立的ZEN免疫磁珠富集净化前处理方法对玉米、小麦、饲料样本进行前处理,通过对比两种前处理方法的检测结果,评价两种前处理方法的一致性。如表2所示,在玉米、小麦、猪饲料及鸡饲料基质中两种前处理方法的相对标准偏差分别为1.83%~7.10%、3.56%~7.30%、1.31%~3.14%、2.19%~4.04%,以上结果证明了两种前处理方法的结果一致性良好。该性能指标与Zhang等[39]报道的自动化免疫磁珠-HPLC联用技术(方法间偏差<10%)相吻合。
本研究以Fe3O4@SiO2-NH2为基底,加入单宁酸(TA)与Zr4+,利用单宁酸的氧化和自聚合反应,成功在Fe3O4@SiO2-NH2表面包覆金属酚醛网络涂层。Fe3O4@SiO2-NH2@MPN可以通过氢键、离子相互作用和疏水相互作用等物理作用与抗体偶联,在30 min内实现抗体在其表面直接、高效偶联。以此为基础创建了一种富集净化方法,并将其应用于玉米、小麦及饲料等真实样本中ZEN含量检测的前处理,平均回收率分别为81.0%~103.3%、83.75%~100.7%、77.6%~99.5%,变异系数分别为2.9%~6.4%、1.3%~6.5%、3.3%~4.5%。该方法与免疫亲和柱法的平行比对结果显示,两种方法检测结果的相对标准偏差≤7.30%,具有良好的一致性。上述结果表明本研究建立的免疫磁珠富集净化前处理方法适用于真实样本中ZEN含量的检测。

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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010234
  • 接收时间:2025-01-23
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-01-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-23
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    1江西农业大学食品科学与工程学院,江西南昌 330000
    2江西省检验检测认证总院食品检验检测研究院,江西南昌 330200
    3南昌大学食品学院,江西南昌 330000
    4南昌市食品快速检测重点实验室,江西南昌 330200

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郭平(1980−),男,博士,正高级工程师,研究方向:食品安全快速检测,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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