Article(id=1321170470381138554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1321170163563614210, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010082, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1736352000000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-09, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792921186298, onlineDateStr=2026-10-25, pubDate=1769875200000, pubDateStr=2026-02-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792921186298, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792921186298, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792921186298, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321170163563614210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='497', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769875200000', pubDateStr='2026-02-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792921113148, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792921113148, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=221, endPage=231, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321170470611825275, articleId=1321170470381138554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Reconstruction of Synthetic Microbial Communities for Kombucha Fermentation and Process Optimization Based on Sensory Evaluation, columnId=1261343843090313538, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Processing Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to enhance the flavor sensory attributes and quality stability of kombucha, utilization of specific strain based synthetic microbial communities (SMC) during the fermentation process was recognized as reliable strategy for kombucha production. In this work, tea fungus from three different origins of China were employed to isolate yeast and bacteria microbes suitable for SMC construction and kombucha fermentation. Based on the fermentation performance of each isolated strain, SMC was successfully reconstructed and employed for the kombucha fermentation process after optimization by response surface methodology (RSM) based on sensory scores of the fermented kombucha. A total of 12 microbial strains (8 yeast strains and 4 acetic acid bacteria strains) were isolated and identified from tea fungus of different regions, with two strains of Zygosaccharomyces bisporus (Y1-1 and Y3-2) and one strain of Gluconobacter oxydans (A3) were selected to reconstruct SMC for the production of raw Pu-erh tea kombucha. The RSM results showed that the optimal fermentation conditions were inoculation volume of 1%, sucrose concentration of 8%, tea concentration of 0.8%, and fermentation duration of 5 days, with the sensory score value of kombucha reached 8.38. The volatile flavor compounds of SMC fermented kombucha were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), the content of some key flavor compounds such as acetic acid and ethanol revealed to be 65.55±3.53 μg/L and 1.71±0.22 μg/L, respectively. Meanwhile, the total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the kombucha reached 1074.86 mg GAE/L and 1076.31 mg RE/L, respectively, with efficient in vitro antioxidant activity observed. Based on the selected autochthonous yeast and bacterial strains, the reconstructed SMC could provide scientific reference for improving the flavor sensory attributes and quality stabilization of fermented kombucha.

, authors=Hui MA1, Jing ZHANG1, Chuanwang TONG2, Tao FENG1, Lingyun YAO1, *, authorsList=Hui MA, Jing ZHANG, Chuanwang TONG, Tao FENG, Lingyun YAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Lingyun YAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321170473933714056, articleId=1321170470381138554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=基于感官的康普茶发酵合成微生物群落构建及发酵过程优化, columnId=1261343845481066826, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=工艺技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为提升发酵康普茶的风味感官属性及品质稳定性,采用特定菌株构建的合成微生物群落(Synthetic microbial communities,SMC)进行康普茶发酵是重要的解决途径。本文对三种不同产地红茶菌的微生物进行分离并鉴定,在评估各分离菌株发酵性能的基础上重新构建用于康普茶发酵的SMC,并以感官评分为标准对康普茶的发酵工艺进行响应面优化。结果表明,从不同产地红茶菌中筛选并鉴定得到8株酵母菌和4株醋酸菌,筛选出两株编号Y1-1,Y3-2的双孢接合糖酵母(Zygosaccharomyces bisporus)和一株编号A3的氧化葡萄糖酸杆菌(Gluconobacter oxydans)重构SMC应用于生普洱茶基质的康普茶发酵。以感官评分为指标的康普茶最优发酵条件为接种量1%、蔗糖浓度8%、茶叶浓度0.8%、发酵时间5 d,此时康普茶感官评分为8.38分。同时,采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)分析了重构SMC发酵康普茶的挥发性风味化合物,其乙酸和乙醇含量分别为65.55±3.53 μg/L和1.71±0.22 μg/L。此外,其总酚和总黄酮分别达到1074.86 mg GAE/L和1076.31 mg RE/L,并表现出显著的体外抗氧化活性。本研究基于本土微生物菌株的筛选,重构的SMC可为提升发酵康普茶的风味感官属性及品质稳定化控制提供科学参考。

, authors=马辉1, 张静1, 童传旺2, 冯涛1, 姚凌云1, *, authorsList=马辉, 张静, 童传旺, 冯涛, 姚凌云, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=姚凌云, authorNote=

马辉(1999−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品微生物,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
姚凌云(1982−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品风味,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=UTGrYgIpklcLy0LL1NH83g==, magXml=osoZQ5uZvZUSglCNOq0NBw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=lieEdAO9npaN/0mG7cf6dw==, pdfFileSize=2759848, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=2pLedv0puVo2XhlI4TSmUA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=KaKAR5qVmVc044a2FgVtZA==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1321170474323784336, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170470381138554, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=m1061382063@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1321170474386698898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170470381138554, authorId=1321170474323784336, language=EN, stringName=Hui MA, firstName=Hui, middleName=null, lastName=MA, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1Faculty of Flavour Fragrance and Cosmetics, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1321170474470584979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170470381138554, authorId=1321170474323784336, language=CN, stringName=马辉, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1上海应用技术大学香料香精化妆品学部,上海 201418, bio={"content":"

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China Brewing, 2023, 42(4): 83−88., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321170484314616564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170470381138554, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=33, rfOrder=38, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=边名鸿, 许强, 周安琪, 等. 基于模糊综合评判法筛选猕猴桃果酒专用酵母及其发酵特性分析[J]. 食品工业科技, 2025, 46(16): 173−183. [BIAN Minghong, XU Qiang, ZHOU Anqi, et al. Selection of kiwi fruit wine specialized yeast and study on fermentation characteristics based on fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2025, 46(16): 173−183.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321170484394308341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170470381138554, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=33, rfOrder=39, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=BIAN Minghong, XU Qiang, ZHOU Anqi, et al. Selection of kiwi fruit wine specialized yeast and study on fermentation characteristics based on fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2025, 46(16): 173−183., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1321170474164400777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170470381138554, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321170474176983690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170470381138554, companyId=1321170474164400777, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Faculty of Flavour Fragrance and Cosmetics, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321170474185372299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170470381138554, companyId=1321170474164400777, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1上海应用技术大学香料香精化妆品学部,上海 201418)]), AuthorCompany(id=1321170474248286860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170470381138554, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321170474252481165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170470381138554, companyId=1321170474248286860, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2College of Food and Bioengineering, Wuhu Institute of Technology, Wuhu 241033, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321170474260869774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170470381138554, companyId=1321170474248286860, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2芜湖职业技术学院食品与生物工程学院,安徽芜湖 241033)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1321170476173472434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170470381138554, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Microscopic photos of representative microbes (1000×), figureFileSmall=jTTJq2TGYnzEEPpXk5VV4A==, figureFileBig=2pLedv0puVo2XhlI4TSmUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170476236386995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170470381138554, language=CN, label=图1, caption=代表性微生物显微镜照片(1000×)

注:Y:酵母,A:细菌。

, figureFileSmall=jTTJq2TGYnzEEPpXk5VV4A==, figureFileBig=2pLedv0puVo2XhlI4TSmUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170476425130676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170470381138554, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Volatile flavor compound analysis of yeast fermentation broth, figureFileSmall=/e2ze8Qr/xLrNfs7AOOmZA==, figureFileBig=ESEfVLg/Cr5oydvCIlPluQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170478086075061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170470381138554, language=CN, label=图2, caption=酵母发酵液的风味物质分析, figureFileSmall=/e2ze8Qr/xLrNfs7AOOmZA==, figureFileBig=ESEfVLg/Cr5oydvCIlPluQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170478178349750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170470381138554, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Volatile compounds of kombucha fermented by bacteria-yeast SMC, figureFileSmall=7oXccx+U57lxIo0GFgF4YQ==, figureFileBig=f3EnU8bP/9NAPrQ8hu5IEA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170478253847223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170470381138554, language=CN, label=图3, caption=酵母-细菌合成微生物群落发酵康普茶的挥发性成分, figureFileSmall=7oXccx+U57lxIo0GFgF4YQ==, figureFileBig=f3EnU8bP/9NAPrQ8hu5IEA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170478354510520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170470381138554, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Single factor experiment of Kombucha fermentation, figureFileSmall=FHPghj5DnOFdnrG4EcCArA==, figureFileBig=1/KtT8R45qtXgUhg/82FHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170478442590905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170470381138554, language=CN, label=图4, caption=康普茶发酵单因素实验

注:(A)菌株配比,(B)接种量,(C)蔗糖浓度,(D)茶叶浓度,(E)发酵天数;不同字母表示在95%置信水平上差异显著,即P<0.05。

, figureFileSmall=FHPghj5DnOFdnrG4EcCArA==, figureFileBig=1/KtT8R45qtXgUhg/82FHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170478518088378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170470381138554, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Response surface diagram of interaction of various factors, figureFileSmall=CNWoAzyx1LOr1bXvUOrsiw==, figureFileBig=lAGfitcnFL3TtQNMrg4yZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170478585197243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170470381138554, language=CN, label=图5, caption=各因素交互作用的响应面图, figureFileSmall=CNWoAzyx1LOr1bXvUOrsiw==, figureFileBig=lAGfitcnFL3TtQNMrg4yZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170478656500412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170470381138554, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Heat map of volatile compounds of SMC fermented Kombucha (A) and radar chart of sensory attributes of the four Kombucha (B), figureFileSmall=6G1rmQZ9YNAtAQ1VduZJXw==, figureFileBig=XTYfg4i+HASR2didpoNomw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170478723609277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170470381138554, language=CN, label=图6, caption=合成微生物群落发酵康普茶的香气化合物浓度热图(A)及其与3种红茶菌发酵康普茶的感官属性雷达图(B)

注:KX:合成微生物群落SMC,K1:安徽合肥红茶菌,K2:广东湛江红茶菌,K3:山东济宁红茶菌。*表示P<0.05;**表示P<0.01。

, figureFileSmall=6G1rmQZ9YNAtAQ1VduZJXw==, figureFileBig=XTYfg4i+HASR2didpoNomw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170478790718142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170470381138554, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Response surface design for Kombucha fermentation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素水平
−101
蔗糖浓度(%)789
茶叶浓度(%)0.70.80.9
发酵时间(d)456
), ArticleFig(id=1321170478857827007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170470381138554, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

康普茶发酵的响应面设计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素水平
−101
蔗糖浓度(%)789
茶叶浓度(%)0.70.80.9
发酵时间(d)456
), ArticleFig(id=1321170478920741568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170470381138554, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Criteria for sensory evaluation of Kombucha

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目评分标准
滋味(3分)酸甜可口,无异味无涩味(2~3)酸甜适中,轻微异味与涩味(1~1.9)过酸过甜,严重异味与涩味(0~0.9)
香气(3分)有甜香酸香,香气协调柔和(2~3)酸香明显,香气较协调柔和(1~1.9)酸香刺鼻,香气不协调柔和(0~0.9)
外观(3分)棕黄色、颜色均匀、清澈透亮,有少量或无杂质(2~3)棕黄色、发酵液较清澈,有部分沉淀杂质(1~1.9)棕黄色、发酵液颜色过深或过浅,暗沉无光泽(0~0.9)
), ArticleFig(id=1321170479000433345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170470381138554, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

康普茶感官评定标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目评分标准
滋味(3分)酸甜可口,无异味无涩味(2~3)酸甜适中,轻微异味与涩味(1~1.9)过酸过甜,严重异味与涩味(0~0.9)
香气(3分)有甜香酸香,香气协调柔和(2~3)酸香明显,香气较协调柔和(1~1.9)酸香刺鼻,香气不协调柔和(0~0.9)
外观(3分)棕黄色、颜色均匀、清澈透亮,有少量或无杂质(2~3)棕黄色、发酵液较清澈,有部分沉淀杂质(1~1.9)棕黄色、发酵液颜色过深或过浅,暗沉无光泽(0~0.9)
), ArticleFig(id=1321170479059153602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170470381138554, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Strains identification results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品菌株编号革兰氏染色显微特征群落形态MS鉴定结果(置信度99%)
安徽合肥(K1)Y1-1−椭圆形圆形、菌落较小、光滑、整齐、中间突起、不透明、乳白色双孢接合糖酵母(Zygosaccharomyces bisporus)
Y1-2−椭圆形圆形、菌落较小、光滑、整齐、中间突起、不透明、乳白色斯塔莫酵母属(Starmerella)
A1-1阴性短状圆形、米白色、不透明、边缘不整齐驹形杆菌属(Komagataeibacter)
广东湛江(K2)Y2-1−椭圆形圆形、菌落较小、光滑、整齐、中间突起、不透明、乳白色双孢接合糖酵母(Zygosaccharomyces bisporus)
Y2-2−椭圆形圆形、菌落较大、光滑、整齐、中间突起、不透明、乳白色酒香酵母属(Brettanomyces)
Y2-3−椭圆形圆形、菌落中等、光滑、整齐、中间突起、不透明、乳白色酒香酵母属(Brettanomyces)
A2-1阴性杆状圆形、米白色、不透明、边缘不整齐葡糖杆菌属(Gluconobacter)
A2-2阴性短状圆形、米黄色、不透明、边缘不整齐驹形杆菌属(Komagataeibacter)
山东济宁(K3)Y3-1−椭圆形圆形、菌落较大、光滑、不整齐、中间突起、不透明、乳白色酒香酵母属(Brettanomyces)
Y3-2−椭圆形圆形、菌落较小、光滑、整齐、中间突起、不透明、乳白色双孢接合糖酵母(Zygosaccharomyces bisporus)
Y3-3−椭圆形圆形、菌落较小、光滑、整齐、中间突起、不透明、乳白色斯塔莫酵母属(Starmerella)
A3阴性短状圆形、米白色、不透明、边缘不整齐氧化葡萄糖酸杆菌(Gluconobacter oxydans)
), ArticleFig(id=1321170479122068163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170470381138554, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

菌株鉴定结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品菌株编号革兰氏染色显微特征群落形态MS鉴定结果(置信度99%)
安徽合肥(K1)Y1-1−椭圆形圆形、菌落较小、光滑、整齐、中间突起、不透明、乳白色双孢接合糖酵母(Zygosaccharomyces bisporus)
Y1-2−椭圆形圆形、菌落较小、光滑、整齐、中间突起、不透明、乳白色斯塔莫酵母属(Starmerella)
A1-1阴性短状圆形、米白色、不透明、边缘不整齐驹形杆菌属(Komagataeibacter)
广东湛江(K2)Y2-1−椭圆形圆形、菌落较小、光滑、整齐、中间突起、不透明、乳白色双孢接合糖酵母(Zygosaccharomyces bisporus)
Y2-2−椭圆形圆形、菌落较大、光滑、整齐、中间突起、不透明、乳白色酒香酵母属(Brettanomyces)
Y2-3−椭圆形圆形、菌落中等、光滑、整齐、中间突起、不透明、乳白色酒香酵母属(Brettanomyces)
A2-1阴性杆状圆形、米白色、不透明、边缘不整齐葡糖杆菌属(Gluconobacter)
A2-2阴性短状圆形、米黄色、不透明、边缘不整齐驹形杆菌属(Komagataeibacter)
山东济宁(K3)Y3-1−椭圆形圆形、菌落较大、光滑、不整齐、中间突起、不透明、乳白色酒香酵母属(Brettanomyces)
Y3-2−椭圆形圆形、菌落较小、光滑、整齐、中间突起、不透明、乳白色双孢接合糖酵母(Zygosaccharomyces bisporus)
Y3-3−椭圆形圆形、菌落较小、光滑、整齐、中间突起、不透明、乳白色斯塔莫酵母属(Starmerella)
A3阴性短状圆形、米白色、不透明、边缘不整齐氧化葡萄糖酸杆菌(Gluconobacter oxydans)
), ArticleFig(id=1321170479205954244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170470381138554, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Performance evaluation of yeast fermentation broth

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌株编号IC50(mg/mL)感官评分
·OHABTS+·DPPH·
Y1-128.72±0.49e0.90±0.10f0.80±0.02f4.57±0.04a
Y1-235.96±1.22d0.84±0.05f1.07±0.02e2.73±0.07c
Y2-142.43±0.24c1.10±0.14d0.86±0.03f3.77±0.08b
Y2-2120.27±3.20a3.58±0.61a4.36±0.17a−
Y2-342.95±0.71c1.34±0.25b1.63±0.03cd−
Y3-127.20±2.03ef1.16±0.30d0.84±0.02f2.50±0.07d
Y3-216.63±0.74g1.04±0.33de1.93±0.11c4.58±0.08a
Y3-355.97±2.51b1.25±0.19c2.47±0.38b−
), ArticleFig(id=1321170479260480197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170470381138554, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

酵母菌发酵液的性能评价

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌株编号IC50(mg/mL)感官评分
·OHABTS+·DPPH·
Y1-128.72±0.49e0.90±0.10f0.80±0.02f4.57±0.04a
Y1-235.96±1.22d0.84±0.05f1.07±0.02e2.73±0.07c
Y2-142.43±0.24c1.10±0.14d0.86±0.03f3.77±0.08b
Y2-2120.27±3.20a3.58±0.61a4.36±0.17a−
Y2-342.95±0.71c1.34±0.25b1.63±0.03cd−
Y3-127.20±2.03ef1.16±0.30d0.84±0.02f2.50±0.07d
Y3-216.63±0.74g1.04±0.33de1.93±0.11c4.58±0.08a
Y3-355.97±2.51b1.25±0.19c2.47±0.38b−
), ArticleFig(id=1321170479340171974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170470381138554, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Performance evaluation of acetic acid bacteria and yeast fermentation broth

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SMC组合IC50(mg/mL)感官评分
·OHABTS+·DPPH·
A1-1+Y1-1+Y3-219.9967±0.1002c0.2871±0.0031a1.1397±0.0096b6.67±0.06b
A2-1+Y1-1+Y3-238.5467±9.2715b0.2899±0.0095a1.2273±0.0189a3.60±0.08c
A2-2+Y1-1+Y3-259.3900±0.7029a0.2821±0.0038a1.2923±0.0150a3.60±0.05c
A3+Y1-1+Y3-219.0667±0.7534c0.2722±0.0112b1.1563±0.0160b7.20±0.04a
), ArticleFig(id=1321170479415669447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170470381138554, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

醋酸菌与酵母菌的混菌发酵液性能评价

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SMC组合IC50(mg/mL)感官评分
·OHABTS+·DPPH·
A1-1+Y1-1+Y3-219.9967±0.1002c0.2871±0.0031a1.1397±0.0096b6.67±0.06b
A2-1+Y1-1+Y3-238.5467±9.2715b0.2899±0.0095a1.2273±0.0189a3.60±0.08c
A2-2+Y1-1+Y3-259.3900±0.7029a0.2821±0.0038a1.2923±0.0150a3.60±0.05c
A3+Y1-1+Y3-219.0667±0.7534c0.2722±0.0112b1.1563±0.0160b7.20±0.04a
), ArticleFig(id=1321170479499555528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170470381138554, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Box-Behnken response surface experimental design and results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验号ABCY(感官评分)总酸含量(mg/mL)
11−107.07.44
2−1107.06.33
30008.56.97
40−115.06.44
50008.46.81
61107.37.28
70008.36.84
810−16.15.66
90008.36.81
101015.48.41
11−1−107.15.89
12−10−15.86.43
130−1−15.84.58
14−1015.65.91
1501−15.74.41
160008.66.82
170115.76.88
), ArticleFig(id=1321170479566664393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170470381138554, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

Box-Behnken响应面试验设计及结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验号ABCY(感官评分)总酸含量(mg/mL)
11−107.07.44
2−1107.06.33
30008.56.97
40−115.06.44
50008.46.81
61107.37.28
70008.36.84
810−16.15.66
90008.36.81
101015.48.41
11−1−107.15.89
12−10−15.86.43
130−1−15.84.58
14−1015.65.91
1501−15.74.41
160008.66.82
170115.76.88
), ArticleFig(id=1321170479637967562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170470381138554, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Results of variance analysis of quadratic model

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方差来源平方和自由度均方F值P值(Prob>F)显著水平
模型25.0792.79215.45<0.0001***
A0.01110.0110.870.3820
B0.0810.086.190.0417*
C0.3610.3627.940.0011**
AB0.04010.0403.090.1220
AC0.06310.0634.830.0637
BC0.1610.1612.380.0098**
A21.3811.38106.74<0.0001***
B22.3512.35181.97<0.0001***
C218.97118.971467.17<0.0001***
总残差0.0970.013
失拟项0.02230.0070.440.7363不显著
净误差0.06840.017
总离差25.1616
R2=0.9964CV=1.67%Radj2=0.9918
), ArticleFig(id=1321170479730242251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170470381138554, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

二次模型的方差分析结果

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方差来源平方和自由度均方F值P值(Prob>F)显著水平
模型25.0792.79215.45<0.0001***
A0.01110.0110.870.3820
B0.0810.086.190.0417*
C0.3610.3627.940.0011**
AB0.04010.0403.090.1220
AC0.06310.0634.830.0637
BC0.1610.1612.380.0098**
A21.3811.38106.74<0.0001***
B22.3512.35181.97<0.0001***
C218.97118.971467.17<0.0001***
总残差0.0970.013
失拟项0.02230.0070.440.7363不显著
净误差0.06840.017
总离差25.1616
R2=0.9964CV=1.67%Radj2=0.9918
), ArticleFig(id=1321170479801545420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170470381138554, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Content of bioactive compounds and antioxidant results of Kombucha

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样品IC50 (mg/mL)TPC
(mg GAE/L)
TFC
(mg RE/L)
TCC
(g GE/L)
DPPH·ABTS+··OH
SMC发酵1.18±0.03b0.27±0.01d23.66±1.21b1074.86±30.13a1076.31±0.00a43.29±2.62a
K1发酵1.05±0.03c0.31±0.01c18.95±0.24c825.57±28.42b968.68±40.44b39.17±1.95b
K2发酵1.29±0.04a0.35±0.01b32.38±0.45a639.25±11.39c870.71±25.54c35.54±1.86c
K3发酵1.28±0.03a0.37±0.00a12.87±0.19d647.90±42.16c717.54±79.10d34.51±6.85c
VC0.04±0.00d0.01±0.00e0.09±0.01e−−−
), ArticleFig(id=1321170479889625805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170470381138554, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

康普茶中的生物活性成分含量与抗氧化活性结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品IC50 (mg/mL)TPC
(mg GAE/L)
TFC
(mg RE/L)
TCC
(g GE/L)
DPPH·ABTS+··OH
SMC发酵1.18±0.03b0.27±0.01d23.66±1.21b1074.86±30.13a1076.31±0.00a43.29±2.62a
K1发酵1.05±0.03c0.31±0.01c18.95±0.24c825.57±28.42b968.68±40.44b39.17±1.95b
K2发酵1.29±0.04a0.35±0.01b32.38±0.45a639.25±11.39c870.71±25.54c35.54±1.86c
K3发酵1.28±0.03a0.37±0.00a12.87±0.19d647.90±42.16c717.54±79.10d34.51±6.85c
VC0.04±0.00d0.01±0.00e0.09±0.01e−−−
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基于感官的康普茶发酵合成微生物群落构建及发酵过程优化
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马辉 1 , 张静 1 , 童传旺 2 , 冯涛 1 , 姚凌云 1, *
食品工业科技 | 工艺技术 2026,47(3): 221-231
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食品工业科技 |工艺技术 2026 , 47 (3) : 221 -231
基于感官的康普茶发酵合成微生物群落构建及发酵过程优化
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马辉1 , 张静1, 童传旺2, 冯涛1, 姚凌云1, *
作者信息
  • 1上海应用技术大学香料香精化妆品学部,上海 201418
  • 2芜湖职业技术学院食品与生物工程学院,安徽芜湖 241033
通讯作者:
姚凌云(1982−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品风味,E-mail:。
作者简介:

马辉(1999−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品微生物,E-mail:

Reconstruction of Synthetic Microbial Communities for Kombucha Fermentation and Process Optimization Based on Sensory Evaluation
Hui MA1 , Jing ZHANG1, Chuanwang TONG2, Tao FENG1, Lingyun YAO1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Faculty of Flavour Fragrance and Cosmetics, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
  • 2College of Food and Bioengineering, Wuhu Institute of Technology, Wuhu 241033, China
出版时间: 2026-02-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010082
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为提升发酵康普茶的风味感官属性及品质稳定性,采用特定菌株构建的合成微生物群落(Synthetic microbial communities,SMC)进行康普茶发酵是重要的解决途径。本文对三种不同产地红茶菌的微生物进行分离并鉴定,在评估各分离菌株发酵性能的基础上重新构建用于康普茶发酵的SMC,并以感官评分为标准对康普茶的发酵工艺进行响应面优化。结果表明,从不同产地红茶菌中筛选并鉴定得到8株酵母菌和4株醋酸菌,筛选出两株编号Y1-1,Y3-2的双孢接合糖酵母(Zygosaccharomyces bisporus)和一株编号A3的氧化葡萄糖酸杆菌(Gluconobacter oxydans)重构SMC应用于生普洱茶基质的康普茶发酵。以感官评分为指标的康普茶最优发酵条件为接种量1%、蔗糖浓度8%、茶叶浓度0.8%、发酵时间5 d,此时康普茶感官评分为8.38分。同时,采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)分析了重构SMC发酵康普茶的挥发性风味化合物,其乙酸和乙醇含量分别为65.55±3.53 μg/L和1.71±0.22 μg/L。此外,其总酚和总黄酮分别达到1074.86 mg GAE/L和1076.31 mg RE/L,并表现出显著的体外抗氧化活性。本研究基于本土微生物菌株的筛选,重构的SMC可为提升发酵康普茶的风味感官属性及品质稳定化控制提供科学参考。

红茶菌  /  合成微生物群落  /  康普茶  /  感官评定  /  抗氧化活性

In order to enhance the flavor sensory attributes and quality stability of kombucha, utilization of specific strain based synthetic microbial communities (SMC) during the fermentation process was recognized as reliable strategy for kombucha production. In this work, tea fungus from three different origins of China were employed to isolate yeast and bacteria microbes suitable for SMC construction and kombucha fermentation. Based on the fermentation performance of each isolated strain, SMC was successfully reconstructed and employed for the kombucha fermentation process after optimization by response surface methodology (RSM) based on sensory scores of the fermented kombucha. A total of 12 microbial strains (8 yeast strains and 4 acetic acid bacteria strains) were isolated and identified from tea fungus of different regions, with two strains of Zygosaccharomyces bisporus (Y1-1 and Y3-2) and one strain of Gluconobacter oxydans (A3) were selected to reconstruct SMC for the production of raw Pu-erh tea kombucha. The RSM results showed that the optimal fermentation conditions were inoculation volume of 1%, sucrose concentration of 8%, tea concentration of 0.8%, and fermentation duration of 5 days, with the sensory score value of kombucha reached 8.38. The volatile flavor compounds of SMC fermented kombucha were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), the content of some key flavor compounds such as acetic acid and ethanol revealed to be 65.55±3.53 μg/L and 1.71±0.22 μg/L, respectively. Meanwhile, the total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the kombucha reached 1074.86 mg GAE/L and 1076.31 mg RE/L, respectively, with efficient in vitro antioxidant activity observed. Based on the selected autochthonous yeast and bacterial strains, the reconstructed SMC could provide scientific reference for improving the flavor sensory attributes and quality stabilization of fermented kombucha.

tea fungus  /  synthetic microbial communities  /  Kombucha  /  sensory evaluation  /  antioxidant activity
马辉, 张静, 童传旺, 冯涛, 姚凌云. 基于感官的康普茶发酵合成微生物群落构建及发酵过程优化. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (3) : 221 -231 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010082
Hui MA, Jing ZHANG, Chuanwang TONG, Tao FENG, Lingyun YAO. Reconstruction of Synthetic Microbial Communities for Kombucha Fermentation and Process Optimization Based on Sensory Evaluation[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (3) : 221 -231 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010082
康普茶(Kombucha)是最早起源于我国的一种传统饮品,通常以含糖茶汤为基质由红茶菌(Tea fungus)发酵而得。由于康普茶广泛报道的健康属性以及酸甜平衡的独特风味,近年来广受消费者和食品工业界推崇,如今已成为风靡全球的发酵饮料之一[1−2]。红茶和绿茶是发酵康普茶的经典基质,随着发酵康普茶的广泛流传,其他类型的基质如草本植物、果汁甚至牛奶等也逐渐应用于康普茶的制备[3−4]。康普茶发酵过程中所使用的红茶菌是一个复杂的微生物共生体系,该体系主要是由细菌和酵母构成的共生菌群(Symbiotic Culture of Bacteria and Yeast,SCOBY)构成。其中,酵母菌主要包括德克酵母属(Dekkera)、毕赤酵母属(Pichia)、酵母属(Saccharomycetales)、解脂耶氏酵母属(Yarrowia)、假丝酵母属(Candida)和接合酵母属(Zygosaccharomyces)等,细菌则以醋酸菌(Acetic acid bacteria,AAB)较为多见,其次是乳酸菌(Lactic acid bacteria,LAB)[5]。在发酵过程中,酵母产生的酶可以将蔗糖水解成果糖和葡萄糖,通过糖酵解途径合成乙醇,醋酸菌和乳酸菌再将酵母的代谢产物转化为醋酸、乳酸和葡萄糖酸等[6]。同时,发酵康普茶的表面可形成由细菌(AAB或LAB)代谢产生的一层纤维素菌膜,并且会产生较多的挥发性化合物如醇类、醛类和酯类等,这些挥发性和非挥发性代谢产物都将对康普茶的风味和生物活性产生影响[7−8]。
传统的康普茶生产主要通过自然发酵方式进行,不同地区或环境的红茶菌具有不同的微生物多样性,并且随着培养周期的变化会造成菌群演替的波动导致康普茶的最终感官与质量不可控而制约其工业化生产[9−10]。近年来,通过利用核心微生物的相互作用设计合成微生物群落(Synthetic microbial communities,SMC),在改善传统发酵食品风味方面和调控产品的质量等方面表现出优异的性能并具备规模化生产的潜力[11−12]。因此,通过筛选特定菌株设计适宜的合成微生物群落进行康普茶发酵是维持产品风味稳定和实现工业化生产的有效策略。例如,Savary等[13]选择了由酵母、醋酸菌和乳酸菌组成的9 种菌株定制的合成微生物群落并成功应用于康普茶发酵。Fabricio等[10]通过构建由2种酵母(Brettanomyces anomala 和 Kluyveromyces marxianus)与1种醋酸菌(Komagataeibacter saccharivorans)共生的合成微生物群落发酵康普茶获得了理想的感官特性。通过定制合成微生物群落的方法为发酵康普茶过程的质量可控和标准化制造奠定基础,并且产品具有一致的微生物组成、功能特性和符合消费者偏好的感官属性[14]。风味是衡量发酵食品质量的重要指标,也是康普茶消费者接受度的主要影响因素之一,风味的形成与微生物的菌群和代谢密切相关[15−16]。近年来,构建SMC发酵康普茶主要关注产品的非挥发性化学组成及抗氧化特性,而以风味感官属性为导向进行SMC构建的研究尚不多见。
据文献报道,从本土传统发酵食品的微生物群落中筛选合适的菌株,构建定制化的SMC是实现发酵食品风味和质量控制的有效方法[15]。前期研究中,本团队对国内3个不同产地红茶菌(山东济宁,广东湛江,安徽合肥)发酵康普茶的菌群演替规律、抗氧化作用和感官特性进行了初步报道[16]。在此基础之上,本研究对3种本来源土红茶菌的微生物进行分离纯化和鉴定,采用抗氧化活性评估、感官评价和GC-MS分析筛选发酵能力较好的酵母和细菌用于构建发酵康普茶的合成微生物群落,并以感官为评价指标对合成微生物群落发酵过程的工艺条件(菌株配比、接种量、蔗糖浓度、茶叶浓度、发酵时间)进行优化,旨在通过定制化菌群发酵策略为具有特定风味和生物活性康普茶的发酵生产提供一定的科学参考。
红茶菌 购自淘宝(www.taobao.com)平台,安徽合肥传承红茶菌(K1)、广东湛江凤缘祥(K2)和山东济宁传统老胃宝(K3);生普洱茶 2021年9月购自中国云南省普洱市国际茶城,真空包装室温储存;玉棠绵白糖(蔗糖) 上海市糖业烟酒(集团)有限公司;氯化钠(99%)、丙酮(99%)、1,2-邻二氯苯(内标)、正烷烃(C7~C30)、2,2'-氮基-双(3-乙基苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)(ABTS)、1,1-二苯基-2-吡啶肼(DPPH) 购自Sigma-Aldrich公司(中国上海);其他化学试剂均为分析纯 购自上海泰坦科技股份有限公司;高纯氮气(>99.99%)、高纯氦气(>99.99%) 购于上海申中气体有限公司。
ME 104E分析天平 梅特勒-托利多仪器(上海)有限公司;YXQ-LS-50S11立式压力蒸汽灭菌器 上海博讯实业有限公司医疗设备厂;SW-CJ-2F超净台 苏州安泰空气技术有限公司;Blue pard培养箱、THZ-100B恒温培养摇床 上海一恒科学仪器有限公司;Multiskan SkyHigh酶标仪 赛默飞世尔科技公司;8860-5977B气相色谱-质谱联用仪 美国安捷伦科技公司;LW100T显微镜 上海泰坦科技股份有限公司;TGL-16MS台式高速冷冻离心机 上海卢湘仪离心机仪器有限公司;FD-2冷冻干燥机 上海比朗仪器制造有限公司;ZY-601恒温水浴锅 上海森地科学仪器设备有限公司。
酵母菌筛选培养基(YPD):蛋白胨20 g,葡萄糖20 g,酵母浸粉10 g,pH6.5,去离子水1 L,121 ℃灭菌15 min[17]。
醋酸菌富集培养基:葡萄糖5 g,酵母提取物3 g,KH2PO4 0.5 g,NaH2PO4 0.5 g,硫酸镁0.05 g,2%乙醇,1%醋酸10 mL,放线菌酮(培养基灭菌冷却后添加)4.4 mL,去离子水1 L,121 ℃灭菌15 min。
醋酸菌培养基:葡萄糖100 g,酵母提取物10 g,CaCO3 20 g,琼脂1.5%~2.0%,去离子水1 L,pH6.8,121 ℃灭菌15 min。
结晶紫中性红胆盐琼脂(VRBA)培养基:蛋白胨7 g,酵母浸粉3 g,NaCl 5 g,乳糖10 g,胆盐1.5 g,结晶紫0.002 g,中性红0.03 g,琼脂1.5%~2.0%,pH7.4,去离子水1 L,121 ℃灭菌15 min。
购买的红茶菌(K1、K2、K3)由下层的菌体母液和漂浮在液面上层的菌膜构成,在使用前参考文献报道的方法进行活化培养[17−18]。称取8.0 g生普洱茶叶,加入1.0 L热水(90 ℃)浸泡15 min后过滤茶叶,茶汤中加入80 g蔗糖溶解,含糖茶汤于121 ℃灭菌15 min后,以250 mL/瓶分装于500 mL无菌玻璃瓶并冷却至室温,接种2%(v/v)的不同产地的菌体母液和3.2 g/L的纤维素菌膜并用无菌纱布封住瓶口,然后在28 ℃恒温静置培养6 d进行红茶菌活化,活化的红茶菌置于4 ℃存放备用[18]。
活化的三种红茶菌振荡混匀,采用生理盐水将发酵液按10倍系列梯度稀释至10−7后涂布于YPD培养基,30 ℃培养 72 h至菌落出现后,用接种环挑取单菌落划线分离纯化并染色观察,以初步获得纯化的酵母菌株。活化的红茶菌发酵液振荡混匀后吸取20 mL和一小块菌膜(1 cm×1 cm)合并置于50 mL醋酸菌富集培养基中,30 ℃培养48 h后用生理盐水进行相应的梯度稀释,选取合适稀释梯度的发酵液0.1 mL涂布于醋酸菌培养基中于30 ℃培养48 h,然后用接种环挑取溶钙圈明显的单菌落在醋酸菌培养基中划线进一步纯化,挑取纯化好的单菌落进行革兰氏染色观察。获得的纯化酵母和细菌菌株使用斜面保藏法和甘油保藏法进行保藏,并参考文献报道采用基质辅助激光解析电离飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF MS)法进一步对菌种鉴定,该方法采用超声破碎菌体获得微生物蛋白质碎片,通过采集的质荷比(m/z)来获得微生物的特异性肽蛋白指纹图谱并和数据库中的标准图谱进行比对,可鉴定到菌株的属、种甚至是亚种水平[19]。
用接种环挑取纯化的酵母或细菌接种于对应的液体培养基中,以160 r/min在30 ℃条件下摇床振荡培养24 h。培养结束后,离心取菌体沉淀用无菌生理盐水洗涤两次,菌体浓度调整至酵母108 CFU/mL或细菌109 CFU/mL接种于含糖茶汤中,在28 ℃恒温静置6 d得发酵液。从发酵液体外抗氧化活性(DPPH·、ABTS+·和·OH清除实验)、感官评分和挥发性化合物组成三个方面对单菌株的发酵性能进行评价和筛选。
首先,将筛选的单一醋酸菌和酵母菌分别接种到对应的液体培养基,先以30 ℃和160 r/min条件在摇床振荡进行单一培养,培养24 h后离心取菌体沉淀用无菌生理盐水洗涤两次,菌体浓度调整至酵母108 CFU/mL或细菌109 CFU/mL。取分离得到的醋酸菌分别与酵母菌按照1:1体积比混合构建合成微生物群落(SMC),接种于含糖茶汤培养基后在28 ℃恒温培养6 d制备康普茶,并从三方面对SMC的发酵性能进行综合评价和筛选(同1.2.4)。
将SMC的酵母菌(Y1-1,Y3-2)和醋酸菌A3分别接种于酵母菌液体培养基和醋酸菌液体培养基,恒温30 ℃下振荡(180 r/min)培养24 h,培养液离心取菌体采用无菌生理盐水洗涤两次并调节酵母和细菌菌体浓度分别为108和109 CFU/mL进行使用。在预实验的基础上,以菌株(Y1-1、Y3-2和A3)配比为1:1:2、接种量2%、蔗糖浓度8%、茶叶浓度0.8%和发酵时间6 d为固定条件,通过单因素实验依次考察菌株配比(1:1:1、2:2:1、1:1:2、1:2:1、2:1:1)、接种量(0.5%、1%、1.5%、2%、2.5%)、蔗糖浓度(4%、6%、8%、10%、12%)、茶叶浓度(0.4%、0.6%、0.8%、1.0%、1.2%)和发酵时间(4、5、6、7、8 d)等因素,评价各因素对发酵康普茶感官评分及总酸含量的影响。
酸味是康普茶典型的风味特征,在单因素实验的基础上,将康普茶的感官评分作为响应值,同时测定其总酸含量,采用Box-Behnken响应面设计三因素三水平(蔗糖浓度、茶叶浓度、发酵时间)试验对发酵工艺参数进行优化,具体的响应面试验设计见表1。
挥发性化合物采用SPME萃取然后通过GC-MS进行分析[18]。康普茶发酵液于8000 r/min下离心10 min后,取6.5 g上清液样品置于20 mL的玻璃顶空瓶中,分别加入2 g氯化钠和浓度为100 mg/kg的1,2-邻二氯苯的丙酮溶液5 μL(内标物),密封后置于60 ℃保温20 min,使用DVB/CAR/PDMS(50/30 μm)萃取头吸附挥发性化合物50 min,然后将萃取头直接插入GC在250 ℃解吸5 min。GC条件:采用HP-INNOWAX (60 m×0.25 mm×0.25 μm)毛细管柱进行分离,载气为高纯氦气(>99.99%),载气流速1.0 mL/min,分流比5:1,进样口温度250 ℃。升温程序为:初始温度40 ℃,保持3 min,以2 ℃/min升至60 ℃,再以4 ℃/min升至200 ℃,最后以5 ℃/min升至230 ℃,保持15 min。MS条件:EI离子源,电离能为70 eV,离子源温度为230 ℃,接口温度为250 ℃。全扫描模式范围为30~450 m/z,溶剂延迟5 min。
采用NIST.L20谱库对样品中分离出的峰进行检索,根据MS的匹配度(>60),初步鉴定可能的化合物。在相同色谱条件下检测C7~C30正构烷烃的保留时间,计算样品中化合物的保留指数(RI值),并和参考文献中RI值对比进行化合物的定性。待测物的保留指数RI值的计算公式:RI=100n+100(tx−tn)/(tn+1−tn),其中tx为化合物x的保留时间(min),tn和tn+1为正构烷烃 Cn和Cn+1的保留时间(min),n为化合物的碳原子数。采用内标法对发酵液样品中的挥发性成分进行定量分析。
参考GB 12456-2021《食品安全国家标准 食品中总酸的测定》,采用酸碱滴定法进行总酸含量的测定,结果以乙酸(g/L)计。
采用苯酚-硫酸法进行总糖含量的测定[19]。将康普茶样品稀释到适合的浓度,取0.2 mL稀释液,加0.2 mL蒸馏水,然后加入6%苯酚0.2 mL,迅速加入浓硫酸1 mL,在涡旋仪上振荡,充分混匀,静置30 min,于490 nm测定吸光度。采用葡萄糖标准曲线(Y=6.5728X+0.0836,R2=0.999)计算样品中总糖(TCC)含量。TCC含量以g葡萄糖当量(GE)/L来表示。
采用福林酚法进行测定[16]。将康普茶样品稀释到适合的浓度,取0.2 mL稀释液,加0.5 mL福林酚试剂,混匀后放置3 min,再加入1.5 mL 10%碳酸钠溶液混匀,用水定容至10 mL,室温避光静置20 min,于765 nm测定吸光度。采用没食子酸标准曲线(Y=1.2874X+0.051,R2=0.999)计算样品中总酚(TPC)含量。TPC含量以mg没食子酸当量(GAE)/L来表示。
以芦丁为标准品按照参考文献报道的方法稍作修改进行测定[16]。将康普茶样品稀释到适合的浓度,取0.2 mL稀释液,加入0.1 mL的5%亚硝酸钠溶液放置6 min,再加入0.1 mL的10%硝酸铝溶液放置6 min,再加入0.4 mL的1%氢氧化钠溶液补水至2 mL放置15 min,于510 nm测定吸光度。采用芦丁标准曲线(Y=0.5936X+0.0396,R2=0.999)计算样品总黄酮(TFC)含量。TFC含量以mg芦丁当量(RE)/L来表示。
参照之前文献报道的方法稍作修改[20],将康普茶冻干样品稀释到适合的浓度,取1 mL稀释液,加入80 μg/mL的DPPH乙醇溶液1 mL,混匀,在室温避光下反应30 min后,于517 nm处测定吸光度,按照如下公式计算清除率。以半抑制浓度(IC50)表示样品的抗氧化活性。
$ \mathrm{D}\mathrm{P}\mathrm{P}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{自}\mathrm{由}\mathrm{基}\mathrm{清}\mathrm{除}\mathrm{率}(\text{%})=\left(1-\frac{{\mathrm{A}}_{1}-{\mathrm{A}}_{2}}{{\mathrm{A}}_{0}}\right)\times 100 $
式中:A1表示100 μL样品溶液+100 μL工作液;A2表示100 μL样品溶液+100 μL无水乙醇;A0表示100 μL无水乙醇+100 μL工作液。
参照之前文献报道的方法稍作修改[20]。7 mmol/L ABTS溶液和2.45 mmol/L K2S2O8等体积混合,遮光24 h,用乙醇调节预备液至734 nm的吸光度为 0.700±0.1得ABTS工作液,将康普茶冻干样品稀释到适合的浓度,取1 mL稀释液与4 mL工作液混合,在室温避光反应 10 min,于734 nm处测定吸光度,按照如下公式计算清除率。以半抑制浓度(IC50)表示样品的抗氧化活性。
$ {\mathrm{A}\mathrm{B}\mathrm{T}\mathrm{S}}^+\mathrm{自}\mathrm{由}\mathrm{基}\mathrm{清}\mathrm{除}\mathrm{率}(\text{%})=\left(1-\frac{{\mathrm{A}}_{1}-{\mathrm{A}}_{2}}{{\mathrm{A}}_{0}}\right)\times 100 $
式中:A1表示40 μL样品溶液+160 μL工作液;A2表示40 μL样品溶液+160 μL无水乙醇;A0表示40 μL无水乙醇+160 μL工作液。
参照之前文献报道的方法稍作修改[20]。将康普茶冻干样品稀释到适合的浓度,于96孔板中加入50 μL的稀释液,50 μL的6 mmol/L的H2O2溶液,50 μL的6 mmol/L的水杨酸溶液,50 μL的6 mmol/L的FeSO4溶液于室温下避光反应15 min,于510 nm处测定吸光度,按照如下公式计算清除率。以半抑制浓度(IC50)表示样品的抗氧化活性。
$ \mathrm{羟}\mathrm{基}\mathrm{自}\mathrm{由}\mathrm{基}\mathrm{清}\mathrm{除}\mathrm{率}(\text{%})=\left(1-\frac{{\mathrm{A}}_{1}-{\mathrm{A}}_{2}}{{\mathrm{A}}_{0}}\right)\times 100 $
式中:A1表示50 μL样品溶液+50 μL H2O2溶液+50 μL水杨酸溶液+50 μL FeSO4溶液;A2表示50 μL样品溶液+50 μL 水溶液+50 μL水杨酸溶液+50 μL FeSO4溶液;A0表示50 μL水溶液+50 μL H2O2溶液+50 μL水杨酸溶液+50 μL FeSO4溶液;
感官(包括视觉、嗅觉、味觉、触觉和听觉)是评价食品品质的重要指标,康普茶的感官测评一般包括外观、香气和滋味3方面[21]。在感官评定前,先通过GB/T 16291.1-2012《感官分析 选拔、培训与管理评价员一般导则》制定的方法对评定人员进行筛选。经感官人员筛选后,最终的感官评分小组由8人组成(5女3男),分别对茶汤发酵液的滋味、香气和外观进行评分。样品进行感官评分前及不同样品评价的间隔期间,测试者被要求用清水漱口约1 min后再进行评分。评价前先对评分小组人员进行康普茶评价培训,参照之前文献报道的方法,并有所修改,具体评分标准如表2所示[22−23]。
普洱康普茶的测定结果采用平均值±标准偏差(SD)表示,使用SPSS 26进行显著性分析和单因素方差分析(ANOVA),使用Excel 2021、Origin 2023b、GraphPad 8、Design Expert8.0进行数据处理和图表绘制。
红茶菌梯度稀释与平板涂布后,经显微鉴定、菌落形态观察和革兰氏染色共分离出8株酵母(Yeast)与4株醋酸菌(AAB),部分代表性微生物的显微照片如图1所示。酵母菌体形态为椭圆或者杆状,菌落形态为圆形、突起、乳白色菌落。细菌经革兰氏染色为红色,菌落形态为表面光滑,边缘不整齐,菌落颜色为米黄色或者米白色,符合醋酸菌的特征[23−24](图1)。
采用MALDI-TOF MS对纯化培养的菌株进一步进行了鉴定。其中,安徽合肥产地红茶菌(K1)分离到2株酵母(Y1-1,Y1-2)与1株醋酸菌(A1-1),广东湛江产地红茶菌(K2)分离到3株酵母(Y2-1,Y2-2,Y2-3)与2株醋酸菌(A2-1,A2-2),山东济宁产地红茶菌(K3)分离得3株酵母(Y3-1,Y3-2,Y3-3)与1株醋酸菌(A3),MALDI-TOF MS菌株鉴定结果与显微鉴别结果一致(表3)。3种红茶菌中的酵母均以双孢接合糖酵母(Zygosaccharomyces bisporus)和酿酒酵母(Brettanomyces)为主,细菌则主要为氧化葡萄糖酸杆菌(Gluconobacter oxydans)和驹形杆菌属(Komagataeibacter)(表3),这与前期采用16S rRNA和ITS序列鉴定红茶菌核心微生物的结果一致[16]。由此可知,三个不同产地红茶菌中可分离的主要微生物存在较大的差异,其他研究人员在分离不同产地红茶菌的可培养微生物时也有类似情况,究其原因是红茶菌的核心微生物组成通常受产地、环境、气候等多种因素的影响[2]。在本研究中,通过对不同产地红茶菌可培养微生物的分离,可为后续发酵康普茶合成微生物群落的构建奠定基础。
在含糖茶汤中醋酸菌单一发酵性能较低(菌体无生长),因此单独对酵母菌发酵茶汤的抗氧化能力和感官评分进行了评价(表4)。Y2-2、Y2-3和Y3-3对·OH、ABTS+·和DPPH·的清除效果较差(P<0.05)且不良风味严重,故而对菌株Y1-1、Y1-2、Y2-1、Y3-1、Y3-2进一步进行GC-MS挥发性化合物分析和感官评价分析的筛选(图2)。
从图2可以看出,含糖茶汤经过酵母菌发酵,挥发性化合物的数量和含量均有所增加。Y1-1、Y2-1和Y3-2的挥发性化合物数量较多,而Y1-2和Y3-1的挥发性化合物数量最少(图2A),表明Y1-2和Y3-1两株酵母合成风味化合物的能力可能较弱,此研究结果与感官评分的结果(表4)相一致。含糖茶汤经过酵母菌发酵后,发酵液中挥发性化合物(如酯类、醇类、酸类、醛类和酚类)含量增加(图2B)。GC-MS分析的结果显示,Y1-1和Y3-2的挥发性化合物数量多于Y2-1,但是Y2-1的挥发性化合物含量高于Y1-1(图2)。感官分析结果表明,Y1-1呈现出更高的感官得分,这可能由于Y1-1的发酵液中低阈值的化合物共同作用使得其感官评分更高(表4)。因此,综合抗氧化活性、感官评价和GC-MS仪器分析的结果,选择Y1-1和Y3-2作为后续构建合成微生物群落的菌株应用于康普茶发酵。
对四种SMC发酵的康普茶进行自由基清除能力、感官评分与挥发性化合物的分析。由表5可知,含A1-1和A3的SMC发酵康普茶对自由基的清除效果和感官评分更高。因此,对含A1-1和A3的SMC发酵康普茶的挥发性化合物进行了分析。从图3可以看出,含菌株A1-1和A3的SMC的挥发性化合物的数量和含量较接近。混合菌群发酵和酵母单一菌株发酵相比,挥发性酸类物质含量升高,而醇类物质含量降低(图3)。这主要是因为酵母可通过糖酵解途径合成乙醇等醇类物质,加入醋酸菌混合培养可将酵母的醇类代谢产物转化为醋酸、乳酸和葡萄糖酸等[6]。感官评分结果显示含A3的SMC发酵康普茶的总分最高且其醇类含量较低(表5和图3),因此最终选择菌株A3、Y1-1和Y3-2构建发酵康普茶合成微生物群落(SMC)。
在合成微生物群落中,菌株配比和接种量直接影响着康普茶发酵的速度和品质,当菌株Y1-1、Y3-2、A3的比例为1:1:2时,康普茶的感官评分和总酸含量最高,随着酵母菌比例增加,感官评分与总酸含量呈下降趋势(图4A)。这可能是因为酵母菌浓度过高,对醋酸菌的生长起到抑制作用使发酵产酸能力降低,且不良风味出现[25]。选择菌株的最佳配比为Y1-1:Y3-2:A3=1:1:2。随着接种量的增加,感官评分和总酸含量均呈现先升高后降低的趋势,接种量为1%时,康普茶发酵液感官评分达到最大值(图4B)。这可能是由于接种量低时微生物生长代谢缓慢,而菌体接种量过大会使微生物生长加快且耗氧量升高,发酵体系高密度微生物和低氧含量可导致异常代谢产物的产生,从而影响康普茶的风味与感官[26]。因此接种量的最佳浓度为1%。
碳源是微生物生长繁殖所需的六大营养要素之一,蔗糖是康普茶饮料的主要碳源,可以为微生物代谢途径提供葡萄糖和果糖[27]。由图4C可知,随着蔗糖浓度的增加,感官评分先升高后降低,总酸含量持续升高,当蔗糖浓度为8%时,康普茶的感官评分达到最高。过量的糖可为微生物提供更多的碳源,进而会产生更多的有机酸,从而造成康普茶中的总酸含量过高,影响感官评分。由于过低与过高蔗糖浓度均会使康普茶感官评分降低,因此蔗糖最佳浓度为8%。由图4D可知,在一定的茶叶浓度范围内,感官评分和总酸含量会随着茶叶浓度的增加先升高后降低。当茶叶浓度为0.8%时,感官评分最高,超过此浓度,感官评分逐渐降低。研究表明,茶叶浓度过低时会造成营养物质尤其是氮的不足,无法为菌体提供生长繁殖所需的营养;当茶叶浓度过高时,其多酚黄酮类物质过剩,会抑制菌株的生长,同时康普茶的涩味加重,从而影响感官评分[28]。因此茶叶最佳浓度为0.8%。发酵时间是影响康普茶饮料品质的一个重要因素。从图4E可知,康普茶的感官评分随着发酵时间的延长先升高后降低。康普茶发酵液在发酵5 d时感官评分最高,超过5 d后感官评分开始逐渐降低,总酸含量逐渐增加。这主要是因为随着发酵时间的延长,菌体利用剩余的发酵基质进一步产生有机酸,造成总酸含量过高[24],从而影响了感官评分。因此最佳发酵时间为5 d。
根据康普茶的单因素实验结果,采用Design-Expert软件进行Box-Behnken设计,以蔗糖浓度(A)、茶叶浓度(B)、发酵时间(C)进行三因素三水平(−1,0,1)响应面优化试验,试验设计及结果见表6,得到的各因素与康普茶饮料感官评分(Y)的多项回归方程为Y=8.42+0.038A+0.10B−0.21C+0.10AB−0.12AC+0.20BC−0.57A2−0.75B2−2.12C2。
响应面优化回归模型的方差分析结果如表7所示,此模型的P值较低(P<0.0001),说明二次模型极其显著。其次,模型失拟项不显著(P=0.7363>0.05),说明该模型拟合的较好,可用该模型来很好地预测康普茶感官评价结果。决定系数R2、R2adj和变异系数CV的值依次为0.9964、0.9918和1.67%,说明该模型具有较高的精度、可靠性以及重现性[29]。由表7结果可知,一次项B(P=0.0417<0.05)、C(P=0.0011<0.01),交互项BC(P=0.0098<0.01),以及二次项系数A2(P<0.001)、B2(P<0.001)和C2(P<0.001),均对响应值的影响显著。
通过等高线图(图5)揭示了康普茶感官评分与各因素的交互关系。等高线形状(圆形/椭圆)可直观反映交互效应强弱[30]。如图5所示,感官评分随蔗糖和茶叶浓度均呈先升后降趋势(图5A/5D)。当固定茶叶浓度时(图5B/5E),感官评分随蔗糖浓度和发酵时间呈先升后降趋势;固定蔗糖浓度时(图5C/5F),发酵时间与茶叶浓度的交互效应中,响应面最为陡峭,表明BC交互作用对感官评分影响最大。此结果与方差分析(表7)显示BC交互作用极显著(P<0.01)的结论一致。
构建的合成微生物群落SMC经过响应面优化后,采用Design Expert 8.0软件对康普茶发酵的最佳发酵条件进行了预测,最佳发酵工艺参数为蔗糖浓度8.04%、茶叶浓度0.81%、发酵时间4.95 d,此条件下康普茶感官评分的预测值为8.43分。为了方便操作,将最佳发酵条件调整为蔗糖浓度8%、茶叶浓度0.8%、发酵时间5 d,在该条件下进行3次平行验证实验,实际发酵康普茶饮料三组样品的平均感官评分为8.38±0.17分,与响应面预测值基本一致(RSD<0.5%)。康普茶的有机酸含量是其特征风味的主要来源,而总酸含量又与感官存在一定的联系[22],当感官评分趋近于最高值时,总酸含量在6.82±0.08 g/L,但在不同条件下总酸含量达到相同值时,其感官评分不尽相同,这是因为多种理化因素影响着感官评分。因此,感官评分与理化因素的相关性有待进一步的研究。
构建的合成微生物群落(SMC)发酵康普茶中,挥发性化合物主要有醇类、酯类、萜烯类和酸类化合物(图6A)。同山东济宁(K3)红茶菌发酵康普茶相比[17],该合成微生物群落发酵的康普茶中酸类、醇类化合物的种类和含量下降,乙酸含量由963.82±187.80 μg/L降低至65.55±3.53 μg/L,乙醇含量由57.02±23.35 μg/L降低至1.71±0.22 μg/L。康普茶中酒精含量是一个至关重要的品质因素,它决定着饮料是硬饮料还是软饮料。发酵剂康普茶酒精含量<0.5%,符合软饮料标准。酸类和醇类化合物的减少,使得康普茶的口感更加柔和,减少了对口腔的刺激感。此外,构建的合成微生物群落发酵康普茶的挥发性化合物主要呈果香(丁酸丁酯、二氢猕猴桃内酯)、花香(苯乙醇、红没药醇、芳樟醇)、甜香(橙花醇、(E)-β-罗勒烯)和酸香(乙酸、异丁酸、苯乙酸),而自然发酵康普茶中的挥发性化合物主要呈酸香(乙酸、辛酸、正癸酸等)(图6B)[31]。在之前报道的合成微生物群落发酵康普茶研究中,康普茶中醇类物质与酸类物质是评价酵母菌与醋酸菌菌种活性的重要标准[16]。但前期研究未对风味物质进行系统分析,酸类与醇类含量过高将导致康普茶的不良风味出现,酸类与酯类的平衡与协同增香等作用可使康普茶呈现酸性、清新、果味等良好风味[10−13]。康普茶除其独特的风味属性外,其优良的生物活性也备受关注,先前学者在研究感官属性的基础上同样关注其抗氧化活性、总酚、总黄酮含量[22−25]。
从表8可以看出,构建的合成微生物群落SMC发酵康普茶中,总酚、总黄酮、总糖含量依次为1074.86 mg GAE/L、1076.31 mg RE/L、43.29 g GE/L,均高于红茶菌K1~K3发酵的康普茶。同时,构建的菌群发酵康普茶对DPPH·略优于红茶菌K2~K3发酵康普茶,ABTS+·的清除率均优于K1~K3发酵康普茶。针对·OH的清除能力,SMC相比红茶菌K1(IC50=18.95 mg/mL)和K3发酵(IC50=12.87 mg/mL)的康普茶较弱,但同样具有显著清除效果(IC50=23.66 mg/mL)(表8)。这些结果表明,构建的合成微生物群落SMC可提升康普茶的果香、花香和甜香,并且具有较好的抗氧化活性。何筱妍等[32]通过不同的发酵基质的复配制备新型康普茶饮料,但未能解决菌株稳定性的问题。边名鸿等[33]从理化指标和抗氧化活性对菌株进行初步筛选,然后采用感官评价的模糊综合法对初筛得到的13株酵母进行筛选,进而得到性能较优的应用于猕猴桃果酒发酵的酵母菌菌株。本研究采用抗氧化活性、感官评价和风味分析的综合考察方法对菌株进行筛选与SMC的构建,进而对发酵工艺优化。后续的研究中,针对不同发酵基质的康普茶,可采用定向感官与风味筛选合成微生物群落用于康普茶的发酵,从而达到定制发酵产物展现出更好的风味属性的效果,因此该方法在康普茶发酵中具有良好的潜在应用价值。
该研究通过菌株分离纯化,从3个不同产地的红茶菌中获得8株酵母菌和4株醋酸菌,并采用MALDI-TOF MS对菌株进行了鉴定。在此基础上,通过对单一菌株与混合菌株的发酵性能和发酵产物分析,结果表明酵母菌Y1-1和Y3-2发酵产物的抗氧化活性和感官评分显著优于其他酵母菌株,酵母菌Y1-1、Y3-2和醋酸菌A3混合发酵的康普茶在抗氧化活性和感官评分中显示较大优势。因此,构建了以酵母菌Y1-1、Y3-2和醋酸菌A3为基础的酵母-细菌的合成微生物群落SMC以应用于康普茶发酵。此外,实验对构建菌群的康普茶发酵工艺进行了优化,单因素实验确定接种比例为Y1-1:Y3-2:A3为1:1:2,接种量为1%。响应面优化得到康普茶感官评分最佳的发酵条件为蔗糖浓度8%,茶叶浓度0.8%,发酵时间5 d,该条件下康普茶的感官评分为8.38±0.17,与预测值8.43分接近。GC-MS结果显示,与山东济宁红茶菌发酵康普茶相比,构建的菌群发酵康普茶中酸类化合物的种类和含量降低,果香、甜香和花香成分含量上升,酸香成分降低。总酚、总黄酮、总糖含量依次为1074.86 mg GAE/L、1076.31 mg RE/L、43.29 g GE/L,均高于红茶菌K1~K3发酵的康普茶。通过菌种的筛选与合成微生物群落的构建,可为特定风味感官康普茶的开发提供参考。然而康普茶的感官评分受多种理化指标影响,康普茶的感官评分和理化指标的相关性仍需进一步研究。

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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010082
  • 接收时间:2025-01-09
  • 首发时间:2026-10-25
  • 出版时间:2026-02-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-09
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    1上海应用技术大学香料香精化妆品学部,上海 201418
    2芜湖职业技术学院食品与生物工程学院,安徽芜湖 241033

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姚凌云(1982−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品风味,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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