Article(id=1320889687946937071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320889172802515656, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010200, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1737388800000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-21, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792854242549, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1768406400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792854242549, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792854242549, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792854242549, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320889172802515656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='514', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1768406400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792854119730, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792854119730, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=470, endPage=479, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320889688127292144, articleId=1320889687946937071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Current Research Status and Advances in Low Glycemic Index Foods, columnId=1261343851327906245, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Foods with a low glycemic index (GI) show great market potential in controlling blood sugar levels and improving health conditions, and gradually attracting the attention of researchers and the public. This paper applies the CiteSpace V software to analyze the hotspots of research on low-GI foods, and reviewes their research status and progress. A large number of studies have shown that low-GI foods can help reduce insulin resistance and significantly improve the blood glucose levels of people with diabetes. Factors such as starch structure, dietary fiber, fat, protein, and polyphenols, as well as their combinations, can significantly reduce the GI value of foods. Physical processing, biological processing, cooking, and storage methods can all change the GI value of foods. Therefore, different types of low-GI foods can be developed by selecting appropriate raw material combinations and processing methods. In the future, research should focus on optimizing combinations of food ingredients and integrating modern technologies, while strengthening policy support and public education on the promotion and popularization of low-GI foods.

, authors=Yan DING1, Yuxing WANG1, Yuchan YANG1, Jiacong LIN2, Dongxu WANG1, Yuanxin GUO1, *, authorsList=Yan DING, Yuxing WANG, Yuchan YANG, Jiacong LIN, Dongxu WANG, Yuanxin GUO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yuanxin GUO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320889690744537847, articleId=1320889687946937071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=低血糖生成指数食品的研究现状与进展, columnId=1261343852603031688, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=专题综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

低血糖生成指数(GI)食品在控制血糖水平及改善健康状况方面表现出巨大的市场潜力,逐渐受到研究者和公众的关注。论文应用CiteSpace V软件对低GI食品的研究进行了热点分析,并综述其研究现状与进展。大量研究表明,低GI食品有助于减少胰岛素抵抗性,显著改善相关人群的血糖水平。淀粉结构、膳食纤维、脂肪、蛋白质及多酚等添加物及其组合可以显著降低食品的GI值,物理加工、生物加工及烹饪和储存方法均能够改变食物的GI值。因此,通过选择合适的原料组合与加工方式,能够研发出不同种类的低GI食品。未来应注重食品成分的组合优化与现代技术的应用,同时加强政策支持和公众教育,以促进低GI食品的推广和普及。

, authors=丁颜1, 王雨星1, 杨玉婵1, 林嘉聪2, 王东旭1, 郭元新1, *, authorsList=丁颜, 王雨星, 杨玉婵, 林嘉聪, 王东旭, 郭元新, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=郭元新, authorNote=

丁颜(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:农产品精深加工,E-mail:

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郭元新(1970−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:粮油食品加工与营养健康,E-mail:。
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GI distribution statistics for different food types[53]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
食品种类样品数平均GI值方差低GI食品
(%)
中GI食品
(%)
高GI食品
(%)
马铃薯制品667115142958
面包2146414293635
大米1286717283438
坚果322110000
饼干13549984124
烘焙产品725816493121
乳制品18635119550
水果105511172226
豆类3234149460
饮料745020681815
面制品77521264298
), ArticleFig(id=1320889695811257133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889687946937071, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同种类食品的GI分布统计结果[53]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
食品种类样品数平均GI值方差低GI食品
(%)
中GI食品
(%)
高GI食品
(%)
马铃薯制品667115142958
面包2146414293635
大米1286717283438
坚果322110000
饼干13549984124
烘焙产品725816493121
乳制品18635119550
水果105511172226
豆类3234149460
饮料745020681815
面制品77521264298
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低血糖生成指数食品的研究现状与进展
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丁颜 1 , 王雨星 1 , 杨玉婵 1 , 林嘉聪 2 , 王东旭 1 , 郭元新 1, *
食品工业科技 | 专题综述 2026,47(2): 470-479
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食品工业科技 |专题综述 2026 , 47 (2) : 470 -479
低血糖生成指数食品的研究现状与进展
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丁颜1 , 王雨星1, 杨玉婵1, 林嘉聪2, 王东旭1, 郭元新1, *
作者信息
  • 1江苏科技大学粮食学院,江苏省粮食生物加工工程研究中心,江苏镇江 212100
  • 2江苏禾润世家绿色食品有限公司,江苏镇江 212100
通讯作者:
郭元新(1970−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:粮油食品加工与营养健康,E-mail:。
作者简介:

丁颜(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:农产品精深加工,E-mail:

Current Research Status and Advances in Low Glycemic Index Foods
Yan DING1 , Yuxing WANG1, Yuchan YANG1, Jiacong LIN2, Dongxu WANG1, Yuanxin GUO1, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Grain, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Jiangsu Grain Bioprocessing Engineering Research Centre, Zhenjiang 212100, China
  • 2Jiangsu Harun Shijia Green Food Co., Ltd., Zhenjiang 212100, China
出版时间: 2026-01-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010200
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低血糖生成指数(GI)食品在控制血糖水平及改善健康状况方面表现出巨大的市场潜力,逐渐受到研究者和公众的关注。论文应用CiteSpace V软件对低GI食品的研究进行了热点分析,并综述其研究现状与进展。大量研究表明,低GI食品有助于减少胰岛素抵抗性,显著改善相关人群的血糖水平。淀粉结构、膳食纤维、脂肪、蛋白质及多酚等添加物及其组合可以显著降低食品的GI值,物理加工、生物加工及烹饪和储存方法均能够改变食物的GI值。因此,通过选择合适的原料组合与加工方式,能够研发出不同种类的低GI食品。未来应注重食品成分的组合优化与现代技术的应用,同时加强政策支持和公众教育,以促进低GI食品的推广和普及。

低血糖生成指数  /  食品成分  /  加工方式  /  血糖水平  /  低GI食品

Foods with a low glycemic index (GI) show great market potential in controlling blood sugar levels and improving health conditions, and gradually attracting the attention of researchers and the public. This paper applies the CiteSpace V software to analyze the hotspots of research on low-GI foods, and reviewes their research status and progress. A large number of studies have shown that low-GI foods can help reduce insulin resistance and significantly improve the blood glucose levels of people with diabetes. Factors such as starch structure, dietary fiber, fat, protein, and polyphenols, as well as their combinations, can significantly reduce the GI value of foods. Physical processing, biological processing, cooking, and storage methods can all change the GI value of foods. Therefore, different types of low-GI foods can be developed by selecting appropriate raw material combinations and processing methods. In the future, research should focus on optimizing combinations of food ingredients and integrating modern technologies, while strengthening policy support and public education on the promotion and popularization of low-GI foods.

low glycemic index  /  food ingredients  /  processing methods  /  blood sugar levels  /  low-GI foods
丁颜, 王雨星, 杨玉婵, 林嘉聪, 王东旭, 郭元新. 低血糖生成指数食品的研究现状与进展. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (2) : 470 -479 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010200
Yan DING, Yuxing WANG, Yuchan YANG, Jiacong LIN, Dongxu WANG, Yuanxin GUO. Current Research Status and Advances in Low Glycemic Index Foods[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (2) : 470 -479 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010200
由于生活方式不规律、不良的食物喜好及单一的饮食结构等诸多原因,由血糖水平异常波动造成的健康问题已日益严峻。国际糖尿病联合会(IDF)公布的数据显示,2021年全球糖尿病患者人数已达到1.409亿,其中90%~95%为2型糖尿病,研究表明高升糖指数饮食和高血糖负荷饮食是发生2型糖尿病的重要因素[1]。
20世纪80年代,研究人员首次系统地定义了血糖生成指数(Glycemic Index,GI)的概念,并探讨了其在糖尿病饮食管理中的应用。越来越多的研究显示,低GI食品有助于降低餐后血糖,并与控制体重、保持心脏健康等方面呈正相关[2],具有广阔的市场开发前景。随着全球糖尿病患者数量的不断增加,低GI食品在糖尿病管理中的重要性日益显现。Zafar等[3]通过系统评价发现,低GI饮食有助于减少糖尿病患者的糖化血红蛋白和空腹血糖水平,并改善血脂水平,可降低心血管疾病的风险。GI值的高低主要取决于食品的成分、加工方式以及烹饪方法等因素[4]。食物中的蛋白质、脂肪、纤维、多酚和多肽等成分以不同的方式影响血糖,通过调整原料或加工方法开发低GI食品成为研究趋势。低GI食品的开发对大众健康至关重要,有助于预防糖尿病和相关并发症,提高社会的健康状况。
当前国内外市场上的低GI食品种类尚不够丰富,部分产品品质有待提升。面对这些挑战,提升低GI食品的品质和丰富其种类成为了该领域研发的重点方向。消费者对于低GI食品的认知和接受度也在不断提高,为低GI食品的市场推广和普及打下了良好的社会基础。随着对低GI食品研究的深入和消费者健康意识的增强,低GI食品在全球范围内将得到更广泛的应用和认可。文章阐述了低GI食品的概念、测定方法及其降糖机制,分析了食品组成和加工技术对GI值的影响,并探讨了低GI食品研发中的挑战与未来研究方向。
近年来,低GI食品的研究涵盖了多个方面,包括食品的血糖生成指数测定、感官评价以及对血糖负荷和糖脂代谢的影响、配方优化、加工工艺、体外消化模拟等。这些研究不仅关注食品本身的营养成分,还涉及到健康教育、糖尿病管理、肥胖预防等多个领域。为了全面了解低GI食品研究的发展趋势和热点,作者在Web of Science核心数据库中进行了高级检索,检索策略为TS=(“low GI”OR“Glycemic index”OR“Glycemic Control”OR“Glycemic Load”OR“Glycemic Index Foods”),时间跨度选择“2007~2024”,最终共得到814篇有关低GI食品的出版文献,通过CiteSpace V软件对检索结果进行关键词共现分析,以梳理出低GI食品研究的主要方向和研究热点,更清晰地认识低GI食品在健康领域的重要性以及未来研究的潜在方向,结果见图1。
图1通过两个相互关联的网络图深入展示了低GI食品与糖尿病之间的复杂关系。在左侧网络图中,“低GI”作为核心节点,与“配方优化”、“体外消化”、“杂粮”等概念紧密相连,这些节点表明了低GI食品的制备和加工技术,也强调了其在健康饮食中的重要性。“配方优化”指通过特定的加工技术和配方设计,可以改善食品的GI值。图中提到的食品原料如“杂粮”、“全谷物”、“抗性淀粉”等,都是低GI食品的典型代表,这些食品在消化过程中缓慢释放糖分,有助于维持血糖稳定。右侧网络图聚焦于“糖尿病”这一核心,围绕“血糖指数”、“血糖负荷”、“健康教育”等关键词展开。这些概念是糖尿病管理中的关键要素,其中“血糖指数”直接关联到食物对血糖水平的影响,“血糖负荷”是食物中碳水化合物的总量及其对血糖的影响。图1中的“健康教育”表示提高公众对低GI食品认识的重要性,以及如何通过合理饮食来预防和管理糖尿病。两个网络图通过“血糖指数”这一节点相互联系,表示了低GI食品在糖尿病管理中的潜在作用,也表明了通过选择低GI食品来降低血糖指数,有助于控制血糖水平,可对糖尿病患者健康产生积极的影响。
GI是加拿大科学家Jenkins于1981年提出[5],指食用含50 g可利用碳水化合物的食物后,在2 h内血糖应答曲线下面积与食用等量标准食物(含50 g淀粉的白面包或50 g葡萄糖)后的血糖应答曲线下面积的比值。以葡萄糖为标准,将GI值定为100,用来衡量其他食物引起血糖升高的速度和程度。通常将GI值分为三个等级:低GI值(≤55)、中GI值(56~69)和高GI值(≥70)[6]。
GI值反映食物消化吸收速率及餐后血糖波动,但不能反映膳食总能量和碳水化合物量。所以Salmerón等[7]提出血糖负荷(Glycemic Load,GL)的概念,它结合了食物的GI值和碳水化合物含量,更准确地评估食物对血糖的影响,其计算方法见公式(1),公式中“可利用碳水化合物”指食物中能转化为血糖的碳水化合物,如淀粉和糖类,不包括膳食纤维。食物根据GL值分为:高GL值(>20),表明食用后对血糖影响显著;中GL值(10~20),表明食用后对血糖产生一定的影响;低GL值(<10),表明食用后对血糖影响较小。低GL食物的GI值也低,而中高GL食物GI值可能高或低[8]。
$ \mathrm{G}\mathrm{L}=\mathrm{G}\mathrm{I}\times \mathrm{可}\mathrm{利}\mathrm{用}\mathrm{碳}\mathrm{水}\mathrm{化}\mathrm{合}\mathrm{物}(\mathrm{g})/100 $
尽管GL值提供了更全面的食物血糖效应评估,但由于GI值简单直观且研究支持广泛,易于大众理解和记忆,在实际应用中更受青睐。如图2所示,进食后不同GI和GL食物对胰岛素水平和血糖水平的影响,高GI和高GL食物会导致胰岛素水平迅速升高,随后血糖水平也会显著上升。中GI和中GL食物的影响则较为温和,而低GI和低GL食物对胰岛素和血糖水平的影响最小。
根据国家卫生健康委员会2019年发布的推荐性标准WS/T 652-2019《食物血糖生成指数测定方法》,测定GI值的推荐方法为人体体内测定法。这项实验要求至少12名参与者,必须在5~10 min内快速食用指定的标准食物或测试食物。实验从参与者开始进食计时,要求他们在空腹状态下以及餐后2 h内的6个时间点(15、30、45、60、90、120 min)测量血糖。绘制以时间为x轴、血糖浓度为y轴的血糖反应曲线,并计算曲线下面积的增加值[10]。这种方法得出的GI值真实的反映了食物在人体内的升糖情况,可信度高,但高昂的测试费用给研究者带来了很大的经济压力。体内消化法不仅包括人体试验法,也包括小鼠体内消化法[11]。但该方法并非直接测量食物对人体血糖水平的影响,反映的是小鼠血糖反应,其结果并不被普遍认可。该方法目前主要用来探究低GI食品对糖脂代谢的调节作用及机制,为产品开发提供科学依据[12]。动物实验测定GI值的流程包括:实验动物经过适应性喂养后,通过饲喂或灌胃方式摄入待测食物或参考食物,随后通过尾部采血的方式[13],在进食前后及进食后多个时间点(15、30、45、60、90、120 min)测量血糖水平。GI值的计算基于测试食物与参考食物血糖曲线下增幅面积的比值。虽然动物实验的结果可能与人体实验相近,但为了确保动物实验测定结果的可靠性,仍需将动物实验预测的GI值与人体实验的测定结果进行相关性分析,动物实验还需考虑到伦理、饲养、管理动物以及饮食培训周期长等问题[14],其应用受到很多限制。
体外模拟消化法解决了成本高的问题,能够在不涉及人体试验的情况下预测食物GI值。它主要利用淀粉酶、蛋白酶、胰酶等模拟人体对食物的消化过程,建立模拟人体口腔、胃和小肠消化环境的体系,分析食物在消化道内的消化行为。通过测定食物中淀粉的水解率来估计食物的GI值,测定值通常被称为预估GI值(eGI)[15−17]。大多数体外模型仅测量淀粉消化过程,未能考虑吸收和胰岛素反应的影响,因此不能很好地模拟人类消化系统的生理、解剖学和动态生化条件[18−19]。该方法在实际操作时受到样品的破碎程度、用量、消化酶的种类等因素影响,使测定结果存在一定误差,需进一步研究并制定统一操作标准,提高其预测结果的精确度和可信度。尽管如此,体外模拟消化模型因操作简便、效率高、成本低廉,被研究者和行业广泛应用。在实验流程中,研究者对测试食品进行基本组分分析,从中获取相关的消化、理化性质以及各种食品成分的含量等参数,通过数值统计和软件分析构建一种经验型预测GI模型[20]。体外模拟消化模型主要包含静态和动态两类模型,其中静态模型所得到的数据在生理相关性上通常较低,难以充分揭示食物在体内消化过程中的实际生理因素,相比之下,动态体外消化模型能更有效地模拟人体内的真实消化环境[21]。
低GI食品有助于减少胰岛素抵抗性,并降低多种慢性疾病的风险。GI值受到多种因素影响,包括食物中糖和淀粉的种类、比例、分子结构以及食物中蛋白质、脂肪、纤维等成分的含量。蛋白质在消化过程中会产生肽类和氨基酸,某些特定的生物活性肽和氨基酸可以影响胰岛素的分泌和作用,从而参与血糖调节。高蛋白质食物可以减缓胃排空速度,延长食物在胃中的停留时间,从而减缓葡萄糖的吸收速度[22]。低GI食品通过一系列复杂的机制降低GI值,这些机制包括增加蛋白质含量形成围绕淀粉的网络,增强结构的稳定性,减少淀粉的酶解消化;提高纤维含量以增加食品粘度,减少酶对淀粉的可及性,形成物理屏障围绕淀粉颗粒,限制酶的接触和水解,作为屏障限制水解产物的释放,减少淀粉的水合作用和糊化程度;蛋白质与淀粉在表面相互作用,阻碍淀粉的水解,变性蛋白质与淀粉表面的作用增强,限制酶的接近,形成抗性淀粉和淀粉-脂质复合物;酚类化合物和花青素能抑制α-淀粉酶的活性,减少淀粉消化,并与淀粉形成复合物增强抗消化性[9]。这些机制共同作用,减缓了淀粉在小肠中的消化速率,延长了葡萄糖释放到血液的时间,从而降低食物GI值,有助于维持血糖水平的稳定,减少血糖波动。
如图3所示,低GI食品降低GI值的效果与胰岛素信号传导机制有着密切联系。胰岛素是调节血糖水平的关键激素。它通过与细胞表面的胰岛素受体结合,激活下游的IRS1,进而激活PI3K,PI3K进一步激活AKT2,最终导致GLUT4的转位到细胞膜,促进葡萄糖的摄取和利用,同时促进糖原合成,降低血糖水平[23]。低GI食品通过缓慢释放葡萄糖,减少了胰岛素的需求,减轻了胰岛素分泌的压力,从而维持血糖稳定。
2型糖尿病(T2DM)是在遗传和环境因素的共同作用下,体内胰岛素绝对或相对分泌不足而引起的一组以糖代谢紊乱为主要表现的代谢性疾病[24]。通过合理控制饮食总热量、调整饮食结构和改变进餐习惯等措施,可纠正其代谢紊乱,减轻胰岛β细胞的负担,控制血糖水平,从而延缓和减轻糖尿病及其并发症的发展[25]。研究显示,高GI食物可能导致胰岛素敏感性降低,引发胰岛素抵抗,这是2型糖尿病发生的关键风险因素。相比之下,低GI食物能够减缓葡萄糖的吸收,降低血糖峰值,减少对胰岛素的整体需求,改善糖尿病患者的血糖控制能力[26]。研究表明,低GI且富含纤维的方便米饭对健康人群餐后血糖的影响显著低于普通方便米饭,米饭中的膳食纤维因其吸水膨胀的特性,能够吸附并包裹葡萄糖,从而降低碳水化合物的水解速率,有助于稳定餐后血糖[27]。将糖尿病患者的主食替换为高抗性淀粉食品后,患者的平均血糖水平有所下降,血糖波动也更为平稳,对T2DM患者进行高纤维、低GI饮食干预后,患者的肠道菌群更加稳定,血脂代谢和胰岛素抵抗状况也得到显著改善[28]。低GI饮食能显著改善妊娠糖尿病患者的血糖水平,减少饥饿感和低血糖的发生,Petrella等[29]指出,在孕初期采用低GI的饮食方案,有助于减少肥胖孕妇发生妊娠期糖尿病以及胎儿体重过重的风险。
低GI食品对心血管疾病及其他疾病的管理也具有重要意义。Montagnese等[30]对乳腺癌女性患者进行了饮食干预观察,结果显示采用低GI饮食的患者血压和总胆固醇水平显著下降,有助于降低心血管疾病的风险。这表明低GI食品在乳腺癌患者健康管理中的重要作用,为该群体的饮食选择提供了有益参考。Uzokov等[31]在对冠心病患者进行饮食干预的研究中发现,低GI饮食能够减少冠心病患者的炎症因子水平,改善血脂状况,并降低血压。坚持低GI饮食有利于改善血糖和血压等代谢指标,提高整体代谢健康,并降低心脑血管疾病风险。Ebbeling等[32]研究显示,与低脂饮食相比,低GI饮食在降低心血管疾病风险方面更为有效。高GI饮食与某些癌症风险的增加有关,高GI饮食与结肠、直肠癌、乳腺癌的风险增加显著相关。低GI饮食对于女性健康也有积极影响,可以调节女性的内分泌系统,减少雄性激素分泌,改善多囊卵巢综合征和月经不调的症状[33]。Franco等[34]在一项临床试验中发现,低GI饮食并结合适量运动显著降低了非酒精性脂肪肝病患者的肝纤维化评分,进一步验证了低GI饮食对糖尿病等疾病的积极作用。因此,低GI食品对人体的健康作用不仅局限于血糖水平的调节,还可提升人体健康水平,对目前广泛存在的“三高”等富贵病的预防具有积极的意义。
全谷物食品中的高纤维和蛋白质含量及独特的淀粉组成,使其GI值通常低于55,能有效减少餐后血糖的上升,适合糖尿病患者作为日常饮食的一部分[35–36]。不同谷物的GI值有明显区别,这与它们的组成、加工技术以及烹饪手法密切相关。传统的白米一般是高GI值,但新研发的低GI大米,比如富含硒的发芽糙米GI值可以降到55以下,适合糖尿病患者食用[37]。面条的GI值同样受原料和加工方法的影响。用全谷物制作或加入豆类、纤维等成分的面条,其GI值通常会更低,有些低GI面条的GI值可以降至48.94左右[38]。Olagunju[39]揭示了摄入多谷物粥对肥胖型糖尿病大鼠的血糖控制、血脂水平以及抗氧化能力具有积极影响,有助于维持餐后血糖水平的稳定。粮谷类食品的GI值受到淀粉结构和组成的显著影响。研究显示,直链淀粉含量、颗粒大小以及加工程度等因素会改变食品的消化速度,进而影响GI值。例如,通过蒸煮、挤压等加工手段可以减少谷物食品的GI值,经过这类处理的黑麦和燕麦等谷物的GI值通常低于未经加工的原料[40]。研究显示不同种类的豆类在GI值上有较大差异:蚕豆的GI值往往偏高,而鹰嘴豆、红豆、绿豆类等的GI值则远低于55[41]。豆类低GI特性与其成分密切相关,豆类中的高膳食纤维含量不仅有助于减缓碳水化合物的消化吸收,还能改善胰岛素敏感性[42]。
面条作为面制品中的重要组成部分,通过使用低GI的谷物粉替代部分小麦粉,可以生产出低GI面条。这种替代不仅丰富了面条中的活性成分,还增强了面条的抑菌、抗氧化和血糖稳定等功能。将多种谷物混合使用不仅丰富了面条营养成分和活性物质,还提升了其功能性。刘欣等[43]研制了山药全粉面条,其紧凑的内部网络结构能够减缓淀粉的消化速度。崔亚鹏等[44]在面条制作中加入砂仁粉、黄芪粉、白扁豆粉和高直链玉米淀粉等,研制出GI值为53.37的低GI挂面。随着对淀粉消化酶天然抑制剂的进一步发现,将天然活性成分添加到食品中以降低GI值成为了研究的新趋势。未来的研究可以更深入地探讨加工过程中活性成分的保护以及它们在降低GI值方面的作用。馒头是中国传统的主食之一,通常由小麦粉、水和发酵剂制成,经过揉面、发酵和蒸制制作[45]。馒头的GI值约为85,属于高GI食品。为了降低馒头的GI值,通常从原料入手,即在小麦粉中添加适当营养成分,不仅降低了GI值,还提高了食品的营养价值。张子睿等[46]研究了葡萄籽原花色素对马铃薯馒头中淀粉消化特性的影响,发现添加花青素后,由于花青素与淀粉之间的氢键结合,淀粉的水解速率降低,消化特性受到抑制,显著降低了马铃薯馒头的GI值。彭辉等[47]通过将普通面粉和玉米淀粉混合来替代低筋面粉,并使用低聚异麦芽糖替换蔗糖制作饼干,得到GI值为42.3的饼干,食用后不会导致血糖水平剧烈波动,为糖尿病患者提供了更多食品选择。在开发低GI主食时,重点应放在如何减缓主食中碳水化合物的消化吸收速率以及增加其中的膳食纤维和其他功能性成分方面。
除了上述种类,其他种类的低GI食品也开始受到研究者的关注。新兴低GI食品原料如坚果,因其高营养价值和低GI特性,在健康食品领域受到广泛关注。像杏仁和核桃这样的坚果食品通常具有较低的GI值,并且含有丰富的健康脂肪,如单不饱和脂肪酸和多不饱和脂肪酸,可以改善胰岛素的敏感性,有助于改善心血管健康和血糖管理[48]。大多数水果属于低GI食品,其含有丰富的维生素、膳食纤维、多酚和有机酸,对日常饮食至关重要。研究表明,每日摄入1~2份水果可减少21%的死亡风险[49]。适当摄入新鲜水果对血糖控制具有积极作用,因为果蔬中含有天然多酚类物质,其作为消化酶的抑制剂可降低消化酶活性,从而阻止消化酶降解淀粉类物质,降低了血糖水平[50]。董宇豪等[51]研究发现,用桑葚、百香果、柚子和火龙果混合制成的复合果汁相较于单一果汁能更有效地抑制葡萄糖苷酶,从而减缓血糖上升速度,有助于维持血糖稳定。随着研究的深入,更多的低GI食品被开发和利用,该领域具有广阔的研究空间。
食品的GI值受其成分的影响很大。碳水化合物能够直接或间接地促进胰岛素释放,是引起血糖水平上升的主要因素。淀粉的晶体结构、支链与直链淀粉的比例及淀粉分子链长决定了淀粉被淀粉酶分解的速率,进而影响血糖水平和胰岛素的分泌。徐菁等[52]研究发现,鹰嘴豆和豌豆淀粉因含有较高的直链淀粉和抗性淀粉,在体外模拟消化过程中水解速率明显低于其他类型淀粉。食品的GI值受到多种因素的影响,这些因素共同决定了食品消化后产生的血糖水平,即使是同一类食品,由于品种、加工方法和农作物成熟度的不同,其GI值也可能存在明显差异,表1为不同种类食品的eGI值及其在低GI值、中GI值和高GI值分类中的分布,表明了同类食品的GI值存在明显差异。以大米为例,128份样品中,28%的样品具有天然的低GI值,因此低GI原料的筛选至关重要,导致低GI水稻的育种技术越来越受到研究者的关注。增加膳食纤维的摄入能降低食物的GI值,可溶性膳食纤维能够抑制淀粉胶凝和水解,减少淀粉和消化酶的接触,降低淀粉的消化率。刘飞雁[54]指出在杂粮面条中添加膳食纤维能显著降低GI值,这对糖尿病患者控制血糖非常重要。膳食纤维能够减缓小肠对葡萄糖的吸收,其作用主要是膳食纤维增加了肠液的粘度,从而阻碍葡萄糖的扩散,同时膳食纤维降低了肠液中的有效葡萄糖浓度,并通过影响α-淀粉酶的活性,延长了淀粉的降解时间,进而减缓葡萄糖的释放速率[55]。
蛋白质通过形成物理屏障,阻碍消化酶与淀粉的相互作用,减少淀粉的水解,有助于降低食品GI值。当它与碳水化合物一起摄入时,对抑制餐后血糖水平上升的效果尤为显著。Ye等[56]研究表明,米粉中内源性蛋白质对淀粉的消化率有显著影响,这些蛋白质通常附着在淀粉颗粒表面,形成了一道物理屏障,限制了淀粉颗粒与消化酶的接触机会。脂肪和直链淀粉相互作用形成淀粉-脂肪复合物,可以增加淀粉的抗消化性从而降低淀粉消化速率。常见的抗营养素如单宁、植酸和草酸等,它们和有机酸与淀粉酶结合,有效抑制其活性,有助于稳定餐后血糖水平[57]。
除了食品中内源成分,其他添加物也对GI值有显著影响。植物多酚作为一种天然添加物,通过抑制消化酶的活性、改变淀粉的物理化学性质和微观结构来降低淀粉的消化率以降低食品的GI值。在低GI食品的开发中,除了植物多酚如茶多酚、葡萄籽提取物等天然抗氧化剂外,其他多种添加物也能降低GI值。黄原胶作为一种亲水性胶体,不但可以改善米线的硬度、弹性、内聚性和胶着性等质构特性[58],同时可作为一种可溶性膳食纤维显著降低小麦面条和全麦面条的GI值[59]。改性淀粉通过改变淀粉的消化特性,减慢了淀粉的水解速率。乳化剂如单甘酯和蔗糖酯能与淀粉形成复合物,可以改善食品的口感和质地,同时可降低其消化率。抗性淀粉和功能性糖醇等成分因其缓慢的消化速度,有助于控制血糖水平的急剧上升。抗性淀粉是一种特殊的膳食纤维,它在小肠中不被消化和吸收,进入大肠后被肠道微生物发酵,产生短链脂肪酸等代谢产物,有助于维持血糖稳定。木糖醇和赤藓糖醇等功能性糖醇具有不易被产酸菌发酵、防龋护齿、代谢过程中不干扰胰岛功能和糖代谢、促进肠道有益菌增殖、改善肠道功能等功效。这些添加物通过不同的机制共同作用,降低了食品的GI值,同时拓展了食品工业中低GI食品的研发和创新思路。
食品超声、湿热、挤压、微波和辐照等物理加工方法可使食品成分的结构和理化性质发生变化,进而直接影响到食品GI值。郭宇等[60]研究表明,超声处理能够促使淀粉间组分相互转化,提高抗性淀粉含量,并显著降低糯米粉的GI值。王东旭等[61]研究表明,湿热处理能够显著增加糯米粉中直链淀粉的含量,这种直链淀粉含量的增加有助于提高糯米粉的抗消化性,从而降低了糯米粉的GI值。Zhang等[62]研究表明,挤压加工技术能够提高直链淀粉的局部分子密度,限制淀粉酶与淀粉分子的结合,降低淀粉酶的催化效率。微波处理是通过破坏淀粉内部结晶区域、促进双螺旋结构形成和改变淀粉分子构象,使淀粉分子具有更加稳定的形态[63]。Chin等[64]研究发现,与常规烹饪方法相比,微波烹饪大米能够更好地保留大米中的营养成分,包括更高的总酚含量和抗氧化活性。这些酚类物质能够与淀粉分子形成复合物,有助于降低淀粉的消化速率,通过抑制消化酶活性和减缓葡萄糖释放,降低大米GI值,从而可能对健康产生积极影响。Yao等[65]研究表明,高温低压等离子体蒸煮技术处理可破坏大米淀粉结构,导致淀粉分子链重新排列,减缓了大米淀粉的消化和吸收,使大米的血糖生成指数稳定在中GI范围内。
生物加工方法如酶解、发酵和发芽等,会显著影响食品的GI值。王东旭等[66]研究发现,酶解处理能降低糯米粉中快消化淀粉含量,增加抗性淀粉含量,从而可能通过减少淀粉酶与淀粉分子的结合,降低淀粉消化速率,进而降低GI值。Qiao等[67]研究表明,利用碱性蛋白酶酶解技术制备的多肽不仅展现出卓越的抗氧化能力,还能够有效抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶和α-淀粉酶的活性。微生物发酵是一种有效的食品加工技术,它不仅能够促进活性物质的释放和转化,降低食品GI值,还能保留微生物产生的有益代谢产物,从而提升食品的营养价值和健康效益[68]。Fan等[69]研究发现,通过发酵处理小麦淀粉,并与魔芋粉结合,可以提升小麦淀粉的物理化学特性,延缓老化过程,发酵与魔芋粉协同作用形成的复合结构可抑制淀粉酶活性,减缓可消化碳水化合物的释放速度,进一步调控体外消化性能,从而降低GI值。发芽技术是一种简便有效的谷物改性方法,它能够提升谷物的生物活性和抗氧化能力。Oliveira等[70]研究表明,发芽过程通过促进谷物中生物活性物质的积累,尤其是酚类化合物,对改善谷物的营养价值具有重要作用。发芽不仅改变了淀粉的消化特性,还通过淀粉-酚相互作用减慢了消化速率,有助于控制血糖水平。
烹饪过程显著改变了食物的GI值。烹饪方式、温度和时间等会影响淀粉中直链淀粉和抗性淀粉的含量。有研究发现,淀粉的消化速度会随着不同的烘烤条件而变化。李颖颖等[71]指出,适当的烘烤条件可以有效降低食品GI值,这一过程的关键在于温度和水分的相互作用,对淀粉的消化特性产生直接影响。Raatz等[72]对不同品种的马铃薯进行烘烤和蒸煮,烘烤过程中水分损耗较大,烤马铃薯水分含量低,所以其中的抗性淀粉含量相较于蒸煮的马铃薯更高。除了水分的影响,增加烘烤时间也能提升抗性淀粉的含量,这一现象在全麦面包、普通小麦面包以及黑麦面包的烘烤过程中均有发现[73]。食物的储存时间和温度是决定淀粉老化的关键因素。Chakraborty等[74]在研究中发现,储存在−20 ℃的大米比4 ℃储存的大米具有更高的抗性淀粉含量。在−20 ℃的冷冻条件下,淀粉会形成冰晶,淀粉凝胶会经历脱水过程,淀粉分子重新结晶并形成紧密排列的双螺旋结构,这进一步促进了抗性淀粉的形成。Kaur等[75]在4 ℃条件下存放24 h的香米,其抗性淀粉的含量显著增加,实验中大鼠摄入了该香米样品后,其血糖和胆固醇水平下降,在人体实验中也表现出相同的趋势。烹饪和储存方法对糖尿病患者和糖尿病前期人群的饮食具有重要影响,对糖尿病患者科学储存和烹饪饮食提供了指导。
近年来,低GI食品的研究正朝着多样化和综合化的方向发展,目前的重点是深入研究食品摄入对人体血糖水平的调节机理、食品组分对GI值的作用及相互影响机制以及探讨不同的加工方法对食品GI值的影响。研究人员正在寻找新的低GI食品创新策略,以增强食品营养价值和调节血糖水平。
技术方面的挑战主要在于低GI食品的成分和加工工艺上。食品的GI值受到多种因素的影响,如原料的选择、营养成分的配比以及加工方式等。有研究指出谷物和豆类的类型显著影响GI值,并且它们的消化特性会因不同的加工方法而变化,这增加了生产标准化低GI食品的难度。所以,开发出具有一致性和稳定性的低GI食品需要更多的研究来优化加工工艺。在市场方面的挑战主要在于消费者接受度,低GI食品虽然被广泛宣传为健康选择,但人们对其口味、成本和购买便利性的看法并不一致。缺少政策扶持同样是低GI食品开发的一大挑战。市场对这类食品确有需求,但缺乏政策支持和统一的评价体系,导致研发和市场推广工作难以顺利进行。对政策制定者来说,建立相关规范和推广策略,将有助于推动低GI食品市场发展。在低GI谷物食品的加工过程中通常选用全谷物作为原料,可最大程度保留食物的营养,避免了精细加工带来的粮食损耗和营养损失,对国家粮食安全及国民健康具有重要意义。
未来研究需整合代谢组学和宏基因组学等多组学技术,系统解析低GI食品在肠道微环境中的作用路径,并开发人工智能驱动的GI预测模型,为配方设计与加工参数优化提供理论支撑。技术突破方向可聚焦新型缓释碳水化合物的开发、非热加工技术对淀粉结构的精准调控,以及3D打印技术构建多尺度食物基质的应用,通过物理结构设计实现消化速率的动态管理。还需进一步探索肠道菌群与低GI食品的长期互作机制,以及低GI食品与药物协同干预的临床应用。低GI食品的研发和推广存在诸多挑战,随着健康饮食理念深入人心和科技创新的不断推进,通过创新技术、优化生产工艺和加强消费者教育,未来低GI食品的发展前景广阔。

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2026年第47卷第2期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010200
  • 接收时间:2025-01-21
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-01-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-21
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    1江苏科技大学粮食学院,江苏省粮食生物加工工程研究中心,江苏镇江 212100
    2江苏禾润世家绿色食品有限公司,江苏镇江 212100

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郭元新(1970−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:粮油食品加工与营养健康,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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