Article(id=1320889722499617528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320889471592149951, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010145, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1737043200000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792854250788, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1771084800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792854250788, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792854250788, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792854250788, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320889471592149951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='524', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771084800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792854190967, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792854190967, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=204, endPage=214, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320889723221037818, articleId=1320889722499617528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Evaluation of Probiotic Properties of Bacillus velezensis SL in Vitro, columnId=1261336275769016441, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Bioengineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In this study, we systematically evaluated the in vitro characteristics of Bacillus velezensis SL to assess its potential as a probiotic. The probiotic properties of strain SL were systematically evaluated using a simulated gastrointestinal tolerance test, antibiotic sensitivity test, cell surface characteristic analysis, antioxidant activity determination, bacteriostatic ability test, and metabolomics technology. The results showed that the survival rate of strain SL in the simulated intestinal fluid exceeded 80%. However, gastric acid tolerance was poor (120 min survival rate was 4.11%), and tolerance to high concentrations of bile salt (0.6%) was good. In addition, strain SL was sensitive to seven antibiotics and did not harbor any resistance genes. The hydrophobicity of the bacteria was 19.08%, and the self-aggregation rate at 12 h was 86%, indicating strong intestinal colonization potential. In the antioxidant experiment, the scavenging rates of strain SL on hydroxyl radicals (·OH) and superoxide anions (O2−·) were 23.84% and 34.18%, respectively, and the scavenging rates of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS+) radical were 37.40% and 36.52%, respectively, indicating moderate free radical scavenging abilities. Strain SL showed a certain bacteriostatic effect on pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella, Clostridium perfringens, and Staphylococcus aureus, and exhibited a good inhibitory effect on Gram-positive bacteria. Metabolomic analysis identified both volatile (such as isobutyric acid and 2-methylbutyric acid) and nonvolatile (such as 9-nitrooleic acid, danye-emodin, and palmitoylglycine) metabolites with potential benefits for digestive enzyme activity and intestinal development, as well as anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties. These results indicated that strain SL has the potential to be developed as a microecological agent. However, the stability of gastric acid should be enhanced by embedding or strain improvement to optimize its application performance.

, authors=Fangxiang LIU1, 2, Fengqing WANG1, *, Jia ZHENG3, Qi CHEN4, Kai FAN1, Shuang LI1, Rui HOU1, Li LI1, Chuan WANG1, Jun LIU1, Lili JI2, Xueping WEN1, authorsList=Fangxiang LIU, Fengqing WANG, Jia ZHENG, Qi CHEN, Kai FAN, Shuang LI, Rui HOU, Li LI, Chuan WANG, Jun LIU, Lili JI, Xueping WEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Fengqing WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320889726907831050, articleId=1320889722499617528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=一株贝莱斯芽孢杆菌SL的体外益生特性, columnId=1261336277547401341, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=生物工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文以一株贝莱斯芽孢杆菌SL(Bacillus velezensis SL)为研究对象,系统评估了其体外益生特性,旨在为微生态制剂的开发提供理论依据。通过模拟胃肠道耐受性实验、抗生素敏感性测试、细胞表面特性分析、抗氧化活性测定、抑菌能力测试及代谢组学分析,系统评估了菌株SL的益生特性。结果表明:菌株SL在模拟肠液中存活率>80%,但胃酸耐受性较差(120 min存活率4.11%),对高浓度胆盐(0.6%)耐受性良好;菌株SL对7种抗生素敏感,不具备耐药基因;该菌疏水能力为19.08%,12 h自聚集率达86%,具备较强肠道定植潜力;抗氧化实验中,菌株SL对羟基自由基(·OH)和超氧阴离子(O2−·)的清除率分别为23.84%和34.18%,对DPPH和ABTS+自由基的清除率分别为37.40%和36.52%,表明其具有中等的自由基清除能力;菌株SL对沙门氏菌、产气荚膜梭菌、金黄色葡萄球菌等病原菌表现一定抑菌作用,对革兰氏阳性菌的抑制作用更佳;代谢组学分析表明,菌株SL代谢产生的挥发性化合物(如异丁酸、2-甲基丁酸)可促进消化酶活性和肠道发育,而非挥发性代谢物(如9-硝基油酸、丹叶大黄素、棕榈酰甘氨酸等)具有抗炎、抗菌和抗氧化功能。这些结果证明,菌株SL具有开发为微生态制剂的潜力,但需通过包埋或菌种改良提升胃酸稳定性以优化应用性能。

, authors=刘方祥1, 2, 王风青1, *, 郑佳3, 陈琦4, 范楷1, 李爽1, 侯瑞1, 李丽1, 王川1, 刘军1, 吉莉莉2, 温雪瓶1, authorsList=刘方祥, 王风青, 郑佳, 陈琦, 范楷, 李爽, 侯瑞, 李丽, 王川, 刘军, 吉莉莉, 温雪瓶, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王风青, authorNote=

刘方祥(2000−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:微生物代谢调控,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
王风青(1984−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:工业微生物发酵,E-mail:。
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Second stage production of iturin A by induced germination of Bacillus subtilis RB14[J]. Journal of Biotechnology, 2006, 125(4): 513−515., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320889748646908892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889722499617528, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=60, rfOrder=91, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=陈少先. 贝莱斯芽孢杆菌zk1脂肽类次级代谢产物的抑菌机理研究[D]. 广州: 仲恺农业工程学院, 2022. [CHEN S X. Antibacterial mechanism of lipopeptide secondary metabolites from Bacillus velezensis zk1[D]. Guangzhou: Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, 2022.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320889748714017757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889722499617528, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=60, rfOrder=92, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHEN S X. Antibacterial mechanism of lipopeptide secondary metabolites from Bacillus velezensis zk1[D]. 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注:不同字母表示不同胆盐浓度之间差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=ExGcxg9DofOUBvaKi075pQ==, figureFileBig=imBIiwoPAQTUb9xAaZ9tLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889735292244837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889722499617528, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Autoaggregation ability of Bacillus velezensis SL, figureFileSmall=HvuS8yMc3O+GW1fvVIWLLA==, figureFileBig=0ijF+Ut3zzVF0FW4uG9KOg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889735363548006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889722499617528, language=CN, label=图3, caption=贝莱斯芽孢杆菌SL自聚集性能力

注:不同字母表示不同处理时间差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=HvuS8yMc3O+GW1fvVIWLLA==, figureFileBig=0ijF+Ut3zzVF0FW4uG9KOg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889735422268263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889722499617528, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=TIC of QC samples of sample from in the positive (a) and negative (b) ion mode, figureFileSmall=JLhxRCOwMbFiZiIWUwAtMw==, figureFileBig=h/R8Gdh/S3W0TheX0KLsvw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889735489377128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889722499617528, language=CN, label=图4, caption=正(a)、负离子(b)QC样本质谱检测TIC重叠图, figureFileSmall=JLhxRCOwMbFiZiIWUwAtMw==, figureFileBig=h/R8Gdh/S3W0TheX0KLsvw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889735573263209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889722499617528, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Correlational analysis of QC samples of samples in the positive (a) and negative (b) ion mode注:对角线方格代表 QC 样本名称;对角线左下角方格为对应 QC 样本相关性散点图,横纵坐标分别为代谢物含量(进行 Log 处理),图中每个点代表一个代谢物;对角线右上角方格为对应 QC 样本的皮尔逊(Pearson)相关性系数。, figureFileSmall=dBnJc2Tau4ifO9ev/IRL3Q==, figureFileBig=8NC/ty1TiEV2iRqcXnX/LA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889735644566378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889722499617528, language=CN, label=图5, caption=正(a)、负离子(b)QC样本相关图, figureFileSmall=dBnJc2Tau4ifO9ev/IRL3Q==, figureFileBig=8NC/ty1TiEV2iRqcXnX/LA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889735728452459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889722499617528, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Category composition of metabolites in positive and negative ion modes, figureFileSmall=8cbytevVh7PXEEatgY4pmA==, figureFileBig=UoY1QKRCPDYJE/vSJPVV2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889735791367020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889722499617528, language=CN, label=图6, caption=正、负离子模式代谢物类别组成, figureFileSmall=8cbytevVh7PXEEatgY4pmA==, figureFileBig=UoY1QKRCPDYJE/vSJPVV2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889735866864493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889722499617528, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Volcano plot of differential metabolites between 0 h and 24 h fermentation broth cultures, figureFileSmall=I2UppA7jJ/bSoJ4cgCrCxg==, figureFileBig=zUiVoXZVTlThxuVUo8ivuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889735933973358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889722499617528, language=CN, label=图7, caption=培养0 h与24 h发酵液差异代谢物火山图

注:筛选标准:VIP>1,Fold Change>2。

, figureFileSmall=I2UppA7jJ/bSoJ4cgCrCxg==, figureFileBig=zUiVoXZVTlThxuVUo8ivuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889736059802479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889722499617528, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Drug content of drug sensitive paper

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
抗生素名称每片药物含量
(μg/片)
抗生素名称每片药物含量
(μg/片)
红霉素15头孢唑林30
青霉素G10诺氟沙星10
氨苄西林10复方新诺明1.25
丁胺卡那30
), ArticleFig(id=1320889736131105648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889722499617528, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

抗生素药物含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
抗生素名称每片药物含量
(μg/片)
抗生素名称每片药物含量
(μg/片)
红霉素15头孢唑林30
青霉素G10诺氟沙星10
氨苄西林10复方新诺明1.25
丁胺卡那30
), ArticleFig(id=1320889736210797425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889722499617528, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Tolerance of Bacillus velezensis SL in simulated gastric fluid and intestinal fluid

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标30 min60 min90 min120 min
模拟胃液菌数
存活率(%)
22.78±0.12b26.34±0.12a11.55±0.28c4.11±0.17d
模拟肠液菌数
存活率(%)
88.23±0.71c90.34±0.69a89.66±0.65b85.22±0.67d
), ArticleFig(id=1320889736307266418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889722499617528, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

贝莱斯芽孢杆菌SL在模拟胃液、肠液的耐受性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标30 min60 min90 min120 min
模拟胃液菌数
存活率(%)
22.78±0.12b26.34±0.12a11.55±0.28c4.11±0.17d
模拟肠液菌数
存活率(%)
88.23±0.71c90.34±0.69a89.66±0.65b85.22±0.67d
), ArticleFig(id=1320889736386958195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889722499617528, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Antibiotic susceptibility

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号抗生素种类药敏片含量
(μg)
判定标准抑菌圈直径
(mm)
敏感度
RIS
1头孢唑林30≤1414~18≥1846±1S
2氨苄西林10≤1313~15≥1518±2S
3红霉素15≤1515~21≥2123±1S
4诺氟沙星10≤1313~17≥1725±1S
5青霉素G10≤1414~15≥1518±2S
6复方新诺明1.25≤1010~16≥1617±1S
7丁胺卡那30≤1414~17≥1725±1S
), ArticleFig(id=1320889736475038580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889722499617528, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

抗生素敏感性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号抗生素种类药敏片含量
(μg)
判定标准抑菌圈直径
(mm)
敏感度
RIS
1头孢唑林30≤1414~18≥1846±1S
2氨苄西林10≤1313~15≥1518±2S
3红霉素15≤1515~21≥2123±1S
4诺氟沙星10≤1313~17≥1725±1S
5青霉素G10≤1414~15≥1518±2S
6复方新诺明1.25≤1010~16≥1617±1S
7丁胺卡那30≤1414~17≥1725±1S
), ArticleFig(id=1320889736546341749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889722499617528, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Hydrophobicity of common probiotics

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌株编号疏水性(%)参考文献
贝莱斯芽孢杆菌SL19.08±0.34本研究
地衣芽孢杆菌L-216.42±0.06[33]
枯草芽孢杆菌N2-1031.90±2.76[34]
牛源乳酸菌L2955.2±0.031[35]
副干酪乳杆菌L19.70±0.80[36]
卷曲乳杆菌Y6889.59±0.63[37]
粪肠球菌BN647.8[38]
布拉迪酵母BD-254.12[39]
), ArticleFig(id=1320889736659587958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889722499617528, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

常见益生菌的疏水率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌株编号疏水性(%)参考文献
贝莱斯芽孢杆菌SL19.08±0.34本研究
地衣芽孢杆菌L-216.42±0.06[33]
枯草芽孢杆菌N2-1031.90±2.76[34]
牛源乳酸菌L2955.2±0.031[35]
副干酪乳杆菌L19.70±0.80[36]
卷曲乳杆菌Y6889.59±0.63[37]
粪肠球菌BN647.8[38]
布拉迪酵母BD-254.12[39]
), ArticleFig(id=1320889736730891127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889722499617528, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Results of antioxidant capacity

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标0 h24 h
O2−·清除率(%)0.14±0.02a34.18±0.02c
·OH清除率(%)0.24±0.01a23.84±0.01d
DPPH·清除率(%)0.21±0.05a37.40±2.63a
ABTS+·清除率(%)0.16±0.03a36.52±2.57b
), ArticleFig(id=1320889736797999992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889722499617528, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

抗氧化能力结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标0 h24 h
O2−·清除率(%)0.14±0.02a34.18±0.02c
·OH清除率(%)0.24±0.01a23.84±0.01d
DPPH·清除率(%)0.21±0.05a37.40±2.63a
ABTS+·清除率(%)0.16±0.03a36.52±2.57b
), ArticleFig(id=1320889736865108857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889722499617528, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Bacteriostatic effect

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌株菌液抑菌圈直径(mm)
金黄色葡萄球菌21.94±0.21a
沙门氏菌14.54±0.24b
大肠杆菌9.36±0.12d
产气荚膜梭菌12.36±0.21c
), ArticleFig(id=1320889736940606330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889722499617528, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

抑菌能力

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌株菌液抑菌圈直径(mm)
金黄色葡萄球菌21.94±0.21a
沙门氏菌14.54±0.24b
大肠杆菌9.36±0.12d
产气荚膜梭菌12.36±0.21c
), ArticleFig(id=1320889737007715195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889722499617528, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Analysis of volatile metabolites from Bacillus velezensis fermentation broth

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号英文名称中文名称占比(%)
12-Formylhistamine2-甲基组胺6.9
2NiCKel tetracarbonyl四羰基镍0.92
3N-Nitroso-2-methyl-oxazolidineN-亚硝基-2-甲基恶唑烷9.11
4à-[4-Chlorophenyl]-à-ethyl-4-piperi dine methanolà-[4-氯苯基]-à-乙基-4-哌啶甲醇0.53
5Benzenepropanoic acid, 4-[(2,4-dinitrophenyl)azo]-, methyl ester苯丙酸,4-[(2,4-二硝基苯基)偶氮]-,1-甲基乙基酯1.86
6Acetic acid醋酸18.08
72-Pentanol, 3-bromo-, (2R,3S)-2-戊醇,3-溴-,(2R,3S)-rel-0.27
8Propanoic acid, 2-methyl-异丁酸21.58
94,4'-Isopropylidene-bis(2-chloroph enol)4,4'-异亚丙基双(2-氯烯醇)0.69
10Glyoxal dithiosemicarbazone乙二醛二硫代氨基脲0.25
11Tetrahydropyrrole-3-ol-5-carboxylic acid, 1-acetyl-, methyl ester四氢吡咯-3-醇-5-羧酸,1-乙酰基,甲酯0.38
12Butanoic acid丁酸0.58
132-(3,4-Dimethyl-α-thiosemicarbazide acid)2-(3,4-二甲基-alpha-氨硫代氨基脲基)苯甲酸0.31
14Butanoic acid, 2-methyl-2-甲基丁酸12.12
15Ethane乙烷0.2
161H,4H-Benzimidazol-4(5H)-one, 6,7-dihydro-1-hydroxy-2-methyl-3 -oxido-, oxime1H,4H-苯并咪唑-4(5H)-酮,6,7-二氢-1-羟基-2-甲基-3-氧代,肟化型0.98
17Mannosamine甘露糖胺0.442
18Guanidine, monothiocyanate单硫氰酸胍0.31
191-Benzyl-3-diethylamino-4-piperidinol1-苄基-3-二乙氨基-4-哌啶醇0.48
203-fluoroamphetamine3-氟苯丙胺0.91
21Hexanoic acid己酸20.7
22Butanal, propylhydrazone丁醛丙腙3.46
), ArticleFig(id=1320889737074824060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889722499617528, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

贝莱斯芽孢杆菌挥发性代谢物质分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号英文名称中文名称占比(%)
12-Formylhistamine2-甲基组胺6.9
2NiCKel tetracarbonyl四羰基镍0.92
3N-Nitroso-2-methyl-oxazolidineN-亚硝基-2-甲基恶唑烷9.11
4à-[4-Chlorophenyl]-à-ethyl-4-piperi dine methanolà-[4-氯苯基]-à-乙基-4-哌啶甲醇0.53
5Benzenepropanoic acid, 4-[(2,4-dinitrophenyl)azo]-, methyl ester苯丙酸,4-[(2,4-二硝基苯基)偶氮]-,1-甲基乙基酯1.86
6Acetic acid醋酸18.08
72-Pentanol, 3-bromo-, (2R,3S)-2-戊醇,3-溴-,(2R,3S)-rel-0.27
8Propanoic acid, 2-methyl-异丁酸21.58
94,4'-Isopropylidene-bis(2-chloroph enol)4,4'-异亚丙基双(2-氯烯醇)0.69
10Glyoxal dithiosemicarbazone乙二醛二硫代氨基脲0.25
11Tetrahydropyrrole-3-ol-5-carboxylic acid, 1-acetyl-, methyl ester四氢吡咯-3-醇-5-羧酸,1-乙酰基,甲酯0.38
12Butanoic acid丁酸0.58
132-(3,4-Dimethyl-α-thiosemicarbazide acid)2-(3,4-二甲基-alpha-氨硫代氨基脲基)苯甲酸0.31
14Butanoic acid, 2-methyl-2-甲基丁酸12.12
15Ethane乙烷0.2
161H,4H-Benzimidazol-4(5H)-one, 6,7-dihydro-1-hydroxy-2-methyl-3 -oxido-, oxime1H,4H-苯并咪唑-4(5H)-酮,6,7-二氢-1-羟基-2-甲基-3-氧代,肟化型0.98
17Mannosamine甘露糖胺0.442
18Guanidine, monothiocyanate单硫氰酸胍0.31
191-Benzyl-3-diethylamino-4-piperidinol1-苄基-3-二乙氨基-4-哌啶醇0.48
203-fluoroamphetamine3-氟苯丙胺0.91
21Hexanoic acid己酸20.7
22Butanal, propylhydrazone丁醛丙腙3.46
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一株贝莱斯芽孢杆菌SL的体外益生特性
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刘方祥 1, 2 , 王风青 1, * , 郑佳 3 , 陈琦 4 , 范楷 1 , 李爽 1 , 侯瑞 1 , 李丽 1 , 王川 1 , 刘军 1 , 吉莉莉 2 , 温雪瓶 1
食品工业科技 | 生物工程 2026,47(4): 204-214
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食品工业科技 |生物工程 2026 , 47 (4) : 204 -214
一株贝莱斯芽孢杆菌SL的体外益生特性
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刘方祥1, 2 , 王风青1, * , 郑佳3, 陈琦4, 范楷1, 李爽1, 侯瑞1, 李丽1, 王川1, 刘军1, 吉莉莉2, 温雪瓶1
作者信息
  • 1四川轻化工大学食品与酿酒工程学院,四川宜宾 640000
  • 2成都大学肉类加工四川省重点实验室,四川成都 610106
  • 3宜宾五粮液股份有限公司,四川宜宾 644000
  • 4四川中烟工业有限责任公司长城雪茄烟厂,四川什邡 618499
通讯作者:
王风青(1984−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:工业微生物发酵,E-mail:。
作者简介:

刘方祥(2000−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:微生物代谢调控,E-mail:

Evaluation of Probiotic Properties of Bacillus velezensis SL in Vitro
Fangxiang LIU1, 2 , Fengqing WANG1, * , Jia ZHENG3, Qi CHEN4, Kai FAN1, Shuang LI1, Rui HOU1, Li LI1, Chuan WANG1, Jun LIU1, Lili JI2, Xueping WEN1
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food and Brewing Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Yibin 640000, China
  • 2Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
  • 3Wuliangye Yibin Co., Ltd., Yibin 644000, China
  • 4Sichuan Tobacco Industrial Co., Ltd., Changcheng Cigar Factory, Shifang 618499, China
出版时间: 2026-02-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010145
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本文以一株贝莱斯芽孢杆菌SL(Bacillus velezensis SL)为研究对象,系统评估了其体外益生特性,旨在为微生态制剂的开发提供理论依据。通过模拟胃肠道耐受性实验、抗生素敏感性测试、细胞表面特性分析、抗氧化活性测定、抑菌能力测试及代谢组学分析,系统评估了菌株SL的益生特性。结果表明:菌株SL在模拟肠液中存活率>80%,但胃酸耐受性较差(120 min存活率4.11%),对高浓度胆盐(0.6%)耐受性良好;菌株SL对7种抗生素敏感,不具备耐药基因;该菌疏水能力为19.08%,12 h自聚集率达86%,具备较强肠道定植潜力;抗氧化实验中,菌株SL对羟基自由基(·OH)和超氧阴离子(O2−·)的清除率分别为23.84%和34.18%,对DPPH和ABTS+自由基的清除率分别为37.40%和36.52%,表明其具有中等的自由基清除能力;菌株SL对沙门氏菌、产气荚膜梭菌、金黄色葡萄球菌等病原菌表现一定抑菌作用,对革兰氏阳性菌的抑制作用更佳;代谢组学分析表明,菌株SL代谢产生的挥发性化合物(如异丁酸、2-甲基丁酸)可促进消化酶活性和肠道发育,而非挥发性代谢物(如9-硝基油酸、丹叶大黄素、棕榈酰甘氨酸等)具有抗炎、抗菌和抗氧化功能。这些结果证明,菌株SL具有开发为微生态制剂的潜力,但需通过包埋或菌种改良提升胃酸稳定性以优化应用性能。

贝莱斯芽孢杆菌  /  益生特性  /  胃肠道耐受性  /  抗氧化  /  代谢物分析  /  微生态制剂

In this study, we systematically evaluated the in vitro characteristics of Bacillus velezensis SL to assess its potential as a probiotic. The probiotic properties of strain SL were systematically evaluated using a simulated gastrointestinal tolerance test, antibiotic sensitivity test, cell surface characteristic analysis, antioxidant activity determination, bacteriostatic ability test, and metabolomics technology. The results showed that the survival rate of strain SL in the simulated intestinal fluid exceeded 80%. However, gastric acid tolerance was poor (120 min survival rate was 4.11%), and tolerance to high concentrations of bile salt (0.6%) was good. In addition, strain SL was sensitive to seven antibiotics and did not harbor any resistance genes. The hydrophobicity of the bacteria was 19.08%, and the self-aggregation rate at 12 h was 86%, indicating strong intestinal colonization potential. In the antioxidant experiment, the scavenging rates of strain SL on hydroxyl radicals (·OH) and superoxide anions (O2−·) were 23.84% and 34.18%, respectively, and the scavenging rates of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS+) radical were 37.40% and 36.52%, respectively, indicating moderate free radical scavenging abilities. Strain SL showed a certain bacteriostatic effect on pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella, Clostridium perfringens, and Staphylococcus aureus, and exhibited a good inhibitory effect on Gram-positive bacteria. Metabolomic analysis identified both volatile (such as isobutyric acid and 2-methylbutyric acid) and nonvolatile (such as 9-nitrooleic acid, danye-emodin, and palmitoylglycine) metabolites with potential benefits for digestive enzyme activity and intestinal development, as well as anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties. These results indicated that strain SL has the potential to be developed as a microecological agent. However, the stability of gastric acid should be enhanced by embedding or strain improvement to optimize its application performance.

Bacillus velezensis  /  probiotic properties  /  gastrointestinal tolerance  /  antioxidant  /  metabolite analysis  /  microecologics
刘方祥, 王风青, 郑佳, 陈琦, 范楷, 李爽, 侯瑞, 李丽, 王川, 刘军, 吉莉莉, 温雪瓶. 一株贝莱斯芽孢杆菌SL的体外益生特性. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (4) : 204 -214 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010145
Fangxiang LIU, Fengqing WANG, Jia ZHENG, Qi CHEN, Kai FAN, Shuang LI, Rui HOU, Li LI, Chuan WANG, Jun LIU, Lili JI, Xueping WEN. Evaluation of Probiotic Properties of Bacillus velezensis SL in Vitro[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (4) : 204 -214 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010145
贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(Bacillus velezensis)在自然界中分布广泛,在土壤、动植物体内、池塘、海洋等均有发现[1]。贝莱斯芽孢杆菌易于分离和培养,对人畜无害,不污染环境,其代谢物丰富,抗菌谱广,抗应激能力强,具有生长快、稳定性好的特点[2];贝莱斯芽孢杆菌能够改善动物肠道微生物菌群、调节机体脂肪代谢、增强机体免疫力、促进消化吸收[3]。
贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(Bacillus velezensis)作为一种重要的益生菌,近年来在畜牧业和农业中得到了广泛的关注。研究表明,贝莱斯芽孢杆菌具有多种益生特性,包括调节肠道菌群平衡、增强免疫反应、促进营养吸收以及抑制病原菌的生长[1]。因其产生的多种抗菌化合物可以有效抑制病原菌的生长,从而维持肠道微生物的健康平衡而备受关注。有研究表明,贝莱斯芽孢杆菌能够通过产生环脂肽类抗菌物质来抑制多种病原菌的生长,这些物质在低温下仍具有较强的抗菌活性,并且能够对抗如金黄色葡萄球菌和枯草芽孢杆菌等常见病原菌[4]。贝莱斯芽孢杆菌的抗菌活性不仅有助于减少动物疾病的发生,还能提高动物的整体健康水平。这种益生菌通过调节宿主的免疫系统,增强宿主对病原菌的抵抗力,从而在动物健康管理中发挥重要作用[5]。因此,贝莱斯芽孢杆菌作为一种天然的抗生素替代品,具有广阔的应用前景。
贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(Bacillus velezensis)的益生功能主要依赖于其丰富的代谢产物。这些代谢产物包括多种抑菌物质,如脂肽类、细菌素和聚酮化合物等。脂肽类物质在贝莱斯芽孢杆菌中被广泛研究,具有显著的抗菌和抗真菌活性。有相关研究表明,贝莱斯芽孢杆菌能够产生多种脂肽,包括枯草菌素和表面活性素,这些物质在抑制病原菌生长方面表现出强大的潜力[6−7]。贝莱斯芽孢杆菌还能够分泌多种消化酶,如蛋白酶和脂肪酶,这些酶在促进宿主的消化功能和营养吸收方面发挥重要作用。研究显示,外源性消化酶的补充可以显著改善动物的肠道微生物群组成,从而增强整体健康[8]。贝莱斯芽孢杆菌的代谢产物还包括抗氧化活性成分,这些成分能够有效清除自由基,减缓氧化应激对机体的损伤。研究发现,贝莱斯芽孢杆菌产生的某些代谢物具有显著的抗氧化能力,这为其在食品和药品中的应用提供了科学依据[9]。此外,贝莱斯芽孢杆菌在植物保护中也展现出重要作用。其产生的次级代谢物能够有效抑制植物病原菌的生长,增强植物的抗病能力。这种生物控制策略不仅环保,而且可持续,具有广阔的应用前景[10]。
总之,贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(Bacillus velezensis)作为一种功能强大的益生菌,其代谢产物在抗菌、促进消化、抗氧化以及植物保护等方面展现出多样化的功能,为其在食品、农业和医药领域的应用提供了广泛的可能性[11−12]。本研究以一株菌株SL为研究对象,通过体外实验系统评估其胃肠道耐受性、细胞表面特性(疏水性和自聚集能力)、抗氧化活性及抗生素敏感性,并分析其抑菌能力及代谢产物组成。通过构建多维评价体系并深度解析其代谢机制,明确了该菌株的产业化应用路径,推动了基础研究成果向产业应用的转化。菌株SL的研究不仅验证了贝莱斯芽孢杆菌的共性益生功能,更通过菌株特异性功能挖掘,揭示了其独特的代谢产物组合及关键优化靶点(如胃酸稳定性增强),为开发下一代高效、安全的微生态制剂提供了不可替代的菌种资源和理论依据。
贝莱芽孢杆菌SL(Bacillus velezensis SL)、产气荚膜梭菌(Clostridium perfringens) 均由四川轻化工大学生物发酵技术及应用实验室筛选保藏;金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)ATCC6538、沙门氏菌(Salmonella)ATCC14028、大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)ATCCK88 购自北京百欧博伟生物;葡萄糖、蛋白胨、牛肉浸粉、氯化钠、TSC培养基、PBS试剂等 购于成都市科隆化学品有限公司;胃蛋白酶(3000 nfu/g)、胰蛋白酶(250 nfu/g)、猪胆盐、DPPH、ABTS等试剂 购自上海索莱宝生物科技有限公司;二甲苯、FeSO4、邻苯三酚、抗坏血酸、青霉素、氨苄西林、复方新诺明、氯霉素、丁胺卡那、头孢唑林、红霉素 购自杭州滨和微生物试剂有限公司;NB培养基组成:蛋白胨10 g/L、牛肉浸粉3 g/L、氯化钠5 g/L,pH7.0±0.2;LB培养基组成:酵母提取物5.0 g/L,胰蛋白胨10 g/L,氯化钠10.0 g/L,pH7.0±0.2。
T-114分析天平 北京赛多利斯仪器系统有限公司;LS-B53U立式压力蒸汽灭菌器 上海医用核子仪器厂;T6紫外-分光光度计 北京普析通用仪器有限公司;TG-20台式高速离心机 四川蜀科仪器有限公司;MF80BSH霉菌培养箱 上海新苗医疗器械制造有限公司;QYC-2102C恒温培养摇床 上海福马实验设备有限公司;Thermo Scientific 7610 GC-MS 江苏天瑞仪器股份有限公司;Q-Exactive HF-X质谱仪 赛默飞世尔科技;MS105DU电子分析天平 梅特勒托利多集团。
从菌株SL斜面培养基中挑取菌落,接种于NB培养基,在37 ℃,210 r/min条件下培养,每隔2 h测定其OD600 nm值以及芽孢率。以OD值和芽孢率为纵坐标,时间为横坐标制图。
芽孢计数方法:上述梯度稀释液,水浴80 ℃,10 min,冷却后摇匀涂布。取0.1 mL涂布,3个平行样。平板在35 ℃恒温培养箱倒置培养48 h计数。
将培养24 h的菌株SL菌液按照1:10的比例加入模拟胃液、肠液及胆盐中,置于37 ℃水浴锅中保温2.5 h,每0.5 h进行稀释涂布活菌计数。
用盐酸将无菌生理盐水的pH调至2.5,每100 mL中加入0.5 g胃蛋白酶,混匀后过0.22 μm滤膜除菌,备用。将培养24 h的菌株SL菌液按照1:10的比例加入上述模拟胃液中,置于37 ℃水浴锅中保温2.5 h,每0.5 h进行稀释涂布活菌计数。菌体的存活得率参照式(1)计算。
$\rm \mathrm I(\text{%})=\frac{A_{ \mathrm{t}}}{ A}\times 100 $
式中:I为菌体存活率,%;A为细胞总数;At为模拟环境培养后的总数。
取1.36 g磷酸二氢钾加入100 mL水中溶解,回调pH为6.8,加入1 g胰蛋白酶,混匀后用0.2 μm无菌过滤器过滤除菌后备用。将培养24 h的菌株SL菌液按照1:10的比例加入上述模拟肠液中,置于37 ℃水浴锅中保温2.5 h,每隔0.5 h进行稀释涂布活菌计数。菌体的存活得率参照式(1)计算。
配制1000 mL NB培养基,均匀分装至14个50 mL锥形瓶中,分成两组,每组7个,分别加入0、0.1%、0.2%、0.3%、0.4%、0.5%、0.6%的猪胆盐,灭菌冷却后按照10%的接种量接种菌株SL种子液,37 ℃培养24 h后测量600 nm吸光度。
参照《抗微生物药物敏感性试验规范(第2版)》中纸片扩散法进行菌株SL的抗生素药敏试验。将菌株SL培养液(1×108 CFU/mL)均匀地涂布于装有营养肉汤琼脂培养基的培养皿上,将抗生素试片置于平板中,在37 ℃下培养24 h,测量抗生素对贝莱斯芽孢杆菌产生的抑菌圈直径,以此评估对不同抗生素的敏感性。
纸片扩散法药敏纸片的药物含量如表1所示,每组设置3个平行样品,对在反射光下肉眼可见无明显菌落生长的区域,以游标卡尺采用十字交叉法测量抑菌圈的直径(以整毫米数计)。
参照孙群等[13]的方法评价贝莱斯芽孢杆菌的自聚集性与疏水性,600 nm处调节OD值至0.5(A0),将培养24 h的菌液分别取2 mL混匀菌悬液2份:一份菌悬液室温下静置3 h后,取200 μL上清液,600 nm处测定OD值(A1);另一份菌悬液和等体积的二甲苯充分混合2 min,静置30 min使两相分离,取水相在600 nm处测定吸光值(A2)。以生理盐水作为空白。自聚集性与疏水性计算公式参照式(2)和式(3)。
$\rm \mathrm{自聚集性(\text{%})}=\left(1-\frac{A_{ \mathrm{1}}}{ \mathrm{A}_{ \mathrm{0}}}\right) \mathrm{\times 100} $
$\rm \mathrm{疏水性(\text{%})=}\frac{A_0-A_2}{A_0}\times100 $
式中:A0为600 nm处初始菌液的OD值;A1为静置3 h后上清液在600 nm处的OD值;A2为与二甲苯混匀后水相在600 nm处的OD值。
实验参考潘丽军等[14]的方法,向试管内加入1 mL浓度为0.75 mmol/L的邻二氮菲无水乙醇溶液,然后依次添加2 mL浓度为0.15 mmol/L、pH为7.40的磷酸盐缓冲溶液(PBS)和1 mL蒸馏水,混合均匀。接着,加入1 mL浓度为0.75 mmol/L的FeSO4·7H2O溶液,并再次混匀。随后,加入1 mL浓度为0.01%的过氧化氢(H2O2),将试管置于37 ℃的水浴中反应60 min。反应完成后,在536 nm波长下测定吸光度A1。对于空白组,用蒸馏水替代对照组中的H2O2,其他操作相同,测定吸光度A2。对于样品组,加入相同体积的菌液以替代对照组中的蒸馏水,其他操作条件不变,测定吸光度A0。每个样品需进行三次平行实验,并计算平均值,清除率计算见式(4)。
$ \cdot \mathrm{O}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{清}\mathrm{除}\mathrm{率}(\text{%})=\frac{{\mathrm{A}}_{0}-{\mathrm{A}}_{1}}{{\mathrm{A}}_{2}-{\mathrm{A}}_{1}}\times 100 $
式中:A2为未损伤管在536 nm的吸光度;A1为损伤管在536 nm的吸光度。
参照姚钰蓉[15]方法,在试管里加入4.5 mL浓度为0.05 mol/L、pH为8.2的Tris-HCl缓冲液,然后向每个试管中分别加入50 μL的待测菌液样品,对于空白对照组,加入相同体积的蒸馏水,接着向每个试管中加入25 μL浓度为0.045 mol/L的邻苯三酚溶液,振荡试管并开始计时3 min,然后加入50 μL的10%抗坏血酸溶液以终止反应,在325 nm波长处测量吸光度。O2−·清除率计算见式(5)。
$\rm {\mathrm{O}_{ \mathrm{2}}}^{ \mathrm-} \cdot 清除率(\text{%})=\frac{A_{ \mathrm{0}} -\mathrm{A}_{ \mathrm{S}} }{\mathrm{A}_{ \mathrm{0}}} \mathrm{\times 100} $
式中:A0为空白样吸光度;AS为待测样品吸光度。
参照Datta等[16]的方法进行。采用离心15000 r/min(离心力15640×g,时间10 min)产生菌体沉淀,洗涤后重新加入0.9%氯化钠水溶液制成悬浮液。在试管中先加入2 mL菌体悬浮液,再加入2 mL DPPH溶液(0.2 mmol/L乙醇溶液),充分振荡后置于室温下避光环境反应30 min,将反应液以15000 r/min离心,10 min得上清液,在比色皿中取2 mL上清液加入,测定在517 nm处吸光值。DPPH自由基清除率计算公式见式(6)。
$\rm DPPH自由基清除率(\text{%})=\left(1-\frac{A_{ \mathrm{0}}}{ \mathrm{A}_{ \mathrm{1}}} \right)\mathrm{\times 100} $
式中:A0为试样在517 nm处的吸光值;A1为对照组在517 nm处的吸光值。
参照孟歌等[17]的方法。取1 mL培养24 h的菌株SL培养液,加入到4.0 mL的ABTS工作液中,充分混合后,避光反应30 min,然后测量其在734 nm波长下的光密度值(A1)。以加入1 mL 50%体积分数乙醇的溶液作为空白对照(A0),每组实验设置3个平行样本。发酵液对ABTS+自由基的清除率用式(7)计算:
$ \mathrm{ABTS}^{ \mathrm+} \mathrm{自由基清除率(\text{%})=(A}_{ \mathrm{0}} \mathrm{-A}_{ \mathrm{1}} \mathrm{)/A}_{ \mathrm{0}} \mathrm{\times 100} $
式中:A0为空白对照组在734 nm处的吸光值;A1为实验组在734 nm处的吸光值。
抑菌试验采用牛津杯法[18]。取1 mL活化后的病原菌菌液(108 CFU/mL)加入到100 mL LB灭菌后的培养基中(产气荚膜梭菌采用TSC培养基培养),充分混合均匀,分别倒入培养皿中,待培养基冷凝后,放入牛津杯,将100 μL培养24 h后的贝莱斯芽孢杆菌菌液和生理盐水分别加入到牛津杯中,37 ℃静置培养24 h,测量抑菌圈直径。
将菌株SL的种子液按2%的接种量,接种于NB培养基,在37 ℃,210 r/min条件下培养24 h,培养结束后,发酵液经8000 r/min离心10 min,收集上清液,进行GC-MS检测。GC-MS色谱条件为DB-WAX色谱柱(60 mm×250 μm×0.25 μm);程序升温:初温50 ℃,保持3 min,再以5 ℃/min到120 ℃,保持1 min,再以10 ℃/min到230 ℃,保持5 min;载气为氦气,不分流进样,体积流量为1.0 mL/min。MS条件:离子源为EI源;离子化能量70 eV,采集模式为全扫描,离子源温度230 ℃,MS四极杆温度150 ℃,溶剂延迟3 min。
基于多物种、文献、部分标品以及保留指数,自主建立数据库,包含确定的RT以及定性定量离子进行选择离子检测模式进行精准扫描,每种化合物分别选择1个定量离子,2~3 个定性离子。每组所有需要检测的离子按照出峰顺序,分时段分别检测,如果检出的保留时间与标准参考相一致,并且在扣除背景后的样品质谱图中,所选择的离子均出现,判定为该物质;选择定量离子进行积分和校正工作,增强定量的准确性。
将菌株SL的种子液按2%的接种量,接种于NB培养基,在37 ℃,210 r/min条件下培养24 h,收集发酵液并进行GC-MS检测。培养24 h的发酵液作为样品组,培养时间0 h液体作为对照组(CK),进行LC-MS检测(武汉迈维代谢生物科技股份有限公司)。
LC-MS UHPLC-Q-Exactive HF-X系统(赛默飞公司)色谱条件为:色谱柱Waters ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3(Column 1.8 μm,2.1 mm×100 mm);流动相A组超纯水(含0.1%的甲酸),流动相B组为乙腈(含0.1%的甲酸);仪器气温为40 ℃;流速0.4 L/min;进样量为4 μL。质谱条件:样品质谱信号采集采用正负离子模式扫描模式,采集时间10 min;离子化电压5000 V/−4000 V;离子源温度550 ℃;喷雾气50 psi;辅助加热气60 psi;气帘气35 psi;去簇电压60 V/−60 V;MS1碰撞能量10 V/−10 V、MS2碰撞能量30 V/−30 V、碰撞能量步长15 V/−15 V;MS1质量范围50~1250 Da、MS2质量范围25~1250 Da。
数据分析使用武汉迈维代谢生物科技股份有限公司提供的分析平台进行微生物代谢组学QC、微生物代谢物鉴定与统计、差异代谢物分析。
使用软件SPSS对数据进行分析,两个数据采用t检验分析,多个数据采用单因素方差分析进行差异显著性分析(P<0.05),实验结果使用平均值±标准差(mean±SD)表示,不同字母表示结果差异性,采用Origin2016软件作图。
通过结合单变量统计分析和多变量统计分析的方法,并根据数据特性从多角度分析,最终准确地挖掘差异代谢物。
菌株SL的生长曲线结果如图1,该菌株大致呈现出典型的“S”形,0~6 h内增长较为缓慢,此阶段为延滞期;6~18 h,增长速率最快,此阶段为生长对数期;18 h后几乎不增长,即为稳定期。在芽孢杆菌的生长过程中,细胞会经历一个快速增长的指数期,随后进入一个稳定的停滞期[19]。芽孢的形成和成熟受到多种因素的影响,包括环境条件如温度、pH和营养物质[20],该菌株的芽孢形成始于对数期末期(约12 h),24 h时芽孢率可达80%,这一时间节点与文献[21]报道的贝莱斯芽孢杆菌芽孢发育特征相符。
益生菌是指能够定植于宿主(如人类、动物)肠道或生殖系统,并通过其活性微生物、代谢产物及酶类物质发挥健康促进作用的微生物群体[22]。这就要求益生菌在机体内胃酸、胆盐和消化液环境下具有耐受性,因此测定菌株SL在模拟胃肠道及胆盐环境下的存活率评估其耐受能力。从表2得出菌株SL在模拟胃液中处理时间60 min时,菌株存活率达到了最大值26.34%±0.12%(P<0.05),随着时间增加,菌株在胃液中菌数存活率下降,120 min后菌数的存活率只有4.11%±0.17%(P<0.05),而菌株SL在模拟肠道环境下有很好的存活率,平均值在80%以上,在60 min时菌株在肠液的存活率达到了最大值90.34%±0.69%(P<0.05);表明菌株在模拟肠道环境下的耐受性较好。模拟胆盐耐受性试验结果如图2所示,胆盐浓度在0.1%~0.3%时,OD600 nm升高速率最快,在0.3%达到峰值,胆盐浓度在0.3%~0.5%时,OD600 nm有下降趋势,胆盐浓度在0.5%~0.6%有缓慢回升,可能与菌株SL的胆盐水解酶活性增强或细胞膜成分适应性调整相关[23],试验表明菌株SL在高浓度胆盐0.3%~0.6%具有良好的耐受性,高于吴诗卉等[24]报道的柯乐猪源贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(胆盐耐受0.3%)和周世伟等[25]报道的枯草芽孢杆菌YB1220(胆盐耐受0.5%)。
抗生素通过影响细胞壁合成、细胞膜的通透性、菌体蛋白质形成、基因表达来控制细菌增殖。作为饲用益生菌除了保证其食用安全外,还要保证生物安全,检测益生菌的抗药性是评估其生物安全性的一个重要指标[26]。抗生素的使用对微生物群落有明显的影响,尤其是在抑制有害细菌的同时,也可能对有益细菌产生不利影响。因此,益生菌产品与抗生素的错峰使用是一个重要的策略,以确保益生菌的有效性和安全性[27]。研究表明,抗生素会扰乱肠道微生物群的组成和功能,而益生菌可以在一定程度上帮助恢复这种平衡,减少抗生素相关的副作用[28]。本研究基于养殖行业中常见的7种抗生素种类进行药物敏感性试验,菌株SL的敏感性结果如表3,该菌株对7种抗生素都表现出敏感性,特别头孢唑林对贝莱斯芽孢杆菌的抑菌圈直径达到了46 mm,说明对头孢唑林最敏感,菌株SL药物敏感性试验结果与吴诗卉等[24]报道的柯乐猪源贝莱斯芽孢杆菌相似,均不具备耐药性基因。
益生菌粘附性是菌株与宿主肠道细胞作用的前提,粘附性的高低决定了其定植的程度和数量[29]。自聚性有助于益生菌形成生物膜定植于宿主肠道、阻止病原菌的粘附,疏水性是益生菌非特异性粘附到生物体表面的重要动力,故自聚性和疏水性与益生菌的粘附性密切相关[30]。菌体的自聚集性在微生物生态系统中扮演着重要角色。研究表明,细菌的自聚集性与其在肠道中的生存能力密切相关,自聚集性强的菌体能够更好地在肠道中聚集,形成更大的生物量,从而提高其在竞争激烈的环境中的生存优势[31]。此外,细菌的疏水性也是影响自聚集性的重要因素。疏水性越强,细菌之间的相互吸引力越大,从而促进自聚集的发生[32]。疏水性研究结果如表4所示,该菌株的疏水能力为19.08%±0.34%,与表4内常见益生菌的疏水性相比处于偏下水平,与刘纯[33]试验用地衣芽孢杆菌的结果16.42%±0.06%相近。自聚性研究结果如图3所示,在2~4 h时间内,自聚性能力增长速率较快,4~6 h自聚性能力降低,6~12 h自聚性能力缓慢增长,最终在12 h达到了最大值,说明菌株进入机体内后在短时间内就迅速聚集形成一定规模后发挥作用。以上结果表明,菌株SL的疏水性一般,但是自聚性较强,具有一定的粘附性和自聚能力。
抗氧化活性是指物质能够中和自由基的特性。自由基是人体代谢过程中产生的高活性分子,会攻击细胞膜、蛋白质和DNA等生物大分子,导致细胞损伤和组织功能障碍[40]。通过膳食或补充剂摄入具有抗氧化活性的物质,能够有效清除体内过量自由基,从而降低氧化应激对机体的损害[41]。抗氧化活性是评价益生菌指标的特征之一,对菌株SL菌液的·OH、O2−·、DPPH自由基和ABTS+自由基清除率研究结果如表5。
实验结果显示,培养24 h的菌株SL菌液对DPPH自由基和ABTS+自由基的清除有一定效果,清除率分别达到了37.40%±2.63%和36.52%±2.57%;该菌株的DPPH自由基清除率低于解淀粉芽孢杆菌(81%)[42]和布拉迪酵母(73.27%)[39],但高于粪肠球菌BN6[38](26.83%);其超氧阴离子清除率优于解淀粉芽孢杆菌(31%)[42]。这些数据表明,贝莱斯芽孢杆菌SL菌株具有一定的抗氧化能力。
本试验采用牛津杯法测定菌株的抑菌能力,抑菌圈直径的大小代表了抑菌能力的强弱。选取常见的四种病原菌进行抑菌实验,贝莱斯芽孢杆菌对病原菌金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌、大肠杆菌、产气荚膜梭菌实验结果如表6所示。贝莱斯芽孢杆菌菌液对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌能力最大,其抑菌圈大小为21.94±0.21 mm(P<0.05),对大肠杆菌的抑菌能力较弱。贝莱斯芽孢杆菌对革兰氏阳性菌的抑制作用更强,主要因为革兰氏阳性菌的厚层肽聚糖更容易被识别为脂肽类而被直接破坏,导致细胞壁崩解[43]。在本次实验中,菌株SL表现出了一定的抑菌能力,其抑菌圈直径相较于任廷亿等[44]报道的太行鸡源贝莱斯芽孢杆菌更大。这一结果显示了菌株SL在抑制病原菌生长方面的优势。
表7为菌株SL的代谢物质的分析结果,表明挥发性代谢产物总共出现了22种物质,包括酸类(6种),酯类(3种)、醇类(3种)、和有机类物质(10种),其中酸类物质占比最多为60.94%,分别为醋酸、异丁酸、丁酸、2-(3,4-二甲基-alpha-氨硫代氨基脲基)苯甲酸、2-甲基丁酸和己酸。以往的研究发现贝莱斯芽孢杆菌在生长繁殖过程中产生的挥发性物质分为酸类、醇类、酯类,其余的贝莱斯芽孢杆菌还可产生酮类、烷类、苯类等挥发性物质[45-47]。本研究中挥发性物质占比最大的是异丁酸,占比21.58%;其次为己酸,占比为20.7%;第三为醋酸(18.08%)。有研究表明异丁酸与纤维素分解酶作为断奶前后犊牛日粮补充物,能够提高麦芽糖酶活性、淀粉酶活性、胰蛋白酶活性等酶活性,增强消化系统的发育,促进小肠发育[48−50]。2-甲基丁酸是一种支链脂肪酸,它是由反刍动物中的瘤胃微生物在发酵过程中,将支链氨基酸进行氧化脱氢和脱羧基后产生的,它能够促进瘤胃内的纤维分解菌生长,而且对甘薯长喙壳菌具有强烈的抑制作用[51]。由此可知,试验菌株发酵液的挥发性物质具有增强机体的消化器官发育、酶活性等功效。
图4为QC样本质谱检测总离子流图(TIC图)的叠加图。结果显示代谢物的检测总离子流的曲线重叠性较高,并且保留时间和峰强度均一致,表明质谱对同一样品不同时间检测时,信号稳定性较好。仪器的高稳定性为数据的重复性和可靠性提供了重要的保障。对QC样本进行相关性分析,相关系数越接近于1(至少应大于0.8),说明整个方法稳定性越好,数据质量也越高。由图5可知QC样本相关系数均较高(>0.9),说明实验数据质量高,整个实验数据有较好的可信度。
如图6所示,在所有离子模式下共鉴定到3799种代谢物;其中正离子模式(Positive)下鉴定到2133种代谢物;负离子模式(Negative)下鉴定到1633种代谢物。代谢物数目上正离子模式大于负离子模式,而代谢物种类上负离子模式多于正离子模式。正离子模式代谢物类别中氨基酸及其衍生物最多,占比达到了46.95%,最小的为单宁(0.04%);负离子模式代谢物类别中黄酮类占比最多(33.31%),色氨酸、胆碱、酮类衍生物占比较低,三种合计占比为0.11%。其中负离子模式代谢物类别中相较于正离子模式多检测出色氨酸、胆碱、酮类衍生物三个种类。
菌株SL差异代谢物的筛选结果如图7所示,相比培养0 h对照组(CK),培养24 h的样品组(Culture-1 d)共筛选出差异代谢物2179种,其中上调有1097种、下调有1082种,其中上调物质前20个有脂肪酰类(1种)、氨基酸及其衍生物(9种)、脂质(2种)、生物碱(2种)、苯及其衍生物(1种)和其他类(5种)。比较明显的上调物质有以下几种:脂肪酰类肉碱,具有神经保护与神经促进功能、提高免疫等功能[52];脂质9-硝基油酸具有抗炎、抗肿瘤和抗血栓形成的活性,并且引导细胞内信号的传导,调节应激蛋白的表达[53];脂肽类棕榈酰甘氨酸作为肠道微生物代谢物,是一种内源性脂质,具有一定的抑菌、抗炎和抗氧化能力[54];丹叶大黄素是一种二苯乙烯类糖苷化合物,具有抗癌活性、抗高血脂作用、抗过敏作用、抗氧化和抗菌等作用,并且作为潜在的人类细胞色素P450抑制剂,据报道能清除细胞内活性氧(ROS)、DPPH自由基和过氧化氢(H2O2)[55];硫代二丙酸二月桂酯作为一种食品添加剂,具有抗氧化作用,能有效地分解油脂自动氧化链反应中的氢过氧化物(ROOH),达到中断链反应的目的[56];组氨酸-异亮氨酸-赖氨酸、缬氨酸-甲硫氨酸-赖氨酸和L-赖氨酸-L-缬氨酸-L-组氨酸等小短肽,在动物肠道中不仅具有较高的吸收利用效率,还具有多种生物活性,在动物的抗氧化、免疫、肌纤维和肠道发育等方面发挥积极调节作用[57]。
由上述可知,菌株SL培养时间24 h后芽孢率为80%以上的菌液,能产生例如9-硝基油酸、丹叶大黄素、棕榈酰甘氨酸、硫代二丙酸二月桂酯和小短肽等物质,这些物质在抗炎、抑菌、抗氧化、促进肠道发育等方面具有一定的功效,表明菌株形成芽孢后产生的代谢物质具有益生特性[58-59]。菌株SL产生的抑菌物质类型包括脂肽类和短肽,这与陈少先[60]贝莱斯芽孢杆菌产生脂肽类物质研究一致;同时,产生的其余活性物质如丹叶大黄素和9-硝基油酸等体现了该菌株的抑菌活性物质多样性和独特性[58]。
本研究系统评估了菌株SL的体外益生特性;然而,其在模拟胃液中的存活率较低(120 min后仅为4.11%),因此该菌株在胃酸环境中的稳定性可能成为实际应用中的限制因素,未来可通过包埋技术或基因改良进一步提升其胃酸耐受性。
菌株SL的疏水性(19.08%)与刘纯[33]研究结果相近,但低于枯草芽孢杆菌N2-10(31.90%),而其自聚集能力在12 h达到86%,高于部分乳酸菌(如副干酪乳杆菌L1为9.70%)[36],表明其具有快速定植潜力。这一特性为其在肠道中形成生物膜、抑制病原菌粘附提供了优势,但具体黏附机制仍需进一步研究。
在抗氧化活性方面,菌株SL对DPPH和ABTS+自由基的清除率均达36%以上,表现出中等抗氧化活性,虽逊于解淀粉芽孢杆菌(81%)[41]和布拉迪酵母(73.27%)[39],但优于粪肠球菌BN6(26.83%)[38]。其对超氧阴离子(清除率34%)的抑制能力优于部分对照菌株,表明其抗氧化机制可能更偏向于直接清除活性氧自由基。这一特性为其作为抗氧化益生菌的应用提供了基础依据,但具体活性物质(如代谢产物中的酚酸或短肽)需进一步解析以明确作用靶点。
此外,代谢组学分析揭示了其丰富的代谢物组成,包括挥发性物质(如异丁酸和2-甲基丁酸)和非挥发性物质(如9-硝基油酸、丹叶大黄素)。这些物质在促进消化酶活性、抗炎和抗氧化方面的功能与毕小龙[48]的研究相符,但菌株SL独特的代谢谱(如高产棕榈酰甘氨酸和硫代二丙酸二月桂酯)为其在微生态制剂开发中提供了差异化优势。
尽管本研究证实了菌株SL有体外益生潜力,但仍存在以下局限:体内效果未验证,未来需通过动物实验评估其定植效率及对宿主健康的影响;代谢产物的具体作用机制(如抗炎通路)尚未明确,需结合转录组学或蛋白组学深入解析;规模化培养和制剂稳定性问题未涉及,需优化发酵工艺以保障产业化可行性。
综上所述,菌株SL在替代抗生素、改善肠道健康及抗氧化应用方面具有显著潜力,其独特的代谢特性为开发新型微生态制剂奠定了理论基础。后续研究应聚焦于体内功效验证、作用机制挖掘及工艺优化,以推动其在实际生产中的应用。

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2026年第47卷第4期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010145
  • 接收时间:2025-01-17
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-02-15
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    1四川轻化工大学食品与酿酒工程学院,四川宜宾 640000
    2成都大学肉类加工四川省重点实验室,四川成都 610106
    3宜宾五粮液股份有限公司,四川宜宾 644000
    4四川中烟工业有限责任公司长城雪茄烟厂,四川什邡 618499

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王风青(1984−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:工业微生物发酵,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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