Article(id=1320882438579007546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320882022160126288, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010132, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1736784000000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852514165, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1767196800000, pubDateStr=2026-01-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852514165, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852514165, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852514165, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320882022160126288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='498', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1767196800000', pubDateStr='2026-01-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852414884, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852414884, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=139, endPage=148, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320882438935523387, articleId=1320882438579007546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effects and Mechanisms of Cooking and Milling on Protein Nutrition in Whole Grain Highland Barley Foods, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to explore the mechanism of processing methods affecting protein nutrition in whole grain foods, cooked whole-grain highland barley products (rice) and flour-based products (noodles) were selected as the research objects, with raw highland barley flour used as the control. The effects and underlying mechanisms of cooking and milling on protein nutrition in whole grain highland barley were evaluated based on the nutrient composition of indigestible residues, as well as the structure and amino acid composition of digestion-resistant proteins. The results showed that the digestibility of both rice and noodles was significantly reduced compared to raw flour (P<0.01) and the gastrointestinal digestibility of noodles was increased compared to rice. Cooking promoted the interaction between major nutrients and inhibited the digestion of protein, among which starch had the strongest inhibitory effect on the digestion of protein in highland barley, followed by dietary fiber. Milling improved the digestibility of protein because it promoted the digestion of starch. Both cooking and milling treatments enhanced the indigestibility of the alcohol soluble protein subunits (D, B, B3), partial alcohol soluble protein subunits γ-3 and the albumin subunit Serpin z-type, partly because cooking and milling promoted the formation of disulfide bonds (raw flour 0.91 μmol/g; rice 1.22 μmol/g; noodles 1.68 μmol/g). In addition, the contents of hydrophobic amino acids in indigestible residues of highland barley were significantly different (P<0.05). The contents of rice were the highest, followed by noodles, and raw flour was the lowest. It showed that the indigestibility of protein was positively related to the contents of hydrophobic amino acids. After cooking and simulated digestion, digestible indispensable amino acid score (DIAAS) was reduced, the first limiting amino acid was Lys which remained the same, the second limiting amino acid was leucine (Leu) for rice and isoleucine (Ile) for noodles. The results of the study are helpful to understand the interaction between macromolecular substances in complex food systems, clarify the influence mechanism of cooking and milling processing on protein nutrition, help to understand the bioavailability of highland barley protein in different processed products, and provide a new theoretical basis for protein nutrition evaluation of whole grain foods.

, authors=Wanyu XUE, Lulu FU, Bo LI*, authorsList=Wanyu XUE, Lulu FU, Bo LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Bo LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320882442886557766, articleId=1320882438579007546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=蒸煮和碾磨对青稞全谷物食品中蛋白质营养的影响及机制, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究加工方式影响全谷物食品中蛋白质营养的作用机制,本研究以青稞整籽粒熟制品(米饭)和青稞粉熟制品(面条)为研究对象,以青稞生粉为对照,基于不可消化物中营养成分的含量和耐消化蛋白质的结构和氨基酸组成探讨蒸煮和碾磨对青稞全谷物食品蛋白质营养的影响及机制。结果表明,与生粉相比,米饭和面条的消化率均显著降低(P<0.01);与米饭相比,面条的胃肠消化率均有所提升。蒸煮促进了各大营养素之间相互作用,抑制了蛋白质的消化,其中淀粉对青稞蛋白消化的抑制作用最强,其次是膳食纤维,碾磨处理由于促进淀粉消化而提高了蛋白质的消化率。蒸煮和碾磨处理均会增强醇溶蛋白亚基(D、B、B3)、部分醇溶蛋白亚基γ-3和白蛋白亚基Serpin z-type的耐消化性,部分原因是蒸煮和碾磨促进二硫键的形成(生粉0.91 μmol/g;米饭1.22 μmol/g;面条1.68 μmol/g)。此外,不同青稞制品不可消化物的疏水性氨基酸含量差异显著(P<0.05),米饭的含量最高、面条次之,生粉最低,表明蛋白质的耐消化性与疏水性氨基酸的含量呈正相关。青稞制品经过蒸煮和模拟消化后,可消化必需氨基酸评分(Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score,DIAAS)降低,其中第一限制性氨基酸不变,为赖氨酸(Lys);米饭的第二限制性氨基酸为亮氨酸(Leu),而面条的第二限制性氨基酸为异亮氨酸(Ile)。研究结果有助于全面了解复杂的食品体系中大分子物质之间的相互作用,阐明蒸煮和碾磨加工对蛋白质营养的影响机制,有助于了解不同加工制品中青稞蛋白的生物利用度,为全谷物食品的蛋白质营养评价提供新的理论依据。

, authors=薛婉玉, 付璐璐, 李博*, authorsList=薛婉玉, 付璐璐, 李博, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李博, authorNote=

薛婉玉(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:蛋白质营养,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
李博(1970−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:天然产物化学与功能食品,E-mail:。
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薛婉玉(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:蛋白质营养,E-mail:

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薛婉玉(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:蛋白质营养,E-mail:

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Keyword(id=1320882446564962405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882438579007546, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=营养), Keyword(id=1320882446669820006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882438579007546, language=CN, orderNo=6, keyword=可消化必需氨基酸评分)], refs=[Reference(id=1320882452193718394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882438579007546, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=1, rfOrder=0, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GUO T L, HORVATH C, CHEN L, et al. 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Shanghai: University of Shanghai for Science & Technology, 2022: 32-33., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320882443209519175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882438579007546, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320882443217907784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882438579007546, companyId=1320882443209519175, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320882443230490697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882438579007546, companyId=1320882443209519175, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国农业大学食品科学与营养工程学院,北京 100083)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320882446829203559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882438579007546, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=In vitro protein digestibility of highland barley meal and its processed products, figureFileSmall=bU8AG8qejGjEUC1pKrIkLQ==, figureFileBig=xCFcs2zEdrCRWZPe5TAbpA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882446934061160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882438579007546, language=CN, label=图1, caption=青稞生粉及其加工制品的体外蛋白质消化率

注:肠消化包括前一阶段胃液中的消化过程。不同小写字母表示胃消化率中具有显著差异,P<0.05;不同大写字母表示肠消化率中具有显著差异,P<0.05。

, figureFileSmall=bU8AG8qejGjEUC1pKrIkLQ==, figureFileBig=xCFcs2zEdrCRWZPe5TAbpA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882447181525097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882438579007546, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effects of starch, dietary fiber and lipids in indigestible residues on protein digestibility of highland barley, figureFileSmall=Mj4478IsFkTQHKaXNARR1w==, figureFileBig=S1Q/vD+aUwig8DC5+sAAyg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882450729906282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882438579007546, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不可消化物中淀粉、膳食纤维、脂肪分别去除后对蛋白质消化率的影响

注: C,对照组;DL,去脂肪处理组;DF,去纤维处理组;DS,去淀粉处理组;图中不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=Mj4478IsFkTQHKaXNARR1w==, figureFileBig=S1Q/vD+aUwig8DC5+sAAyg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882450834763883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882438579007546, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=SDS-PAGE gels of raw flour, cooked grains, noodles and their indigestible residues prepared by highland barley, figureFileSmall=8VnI36yytRr/n3gLvE2eCg==, figureFileBig=x9fdtXe6sLkFkePQDY5H7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882450914455660, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882438579007546, language=CN, label=图3, caption=青稞生粉、米饭和面条及其不可消化物的SDS-PAGE

注:M,Marker;HRF,青稞生粉;HRF-I,青稞生粉不可消化物;HCG,青稞米饭;HCG-I,青稞米饭不可消化物;HN,青稞面条;HN-I,青稞面条不可消化物。

, figureFileSmall=8VnI36yytRr/n3gLvE2eCg==, figureFileBig=x9fdtXe6sLkFkePQDY5H7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882450994147437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882438579007546, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Disulfide bond contents of raw flour, cooked grains, noodles and their indigestible residues produced by highland barley, figureFileSmall=4vbj+weW7zxhkoUAiIcHWQ==, figureFileBig=zrT0NFVLfwvi0oxh9pxxAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882451065450607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882438579007546, language=CN, label=图4, caption=青稞生粉、米饭和面条及其不可消化物的二硫键含量

注:不同小写字母表示不同制品中二硫键含量差异显著(P<0.05);不同大写字母表示不同不可消化物中二硫键含量差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=4vbj+weW7zxhkoUAiIcHWQ==, figureFileBig=zrT0NFVLfwvi0oxh9pxxAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882451170308208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882438579007546, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Principal component analysis of indigestible and digestible amino acids of raw flour, noodles, cooked grains prepared by highland barley, figureFileSmall=zIkjqdTa7Xle6YQ0Jdvl8w==, figureFileBig=uLxMe1aLOSYPT2CFlnrfCA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882451254194289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882438579007546, language=CN, label=图5, caption=青稞生粉、面条和米饭的可消化物与不可消化物氨基酸组成的主成分分析, figureFileSmall=zIkjqdTa7Xle6YQ0Jdvl8w==, figureFileBig=uLxMe1aLOSYPT2CFlnrfCA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882451384217714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882438579007546, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Principle nutritional composition of indigestible residues from raw flour, noodles and cooked grains (g/100 g dry weight)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品青稞生粉
不可消化物
青稞面条
不可消化物
青稞米饭
不可消化物
粗蛋白含量6.21±0.02c13.59±0.79a10.70±0.10b
脂肪含量0.50±0.10b0.95±0.08a1.14±0.03a
淀粉含量60.87±0.28a42.86±1.31c50.86±0.75b
膳食纤维含量14.42±0.97c29.13±0.41a21.49±0.93b
), ArticleFig(id=1320882451472298099, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882438579007546, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

青稞生粉、面条和米饭不可消化物的宏量营养素组成(g/100 g 干重)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品青稞生粉
不可消化物
青稞面条
不可消化物
青稞米饭
不可消化物
粗蛋白含量6.21±0.02c13.59±0.79a10.70±0.10b
脂肪含量0.50±0.10b0.95±0.08a1.14±0.03a
淀粉含量60.87±0.28a42.86±1.31c50.86±0.75b
膳食纤维含量14.42±0.97c29.13±0.41a21.49±0.93b
), ArticleFig(id=1320882451564572788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882438579007546, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Identified bands of highland barley proteins

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
条带编号蛋白名称实验分子量
(kDa)
Uniprot
登录号
参考分子量
(kDa)
C1D-hordein91.6A0A2I8B2J5100[32]
C2Embryo globulin65.4Q0367865[33]
C3Serpin z-type51.2P0629350[33]
C4B-hordein45.0Q2XQF145[33]
C5B3-hordein39.5I6SJ2640[34]
C6B-hordein37.4I6QM9937[33]
C7Serpin z-type34.7I6SJ2635[15]
C8γ-3 hordein, partial31.5P8019830[33]
C9Vicilin-like seed storage protein26.9BAK04746.125[33]
), ArticleFig(id=1320882451673624693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882438579007546, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

青稞蛋白质条带的确认

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
条带编号蛋白名称实验分子量
(kDa)
Uniprot
登录号
参考分子量
(kDa)
C1D-hordein91.6A0A2I8B2J5100[32]
C2Embryo globulin65.4Q0367865[33]
C3Serpin z-type51.2P0629350[33]
C4B-hordein45.0Q2XQF145[33]
C5B3-hordein39.5I6SJ2640[34]
C6B-hordein37.4I6QM9937[33]
C7Serpin z-type34.7I6SJ2635[15]
C8γ-3 hordein, partial31.5P8019830[33]
C9Vicilin-like seed storage protein26.9BAK04746.125[33]
), ArticleFig(id=1320882451770093686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882438579007546, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Digestible and indigestible amino acid compositions of raw flour, cooked grains and noodles produced by highland barley (g/100 g protein before digestion)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品青稞生粉青稞面条青稞米饭
可消化物不可消化物可消化物不可消化物可消化物不可消化物
His2.46±0.05a0.94±0.05c1.30±0.08b0.98±0.02c0.78±0.02d1.40±0.03b
Thr2.88±0.17a1.68±0.02c2.52±0.09b2.36±0.09b1.84±0.04c2.84±0.05a
Tyr2.31±0.15b2.02±0.04b2.86±0.12a2.07±0.03b2.28±0.09b2.26±0.05b
Val3.41±0.14a1.85±0.08d2.71±0.12b2.42±0.08c2.10±0.07d2.32±0.06cd
Met2.05±0.12a0.97±0.02d1.40±0.02b1.21±0.03c1.02±0.03d1.11±0.01cd
Cys0.56±0.04c1.25±0.24ab0.37±0.02c1.08±0.02b0.32±0.03c1.43±0.07a
Ile2.12±0.06b2.20±0.09b1.69±0.03c2.54±0.04a1.64±0.05c2.69±0.06a
Leu3.52±0.32b2.59±0.10c3.56±0.08b3.42±0.13b2.82±0.02c3.86±0.17a
Phe3.55±0.18a2.71±0.06c2.71±0.01c3.08±0.04b2.07±0.05d3.17±0.08b
Lys3.04±0.10a1.56±0.05e2.45±0.06b1.91±0.01d2.15±0.03c2.06±0.04cd
Asp4.49±0.39b3.01±0.26c3.44±0.14c6.08±0.25a3.73±0.09c4.63±0.20b
Glu14.34±0.44a5.30±0.11e7.62±0.25d11.68±0.40b9.49±0.36c14.36±0.66a
Ser2.90±0.33a2.01±0.14c2.53±0.10ab2.34±0.08bc2.37±0.02bc2.43±0.05ab
Gly2.68±0.05a1.57±0.17c2.49±0.05a2.03±0.01b2.62±0.07a2.22±0.01b
Arg3.43±0.08b2.22±0.07d2.91±0.13c2.32±0.08d2.79±0.17c3.81±0.11a
Ala2.93±0.06a1.50±0.12c2.23±0.14b2.09±0.05b2.03±0.04b2.27±0.04b
Pro6.03±0.07a5.29±0.11b5.52±0.05b5.81±0.07a4.25±0.12c6.00±0.16a
TAA62.70±1.54a38.67±0.56f48.31±0.50d53.42±0.45c44.30±1.31e58.86±0.32b
TEAA20.57±0.66a13.56±0.46e17.04±0.25cd16.94±0.30d13.64±0.21e18.05±0.14b
HAA26.29±0.39a18.68±0.40d22.31±0.20c22.61±0.21c18.55±0.16e23.64±0.22b
), ArticleFig(id=1320882451858174071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882438579007546, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

青稞生粉、面条和米饭的可消化物和不可消化物中氨基酸组成(g/100 g 消化前蛋白质)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品青稞生粉青稞面条青稞米饭
可消化物不可消化物可消化物不可消化物可消化物不可消化物
His2.46±0.05a0.94±0.05c1.30±0.08b0.98±0.02c0.78±0.02d1.40±0.03b
Thr2.88±0.17a1.68±0.02c2.52±0.09b2.36±0.09b1.84±0.04c2.84±0.05a
Tyr2.31±0.15b2.02±0.04b2.86±0.12a2.07±0.03b2.28±0.09b2.26±0.05b
Val3.41±0.14a1.85±0.08d2.71±0.12b2.42±0.08c2.10±0.07d2.32±0.06cd
Met2.05±0.12a0.97±0.02d1.40±0.02b1.21±0.03c1.02±0.03d1.11±0.01cd
Cys0.56±0.04c1.25±0.24ab0.37±0.02c1.08±0.02b0.32±0.03c1.43±0.07a
Ile2.12±0.06b2.20±0.09b1.69±0.03c2.54±0.04a1.64±0.05c2.69±0.06a
Leu3.52±0.32b2.59±0.10c3.56±0.08b3.42±0.13b2.82±0.02c3.86±0.17a
Phe3.55±0.18a2.71±0.06c2.71±0.01c3.08±0.04b2.07±0.05d3.17±0.08b
Lys3.04±0.10a1.56±0.05e2.45±0.06b1.91±0.01d2.15±0.03c2.06±0.04cd
Asp4.49±0.39b3.01±0.26c3.44±0.14c6.08±0.25a3.73±0.09c4.63±0.20b
Glu14.34±0.44a5.30±0.11e7.62±0.25d11.68±0.40b9.49±0.36c14.36±0.66a
Ser2.90±0.33a2.01±0.14c2.53±0.10ab2.34±0.08bc2.37±0.02bc2.43±0.05ab
Gly2.68±0.05a1.57±0.17c2.49±0.05a2.03±0.01b2.62±0.07a2.22±0.01b
Arg3.43±0.08b2.22±0.07d2.91±0.13c2.32±0.08d2.79±0.17c3.81±0.11a
Ala2.93±0.06a1.50±0.12c2.23±0.14b2.09±0.05b2.03±0.04b2.27±0.04b
Pro6.03±0.07a5.29±0.11b5.52±0.05b5.81±0.07a4.25±0.12c6.00±0.16a
TAA62.70±1.54a38.67±0.56f48.31±0.50d53.42±0.45c44.30±1.31e58.86±0.32b
TEAA20.57±0.66a13.56±0.46e17.04±0.25cd16.94±0.30d13.64±0.21e18.05±0.14b
HAA26.29±0.39a18.68±0.40d22.31±0.20c22.61±0.21c18.55±0.16e23.64±0.22b
), ArticleFig(id=1320882451942060152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882438579007546, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

DIAA ratio and DIAAS of cereal-based foods produced by grains or flour from highland barley

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品生粉
AAS
米饭
DIAA ratio
面条
DIAA ratio
参考模式
(mg/g 蛋白质)
Ile1.430.550.5630
Leu1.030.460.5861
Lys0.670.450.5148
Thr1.160.741.0125
Val1.140.530.6840
Met+Cys1.920.580.7723
Phe2.131.061.3641
DIAAS (%)674551/
第一限制性氨基酸LysLysLys/
第二限制性氨基酸/LeuIle/
), ArticleFig(id=1320882452063694969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882438579007546, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

青稞生粉及熟制品的DIAA ratio和DIAAS

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品生粉
AAS
米饭
DIAA ratio
面条
DIAA ratio
参考模式
(mg/g 蛋白质)
Ile1.430.550.5630
Leu1.030.460.5861
Lys0.670.450.5148
Thr1.160.741.0125
Val1.140.530.6840
Met+Cys1.920.580.7723
Phe2.131.061.3641
DIAAS (%)674551/
第一限制性氨基酸LysLysLys/
第二限制性氨基酸/LeuIle/
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蒸煮和碾磨对青稞全谷物食品中蛋白质营养的影响及机制
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薛婉玉 , 付璐璐 , 李博 *
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(1): 139-148
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (1) : 139 -148
蒸煮和碾磨对青稞全谷物食品中蛋白质营养的影响及机制
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薛婉玉 , 付璐璐, 李博*
作者信息
  • 中国农业大学食品科学与营养工程学院,北京 100083
通讯作者:
李博(1970−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:天然产物化学与功能食品,E-mail:。
作者简介:

薛婉玉(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:蛋白质营养,E-mail:

Effects and Mechanisms of Cooking and Milling on Protein Nutrition in Whole Grain Highland Barley Foods
Wanyu XUE , Lulu FU, Bo LI*
Affiliations
  • College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
出版时间: 2026-01-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010132
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为探究加工方式影响全谷物食品中蛋白质营养的作用机制,本研究以青稞整籽粒熟制品(米饭)和青稞粉熟制品(面条)为研究对象,以青稞生粉为对照,基于不可消化物中营养成分的含量和耐消化蛋白质的结构和氨基酸组成探讨蒸煮和碾磨对青稞全谷物食品蛋白质营养的影响及机制。结果表明,与生粉相比,米饭和面条的消化率均显著降低(P<0.01);与米饭相比,面条的胃肠消化率均有所提升。蒸煮促进了各大营养素之间相互作用,抑制了蛋白质的消化,其中淀粉对青稞蛋白消化的抑制作用最强,其次是膳食纤维,碾磨处理由于促进淀粉消化而提高了蛋白质的消化率。蒸煮和碾磨处理均会增强醇溶蛋白亚基(D、B、B3)、部分醇溶蛋白亚基γ-3和白蛋白亚基Serpin z-type的耐消化性,部分原因是蒸煮和碾磨促进二硫键的形成(生粉0.91 μmol/g;米饭1.22 μmol/g;面条1.68 μmol/g)。此外,不同青稞制品不可消化物的疏水性氨基酸含量差异显著(P<0.05),米饭的含量最高、面条次之,生粉最低,表明蛋白质的耐消化性与疏水性氨基酸的含量呈正相关。青稞制品经过蒸煮和模拟消化后,可消化必需氨基酸评分(Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score,DIAAS)降低,其中第一限制性氨基酸不变,为赖氨酸(Lys);米饭的第二限制性氨基酸为亮氨酸(Leu),而面条的第二限制性氨基酸为异亮氨酸(Ile)。研究结果有助于全面了解复杂的食品体系中大分子物质之间的相互作用,阐明蒸煮和碾磨加工对蛋白质营养的影响机制,有助于了解不同加工制品中青稞蛋白的生物利用度,为全谷物食品的蛋白质营养评价提供新的理论依据。

青稞  /  蒸煮  /  碾磨  /  蛋白质  /  营养  /  可消化必需氨基酸评分

In order to explore the mechanism of processing methods affecting protein nutrition in whole grain foods, cooked whole-grain highland barley products (rice) and flour-based products (noodles) were selected as the research objects, with raw highland barley flour used as the control. The effects and underlying mechanisms of cooking and milling on protein nutrition in whole grain highland barley were evaluated based on the nutrient composition of indigestible residues, as well as the structure and amino acid composition of digestion-resistant proteins. The results showed that the digestibility of both rice and noodles was significantly reduced compared to raw flour (P<0.01) and the gastrointestinal digestibility of noodles was increased compared to rice. Cooking promoted the interaction between major nutrients and inhibited the digestion of protein, among which starch had the strongest inhibitory effect on the digestion of protein in highland barley, followed by dietary fiber. Milling improved the digestibility of protein because it promoted the digestion of starch. Both cooking and milling treatments enhanced the indigestibility of the alcohol soluble protein subunits (D, B, B3), partial alcohol soluble protein subunits γ-3 and the albumin subunit Serpin z-type, partly because cooking and milling promoted the formation of disulfide bonds (raw flour 0.91 μmol/g; rice 1.22 μmol/g; noodles 1.68 μmol/g). In addition, the contents of hydrophobic amino acids in indigestible residues of highland barley were significantly different (P<0.05). The contents of rice were the highest, followed by noodles, and raw flour was the lowest. It showed that the indigestibility of protein was positively related to the contents of hydrophobic amino acids. After cooking and simulated digestion, digestible indispensable amino acid score (DIAAS) was reduced, the first limiting amino acid was Lys which remained the same, the second limiting amino acid was leucine (Leu) for rice and isoleucine (Ile) for noodles. The results of the study are helpful to understand the interaction between macromolecular substances in complex food systems, clarify the influence mechanism of cooking and milling processing on protein nutrition, help to understand the bioavailability of highland barley protein in different processed products, and provide a new theoretical basis for protein nutrition evaluation of whole grain foods.

highland barley  /  cooking  /  milling  /  protein  /  nutrition  /  DIAAS
薛婉玉, 付璐璐, 李博. 蒸煮和碾磨对青稞全谷物食品中蛋白质营养的影响及机制. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (1) : 139 -148 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010132
Wanyu XUE, Lulu FU, Bo LI. Effects and Mechanisms of Cooking and Milling on Protein Nutrition in Whole Grain Highland Barley Foods[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (1) : 139 -148 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010132
谷物是膳食蛋白质的主要来源之一,研究谷物食品中的蛋白质营养具有重要意义。青稞(Hordeum vulgare L. var. nudum Hook. f.),禾本科大麦属,又名裸大麦,主要产区为西藏和青海[1]。青稞属于低GI食物,具有高蛋白质、高膳食纤维、高维生素和低脂肪的特点[2],其中淀粉含量为58%~67%,膳食纤维为10.6%~15.4%,蛋白质为12.9%~14.5%[1,3]。青稞是除燕麦、小麦以外蛋白质含量最高的谷类作物,是膳食蛋白质的重要来源,但其氨基酸组成模式并不均衡,尤其缺乏赖氨酸(Lys)[4]。青稞不仅是我国西藏和青海地区的主食,而且由于其降血脂降血糖等作用深受中老年人的青睐[5]。目前,青稞蛋白的研究主要关注加工方式对其结构与功能的影响,而在青稞蛋白营养领域的研究较少。
蛋白质的消化率取决于内源因素和外源因素的共同作用[6−7]。内源因素包括蛋白质的氨基酸序列,蛋白质的折叠和交联。其中,蛋白质的氨基酸序列决定了其对蛋白酶的敏感程度。Martinez-Velasco等[8]在研究玉米薄饼储存过程中蛋白质的消化率时,发现蛋白质消化率和次级β构象(β-折叠、β-转角)水平呈负相关。蛋白质的低消化率可能与自身的二级结构有关,在更高的结构水平上,蛋白质之间的交联也对消化率有显著影响。Clemente等[9]通过研究鹰嘴豆白蛋白的体外消化性发现减少分子内和分子间的二硫键有助于提高胰酶对蛋白质的消化程度。Drulyte等[10]认为豆科初级蛋白如来自豌豆的球蛋白和白蛋白中蛋白质不同程度的交联和聚集形成了不同的蛋白质基质,从而对蛋白质消化率产生不同的影响,因此富含二硫键的白蛋白具有致密结构,相较于球蛋白不易被蛋白酶水解。然而,这些研究往往集中在蛋白质的某一方面,如氨基酸序列、二级结构或交联等,而忽略了多个因素之间的复杂相互作用。影响蛋白质消化的外源因素是淀粉、膳食纤维、多酚、植酸等非蛋白质成分与蛋白质的物理化学相互作用。目前,凝集素、植酸和单宁等物质对谷物蛋白质消化率的影响已有多篇报道,而淀粉、膳食纤维和脂质等宏量营养素对蛋白质消化率的影响尚未得到充分研究。
谷物通常经过碾磨、蒸煮等加工方式,以米饭、面条或者粥类形式供人们食用。不同加工方式可通过影响内源和外源因素来影响蛋白质消化。蒸煮、挤压等加工方式会使谷物蛋白二级结构发生转变,提高蛋白聚集程度,从而显著影响蛋白消化率[11]。Adeleye等[12]研究发现,非洲山药豆和木豆在100 ℃和140 ℃挤压后,体外蛋白质消化率有所提升。Zahir等[13]研究发现,大豆经碾磨后提高了其蛋白质的胃肠消化率。Wen等[14]采用面筋-淀粉模拟系统研究了加热过程中淀粉对麸质蛋白消化的影响,发现淀粉可能会破坏面筋的空间结构,暴露更多的酶切位点,促进面筋消化。Duodu等[15]发现,果皮、胚芽、细胞壁和糊化淀粉等因素是受热后高粱粉中蛋白消化率降低的重要原因。此外,碾磨过程中的去皮或脱壳处理能够明显降低多酚、胰蛋白酶抑制剂、植酸等抗营养素的含量,从而促进蛋白消化[16]。现有研究主要基于特定蛋白质或成分,可能难以推广到复杂的食品体系中。同时,复杂的食品体系中多种成分可能存在相互影响,目前缺乏多因素综合研究,并且对于其他加工方法或不同加工条件下蛋白质消化的综合比较研究尚显不足。
在多样的食品体系中,蛋白质可能与非蛋白质成分发生各异的相互作用,或者蛋白质结构自身发生变化,进而导致部分蛋白质的消化吸收受到限制。通过分析不可消化物(消化残余物)中的营养成分变化,可以推断不同食物基质在消化过程中的释放情况,从而更深入地阐明蛋白质与其他食物成分(如纤维、淀粉、脂质等)之间的互动模式以及蛋白质结构的多样性。青稞作为青藏地区居民的主食,是重要的膳食蛋白质来源,研究加工方式对其蛋白质消化的影响机制从而提升其生物利用度具有重要意义。因此,本研究以熟制青稞米饭和青稞面条为研究对象,以青稞生粉为对照,从内外源因素探究蒸煮和碾磨两种加工方式影响青稞蛋白消化的作用机制。为探究加工方式和营养成分的作用,本研究采用纯青稞制作熟制面条,旨在采用真实复杂的食品模型体系,综合考虑多种因素,为阐明加工方式对蛋白消化的影响机制提供新的证据,也为提升青稞等全谷物蛋白的生物利用度提供新思路。
青稞北青3号 由山西东方亮生物科技有限公司提供,每100 g青稞含有蛋白质9.57 g,脂肪2.2 g,碳水化合物61.0 g,膳食纤维13.5 g;α-淀粉酶(13 U/mg)、胃蛋白酶(500 U/mg)、胰酶(6.5 U/mg)、17种氨基酸混标 Sigma公司;中温α-淀粉酶(50 U/mg)、糖化酶(100 U/mg)、纤维素酶(50 U/mg) 上海源叶公司;5, 5-二巯基-2, 2-二硝基苯甲酸(DTNB)、乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)、三羟甲基氨基甲烷(Tris)、甘氨酸(Gly)、十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)、β-巯基乙醇(2-ME)、Solar Fast考马斯亮蓝染色液、5×蛋白上样缓冲液、SDS-PAGE制胶试剂盒、彩虹245广谱蛋白Marker等试剂 北京索莱宝有限公司;氯化钾(KCl)、磷酸二氢钾(KH2PO4)、碳酸氢钠(NaHCO3)、氯化镁(MgCl2·6H2O)、氢氧化钠(NaOH)、浓盐酸(HCl)、浓硫酸(H2SO4)等试剂 均为分析纯,国药集团化学试剂有限公司;所有分离用有机溶剂均为国产分析纯。
FA1004万分之一电子天平 上海舜宇恒平科学仪器有限公司;JA200A千分之一电子天平 上海菁海仪器有限公司;HWS12电热恒温水浴锅 上海一恒科技有限公司;HZS-HA恒温水浴振荡器 哈尔滨东联电子技术开发有限公司;C21-Simple103电磁炉 芜湖美的生活电器制造有限公司;LGJ-18冷冻干燥机 北京四环科学仪器厂;FiveEasy pH计 上海梅特勒-托利多国际贸易有限公司;TGL-16A高速冷冻离心机 长沙平凡仪器仪表有限公司;DHG-9070A电热鼓风干燥箱 北京博翔兴旺科技有限公司;JYL-C91T粉碎机 九阳股份(济南)有限公司;164-5050伯乐基础电源、164-8001垂直电泳仪 德国伯乐生命科学有限公司;Infinite 200Pro多功能酶标仪 Tecan TradingAG, Switzerland。
取一定量谷物生籽粒,使用粉碎机打碎后过60目筛,即可得谷物生粉,粒径为250 μm。
青稞以全籽粒形式加工成米饭,准确称量一定量青稞,按照1:2的料液比(w/v)加入蒸馏水,常温下浸泡30 min,然后放入蒸锅中,100 ℃下蒸制35 min。
准确称量100.0 g青稞生粉,加入70.0 mL蒸馏水和2.0 g食盐。混合均匀后,揉搓成面团,放入自封袋内常温下静置30 min。将面团擀成薄片,切成宽2.0 mm、厚2.0 mm的面条,于100 ℃下蒸制17 min。谷物加工完成后,冷却至37 ℃,进行体外模拟消化。
参考Brodkorb等[17]的方法,进行体外模拟消化液的制备。
模拟唾液(SSF)电解质原液的制备:将15.1 mL 0.5 mol/L KCl、3.7 mL 0.5 mol/L KH2PO4、6.8 mL 1 mol/L NaHCO3、0.5 mL 0.15 mol/L MgCl2·6H2O和0.06 mL 0.5 mol/L (NH4)2CO3混合,用超纯水稀释至400 mL,用6 mol/L HCl调节pH至7.0。
模拟胃液(SGF)电解质原液的制备:将6.9 mL 0.5 mol/L KCl、0.9 mL 0.5 mol/L KH2PO4、12.5 mL 1 mol/L NaHCO3、11.8 mL 2 mol/L NaCl、0.4 mL 0.15 mol/L MgCl2·6H2O和0.5 mL 0.5 mol/L(NH4)2CO3混合,用超纯水稀释至400 mL,用6 mol/L HCl调节pH至3.0。
模拟肠液(SIF)电解质原液的制备:将6.8 mL 0.5 mol/L KCl、0.8 mL 0.5 mol/L KH2PO4、42.5 mL 1 mol/L NaHCO3、9.6 mL 2 mol/L NaCl和1.1 mL 0.15 mol/L MgCl2·6H2O混合,用超纯水稀释至400 mL,用1 mol/L NaOH调节pH至7.0。
取1.67 g生粉、3.84 g面条、5.00 g米饭(保证三者初始蛋白质含量一致),使用pH5.0的PBS溶液配制成质量分数为5%的悬液。参考Brodkorb等[17]的方法,使用INFOGEST静态消化模型进行体外模拟消化,采用超纯水替代食物作为对照。
模拟口腔消化:首先,使用料理机模拟口腔咀嚼,将底物打成食糜状。然后,将5 mL底物溶液(0.15 g蛋白质)与3.5 mL SSF电解质原液混合,并加入0.5 mL含α-淀粉酶的SSF电解质溶液(1500 U/mL)、25 µL 0.3 mol/L CaCl2和975 µL超纯水,37 ℃水浴振荡2 min。
模拟胃消化:将10.0 mL口腔消化糜与7.5 mL SGF电解质原液混合,并加入1.6 mL含胃蛋白酶的SGF电解质溶液(25000 U/mL)、5 µL 0.3 mol/L CaCl2溶液、200 µL 1.0 mol/L HCl和695 µL超纯水,充分混匀。用1.0 mol/L HCl调节pH至3.0,37 ℃水浴振荡2 h。体外模拟胃消化2 h后,用1.0 mol/L NaOH溶液调节pH至7.0,终止胃消化。
模拟肠消化:将20 mL胃消化糜与11 mL SIF电解质原液混合,并加入5 mL含胰酶的SIF电解质溶液(800 U/mL)、2.5 mL 38.4 mg/mL胆汁溶液、40 µL 0.3 mol/L CaCl2溶液、150 µL 1 mol/L NaOH溶液和1.31 mL超纯水。用1.0 mol/L NaOH调节pH至7.0,37 ℃水浴振荡2 h。体外模拟肠消化2 h后,加入5 mmol/L蛋白酶抑制剂4-2-胺乙基苯磺酰氟盐酸盐(AEBSF),终止肠消化。
在模拟消化后,加入等体积的10% TCA以沉淀可溶性蛋白,4 ℃下9000×g离心15 min,收集沉淀,即为不可消化物,冻干并储存于−80 ℃备用。
参考GB 5009.5-2016,采用凯氏定氮法测定青稞生粉、米饭、面条及其不可消化物中的氮含量,转换系数为6.25。按公式(1)计算蛋白质消化率[18]:
$\rm \mathrm{蛋}\mathrm{白}\mathrm{质}\mathrm{消}\mathrm{化}\mathrm{率}(\text{%})=\frac{{N}_{1}}{{N}_{2}}\times 100 $
式中:N1表示上清液中的氮含量,g;N2表示总蛋白样品氮含量,g。
蛋白质含量的测定:采用凯氏定氮法,参考GB 5009.5-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中蛋白质的测定》;膳食纤维含量的测定:采用酶重量法,参考GB 5009.88-2023《食品安全国家标准 食品中膳食纤维的测定》;淀粉含量的测定:采用酸水解法,参考GB 5009.9-2023《食品安全国家标准 食品中淀粉的测定》;脂肪含量的测定:采用索氏抽提法,参考GB 5009.6-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中脂肪的测定》。
淀粉的去除:将样品用pH5.0的PBS溶液配成质量分数为5%的悬液,添加1%的淀粉酶和糖化酶,50 ℃酶解5 h;膳食纤维的去除:将样品用pH5.0的PBS溶液配成质量分数为5%的悬液,添加1%的纤维素酶,50 ℃酶解2 h;脂肪的去除:将样品与石油醚按照1:20的比例混合1 h,并在室温中放置30 min,使用旋转蒸发仪除去石油醚。淀粉、膳食纤维和脂肪分别去除后,进行蛋白质消化率的测定。
为了分析不可消化物含有的蛋白质亚基,参考Isaacson等[19]的方法,采用苯酚法提取青稞制品及其不可消化物的蛋白质。将提取的蛋白溶解于裂解液(7 mol/L尿素,2 mol/L硫脲,2% w/v CHAPS,50 mmol/L DTT)中,调节浓度为5 mg/mL。将蛋白溶液与SDS上样缓冲液以4:1比例混合,在沸水中加热3 min后,10000×g离心15 min,取上清液进行电泳。电泳采用的分离胶浓度为12%,浓缩胶浓度为5%,上样量为10 μL[20]。在80 V下电泳约2 h,电泳结束后20 mL Solar Fast考马斯亮蓝蛋白染色液染色2 h,最后用蒸馏水脱色至背景清晰,用惠普扫描仪扫描。使用ImageJ软件进行目的条带强度值的计算。
参考Chan等[21]的方法,采用直接比色法测定青稞制品及其不可消化物中游离巯基和总巯基含量。测定游离巯基含量时,将100 mg样品分散于1 mL反应缓冲液A(8 mol/L尿素,3 mmol/L EDTA,1% SDS,0.2 mol/L Tris-HCl,pH8.0),室温下涡旋30 s后,在摇床上混合1 h。 然后加入0.1 mL反应缓冲液B (10 mmol/L DTNB,0.2 mol/L Tris-HCl,pH8.0),在摇床上混合1 h,室温下13600×g离心15 min,取上清液测定。412 nm处测定吸光值,空白组用蒸馏水替代样品进行实验。
测定总巯基含量时,将100 mg DTNB(0.253 mmol)溶解于10 mL的1 mol/L Na2SO3中。将100 mg样品分散于1 mL反应缓冲液C(8 mol/L尿素,3 mmol/L EDTA,1% SDS,0.2 mol/L Tris-HCl,10 mmol/L NTSB2-,0.1 mol/L Na2SO3,pH9.5,其中NTSB2-参考Thannhauser等[22]的方法合成)。室温下涡旋30 s后,在摇床上混合1 h,室温下13600×g离心15 min,取上清液,并以1:10的比例与反应缓冲液B混合。412 nm处测定吸光值,空白组用蒸馏水替代样品进行实验。
按公式(2)和(3)分别计算巯基含量和二硫键含量:
$ 巯\mathrm{基}\mathrm{含}\mathrm{量}(\text{µ}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{l}/\mathrm{g})=\frac{73.53\times\mathrm{A}_{412}\times\mathrm{D}}{\mathrm{C}} $
式中:A412为样品在412 nm处的吸光度;D为稀释倍数;C为样品浓度,mg/mL。
$ \mathrm{二}\mathrm{硫}\mathrm{键}\mathrm{含}\mathrm{量}(\text{µ}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{l}/\mathrm{g})=\frac{\mathrm{T}\mathrm{S}-\mathrm{S}\mathrm{H}}{2} $
式中:TS为总巯基含量;SH为游离巯基含量。
参考Zumwalt等[23]的方法,采用酸水解法测定样品中的氨基酸组成。
样品全水解:准确称取0.1 g样品于水解管中,加入10 mL 6.0 mol/L HCl和10 μL苯酚,110 ℃下水解24 h。水解结束后,取1 mL液体于蒸发皿中,在55 ℃下水浴蒸发至干,用0.1 mol/L HCl溶解并稀释至总氨基酸含量为0.4 g/L。
柱前衍生:准确量取200 μL样品,加入100 μL 0.1 mol/L异硫氰酸苯酯和100 μL 1 mol/L三乙胺,漩涡振荡混合均匀,在黑暗环境中衍生1 h。衍生结束后,加入400 μL正己烷,漩涡振荡1 min,静置10 min后,吸取下层溶液,过0.22 μm滤膜,进行HPLC分析。
HPLC分析:在岛津LC-15C系统中,使用Agilent Advance Bio AAA色谱柱(4.6 mm×100 mm,2.7 µm)进行色谱分析,检测波长为254 nm,分析时间为18 min。流动相A为10 mmol/L Na2HPO4&10 mmol/L Na2B4O7,pH8.2;流动相B为甲醇:乙腈:水=45:45:10。流速设置为1 mL/min,上样量为10 μL。洗脱梯度如下:0~0.35 min,2%B;0.35~6.9 min,2%~22%B;6.9~13.4 min,22%~56%B;13.4~13.5 min,56%~100%B;13.5~15.7 min,100%B;15.7~15.8 min,100%~2%B;15.8~18 min,2%B。
按公式(4)和(5)计算DIAAS[24]:
$ \begin{split} &\mathrm{可}\mathrm{消}\mathrm{化}\mathrm{必}\mathrm{需}\mathrm{氨}\mathrm{基}\mathrm{酸}\mathrm{比}\mathrm{率}(\mathrm{D}\mathrm{I}\mathrm{A}\mathrm{A}\;\mathrm{r}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{o})=\\&\frac{\mathrm{每}\mathrm{克}\mathrm{待}\mathrm{测}\mathrm{蛋}\mathrm{白}\mathrm{中}\mathrm{某}\mathrm{一}\mathrm{可}\mathrm{消}\mathrm{化}\mathrm{必}\mathrm{需}\mathrm{氨}\mathrm{基}\mathrm{酸}\mathrm{的}\mathrm{含}\mathrm{量}(\mathrm{m}\mathrm{g})}{\mathrm{每}\mathrm{克}\mathrm{参}\mathrm{考}\mathrm{蛋}\mathrm{白}\mathrm{中}\mathrm{必}\mathrm{需}\mathrm{氨}\mathrm{基}\mathrm{酸}\mathrm{的}\mathrm{含}\mathrm{量}(\mathrm{m}\mathrm{g})} \end{split}$
$ \mathrm{DIAAS(\text{%})=100\times DIAA参考比率的最低值} $
根据公式(6)计算氨基酸评分(Amino Acid Score,AAS)[25]:
$ \rm AAS=\frac{样品中某种氨基酸含量}{FAO/ WHO中同种氨基酸含量} $
所有实验数据重复测定三次,实验数据以平均值±标准差的形式表示。采用SPSS 26.0软件进行统计分析,运用单因素方差分析ANOVA和Duncans多重比较检验分析显著性差异,P<0.05。
蒸煮和碾磨对青稞蛋白质消化的影响如图1所示。在胃消化和肠消化阶段,生粉的蛋白质消化率均最高,其次为面条,米饭的消化率最低。与生粉相比,面条的胃肠消化率均极显著降低(P<0.01),其中在胃消化阶段,面条的消化率(11.20%)比生粉(30.50%)降低了19.30%,表明蒸煮显著影响了青稞制品的体外消化率,且在胃消化阶段影响作用更强。通常认为,一定程度的热诱导蛋白质变性可以提高消化率,而更广泛的热处理会导致蛋白质聚集,从而降低消化率[26]。与米饭相比,面条的两种消化率均显著提升(P<0.05),在肠消化阶段,面条(48.39%)比米饭(42.02%)的消化率提升6.37%。表明在蒸煮的基础上增加了碾磨处理后能够提高蛋白质体外消化率,且在肠消化阶段提升效果更为明显。
青稞生粉中含有较多营养成分,其中淀粉含量为61.0%,蛋白质含量为6.2%,膳食纤维含量为13.5%。不同青稞制品不可消化物的营养成分如表1所示。生粉不可消化物中淀粉含量最高,达到60.87%,其次为膳食纤维(14.42%)、蛋白质(6.21%)和脂肪(0.50%)。米饭不可消化物中含量最高的成分也是淀粉(50.86%),其次是膳食纤维(21.49%)、蛋白质(10.70%)和脂肪(1.14%)。但与面条不可消化物相比,米饭不可消化物中淀粉含量较高,膳食纤维和蛋白质含量较低,这可能与米饭未经过碾磨预处理有关,且米饭在蒸煮过程具有更完整的籽粒结构。有研究表明高含量的蛋白质和纤维使谷物的麸皮比淀粉胚乳具有更强的抵抗力和韧性,能够减少籽粒内部吸水和传热[27]。这可能会使淀粉糊化程度降低,从而导致淀粉的消化率降低。
不同加工方式中淀粉、膳食纤维、脂肪对青稞蛋白质消化率的影响如图2所示。生粉不可消化物的蛋白质消化率为47.2%,当不可消化物中淀粉被酶解后,其蛋白质消化率为94.1%,升高了46.9%;当膳食纤维被酶解后,蛋白质消化率为 70.9%,升高了23.7%;当脂肪被去除后,蛋白质消化率为50.0%,升高了2.8%。上述结果表明,淀粉和膳食纤维对青稞蛋白质的消化率具有显著影响(P<0.05),但影响程度不同,脂肪也在一定程度上影响了蛋白质消化率。淀粉作为主要成分,对青稞蛋白消化的抑制作用最强,其次是膳食纤维,而脂肪的抑制作用较微弱。
面条不可消化物中的蛋白质消化率为45.2%,当淀粉被酶解后,蛋白质消化率为56.5%,升高了11.3%;当膳食纤维被酶解后,蛋白质消化率为72.3%,升高了27.1%;当脂肪被去除后,蛋白质消化率为51.0%,仅上升了5.8%。由此可见,在面条中,膳食纤维虽作为次要成分,但对青稞蛋白消化的抑制作用最强,其次是淀粉和脂肪。与生粉不可消化物相比较,发现面条不可消化物中淀粉含量降低,说明蒸煮处理促进了淀粉的消化,削弱了淀粉对蛋白质消化的抑制作用,成为影响蛋白质消化率的次要因素,这可能与淀粉被消化后,蛋白质与淀粉之间紧凑交联的结构变得松散有关[28],因而可以影响蛋白质消化率。膳食纤维成为主要影响因素可能是由于膳食纤维的耐消化性不受蒸煮影响[29]。Hu等[30]基于黄原胶/角叉菜胶-大豆分离蛋白的研究表明,高温(85 ℃)加热后黄原胶/角叉菜胶多糖-大豆分离蛋白混合物会显著抑制蛋白质的消化,表明蒸煮处理后膳食纤维仍抑制蛋白消化,这与本研究膳食纤维抑制青稞蛋白消化结果一致。经过蒸煮处理后,脂肪含量更高,脂肪对青稞蛋白消化的抑制作用更强,但影响相对微弱。
米饭不可消化物的蛋白质消化率为32.8%,当淀粉被酶解后,蛋白质消化率为73.5%,升高了40.7%;当膳食纤维被酶解后,蛋白质消化率为47.2%,升高了14.4%;当脂肪被去除后,蛋白质消化率为42.0%,升高了9.2%。由此可见,在米饭中,淀粉作为主要成分,对青稞蛋白消化的抑制作用最强,其次是膳食纤维和脂肪。对比米饭和面条不可消化物的实验结果可以发现,碾磨预处理进一步促进了淀粉的消化,导致淀粉含量降低,削弱了淀粉对蛋白质消化的抑制作用,淀粉成为次要影响因素。膳食纤维成为主要影响因素,这可能是由于碾磨预处理破坏籽粒结构后,促进了麸皮纤维与胚乳蛋白的相互接触,在热加工的作用下增强了纤维素与蛋白质之间的相互作用,导致膳食纤维对蛋白质消化的抑制作用增强;脂肪含量变化较小,而且脂肪对蛋白质消化的抑制作用较弱[31]。
上述结果表明蒸煮处理和碾磨处理可以通过促进淀粉的消化,减轻淀粉对青稞蛋白消化的抑制作用。此外,碾磨处理使青稞生籽粒在物理结构上的改变促进了膳食纤维和谷物蛋白质的接触,从而加强了膳食纤维对蛋白质的消化抑制作用。由此可以得出,蒸煮和碾磨处理促进了淀粉的消化,并且改变了蛋白质与膳食纤维之间的相互作用,从而影响了蛋白质的消化。
青稞制品及其不可消化物的SDS-PAGE如图3所示,青稞蛋白质条带的确认见表2。通过对比青稞生粉与青稞制品不可消化物的蛋白组成,探究蒸煮和碾磨对青稞蛋白亚基消化性的影响。不可消化物中的蛋白条带为耐消化的蛋白亚基,在不可消化物中消失的蛋白条带即为易消化的蛋白亚基。
从生粉的泳道(HRF)可以看出,青稞蛋白以30~50 kDa的低分子量组分和高于65 kDa的高分子量组分为主。低分子量区域包括白蛋白亚基Serpin z-type(C3和C7)、醇溶蛋白亚基B(C4和C6)、醇溶蛋白亚基B3(C5)、部分醇溶蛋白亚基γ-3(C8)和球蛋白亚基Vicilin-like seed storage protein(C9),而高分子量区域包含醇溶蛋白亚基D(C1)和球蛋白亚基Embryo globulin(C2)。对比青稞生粉(HRF)与青稞生粉不可消化物(HRF-I)的蛋白亚基组成,可以发现醇溶蛋白亚基D(C1)、醇溶蛋白亚基B(C4和C6)、醇溶蛋白亚基B3(C5)、白蛋白亚基Serpin z-type(C3)仍然存在于不可消化物中,然而条带强度降低了54.7%~70.0%,而其他蛋白亚基的条带在不可消化物中已消失。表明生籽粒中的醇溶蛋白亚基D、B、B3和白蛋白亚基Serpin z-type呈现较高的耐消化性,而部分醇溶蛋白亚基γ-3和球蛋白亚基(包括Vicilin-like seed storage protein和Embryo globulin)则相对容易消化。
通过对比生粉(HRF)与面条(HN)、面条(HN)与米饭(HCG)的泳道,发现蛋白条带数量是一致的,表明蒸煮处理和碾磨处理对青稞蛋白的基本组成未产生显著影响。然而,对比其不可消化物的蛋白亚基组成,却可以发现蒸煮和碾磨对青稞蛋白亚基的消化性产生了明显影响,具体如下。
相比于生粉不可消化物(HRF-I)的蛋白亚基组成,可以发现面条不可消化物(HN-I)中醇溶蛋白亚基D(C1)、白蛋白亚基Serpin z-type(C3)、醇溶蛋白亚基B(C4和C6)、醇溶蛋白亚基B3(C5)的条带强度上升了23.0%~48.0%。在生粉不可消化物中已经消失的白蛋白亚基Serpin z-type(C7)和部分醇溶蛋白亚基γ-3(C8)在面条不可消化物中重新显现。结果表明,蒸煮处理增强了醇溶蛋白亚基D、B、B3、部分醇溶蛋白亚基γ-3和白蛋白亚基Serpin z-type的耐消化性,尤其是部分醇溶蛋白亚基γ-3和白蛋白亚基Serpin z-type。
相比于米饭不可消化物(HCG-I)的蛋白亚基组成,可以发现面条不可消化物(HN-I)中醇溶蛋白亚基D(C1)、白蛋白亚基Serpin z-type(C3)、醇溶蛋白亚基B(C4和C6)、醇溶蛋白亚基B3(C5)、白蛋白亚基Serpin z-type(C7)和部分醇溶蛋白亚基γ-3(C8)等蛋白质亚基的条带强度上升了13.2%~20.3%,表明碾磨预处理提高了醇溶蛋白亚基D、B、B3、部分醇溶蛋白亚基γ-3和白蛋白亚基Serpin z-type的耐消化性。此外,球蛋白亚基Vicilin-like seed storage protein(C9)和Embryo globulin(C2)在青稞生粉、米饭和面条的不可消化物中均已消失,表明蒸煮处理和碾磨处理不影响球蛋白亚基的易消化性。
对青稞生粉、米饭、面条及其不可消化物的二硫键含量(干基)进行测定,探究蒸煮和碾磨对二硫键形成的影响。青稞制品及其不可消化物的二硫键含量如图4所示。
未经模拟消化前,青稞生粉的二硫键含量为0.91 μmol/g样品。与生粉相比,面条中的二硫键含量显著增加(P<0.05),为1.68 μmol/g样品。与面条相比,米饭的二硫键含量显著降低,为1.22 μmol/g样品。上述结果表明,蒸煮和碾磨处理均会促进二硫键形成。Zhang等[35]研究发现沸水热处理会导致海参体内蛋白质氧化,二硫键、蛋白质疏水性和聚集性增加,游离巯基减少,说明热处理会在一定程度上增加二硫键含量,与本研究蒸煮处理会增加二硫键含量结果一致。进一步测定不可消化物中的二硫键含量表明,青稞制品不可消化物的二硫键含量与消化前的青稞制品相比显著上升(P<0.05)。三种不可消化物中,面条不可消化物的二硫键含量最高,为3.04 μmol/g样品,其次为米饭不可消化物,为1.89 μmol/g样品。由此可见,二硫键形成是抑制青稞蛋白消化的重要因素。
有研究表明,受热后会形成疏水性聚集体是小米蛋白消化率下降的主要原因[36]。γ-kafirin和β-kafirin形成的二硫键聚集体则是蒸煮后高粱蛋白消化率降低的主要原因[15]。这两项研究表明,高温可能会使谷物蛋白质聚集,从而抑制蛋白消化,但聚集的作用力因谷物类型而异。结合SDS-PAGE结果分析推测,醇溶蛋白亚基可能通过二硫键进一步聚集,导致疏水性氨基酸埋藏在聚集体内部,不利于消化酶的水解[37]。因此,可以推测蒸煮处理使青稞蛋白消化率降低的主要原因是醇溶蛋白亚基形成的二硫键聚集体。
青稞制品可消化物和不可消化物的氨基酸组成(g/100 g消化前蛋白质)如表3所示。对比生粉和面条的可消化物和不可消化物中氨基酸组成,发现面条不可消化物中的缬氨酸(Val)、甲硫氨酸(Met)、赖氨酸(Lys)、甘氨酸(Gly)、天冬氨酸(Asp)、谷氨酸(Glu)、苏氨酸(Thr)、丙氨酸(Ala)、脯氨酸(Pro)、异亮氨酸(Ile)、亮氨酸(Leu)和苯丙氨酸(Phe)含量显著高于生粉不可消化物(P<0.05),相应地,这些氨基酸在面条可消化物中的含量低于生粉可消化物。上述氨基酸大部分属于疏水性氨基酸,对疏水性氨基酸总含量进一步分析发现,生粉不可消化物的疏水性氨基酸含量(18.68 g/100 g)显著低于面条不可消化物(22.61 g/100 g)(P<0.05)。相对应地,生粉可消化物的疏水性氨基酸含量(26.29 g/100 g)显著高于面条可消化物(22.31 g/100 g)(P<0.05)。上述结果表明,蒸煮抑制了疏水性氨基酸的消化。
对比米饭和面条的可消化物和不可消化物中氨基酸组成,发现米饭不可消化物中的Glu、组氨酸(His)、精氨酸(Arg)、半胱氨酸(Cys)、Thr和Leu含量高于面条不可消化物(P<0.05)。此外,米饭不可消化物中的疏水氨基酸含量(23.64 g/100g)显著高于面条不可消化物(22.61 g/100g)(P<0.05),相对应地,米饭可消化物中的疏水氨基酸含量(18.55 g/100g)显著低于面条可消化物(22.31 g/100g)(P<0.05)。上述结果表明,碾磨处理促进了疏水氨基酸的消化,这可能是由于碾磨处理促进了淀粉消化,使原本被胚乳淀粉包裹的醇溶亚基聚集体更容易与消化酶接触,改善了总体氨基酸的消化,促使疏水氨基酸消化率上升[38]。
进一步采用主成分分析(PCA)法探究加工方式对青稞制品可消化物和不可消化物氨基酸组成的影响,有助于理解样品之间的相似程度以及哪些氨基酸指标对样品之间的区分起到了关键作用。如图5所示。PC2与半胱氨酸(Cys)、Ile、Asp等氨基酸含量呈正相关,与酪氨酸(Tyr)、Gly、Lys含量呈负相关。其中,Cys和Ile含量对PC2贡献最大,与PC2呈最大正相关性。表明青稞制品不可消化物与可消化物这两者之间差别最大的氨基酸为Cys和Ile,且青稞制品不可消化物中Cys和Ile含量显著高于可消化物(P<0.05)。PC1与Cys含量呈负相关,与HAA(疏水性氨基酸)、TEAA(必需氨基酸)、TAA(总氨基酸)、Ala等其他氨基酸含量呈正相关。其中,TAA、TEAA、HAA对PC1贡献最大,与PC1呈最大正相关性。由此可以得出,不同青稞制品不可消化物的TAA含量、TEAA含量、HAA含量差异显著,且这三种氨基酸含量在不可消化物中均呈现相同规律,米饭>面条>生粉。
现有的蛋白质品质评价指标包括氨基酸评分(AAS)、必需氨基酸指数(Essential Amino Acid Index,EAAI)、营养指数(Nutritional Index,NI)、蛋白消化率校正氨基酸评分(Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acids Score,PDCAAS)、可消化必需氨基酸比率(Digestible Indispensible Amino Acid ratio,DIAA ratio)、DIAAS,然而AAS、EAAI、NI仅考虑氨基酸组成,没有结合消化率进行综合分析,不能真实反映蛋白质品质。而DIAA ratio和DIAAS对氨基酸组成和消化率进行综合计算,能够准确反映蛋白质质量,DIAAS越高,说明其品质越好。
青稞生粉的AAS及熟制品的DIAAS和DIAA ratio如表4所示。以成人阶段为参考模式,基于可消化物,采用DIAAS和DIAA ratio对三种食品的实际膳食营养品质进行评价。经过加工和消化后,可消化必需氨基酸评分降低。生粉、米饭和面条的第一限制性氨基酸仍然是Lys,但米饭的第二限制性氨基酸变为Leu,面条的第二限制性氨基酸变为Ile,这与氨基酸组成测定结果中面条可消化物中Ile含量的明显下降相对应。此外,米饭的DIAAS值低于面条,表明碾磨处理可以一定程度上改善蛋白质的营养品质。
本研究以青稞为原料,基于不可消化物,在真实复杂的食品模型体系中(米饭和面条),从组分的相互作用、蛋白质结构和氨基酸组成等多角度对蒸煮和碾磨影响青稞蛋白消化的机制进行探究。结果表明,蒸煮促进了各大营养素之间相互作用抑制了蛋白质的消化,其中淀粉对青稞蛋白消化的抑制作用最强,其次是膳食纤维,碾磨处理由于促进淀粉消化而提高了蛋白质的消化率。蒸煮和碾磨处理均会促进二硫键的形成,增强醇溶蛋白亚基(D、B、B3)、部分醇溶蛋白亚基γ-3和白蛋白亚基Serpin z-type的耐消化性。此外,不同青稞制品不可消化物的疏水性氨基酸含量差异显著(P<0.05),米饭的含量最高、面条次之,生粉最低,表明蛋白质的耐消化性与疏水性氨基酸的含量有关。青稞制品经过蒸煮和模拟消化后,可消化必需氨基酸评分降低,其中第一限制性氨基酸不变,为Lys;米饭的第二限制性氨基酸为Leu,而面条的第二限制性氨基酸为Ile。总的来说,蒸煮降低了青稞制品中蛋白质消化率,碾磨可以在一定程度上改善蒸煮后蛋白质的营养品质及消化率,加工方式对蛋白质消化率的影响是内外因素共同作用的结果。未来研究可进一步探索不同加工参数(如蒸煮时间、粒径分布等)对蛋白质结构重构及氨基酸可利用率的影响机制,采用共聚焦激光扫描显微镜、等温量热滴定、差示扫描量热法等技术,深入揭示其他宏量营养素与蛋白质之间的物理化学相互作用机制,为青稞功能性食品的营养强化与加工优化提供理论依据和技术支持。

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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010132
  • 接收时间:2025-01-14
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-01-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-14
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    中国农业大学食品科学与营养工程学院,北京 100083

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李博(1970−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:天然产物化学与功能食品,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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