Article(id=1320883713580322942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320881884691808691, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010125, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1736784000000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852818150, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1782835200000, pubDateStr=2026-07-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852818150, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852818150, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852818150, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320881884691808691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='13', pageStart='1', pageEnd='522', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1782835200000', pubDateStr='2026-07-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852382109, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852382109, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=253, endPage=261, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320883713819398271, articleId=1320883713580322942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effects of Atmospheric and High-pressure Cooking on Flavor Compounds in Agaricus bisporus, columnId=1261343843585241413, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Analysis and Determination, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study explored the influence of pressure on the flavor quality of the aqueous extract of Agaricus bisporus. By comparing the processes of boiling under normal pressure (BO) and boiling under high-pressure (PO), the effect of pressure differences on flavor substances was analyzed. The results showed that among the non-volatile flavor substances, the total free amino acids (66.79±0.05 mg/g), umami nucleotides (366.38±33.10 μg/g), and equivalent umami concentration value (10600.56±1370.38 mg MSG/G) in the BO group were significantly higher than those in the PO group (P<0.05), but the organic acid content was lower. Electronic tongue analysis further indicated that the BO group had more advantages in the response values of the sweet, salty, and astringent sensors. The analysis of volatile components showed that gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) identified 20 aroma substances in the BO group, mainly acids and alcohols, most of which had pleasant aroma characteristics. The PO group detected 30 substances, mainly aromatics and alkanes. Gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) detected a total of 28 volatile flavor components, among which the BO group had a higher richness of alcohols, aldehydes, and esters. Electronic nose confirmed that there were significant differences in the aroma profiles between the two boiling methods, indicating that boiling under normal pressure was more conducive to the formation of rich flavor characteristics. This study will provide a theoretical basis and technical support for the optimization of the deep processing technology of flavor substances in Agaricus bisporus and the development of high-value-added products.

, authors=Liulin ZHANG1, Liyan ZHAO2, Anxiang SU1, Qiuhui HU1, *, authorsList=Liulin ZHANG, Liyan ZHAO, Anxiang SU, Qiuhui HU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Qiuhui HU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320883716994486406, articleId=1320883713580322942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=常压和高压煮制对双孢蘑菇风味物质的影响, columnId=1261343846139572559, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=分析检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究探究压力对双孢蘑菇水提液风味品质的影响,通过对比常压煮制法(BO)和高压煮制法(PO)工艺,分析压力差异对风味物质的影响。结果表明:非挥发性风味物质中,BO组总游离氨基酸(66.79±0.05 mg/g)、鲜味核苷酸(366.38±33.10 μg/g)、等效鲜味浓度值(10600.56±1370.38 mg MSG/G)显著高于PO组(P<0.05),但有机酸含量较低;电子舌分析进一步表明,BO组在甜味、咸味和涩味传感器上的响应值更具优势。挥发性成分分析显示,气相色谱-质谱技术(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS)从BO组鉴定出20种香气物质,以酸类、醇类为主,且大多具有愉悦香气特征;PO组则检测出30种,以芳香类和烷烃类为主。气相-离子迁移谱联用技术(gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry,GC-IMS)共检出28种挥发性风味组分,其中BO组醇类、醛类和酯类风味物质丰富度更高。电子鼻证实,两种煮制方式在香气轮廓上存在显著差异,表明常压煮制更有利于形成层次丰富的风味特征。本研究将为双孢蘑菇风味物质的精深加工工艺优化及高附加值产品开发提供理论依据和技术支撑。

, authors=张柳琳1, 赵立艳2, 苏安祥1, 胡秋辉1, *, authorsList=张柳琳, 赵立艳, 苏安祥, 胡秋辉, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=胡秋辉, authorNote=

张柳琳(1999−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品科学与工程,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
胡秋辉(1962−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品科学与工程,E-mail:。
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Journal of Food Biochemistry, 2022, 46(6): e13814., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320883717262921863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883713580322942, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320883717271310472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883713580322942, companyId=1320883717262921863, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210023, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320883717296476297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883713580322942, companyId=1320883717262921863, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1南京财经大学食品科学与工程学院,江苏南京 210023)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320883717380362378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883713580322942, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320883717392945291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883713580322942, companyId=1320883717380362378, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320883717405528204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883713580322942, companyId=1320883717380362378, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2南京农业大学食品科学技术学院,江苏南京 210095)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320883721977319595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883713580322942, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=E-tongue radar map and PCA of the two aqueous extracts, figureFileSmall=GGOY6jxEOBiTzVXUHEzszA==, figureFileBig=E2j0q4vMRwnXCUMV1z7D+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883722057011372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883713580322942, language=CN, label=图1, caption=两种水提液的电子舌雷达图及PCA, figureFileSmall=GGOY6jxEOBiTzVXUHEzszA==, figureFileBig=E2j0q4vMRwnXCUMV1z7D+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883722262532269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883713580322942, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=GC-IMS analysis of aqueous extracts of two kinds of Agaricus bisporus, figureFileSmall=hJeCUDmpNdYI884cBYkDEA==, figureFileBig=3W/WzUrFU2r+JUOiPlN4Yw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883722371584174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883713580322942, language=CN, label=图2, caption=两种双孢蘑菇水提液的GC-IMS分析

注:(A)三维图;(B)二维图;(C)指纹图谱。

, figureFileSmall=hJeCUDmpNdYI884cBYkDEA==, figureFileBig=3W/WzUrFU2r+JUOiPlN4Yw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883722484830383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883713580322942, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=E-nose radar map and PCA of the two aqueous extracts, figureFileSmall=kBtLXk2Ch3kSDI/vi1s7Eg==, figureFileBig=m83zk//1GnkBjzGZfcagaw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883722623242416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883713580322942, language=CN, label=图3, caption=两种水提液的电子鼻雷达图及PCA, figureFileSmall=kBtLXk2Ch3kSDI/vi1s7Eg==, figureFileBig=m83zk//1GnkBjzGZfcagaw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883724288381105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883713580322942, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Reference materials for electronic nose system sensors and their response characteristics

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号传感器响应特征物质
1W1C芳香类、苯类
2W5S氮氧化合物
3W3C芳香类、氨类
4W6S氢化物
5W5C短链烷烃、芳香类
6W1S甲烷类
7W1W无机硫化合物
8W2S醇类、醛酮类
9W2W芳香类、有机硫化物
10W3S高浓度烷烃类
), ArticleFig(id=1320883724376461490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883713580322942, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

电子鼻系统传感器及其响应特征参考物质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号传感器响应特征物质
1W1C芳香类、苯类
2W5S氮氧化合物
3W3C芳香类、氨类
4W6S氢化物
5W5C短链烷烃、芳香类
6W1S甲烷类
7W1W无机硫化合物
8W2S醇类、醛酮类
9W2W芳香类、有机硫化物
10W3S高浓度烷烃类
), ArticleFig(id=1320883724485513395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883713580322942, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Effects of the two methods on the content of free amino acids in the aqueous extract and TAV

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
游离氨基酸含量(mg/g)呈味特征[33]味道阈值(mg/g)[22]TAV
BOPOBOPO
天冬氨酸0.23±0.01b0.90±0.01a鲜/酸1.000.230.90
谷氨酸20.31±2.22a14.88±0.05b鲜/酸0.3067.7049.60
丙氨酸12.30±2.99a12.02±0.05a甜0.6020.5020.03
甘氨酸1.12±0.39a1.66±0.01a甜1.300.861.28
丝氨酸4.54±1.25a3.25±0.01a甜1.503.032.17
苏氨酸7.24±0.63a1.98±0.00b甜2.602.780.76
组氨酸1.27±0.00a0.86±0.00b苦0.206.354.30
脯氨酸−6.00±0.03甜/苦3.00−2.00
亮氨酸3.49±0.03a2.39±0.01b苦1.901.841.26
缬氨酸3.87±0.00a2.93±0.01b甜/苦0.409.687.33
蛋氨酸−−甜/苦0.30−−
异亮氨酸2.06±0.00a1.74±0.00b苦0.902.291.93
精氨酸2.39±0.01a1.36±0.00b甜/苦0.504.782.72
苯丙氨酸2.26±0.06a1.51±0.01b苦0.902.511.67
酪氨酸1.50±0.09a1.07±0.02b苦−−−
半胱氨酸0.76±0.56b3.70±0.08a苦−−−
赖氨酸3.43±0.01a1.75±0.01b甜/苦0.506.863.50
鲜味氨基酸20.54±2.21a15.78±0.06a−−−−
甜味氨基酸26.47±1.50a25.77±0.04a−−−−
苦味氨基酸11.82±0.03a8.41±0.02b−−−−
芳香族氨基酸7.96±0.70a8.02±0.10a−−−−
总游离氨基酸66.79±0.05a57.98±0.14b−−−−
), ArticleFig(id=1320883724577788084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883713580322942, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

两种方法对水提液中游离氨基酸含量的影响及TAV

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
游离氨基酸含量(mg/g)呈味特征[33]味道阈值(mg/g)[22]TAV
BOPOBOPO
天冬氨酸0.23±0.01b0.90±0.01a鲜/酸1.000.230.90
谷氨酸20.31±2.22a14.88±0.05b鲜/酸0.3067.7049.60
丙氨酸12.30±2.99a12.02±0.05a甜0.6020.5020.03
甘氨酸1.12±0.39a1.66±0.01a甜1.300.861.28
丝氨酸4.54±1.25a3.25±0.01a甜1.503.032.17
苏氨酸7.24±0.63a1.98±0.00b甜2.602.780.76
组氨酸1.27±0.00a0.86±0.00b苦0.206.354.30
脯氨酸−6.00±0.03甜/苦3.00−2.00
亮氨酸3.49±0.03a2.39±0.01b苦1.901.841.26
缬氨酸3.87±0.00a2.93±0.01b甜/苦0.409.687.33
蛋氨酸−−甜/苦0.30−−
异亮氨酸2.06±0.00a1.74±0.00b苦0.902.291.93
精氨酸2.39±0.01a1.36±0.00b甜/苦0.504.782.72
苯丙氨酸2.26±0.06a1.51±0.01b苦0.902.511.67
酪氨酸1.50±0.09a1.07±0.02b苦−−−
半胱氨酸0.76±0.56b3.70±0.08a苦−−−
赖氨酸3.43±0.01a1.75±0.01b甜/苦0.506.863.50
鲜味氨基酸20.54±2.21a15.78±0.06a−−−−
甜味氨基酸26.47±1.50a25.77±0.04a−−−−
苦味氨基酸11.82±0.03a8.41±0.02b−−−−
芳香族氨基酸7.96±0.70a8.02±0.10a−−−−
总游离氨基酸66.79±0.05a57.98±0.14b−−−−
), ArticleFig(id=1320883724665868469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883713580322942, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Effects of the two methods on the content of flavor nucleotides in aqueous extract and TAV, EUC values

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
呈味核苷酸含量(μg/g)呈味特征[33]味道阈值(mg/g)[22]TAV
BOPOBOPO
5’-CMP7299.05±423.15a9198.13±989.11a−−−−
5’-AMP14.73±0.89a16.79±3.60a甜0.50.020.04
5’-GMP45.24±9.80a41.31±2.62a鲜0.600.080.07
5’-IMP321.14±35.74a138.54±9.12b鲜1.300.250.11
鲜味核苷酸366.38±33.10a179.86±10.60b鲜−−−
EUC值(mg MSG/g)10600.56±1370.38a4321.62±232.49b−−−−
), ArticleFig(id=1320883724955275446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883713580322942, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

两种方法对水提液中呈味核苷酸含量的影响及TAV、EUC值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
呈味核苷酸含量(μg/g)呈味特征[33]味道阈值(mg/g)[22]TAV
BOPOBOPO
5’-CMP7299.05±423.15a9198.13±989.11a−−−−
5’-AMP14.73±0.89a16.79±3.60a甜0.50.020.04
5’-GMP45.24±9.80a41.31±2.62a鲜0.600.080.07
5’-IMP321.14±35.74a138.54±9.12b鲜1.300.250.11
鲜味核苷酸366.38±33.10a179.86±10.60b鲜−−−
EUC值(mg MSG/g)10600.56±1370.38a4321.62±232.49b−−−−
), ArticleFig(id=1320883725026578615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883713580322942, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Effects of the two methods on the content of organic acids in aqueous extract and TAV

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
有机酸含量(mg/g)味道阈值
(mg/g)[22]
TAV
BOPOBOPO
酒石酸0.98±0.01b1.54±0.03a0.0249.0077.00
苹果酸12.22±0.07a13.00±0.07a0.4924.9426.54
柠檬酸0.68±0.02b0.92±0.04a0.451.512.04
琥珀酸5.84±0.01b21.44±0.48a0.1153.09194.91
), ArticleFig(id=1320883725072715960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883713580322942, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

两种方法对水提液中有机酸含量的影响及TAV

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
有机酸含量(mg/g)味道阈值
(mg/g)[22]
TAV
BOPOBOPO
酒石酸0.98±0.01b1.54±0.03a0.0249.0077.00
苹果酸12.22±0.07a13.00±0.07a0.4924.9426.54
柠檬酸0.68±0.02b0.92±0.04a0.451.512.04
琥珀酸5.84±0.01b21.44±0.48a0.1153.09194.91
), ArticleFig(id=1320883725148213433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883713580322942, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Analysis of volatile compounds in aqueous extracts of Agaricus bisporus based on GC-MS

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分子式化合物CAS号气味描述含量(mg/kg)
BOPO
酸类 (6)
C2H4O2醋酸64-19-7醋味557.62±34.12a479.92±27.91b
C5H10O2异戊酸503-74-2汗臭435.29±34.14−
C6H12O2己酸142-62-1果香、脂肪592.84±50.16−
C7H6O2苯甲酸65-85-0坚果140.73±52.24−
C8H16O2辛酸124-07-2花香、果香−279.27±40.64
C9H18O2正壬酸112-05-0发霉味314.45±22.28b433.89±23.88a
醇类(3)
C4H10O22,3-丁二醇513-85-9果味31.01±2.49−
C7H8O苯甲醇100-51-6苹果香气4424.58±501.65a3143.92±192.27b
C8H10O苯乙醇60-12-8玫瑰香205.8±16.53−
醛类(2)
C7H6O苯甲醛100-52-7杏仁气味383.22±30.97−
C7H12O顺-4-庚烯醛6728-31-0油脂香−322.41±42.35
酮类 (3)
C6H10O3二氢-3-羟基-4,4-二甲基-2(3H)呋喃酮599-04-2棉花糖味−985.75±162.24
C4H7NO2-吡咯烷酮616-45-5水果味427.75±70.65b8909.48±398.19a
C6H8O42,3-二氢-3,5二羟基-6-甲基-4(H)-吡喃-4-酮28564-83-2−−505.25±26.26
酯类(2)
C20H38O4己二酸辛酯65185-85-5−18.37±0.54b128.40±10.93a
C24H38O4邻苯二甲酸二酯117-84-0−−395.32±11.57
芳香族 (10)
C14H11N2-氨基蒽613-13-8−−238.96±40.52
C8H9NO2甲氧基苯肟67160-14-9−−351.94±53.54
C21H30芳香族化合物155682-87-6−180.49±9.03−
C17H12ClN3O3芳香族化合物263673-76-7−48.86±6.83b271.71±23.82a
C24H20ClN3O芳香族化合物355056-35-4−−88.97±8.67
C6H8N22,5-二甲基吡嗪123-32-0泥土味1364.73±151.52b8917.65±573.92a
C7H10N22-乙基-6-甲基吡嗪13925-03-6烤土豆味-−315.03±34.46
C7H8N22-甲基-6-乙烯吡嗪13925-09-2榛子味−984.32±171.81
C8H12N23-乙基-2,5-甲基吡嗪13360-65-1可可味−1667.28±80.83
C7H11NO6-乙酰-1,2,3,4-四氢吡啶19615-27-1−−308.31±25.85
烷烃类 (9)
C9H202,3,5-三甲基己烷1069-53-0−−100.95±3.5
C27H56正二十七烷593-49-7−13.99±1.96b90.85±4.58a
C10H222,3-二甲基辛烷7146-60-3−−86.50±8.7
C16H34正十六烷544-76-3−17.01±4.12b64.68±3.7a
C9H202,4-二甲基庚烷2213-23-2−9.67±0.16b59.81±6.87a
C19H40正十九烷629-92-5−−226.32±31.12
C15H32正十五烷629-62-9蜡味10.93±0.49b79.63±3.41a
C28H58二十八烷630-02-4−17.22±3.75b41.69±29.51a
C28H589-辛基-二十烷13475-77-9−−88.29±3.75
其他 (3)
C3H9N三甲胺75-50-3鱼腥味−1457.90±207.21
C4H12ClNO4高氯酸四甲基铵2537-36-2−703.95±36.34−
C4H9NO22-羟基-N-甲基丙酰胺51676-15-4−−941.15±76.39
), ArticleFig(id=1320883725223710906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883713580322942, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

基于GC-MS的双孢蘑菇水提液挥发性风味物质分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分子式化合物CAS号气味描述含量(mg/kg)
BOPO
酸类 (6)
C2H4O2醋酸64-19-7醋味557.62±34.12a479.92±27.91b
C5H10O2异戊酸503-74-2汗臭435.29±34.14−
C6H12O2己酸142-62-1果香、脂肪592.84±50.16−
C7H6O2苯甲酸65-85-0坚果140.73±52.24−
C8H16O2辛酸124-07-2花香、果香−279.27±40.64
C9H18O2正壬酸112-05-0发霉味314.45±22.28b433.89±23.88a
醇类(3)
C4H10O22,3-丁二醇513-85-9果味31.01±2.49−
C7H8O苯甲醇100-51-6苹果香气4424.58±501.65a3143.92±192.27b
C8H10O苯乙醇60-12-8玫瑰香205.8±16.53−
醛类(2)
C7H6O苯甲醛100-52-7杏仁气味383.22±30.97−
C7H12O顺-4-庚烯醛6728-31-0油脂香−322.41±42.35
酮类 (3)
C6H10O3二氢-3-羟基-4,4-二甲基-2(3H)呋喃酮599-04-2棉花糖味−985.75±162.24
C4H7NO2-吡咯烷酮616-45-5水果味427.75±70.65b8909.48±398.19a
C6H8O42,3-二氢-3,5二羟基-6-甲基-4(H)-吡喃-4-酮28564-83-2−−505.25±26.26
酯类(2)
C20H38O4己二酸辛酯65185-85-5−18.37±0.54b128.40±10.93a
C24H38O4邻苯二甲酸二酯117-84-0−−395.32±11.57
芳香族 (10)
C14H11N2-氨基蒽613-13-8−−238.96±40.52
C8H9NO2甲氧基苯肟67160-14-9−−351.94±53.54
C21H30芳香族化合物155682-87-6−180.49±9.03−
C17H12ClN3O3芳香族化合物263673-76-7−48.86±6.83b271.71±23.82a
C24H20ClN3O芳香族化合物355056-35-4−−88.97±8.67
C6H8N22,5-二甲基吡嗪123-32-0泥土味1364.73±151.52b8917.65±573.92a
C7H10N22-乙基-6-甲基吡嗪13925-03-6烤土豆味-−315.03±34.46
C7H8N22-甲基-6-乙烯吡嗪13925-09-2榛子味−984.32±171.81
C8H12N23-乙基-2,5-甲基吡嗪13360-65-1可可味−1667.28±80.83
C7H11NO6-乙酰-1,2,3,4-四氢吡啶19615-27-1−−308.31±25.85
烷烃类 (9)
C9H202,3,5-三甲基己烷1069-53-0−−100.95±3.5
C27H56正二十七烷593-49-7−13.99±1.96b90.85±4.58a
C10H222,3-二甲基辛烷7146-60-3−−86.50±8.7
C16H34正十六烷544-76-3−17.01±4.12b64.68±3.7a
C9H202,4-二甲基庚烷2213-23-2−9.67±0.16b59.81±6.87a
C19H40正十九烷629-92-5−−226.32±31.12
C15H32正十五烷629-62-9蜡味10.93±0.49b79.63±3.41a
C28H58二十八烷630-02-4−17.22±3.75b41.69±29.51a
C28H589-辛基-二十烷13475-77-9−−88.29±3.75
其他 (3)
C3H9N三甲胺75-50-3鱼腥味−1457.90±207.21
C4H12ClNO4高氯酸四甲基铵2537-36-2−703.95±36.34−
C4H9NO22-羟基-N-甲基丙酰胺51676-15-4−−941.15±76.39
), ArticleFig(id=1320883725290819771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883713580322942, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Results of GC-IMS volatile flavor compounds identification of aqueous extracts of two Agaricus bisporus species

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分类中文名称CAS分子式RI气味描述
酸类壬酸112-05-0C9H18O2965.8发霉味、辛辣味
醋酸64-19-7C2H4O2643.5醋味
醇类顺-3-壬烯-1-醇10340-23-5C9H18O1130.0−
苯乙醇1960-12-8C8H10O1094.5玫瑰香
3-己烯-1-醇544-12-7C6H12O848.0青草味
2,3-丁二醇513-85-9C4H10O2794.5水果味、奶油味
2-庚醇543-49-7C7H16O890.1柠檬味、青草味
3-甲基-1-戊醇589-35-5C6H14O848.8辛辣味、酒味
异丙醇67-63-0C3H8O484.8辛辣味
异丁醇78-83-1C4H10O636.4苦味、涩味
1-辛烯-3-醇3391-86-4C8H16O971.4蘑菇味
乙醇64-17-5C2H6O442.4强烈、刺鼻味
2-甲基丁醇137-32-6C5H12O726.4果香
醛类正乙醛66-25-1C6H12O795.9辛辣、刺激
正戊醛110-62-3C5H10O738.6发酵味、酸奶味
异戊醛590-86-3C5H10O654.4巧克力味、麦芽味
异丁醛78-84-2C4H8O564.5辛辣、苦杏仁
酮类2,3-戊二酮600-14-6C5H8O2681.9坚果味、奶油味
2,3-丁二酮431-03-8C4H6O2594.9奶油味、发酵味
丙酮67-64-1C3H6O512.1辛辣味
3-戊酮96-22-0C5H10O678.1−
酯类庚酸乙酯106-30-9C9H18O21086.8花香、果香
己酸乙酯123-66-0C8H16O2999.6果味、苹果味
2-甲基丁酸甲酯868-57-5C6H12O2736.5果香
乳酸乙酯97-64-3C5H10O3790.4果味、奶油味
乙酸乙酯141-78-6C4H8O2614.9果味、甜味
γ-丁内酯96-48-0C4H6O2925.4干草味
其他β-蒎烯2437-95-8C10H16937.9青草味、松木味
), ArticleFig(id=1320883725374705852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883713580322942, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

两种双孢蘑菇水提液的GC-IMS挥发性风味物质的鉴定结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分类中文名称CAS分子式RI气味描述
酸类壬酸112-05-0C9H18O2965.8发霉味、辛辣味
醋酸64-19-7C2H4O2643.5醋味
醇类顺-3-壬烯-1-醇10340-23-5C9H18O1130.0−
苯乙醇1960-12-8C8H10O1094.5玫瑰香
3-己烯-1-醇544-12-7C6H12O848.0青草味
2,3-丁二醇513-85-9C4H10O2794.5水果味、奶油味
2-庚醇543-49-7C7H16O890.1柠檬味、青草味
3-甲基-1-戊醇589-35-5C6H14O848.8辛辣味、酒味
异丙醇67-63-0C3H8O484.8辛辣味
异丁醇78-83-1C4H10O636.4苦味、涩味
1-辛烯-3-醇3391-86-4C8H16O971.4蘑菇味
乙醇64-17-5C2H6O442.4强烈、刺鼻味
2-甲基丁醇137-32-6C5H12O726.4果香
醛类正乙醛66-25-1C6H12O795.9辛辣、刺激
正戊醛110-62-3C5H10O738.6发酵味、酸奶味
异戊醛590-86-3C5H10O654.4巧克力味、麦芽味
异丁醛78-84-2C4H8O564.5辛辣、苦杏仁
酮类2,3-戊二酮600-14-6C5H8O2681.9坚果味、奶油味
2,3-丁二酮431-03-8C4H6O2594.9奶油味、发酵味
丙酮67-64-1C3H6O512.1辛辣味
3-戊酮96-22-0C5H10O678.1−
酯类庚酸乙酯106-30-9C9H18O21086.8花香、果香
己酸乙酯123-66-0C8H16O2999.6果味、苹果味
2-甲基丁酸甲酯868-57-5C6H12O2736.5果香
乳酸乙酯97-64-3C5H10O3790.4果味、奶油味
乙酸乙酯141-78-6C4H8O2614.9果味、甜味
γ-丁内酯96-48-0C4H6O2925.4干草味
其他β-蒎烯2437-95-8C10H16937.9青草味、松木味
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常压和高压煮制对双孢蘑菇风味物质的影响
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张柳琳 1 , 赵立艳 2 , 苏安祥 1 , 胡秋辉 1, *
食品工业科技 | 分析检测 2026,47(13): 253-261
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食品工业科技 |分析检测 2026 , 47 (13) : 253 -261
常压和高压煮制对双孢蘑菇风味物质的影响
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张柳琳1 , 赵立艳2, 苏安祥1, 胡秋辉1, *
作者信息
  • 1南京财经大学食品科学与工程学院,江苏南京 210023
  • 2南京农业大学食品科学技术学院,江苏南京 210095
通讯作者:
胡秋辉(1962−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品科学与工程,E-mail:。
作者简介:

张柳琳(1999−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品科学与工程,E-mail:

Effects of Atmospheric and High-pressure Cooking on Flavor Compounds in Agaricus bisporus
Liulin ZHANG1 , Liyan ZHAO2, Anxiang SU1, Qiuhui HU1, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210023, China
  • 2College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
出版时间: 2026-07-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010125
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本研究探究压力对双孢蘑菇水提液风味品质的影响,通过对比常压煮制法(BO)和高压煮制法(PO)工艺,分析压力差异对风味物质的影响。结果表明:非挥发性风味物质中,BO组总游离氨基酸(66.79±0.05 mg/g)、鲜味核苷酸(366.38±33.10 μg/g)、等效鲜味浓度值(10600.56±1370.38 mg MSG/G)显著高于PO组(P<0.05),但有机酸含量较低;电子舌分析进一步表明,BO组在甜味、咸味和涩味传感器上的响应值更具优势。挥发性成分分析显示,气相色谱-质谱技术(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS)从BO组鉴定出20种香气物质,以酸类、醇类为主,且大多具有愉悦香气特征;PO组则检测出30种,以芳香类和烷烃类为主。气相-离子迁移谱联用技术(gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry,GC-IMS)共检出28种挥发性风味组分,其中BO组醇类、醛类和酯类风味物质丰富度更高。电子鼻证实,两种煮制方式在香气轮廓上存在显著差异,表明常压煮制更有利于形成层次丰富的风味特征。本研究将为双孢蘑菇风味物质的精深加工工艺优化及高附加值产品开发提供理论依据和技术支撑。

食用菌  /  双孢蘑菇  /  煮制方式  /  鲜味  /  风味成分

This study explored the influence of pressure on the flavor quality of the aqueous extract of Agaricus bisporus. By comparing the processes of boiling under normal pressure (BO) and boiling under high-pressure (PO), the effect of pressure differences on flavor substances was analyzed. The results showed that among the non-volatile flavor substances, the total free amino acids (66.79±0.05 mg/g), umami nucleotides (366.38±33.10 μg/g), and equivalent umami concentration value (10600.56±1370.38 mg MSG/G) in the BO group were significantly higher than those in the PO group (P<0.05), but the organic acid content was lower. Electronic tongue analysis further indicated that the BO group had more advantages in the response values of the sweet, salty, and astringent sensors. The analysis of volatile components showed that gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) identified 20 aroma substances in the BO group, mainly acids and alcohols, most of which had pleasant aroma characteristics. The PO group detected 30 substances, mainly aromatics and alkanes. Gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) detected a total of 28 volatile flavor components, among which the BO group had a higher richness of alcohols, aldehydes, and esters. Electronic nose confirmed that there were significant differences in the aroma profiles between the two boiling methods, indicating that boiling under normal pressure was more conducive to the formation of rich flavor characteristics. This study will provide a theoretical basis and technical support for the optimization of the deep processing technology of flavor substances in Agaricus bisporus and the development of high-value-added products.

edible fungus  /  Agaricus bisporus  /  cooking method  /  umami  /  flavor components
张柳琳, 赵立艳, 苏安祥, 胡秋辉. 常压和高压煮制对双孢蘑菇风味物质的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (13) : 253 -261 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010125
Liulin ZHANG, Liyan ZHAO, Anxiang SU, Qiuhui HU. Effects of Atmospheric and High-pressure Cooking on Flavor Compounds in Agaricus bisporus[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (13) : 253 -261 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010125
双孢蘑菇(Agaricus bisporus),又称白蘑菇,是世界上产量最高、种植面积最广、销量最高的食用菌之一[1],因营养价值丰富,具有独特鲜味,深受人们喜爱。食用菌的风味主要来自呈味氨基酸、呈味核苷酸、短肽、有机酸、可溶性糖等[2],这些物质共同作用赋予食用菌鲜美滋味。食用菌通常经过烹调处理供人们食用,但烹调过程中会造成某些化学成分的降解和损失[3],常见烹调方式有煮制[4]、蒸制[5]、烤制[6]、油炸[7],目前已衍生出微波[8]、酶解[9]等新型风味物质加速释放的处理方法。不同的处理方式将诱发一系列化学反应,产生许多挥发性中间体将有助于形成独特的蘑菇风味[10],但是,不同烹调方式对食用菌风味物质的影响有待进一步研究。
煮制方式是食用菌最传统的烹调方式之一[11],在家庭烹调中常加入食用菌从而提升汤料的整体风味,以煮制方式使食用菌中各种非挥发性化合物充分溶解在提取液中,赋予其甜味、咸味和鲜味[12]。在实际生活中,主要有常压煮制和高压煮制两种煮制方式,常压煮制作为最原始的煮制方式具有成本低,操作简便的优点,而高压煮制可以有效缩短煮制时间,提高风味释放速率[13]。目前,两种煮制方式的对比研究大多以鸡肉[14]、猪肉[15]等肉类为原料进行展开,但针对压力对食用菌风味释放规律的相关对比研究暂不清楚。另外,低盐对鲜味增强有着促进作用,Na+通过与鲜味氨基酸和5’-核苷酸相互作用协同增强鲜味[16]。与此同时,Cl−的存在可以降低酸味感知,同时增强甜味和鲜味感[17],因此在煮制过程中添加少量盐有利于食用菌风味物质的释放[18]。添加少量食盐,模拟真实煮制处理方式对双孢蘑菇进行处理,对挥发性化合物和非挥发性化合物进行分析和鉴定,阐明不同煮制方式对风味物质的影响规律,对更好地开发和利用食用菌风味物质具有重要意义。除煮制方式外,原料选取也较为重要,新鲜食用菌易腐败变质,商业价值较低,而干制食用菌可以降低运输、加工成本,从而提高经济价值。
本研究将着眼于食用菌的工业化生产,以干制双孢蘑菇为原料,粉碎处理以提高溶解效率,再分别用两种优化后的煮制方法(常压煮制和高压煮制)提取双孢蘑菇中的风味物质,并对其中的风味物质进行对比表征,该研究为双孢蘑菇风味物质的提取与在调味品领域的进一步加工提供参考。
双孢蘑菇 北域珍奇山林食品有限公司;5’-腺苷酸(5’-AMP)、5’-胞苷酸(5’-CMP)、5’-肌苷酸(5’-IMP)、5’-鸟苷酸(5’-GMP)、酒石酸、苹果酸、琥珀酸、柠檬酸、葡萄糖、果糖、海藻糖、甘露醇 上海源叶生物科技有限公司;甲醇、乙腈 色谱纯,上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司;四丁基氢氧化铵、2-辛醇(>98%) 上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司。
FW高速粉碎机 天津市泰斯特仪器有限公司;MY-QC50A5高压热水浸提锅 美的生活电器制造有限公司;LA8080超高速全自动氨基酸分析仪 日立科学仪器有限公司;1260高效液相色谱仪 安捷伦科技有限公司;TS-5000Z电子舌系统 日本INSENT公司;7890A气相色谱-5975C质谱联用仪 安捷伦科技有限公司;Flavour Spec© GC-IMS仪 德国G.A.S公司;PEN3电子鼻 德国AIRSENSE公司。
原料双孢蘑菇干品使用粉碎机粉碎,并过80目筛,储存待用。
参照Lu等[19]和张治文[20]的制备方法,结合预实验结果获得具体参数条件,双孢蘑菇粉按照以下条件进行制备:
常压热水煮制法(BO):双孢蘑菇粉按料液比1:4加入去离子水,添加0.6%食盐,于室温溶解后,在70 ℃条件下蒸煮2.5 h。待溶液冷却至室温,经双层纱布过滤,对滤液进行离心处理(10000 r/min,4 ℃,20 min),收集上清液,真空冷冻干燥得粉末状双孢蘑菇粉,于−20 ℃保存。
高压热水煮制法(PO):双孢蘑菇粉按料液比1:4加入去离子水,添加0.6%食盐,于室温溶解,在蒸煮压力50 kPa下蒸煮2.5 h,后续操作与BO法相同。
取冻干样品粉末0.1 g加入超纯水配制成2 mg/mL样品溶液,加入等量10%磺基水杨酸进行除蛋白操作,漩涡混匀后于12000 r/min条件下离心15 min,上清液过0.22 μm滤膜后于氨基酸自动分析仪中分析,检测波长为570 nm和440 nm[21−22]。
参照Zhou等[23]的实验方法,称取样品粉末配制成50 mg/mL溶液,并过0.45 μm滤膜待测。采用Zorbax Eclipse SB-C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm)色谱柱对样品进行分析,流动相选择超纯水-甲醇-冰乙酸-四丁基氢氧化铵(894.5:100:5:0.5),设置检测波长254 nm,流速1 mL/min,柱温25 ℃,进样量10 μL。
滋味活度值(taste activity values,TAV)是评价游离氨基酸、呈味核苷酸、有机酸浓度对滋味的影响程度的指标。当TAV>1时,表示该物质对样品的滋味有重要影响,且数值越大,影响越显著;当TAV<1时,表示该物质对样品的滋味影响不大。TAV的计算公式如下:
$\rm TAV= \frac{{C}_{i}}{{T}_{i}} $
式中:Ci表示测得物质的浓度,mg/g;Ti表示该物质阈值,mg/g。
等效鲜味浓度(equivalent umami concentration,EUC)指在100 g干物质中,与鲜味物质总量相对应的味精当量。计算公式[24]如下:
$\rm EUC= \sum {a}_{i}{b}_{i}+1218\left(\sum {a}_{i}{b}_{i}\right)\left(\sum {a}_{j}{b}_{j}\right) $
式中:EUC为等效鲜味浓度,即mg MSG/g;ai为呈鲜氨基酸(谷氨酸、天冬氨酸)浓度,mg/g;bi为呈鲜氨基酸对应的鲜度系数(谷氨酸:1;天冬氨酸:0.077);aj为呈味核苷酸(5’-肌苷酸、5’-鸟苷酸、5’-腺苷酸)浓度,单位mg/g;bj为呈味核苷酸对应的鲜度系数(5’-肌苷酸=1;5’-鸟苷酸=2.3;5’-腺苷酸=0.18);1218为协同作用常数。
对Pei等[25]的测定方法加以改进,称取样品粉末以超纯水溶解配制成20 mg/mL样品溶液,离心后0.45 μm滤膜过滤待测。采用Zorbax Eclipse XDB-C18色谱柱(250×4.6 mm,5 μm),柱温25 ℃,流动相为体积比95:5的KH2PO4(0.01 mol/L,pH2.55)和甲醇,检测波长215 nm,流量0.5 mL/min;进样量为10 μL。
采用TS-5000Z电子舌系统对1 mg/mL的样品溶液进行检测,选择其中较为稳定的3次结果进行分析。
对条件参数进行调整[26−27],每组设置三个平行,以2-辛醇为内标(50 μg/mL,10 μL),与5 mL样品溶液(50 mg/mL)混合放入20 mL顶空进样瓶中,DVB/CAR/PDMS萃取头活化并插入进样瓶隔垫内。在60 ℃水浴条件下平衡15 min,顶空静态吸附30 min,于GC-MS进样口解吸3 min。
色谱条件:色谱柱选用HP-5毛细管柱(30 m×0.25 mm×0.25 μm),载气为氦气,流速为1 mL/min,进样口温度为250 ℃。色谱柱升温程序为:初始温度为40 ℃保持3 min,以3 ℃/min的速度升至70 ℃后,再以5 ℃/min的速度升至180 ℃,最后以10 ℃/min的速度升至230 ℃,保持时间2 min。
质谱条件:选择离子源EI模式,离子源温度为230 ℃,四级杆温度为150 ℃,接口温度为250 ℃,电离电压为70 eV,采用全扫描模式,质量扫描范围为30~550 m/z。
定性方法:通过将GC-MS分离分析获得的质谱图与NIST等标准质谱库进行检索比对(匹配度>80%),并同时对比其计算保留指数与文献中的标准保留指数,结合两者信息对化合物进行定性。
定量分析:采用内标法进行定量分析,通过化合物与内标化合物的峰面积比值计算各挥发性成分的含量。
在相关研究基础上有所调整[28],取浓度为1 mg/mL的样品溶液2 mL置于20 mL的顶空进样瓶中,在60 ℃搅拌速度下孵育20 min,利用系统的进样器单元在85 ℃下以非分流模式自动注入500 μL气体。
GC-IMS条件:色谱柱型号FS-SE-54-CB-1(非极性,15 m×0.53 mm×0.5 μm);色谱柱温度为:60 ℃,运行时间为30 min,载气为高纯氦气(纯度99.999%),漂移管流量为150 mL/min,初始流速为2 mL/min,保持2 min,8 min内升至10 mL/min,再升至100 mL/min保持10 min,20~30 min升至150 mL/min。IMS漂移管温度为45 ℃,漂移气流速为150 mL/min。计算各挥发性化合物的保留指数(retention index,RI),将RI值和漂移时间与GC-IMS库中物质进行对比定性。
取浓度为1 mg/mL样品溶液10 mL于40 mL顶空进样瓶中,静置30 min,于PEN3电子鼻系统中检测。设置以下参数:载气流速为400 mL/min,传感器归零时间为5 s,样品准备时间为5 s,分析采样时间为60 s,清洗时间为80 s,样品平行测定三次。电子鼻系统传感器及其响应特征参考物质见表1。
结果以平均值±标准差的形式表示(n=3)。使用SPSS 26.0软件处理数据,使用Origin 2022软件绘制PCA、雷达图等,使用Laboratory Analytical Viewer(LAV版本2.0.0,G.A.S.,多特蒙德,德国)绘制三维图、伪色图等。
游离氨基酸对风味成分的分析具有重要参考价值,根据呈味特性可分为鲜味、甜味、苦味和芳香族氨基酸。天冬氨酸和谷氨酸作为鲜味氨基酸,能与甜味氨基酸、鲜味核苷酸产生协同效应[29−30]。实验数据显示(表2),PO组天冬氨酸含量(0.90±0.01 mg/g)约为BO组的4倍,而BO组谷氨酸含量高达20.31±2.22 mg/g,两组间差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。BO组的苦味氨基酸及氨基酸总量指标均明显优于PO组,鲜味氨基酸、甜味氨基酸和芳香族氨基酸的差异不显著(P>0.05)。通过对比表明,常压煮制更有利于游离氨基酸的富集,该现象可能是由于高压条件促进美拉德反应发生,氨基酸作为前体物质参与非酶褐变反应,导致水提液中游离氨基酸含量降低[9]。此外,部分氨基酸的热稳定性较差,在高温高压条件下易发生氧化降解[31]。谷氨酸在两组水提液中均表现最高浓度,其TAV明显高于其他16种氨基酸,表明该物质对双孢蘑菇水提液的鲜味特征起主导作用。相比之下,同为鲜味氨基酸的天冬氨酸TAV<1,其风味贡献度相对有限。甜味氨基酸中,丙氨酸表现出仅次于谷氨酸的TAV(TAV>20),提示其不仅能增强体系甜味感知,更能通过与鲜味氨基酸的协同增效作用提升整体风味复杂度[32]。综合分析各游离氨基酸含量及其TAV可得出:谷氨酸和丙氨酸是水提液风味体系的关键呈味物质,常压煮制工艺在保留这两种氨基酸方面具有明显优势。结合目标呈味氨基酸浓度及总游离氨基酸含量等指标,本研究证实常压煮制法是获得更多呈味氨基酸的煮制方法。
呈味核苷酸对食用菌的鲜味特征有极大贡献,一些核苷酸(5’-IMP、5’-GMP)除了自身具有鲜味特征外,也能与鲜味氨基酸产生协同效应,从而大大提高鲜味强度,因此常作为鲜味剂使用。5’-AMP不具有鲜味特征,但可以有效降低食用菌的苦味和涩味,提供甜味强度[30]。本研究测定了两种煮制方式下双孢蘑菇水提液中四种主要5’-核苷酸的含量(表3)。比较鲜味核苷酸含量可知,BO组含量大于PO组,约为后者的两倍,这可能是由于在适宜的温度下会促进ATP的降解及其代谢产物的扩散,从而增加核苷酸的含量,但高压条件下可能会导致核苷酸的降解或变性[34]。三种核苷酸的TAV均小于1,说明呈味核苷酸对双孢蘑菇水煮液的滋味贡献并不显著。此外,BO组的EUC值显著高于PO组(P<0.05),由于EUC值与鲜味氨基酸及呈味核苷酸含量相关,该结果与鲜味氨基酸、呈味核苷酸的结论一致,这可以说明,常压煮制法在一定程度上具有提升双孢蘑菇水提液风味的潜力,这与Li等[35]实验结论相似,即高压处理后的菌菇汤中5’-核苷酸含量较水煮条件有所降低。
有机酸与氨基酸、芳香化合物和其他挥发性风味物质的合成和代谢有关,对食用菌中风味物质的合成有一定影响。琥珀酸不仅能与鲜味氨基酸产生协同效应,还能与钠离子螯合形成琥珀酸钠—该化合物与谷氨酸钠具有相似的呈味特性,当其与谷氨酸及柠檬酸形成复合体系时,可产生显著的鲜味增益效应[25,36]。根据表4结果可知,不同煮制工艺对有机酸分布有显著影响:PO组中三种有机酸含量较BO组有显著提升(P<0.05),其中琥珀酸含量达21.44±0.48 mg/g,约为BO组的四倍,这一现象表明高压处理能有效促进琥珀酸的溶出。柠檬酸具有良好的热稳定性[9],高压处理更有利于柠檬酸从双孢蘑菇组织内部溶出,使得PO中柠檬酸含量更高。从TAV来看,四种有机酸(TAV>1)对风味体系具有实质性贡献,其中酒石酸与琥珀酸呈现主导作用。因此,根据两种水提液中有机酸含量来看,高压煮制法能有效提高双孢蘑菇水提液中有机酸的提取率,从而与其他呈味物质产生交互作用大大提升整体鲜味。
对两种提取方式下的水提液进行电子舌指纹图谱分析,结果表明两种水提液滋味差异较小(图1A)。响应值为负值是指该味觉物质浓度低于人的尝味阈值范围,但并不代表不存在该味觉物质。BO样品组在甜味、咸味、酸味和涩味传感器上的响应值略高于PO样品组,PO样品组在苦味传感器上的响应值略高于BO样品组,对比其他传感器的响应值,两者无明显差异。从电子舌结果来看,BO样品组整体滋味较PO样品组略有优势,所得水提液滋味更加醇厚。对电子舌结果进行主成分分析(图2B),第一主成分PC1和第二主成分PC2贡献率分别为66.3%和21.1%,两个主成分的累计贡献率为87.4%(总贡献率≥70%,数据有效),说明两个主成分可以很好地反映出两种煮制方式间的关系。两者在图上的分布间隔较近,说明结果兼具部分差异性和部分相似性,这与电子舌雷达图结果对应,两样品在某些传感器上的响应值差距不大。
基于GC-MS的挥发性物质分析表明,两种水提液中共鉴定出38种挥发性化合物,其中BO组20种,PO组30种(表5)。结果表明,压力是双孢蘑菇水提液风味物质存在差异的原因之一。BO组中酸类化合物含量显著高于PO组(P<0.05),独具果香、脂肪味的己酸、坚果味特征的苯甲酸,但由于酸类化合物的阈值普遍偏高,因此该类物质对水提液的风味贡献较小。醇类通常被描述为香气柔和,具有植物和泥土气味[37],BO组中检测到2,3-丁二醇、苯甲醇、苯乙醇三种醇类化合物,三种物质风味柔和,为BO组水提液带来较为积极的风味贡献。醛类化合物香气阈值较低,一般具有水果、草、脂肪等特征气味[38],BO组检测到具有杏仁气味的苯甲醛,PO组中含有油脂味的顺-4-庚烯醛。在PO组中检测到种类丰富的芳香族化合物,主要为具有烤制和焦糖气味[39]的吡嗪类化合物,与BO组具有显著性差异(P<0.05),其中2,5-二甲基吡嗪具有泥土气味,PO组含量(8917.65±573.92 mg/kg)是BO组的六倍,3-乙基-2,5-甲基吡嗪、6-乙酰-1,2,3,4-四氢吡啶和三甲胺作为PO组中独特的风味物质,其中三甲胺具有鱼腥味,这种不良风味成为了PO组整体香气的关键风味,这可能是由于高压引起的美拉德反应促进了不良气味的生成。因此,常压煮制法有利于保留愉悦柔和的风味前体,而高压处理通过美拉德反应生成更多芳香类、烷烃类特征性香气组分,但需优化反应条件以抑制不良副产物的形成。
GC-IMS综合了气相色谱与离子迁移谱的优点,具有操作简便、高灵敏度的特点[40],可以有效弥补GC-MS在低含量风味物质检测中的技术局限[28]。如图2A三维谱所示,BO组显示出更为复杂的挥发性物质组成。同时,为更清楚地比较两样品间的数据差异,对反应物离子峰(RIP)和离子迁移时间进行归一化处理和降维处理(图2B),发现两组样品主要挥发性风味物质均分布于200~800 s之间。指纹图谱分析(图2C)进一步揭示:两组样品共鉴定出28种特征挥发性组分(排除二聚体),涵盖6类化学物质,各物质的香气特征见表6。其中酸类挥发性风味物质与GC-MS结果一致;关键风味物质1-辛烯-3-醇在两组中都存在,BO组独有2,3-丁二醇和2-甲基丁醇等醇类;醛类化合物作为脂肪酸的降解产物,其低感知阈值对整体水提液风味具有较大贡献[41];酯类化合物来源于脂质代谢反应和酯化反应,具有较低阈值。从BO组中鉴定出了4种醛类化合物和6种具有愉快气味特征的酯类化合物,这说明高压处理将导致醛类和酯类物质减少。两组中均检测出4种酮类化合物,如3-戊酮、2,3-丁二酮等,酮类化合物既可由美拉德反应和不饱和脂肪酸氧化降解产生[42],也可以由酯类化合物降解产生[43]。本研究发现,常压煮制法在抑制美拉德反应进程的同时,促使醛类、酯类等关键风味前体的保留率提升,从而提高水提液的丰富度。
对两种煮制方式下的双孢蘑菇水提液进行电子鼻分析检测(图3A),结果显示:PO组在W1C、W3C、W5C传感器上的响应值比BO组大,根据GC-MS结果可知,这是由于PO组中含有大量的芳香类挥发性化合物,因此对应芳香类化合物的传感器上的响应值比BO组大。BO组样品在W5S、W1S、W6S、W2S传感器上的响应值较大,其中W2S传感器对应醇酮醛类化合物,根据GC-MS与GC-IMS结果可知,BO组中醇醛酮类化合物含量较大,因此对该传感器更敏感。由于GC-MS和GC-IMS检测鉴定出的挥发性风味物质有限,对于另外三种传感器的响应值差异暂时无法解释,后续将通过其他测定方法实验结果进行验证。图3B为基于电子鼻结果的PCA二维图,其中第一主成分PC1和第二主成分PC2的贡献率分别为57.1%和24.6%,总贡献率为81.7%(总贡献率≥70%,数据有效),说明PC1和PC2几乎包含了样品的所有信息,两种样品散点分布情况表明,电子鼻测定结果可以较为有效地区分这两种样品。
本研究通过多角度分析,系统阐明了常压与高压煮制工艺对双孢蘑菇水提液风味物质的影响。研究结果表明:在非挥发性风味物质层面,常压煮制显著促进游离氨基酸及呈味核苷酸的溶出,但也导致有机酸提取率显著降低;挥发性香气物质检测显示,常压煮制法可以有效保留醛类、醇类、酯类等特征香气组分,并得到具有愉悦气味特征的苯甲醛、苯甲醇等挥发性风味物质,该结论在电子鼻传感器响应值中得到进一步验证。基于风味物质测定结果,本研究揭示两种煮制工艺的风味释放规律:常压煮制工艺通过维持温和的热力学环境,在降低美拉德反应强度的同时,最大限度保留热敏性风味物质;而高压煮制工艺虽能提高有机酸提取率,但高压环境将加速氨基酸、核苷酸氧化降解及挥发性物质逸散,同时易产生三甲胺、2,5-二甲基吡嗪等不良风味物质。因此,综合滋味特征与香气特征结果,常压煮制被证实为更优的双孢蘑菇风味物质提取方法,将为双孢蘑菇风味的精准调控提供理论支撑。

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2026年第47卷第13期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010125
  • 接收时间:2025-01-14
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-07-01
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    1南京财经大学食品科学与工程学院,江苏南京 210023
    2南京农业大学食品科学技术学院,江苏南京 210095

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胡秋辉(1962−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品科学与工程,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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