Article(id=1320882096168616076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320882022160126288, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010071, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1736352000000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-09, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852432529, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1767196800000, pubDateStr=2026-01-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852432529, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852432529, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852432529, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320882022160126288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='498', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1767196800000', pubDateStr='2026-01-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852414884, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852414884, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=129, endPage=138, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320882097993138317, articleId=1320882096168616076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effect of Cooking Methods on Protein Structure and in Vitro Digestive Characteristics of Pigeon Meat, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the differences in the quality characteristics of pigeon meat under various cooking methods, a comparative study was conducted to analyze the impacts of five commonly used cooking methods, namely boiling, steaming, pan-frying, deep-frying, and roasting, on the structural changes, oxidation, and digestive properties of pigeon meat protein. The results showed that, steaming had the least impact on protein structure and oxidative properties of pigeon meat, while roasting had the most significant effect, with boiling, pan-frying, and deep-frying falling in between. Compared to the control group, β-sheet relative content increased from 24.04% to between 30.05% to 39.71%, while α-helix relative content decreased from 27.26% to between 15.29% and 20.66% under various cooking methods. The carbonyl content increased from 1.36 nmol/mg to 3.04~7.90 nmol/mg, and total sulfhydryl content decreased from 76.25 μmol/g to 50.78~61.40 μmol/g. All the cooking methods increased the protein digestibility (3.10%~11.31%). In particular, steaming exhibited the smallest increase in surface hydrophobicity (49.56 μg) and the smallest decrease in α-helix relative content (24.21%). Furthermore, the steaming resulted in the lowest oxidation levels, with carbonyl content increasing by only 1.68 nmol/mg, a 19.47% reduction in total sulfhydryl content, and the lowest degree of aggregation. After simulated gastrointestinal digestion, steaming exhibited the highest protein digestibility (67.43%), surpassing the roasted group by 4.99%, with the digested product demonstrating the smallest particle size. Correlation analysis indicated that carbonyl content was positively correlated with β-sheet relative content (P<0.01), total sulfhydryl content was positively correlated with α-helix relative content (P<0.001), and negatively correlated with both surface hydrophobicity and β-sheet relative content (P<0.05). Protein oxidation was significantly related to protein structural changes and synergistically regulated digestive properties. In summary, steaming is the best cooking method to improve the quality characteristics of pigeon meat. This study provides the theoretical basis for the regulatory mechanisms of protein structure and function of pigeon meat and the optimization of cooking technology.

, authors=Xiayu ZHONG1, Guo LIU1, Hui PENG2, Yuanhong ZHANG1, Weidong BAI1, Weibo CHEN3, Xiaofang ZENG1, *, authorsList=Xiayu ZHONG, Guo LIU, Hui PENG, Yuanhong ZHANG, Weidong BAI, Weibo CHEN, Xiaofang ZENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiaofang ZENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320882100060930206, articleId=1320882096168616076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=不同烹饪方式对鸽肉蛋白质结构和体外消化特性的影响, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究不同烹饪方式鸽肉品质特性的差异,对比研究水煮、汽蒸、油煎、油炸和烤箱烘烤五种常见烹饪方式对鸽肉的蛋白结构、氧化以及消化特性的影响。结果表明,汽蒸对鸽肉蛋白结构和氧化特性的影响最小,而烤制的影响最大,水煮、油煎和油炸的影响介于两者之间。与对照组相比,烹饪导致蛋白质二级结构中β-折叠相对含量由24.04%升至30.05%~39.71%,α-螺旋由27.26%降至15.29%~20.66%;羰基含量由1.36 nmol/mg升至3.04~7.90 nmol/mg,总巯基含量由76.25 μmol/g降至50.78~61.40 μmol/g;五种烹饪方式均提高了蛋白质消化率(3.10%~11.31%)。其中,汽蒸的鸽肉蛋白表面疏水性增幅最小(49.56 μg),α-螺旋相对含量降幅最小(24.21%)。此外,汽蒸的氧化程度最低,羰基含量仅增加1.68 nmol/mg,总巯基含量损失为19.47%,聚集度最小;在胃肠消化末期,汽蒸的蛋白质消化率最高(67.43%),较烤制组提升4.99%,且消化产物粒径最小。相关性分析表明,羰基含量与β-折叠含量呈极显著正相关(P<0.01);总巯基含量与α-螺旋含量呈极显著正相关(P<0.001),而与表面疏水性及β-折叠呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。蛋白氧化与蛋白结构变化显著相关,并协同影响消化特性。综上,汽蒸是最适合改善鸽肉品质特性的烹饪方式。本研究为鸽肉蛋白质结构与功能的调控机制及优化烹饪工艺提供理论依据。

, authors=钟夏雨1, 刘果1, 彭辉2, 张远红1, 白卫东1, 陈伟波3, 曾晓房1, *, authorsList=钟夏雨, 刘果, 彭辉, 张远红, 白卫东, 陈伟波, 曾晓房, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=曾晓房, authorNote=

钟夏雨(1996−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:肉制品加工,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
曾晓房(1979−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:肉制品加工和质量控制,E-mail:。
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注:不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05);图3~图5、图7同。

, figureFileSmall=MpZ5TQ9GNZ6ynH8VDO9UQQ==, figureFileBig=RrSo94lU35oqPlHhkwQ9sg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882107086389467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882096168616076, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=FTIR spectra (a) and secondary structure relative content (b) of pigeon breast meat protein under different cooking methods, figureFileSmall=pTIBzwDa6gyIVFq96EInDA==, figureFileBig=aNiq1k1ApNtCykJXCUYgww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882107149304028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882096168616076, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同烹饪方式鸽胸肉蛋白的FTIR光谱图(a)和二级结构相对含量(b), figureFileSmall=pTIBzwDa6gyIVFq96EInDA==, figureFileBig=aNiq1k1ApNtCykJXCUYgww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882107442905309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882096168616076, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effect of different cooking methods on carbonyl group content of pigeon breast meat protein, figureFileSmall=S/pDFEDlz8B//39VEyPo+A==, figureFileBig=G752QJsmr26BSkdx3w3bPA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882107510014174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882096168616076, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同烹饪方式对鸽胸肉蛋白羰基含量的影响, figureFileSmall=S/pDFEDlz8B//39VEyPo+A==, figureFileBig=G752QJsmr26BSkdx3w3bPA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882107577123039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882096168616076, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effect of different cooking methods on total sulfhydryl group content of pigeon breast meat protein, figureFileSmall=P8b2NcAc3ygNZKk/SP8JdQ==, figureFileBig=3rlNsHqEj3q/5P+1hgy9ww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882107849752800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882096168616076, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同烹饪方式对鸽胸肉蛋白总巯基含量的影响, figureFileSmall=P8b2NcAc3ygNZKk/SP8JdQ==, figureFileBig=3rlNsHqEj3q/5P+1hgy9ww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882107937833185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882096168616076, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=SDS-PAGE pattern of pigeon breast protein before and after simulated gastrointestinal digestion under different cooking methods, figureFileSmall=vL1UxClJFrvHGZa0dv1mlQ==, figureFileBig=zuHENPsWSWYnX3QtbRWPbw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882108000747746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882096168616076, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同烹饪方式下经胃肠消化前后鸽肉蛋白的SDS-PAGE图

注:(a)消化缓冲液(不含消化酶);(b)仅模拟胃消化至终(120 min);(c)模拟胃和肠道消化至终(120 min+120 min);M:marker蛋白;0:生肉,1:蒸制,2:煮制,3:煎制,4:炸制,5:烤制。

, figureFileSmall=vL1UxClJFrvHGZa0dv1mlQ==, figureFileBig=zuHENPsWSWYnX3QtbRWPbw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882108084633827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882096168616076, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Effect of different cooking methods on in vitro digestibility of pigeon breast protein, figureFileSmall=ePm65YQ9FJ35sLG0mwxmGg==, figureFileBig=di+AEG8dbdOZLv23TegKPA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882108172714212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882096168616076, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同烹饪方式对鸽胸肉蛋白体外消化率的影响, figureFileSmall=ePm65YQ9FJ35sLG0mwxmGg==, figureFileBig=di+AEG8dbdOZLv23TegKPA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882108239823077, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882096168616076, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Correlation analysis of structural changes, oxidation and in vitro digestibility, figureFileSmall=UhL9auR7hY4Uao966l/Qrw==, figureFileBig=EiQjcDXEK551WMRt5mi+wA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882108302737638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882096168616076, language=CN, label=图8, caption=结构变化、氧化及体外消化特性的相关性分析

注:G:胃蛋白酶消化;GI:胃蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶消化;***和**表示极显著相关(P≤0.001;P≤0.01);*表示显著相关(P≤0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=UhL9auR7hY4Uao966l/Qrw==, figureFileBig=EiQjcDXEK551WMRt5mi+wA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882108361457895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882096168616076, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Effect of different cooking methods on particle sizes of pigeon breast meat before and after digestion

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
消化阶段组别Dx(10)(nm)Dx(50)(nm)Dx(90)(nm)
匀浆后生肉766.47±19.88c1444.64±47.85e2262.34±41.23e
蒸制850.47±30.22b1601.67±44.68d2357.93±36.57d
煮制876.42±28.49b1688.89±38.35c2443.41±46.01c
煎制897.20±24.69ab1813.63±49.12b2708.68±42.89b
炸制928.98±30.31a1845.45±30.99ab2786.07±31.28a
烤制934.92±33.21a1859.66±35.44a2826.68±42.58a
胃蛋白酶消化后生肉700.28±49.72c1435.08±34.57e2138.66±30.57d
蒸制753.02±32.56bc1504.41±45.23d2189.83±36.68d
煮制784.40±8.98b1570.32±42.99c2259.80±40.12c
煎制810.46±30.36ab1603.68±38.54bc2434.89±43.23b
炸制843.55±29.84a1635.10±49.68ab2588.14±39.1a
烤制852.07±17.61a1670.46±33.12a2627.93±30.54a
胃蛋白酶+胰蛋白酶消化后生肉529.90±25.03cd1143.99±31.35e1666.16±42.35d
蒸制511.34±48.24d1093.99±44.56f1606.67±39.57e
煮制554.89±38.93bcd1183.75±48.23d1780.61±41.23c
煎制595.39±31.02abc1262.31±37.89c1824.03±49.01bc
炸制615.65±34.08ab1302.54±46.45b1856.68±34.89ab
烤制633.32±30.21a1394.44±35.68a1899.55±30.23a
), ArticleFig(id=1320882108432761064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882096168616076, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同烹饪方式对鸽胸肉消化前后粒径的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
消化阶段组别Dx(10)(nm)Dx(50)(nm)Dx(90)(nm)
匀浆后生肉766.47±19.88c1444.64±47.85e2262.34±41.23e
蒸制850.47±30.22b1601.67±44.68d2357.93±36.57d
煮制876.42±28.49b1688.89±38.35c2443.41±46.01c
煎制897.20±24.69ab1813.63±49.12b2708.68±42.89b
炸制928.98±30.31a1845.45±30.99ab2786.07±31.28a
烤制934.92±33.21a1859.66±35.44a2826.68±42.58a
胃蛋白酶消化后生肉700.28±49.72c1435.08±34.57e2138.66±30.57d
蒸制753.02±32.56bc1504.41±45.23d2189.83±36.68d
煮制784.40±8.98b1570.32±42.99c2259.80±40.12c
煎制810.46±30.36ab1603.68±38.54bc2434.89±43.23b
炸制843.55±29.84a1635.10±49.68ab2588.14±39.1a
烤制852.07±17.61a1670.46±33.12a2627.93±30.54a
胃蛋白酶+胰蛋白酶消化后生肉529.90±25.03cd1143.99±31.35e1666.16±42.35d
蒸制511.34±48.24d1093.99±44.56f1606.67±39.57e
煮制554.89±38.93bcd1183.75±48.23d1780.61±41.23c
煎制595.39±31.02abc1262.31±37.89c1824.03±49.01bc
炸制615.65±34.08ab1302.54±46.45b1856.68±34.89ab
烤制633.32±30.21a1394.44±35.68a1899.55±30.23a
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不同烹饪方式对鸽肉蛋白质结构和体外消化特性的影响
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钟夏雨 1 , 刘果 1 , 彭辉 2 , 张远红 1 , 白卫东 1 , 陈伟波 3 , 曾晓房 1, *
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(1): 129-138
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (1) : 129 -138
不同烹饪方式对鸽肉蛋白质结构和体外消化特性的影响
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钟夏雨1 , 刘果1, 彭辉2, 张远红1, 白卫东1, 陈伟波3, 曾晓房1, *
作者信息
  • 1仲恺农业工程学院 轻工食品学院,广东省岭南特色食品科学与技术重点实验室,农业农村部岭南特色食品绿色加工与智能制造重点实验室,广东广州 510225
  • 2广州市疾病预防控制中心科学膳食管理部,广东广州 510440
  • 3梅州市金绿现代农业发展有限公司,广东梅州 514500
通讯作者:
曾晓房(1979−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:肉制品加工和质量控制,E-mail:。
作者简介:

钟夏雨(1996−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:肉制品加工,E-mail:

Effect of Cooking Methods on Protein Structure and in Vitro Digestive Characteristics of Pigeon Meat
Xiayu ZHONG1 , Guo LIU1, Hui PENG2, Yuanhong ZHANG1, Weidong BAI1, Weibo CHEN3, Xiaofang ZENG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Lingnan Specialty Food Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Green Processing and Intelligent Manufacturing of Lingnan Specialty Food, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510225, China
  • 2Department of Scientific Dietary Management, Guangzhou Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510440, China
  • 3Meizhou Golden Green Modern Agriculture Development Co., Ltd., Meizhou 514500, China
出版时间: 2026-01-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010071
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为探究不同烹饪方式鸽肉品质特性的差异,对比研究水煮、汽蒸、油煎、油炸和烤箱烘烤五种常见烹饪方式对鸽肉的蛋白结构、氧化以及消化特性的影响。结果表明,汽蒸对鸽肉蛋白结构和氧化特性的影响最小,而烤制的影响最大,水煮、油煎和油炸的影响介于两者之间。与对照组相比,烹饪导致蛋白质二级结构中β-折叠相对含量由24.04%升至30.05%~39.71%,α-螺旋由27.26%降至15.29%~20.66%;羰基含量由1.36 nmol/mg升至3.04~7.90 nmol/mg,总巯基含量由76.25 μmol/g降至50.78~61.40 μmol/g;五种烹饪方式均提高了蛋白质消化率(3.10%~11.31%)。其中,汽蒸的鸽肉蛋白表面疏水性增幅最小(49.56 μg),α-螺旋相对含量降幅最小(24.21%)。此外,汽蒸的氧化程度最低,羰基含量仅增加1.68 nmol/mg,总巯基含量损失为19.47%,聚集度最小;在胃肠消化末期,汽蒸的蛋白质消化率最高(67.43%),较烤制组提升4.99%,且消化产物粒径最小。相关性分析表明,羰基含量与β-折叠含量呈极显著正相关(P<0.01);总巯基含量与α-螺旋含量呈极显著正相关(P<0.001),而与表面疏水性及β-折叠呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。蛋白氧化与蛋白结构变化显著相关,并协同影响消化特性。综上,汽蒸是最适合改善鸽肉品质特性的烹饪方式。本研究为鸽肉蛋白质结构与功能的调控机制及优化烹饪工艺提供理论依据。

烹饪方式  /  鸽肉  /  蛋白质氧化  /  结构变化  /  体外模拟消化

To investigate the differences in the quality characteristics of pigeon meat under various cooking methods, a comparative study was conducted to analyze the impacts of five commonly used cooking methods, namely boiling, steaming, pan-frying, deep-frying, and roasting, on the structural changes, oxidation, and digestive properties of pigeon meat protein. The results showed that, steaming had the least impact on protein structure and oxidative properties of pigeon meat, while roasting had the most significant effect, with boiling, pan-frying, and deep-frying falling in between. Compared to the control group, β-sheet relative content increased from 24.04% to between 30.05% to 39.71%, while α-helix relative content decreased from 27.26% to between 15.29% and 20.66% under various cooking methods. The carbonyl content increased from 1.36 nmol/mg to 3.04~7.90 nmol/mg, and total sulfhydryl content decreased from 76.25 μmol/g to 50.78~61.40 μmol/g. All the cooking methods increased the protein digestibility (3.10%~11.31%). In particular, steaming exhibited the smallest increase in surface hydrophobicity (49.56 μg) and the smallest decrease in α-helix relative content (24.21%). Furthermore, the steaming resulted in the lowest oxidation levels, with carbonyl content increasing by only 1.68 nmol/mg, a 19.47% reduction in total sulfhydryl content, and the lowest degree of aggregation. After simulated gastrointestinal digestion, steaming exhibited the highest protein digestibility (67.43%), surpassing the roasted group by 4.99%, with the digested product demonstrating the smallest particle size. Correlation analysis indicated that carbonyl content was positively correlated with β-sheet relative content (P<0.01), total sulfhydryl content was positively correlated with α-helix relative content (P<0.001), and negatively correlated with both surface hydrophobicity and β-sheet relative content (P<0.05). Protein oxidation was significantly related to protein structural changes and synergistically regulated digestive properties. In summary, steaming is the best cooking method to improve the quality characteristics of pigeon meat. This study provides the theoretical basis for the regulatory mechanisms of protein structure and function of pigeon meat and the optimization of cooking technology.

cooking method  /  pigeon meat  /  protein oxidation  /  structural changes  /  in vitro digestion simulation
钟夏雨, 刘果, 彭辉, 张远红, 白卫东, 陈伟波, 曾晓房. 不同烹饪方式对鸽肉蛋白质结构和体外消化特性的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (1) : 129 -138 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010071
Xiayu ZHONG, Guo LIU, Hui PENG, Yuanhong ZHANG, Weidong BAI, Weibo CHEN, Xiaofang ZENG. Effect of Cooking Methods on Protein Structure and in Vitro Digestive Characteristics of Pigeon Meat[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (1) : 129 -138 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010071
肉鸽属于鸟纲、鸽形目、鸠鸽科、鸽属,其祖先为野生原鸽,是人们经过长期选育形成的肉蛋兼用禽种。肉鸽因其肉质鲜嫩可口,富含蛋白质、必需氨基酸、维生素和矿物质等,被誉为“动物人参”。《本草纲目》记载,肉鸽性平、味咸,可解毒、益气等,尤其适合老人、儿童、孕妇和病人食用,深受消费者青睐,如今已成为我国第四大家禽。与其他家禽相比,鸽肉蛋白质含量较高,脂肪含量低[1−3],蛋白质作为人体必需氨基酸的主要来源,对蛋白质合成、组织修复和各类生理功能至关重要[4]。在食用前,鸽肉通常需要烹饪,以提升品质、风味,保障食品安全[5−6]。然而,研究表明,烹饪会影响肉类蛋白质的消化率与生物利用率[7]。热处理可能导致自由基产生和破坏内源性抗氧化剂,引发肉类蛋白质氧化[5−6,8],诱导交联、去折叠和聚集等修饰来改变蛋白质的结构和功能特性[9],影响蛋白质对胃肠道酶水解的敏感性[10]。这些影响与烹饪条件(传热介质、温度、时间)及肉制品受热程度密切相关[11]。《国民营养计划(2017-2030)》[12]提出要加强对传统烹饪模式的营养化改造,研发健康烹饪模式。
蛋白质的消化程度是评估肉类营养价值的关键指标,直接影响蛋白质能否被消化酶有效分解成短肽和游离氨基酸供人体使用[10]。体外模拟消化是评估肉类蛋白质消化特性的主要方法。张燕等[13]对中心温度为80 ℃的牦牛肉进行体外模拟消化后发现,与生肉相比,其胃蛋白酶水解率和总蛋白酶水解率均降低。相反,Jiang等[14]研究发现煮、煎和烤三种烹饪处理均使海峡鱼(Ietalurus punetaus)蛋白质变得更易于消化吸收,提高了消化率。Lü等[15]通过研究发现,鸡肉烹饪过程中蛋白质氧化和构象变化是影响消化率的关键因素,且与加热强度密切相关。Gawat等[16]发现,微波处理和低温水浴烹调,对山羊和羔羊股肌的蛋白质结构及体外模拟消化过程的水解模式影响不同,但最终对蛋白质消化率的影响却相似。综上所述,肉类的加工条件会影响蛋白质的结构和氧化状态,进而影响肉类蛋白质的消化特性及生物利用率。
然而,目前关于鸽肉的研究多集中于风味分析[1]、品质变化[17]、储藏保鲜[18]等方面,且多采用单一的热加工方式。如何选择烹饪方式以提高鸽肉营养品质,仍缺乏相关的参考数据和理论指导。因此,本研究旨在采用模拟体外消化模型,评估五种常用烹饪方法(汽蒸、水煮、油煎、油炸、烤箱烘烤)对鸽肉蛋白质消化特性的影响,探讨烹饪方式对蛋白质氧化和结构变化的影响,并通过相关性分析揭示不同烹饪方法对鸽肉蛋白质氧化、结构及消化特性的影响规律,为鸽肉加工技术开发和营养价值的提升提供理论基础。
鸽肉样本 白羽王鸽(饲养周期25 d),由梅州市金绿现代农业发展有限公司提供,以冷链的方式运回实验室,在−20 ℃冰箱中冷冻备用;胃蛋白酶(1:1000)、胰蛋白酶(1:250) 上海源叶生物科技有限公司;4%~20%预制凝胶 常州伯仪生物科技有限公司;1×上样缓冲液、彩色预染蛋白分子量标准(6.5~270 kDa) 上海碧云天生物技术股份有限公司;总蛋白定量测定试剂盒、蛋白质羰基含量试剂盒、总巯基(-SH)测试盒 南京建成生物工程研究所;其他试剂或药品均为分析纯。
FA2204B型电子天平 上海精密科学仪器有限公司;08-2T恒温磁力搅拌器 上海梅颖浦仪器仪表制造有限公司;JY-CZ-BL垂直电泳仪 北京君意东方电泳设备有限公司;Vertex70傅里叶红外光谱仪(Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,FTIR) 德国Bruker仪器有限公司;T10高速组织匀浆机 德国IKA公司;Synergy H1酶标仪 安捷伦科技有限公司;UV-1780紫外分光光度仪 岛津仪器(苏州)有限公司;Plus 90型粒度分析仪 美国布鲁克海文仪器公司;C21-WK2102电磁炉、MJ-LZ25Easy225绞肉机 美的集团;FKB-2电烤箱 广东省佛山市华旗汇食品设备有限公司;KGW-C32T不粘锅 浙江康巴赫科技股份有限公司;EZ28BS05蒸锅 浙江苏泊尔制造有限公司。
鸽胴体解冻后,去骨去皮,用刀贴着骨架取出整块鸽胸肉,剔除其肉眼可见的脂肪和筋膜,用流水冲净鸽血和污渍,擦干表面水分后,用绞肉机绞成均匀细腻的肉糜(每250 g鸽肉绞制30 s),经模具成型,制成厚薄均匀的肉饼(每个50 g,厚度1.2 cm,直径8 cm)。鲜鸽肉需用保鲜膜接触覆盖,防止空气接触氧化,在4 ℃下暂存备用。
蒸制:在蒸锅中放入2 L水,水沸腾后将肉饼放入蒸屉,隔水加热10 min(功率1200 W),达到核心温度后取出。
煮制:将肉饼放入不锈钢锅中,在100 ℃下煮制10 min(功率1200 W),达到核心温度后取出。
煎制:在不粘锅中加入5 mL食用油,预热至140 ℃(通过探针温度计测定)放入肉饼,每30 s翻面一次,达到核心温度后取出。每完成一次煎制需更换新油。
炸制:在炸锅中加入1000 mL食用油,加热至150 ℃(完全浸没肉饼),炸制4 min,不断翻动肉饼确保受热均匀,达到核心温度后取出。每完成一次油炸后需更换新油。
烤制:烤箱预热至220/220 ℃,肉饼置于垫有烘焙专用油纸的烤盘上,每5 min迅速翻面一次,烤制10~12 min,达到核心温度后取出。
终点控制:预实验阶段,使用插入式温度计实时监测不同烹饪方式下肉饼中心温度,记录达到核心温度(80~90 ℃)所需时间。正式实验中,按此时间参数统一控制烹饪时长,确保肉饼达到核心温度后终止加热。烹饪结束后,用吸油纸吸去肉饼表面油渍与水分。为避免调味料干扰,实验全程不添加任何调料[19]。生肉作为对照组,所有处理组肉饼一式三份。各组烹饪样品图见图1。
参考Park等[20]的方法略作修改。称取3.0 g肉样,加入12 mL 20 mmol/L预冷磷酸盐缓冲液(0.1 mol/L NaCl,2 mmol/L MgCl2,1 mmol/L EGTA,pH7.0)混合,使用高速匀浆机10000 r/min冰浴匀浆3次,每次30 s,5000 r/min离心15 min后收集沉淀,该操作重复3次,即得粗MPs。将粗MPs用4倍体积的0.1 mol/L NaCl溶液再洗涤沉淀两次,最终获得纯MPs,并用于后续实验。
根据Chelh等[21]的方法测定。量取1 mL浓度为5 mg/mL的MPs溶液,随后加入200 μL浓度为1 mg/mL溴酚蓝溶液并充分混匀。另取200 μL 1 mg/mL BPB溶液加入1 mL 20 mmol/L磷酸盐缓冲液(pH6.0)。在室温下振荡10 min,在4 ℃下以5000×g离心15 min。取上清液稀释10倍,在595 nm处测定溶液的吸光度。用式(1)计算表面疏水性值:
$ {\mathrm{B}}({\text{μ}}{\mathrm{g}})=\dfrac{200\times ({\mathrm{A}}_0-{\mathrm{A}}_1)}{{\mathrm{A}}_0} $
式中:B—溴酚蓝的结合量(μg);A0—空白对照溶液的吸光度,Abs;A1—样品溶液的吸光度,Abs;200—添加到MPs溶液中的溴酚蓝的总质量(μg)。
参考Gong等[10]的方法略作修改。将纯MPs样品真空冷冻干燥48 h后获得冻干粉,与溴化钾粉末按1:100(w/w)比例充分混匀,用玛瑙研磨充分并压片,采用FTIR仪对样品在4000~400 cm−1的全波段进行扫描,分辨率为4 cm−1,扫描32次。并使用Peakfit 4.12软件对FTIR谱图酰胺I带进行基线校正、去卷积和二阶导数峰拟合,计算每个峰的面积,以得出各二级结构的相对含量。
羰基含量测定:使用蛋白质羰基含量试剂盒进行测定,将MPs浓度稀释至5 mg/mL,取0.1 mL调整好的蛋白溶液加入2 mL试管中进行后续实验。使用紫外分光光度计在370 nm波长下测定吸光度值[13],以盐酸胍溶解的牛血清蛋白进行调零。蛋白含量通过BCA法测定。实验重复三次,结果以(nmol/mg)表示。总巯基含量测定:使用蛋白质总巯基含量试剂盒进行测定,在酶标仪405 nm处测定各孔吸光度OD值,根据测定试剂盒说明计算巯基含量。
参照韦婕妤[22]和Escudero等[23]的方法模拟体外消化实验,并略作修改。模拟胃:将1.2.1中不同组别的鸽肉样品绞碎后,准确称取3.0 g,加入12 mL预冷的PBS溶液(0.01 mol/L NaH2PO4-Na2HPO4缓冲液,pH7.0),使用高速匀浆机冰浴匀浆3次,每次30 s,再用1 mol/L HCl将pH调至2.0±0.1。每个试样添加3 mL胃蛋白酶溶液(0.48 g溶于15 mL 0.1 mo1/L HCl),匀浆液在37 ℃恒温摇床振荡2 h(150 r/min)。用1 mo1/L的氢氧化钠溶液调节酶解液的pH至7.0,结束胃蛋白酶反应,最终调节pH至7.5±0.1,得到胃蛋白酶酶解液。模拟肠:在胃酶解液中加入3.0 mL胰蛋白酶溶液(0.288 g胰酶溶于12 mL 0.01 mo1/L pH7.0 PBS),在37 ℃恒温摇床振荡2 h(150 r/min)。在100 ℃沸水水浴反应5 min,形成胃蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶两步酶解液。
参考张泽等[24]的测定方法,取1.2.6中匀浆后样品、胃蛋白酶酶解液、胃蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶酶解液,分别稀释30倍,在激光粒度仪中测量粒径,得到的Dx(10)、Dx(50)和Dx(90)是累计粒度分布数达到10%、50%、90%时的粒径。
参照韦婕妤[22]和胡吕霖等[19]的方法并略修改。取1.0 g经不同处理的鸽肉,分别加入15 mL全蛋白提取液(5% SDS,0.01 mol/L PBS,pH7.0),进行匀浆。再各取4 mL经过12 h醇沉的消化液,加入15 mL全蛋白提取液,涡旋混匀后离心取上清(4000×g,4 ℃,15 min)。将各蛋白样品上清液与上样缓冲液以1:1比例混合,于95 ℃水浴灭活5 min。在4%~20% Bis-Tris标准预制胶的每孔上样15 μL样品。凝胶切片在80 V电压下通电30 min,然后将电压调至110 V,直至电泳完成。凝胶片用考马斯亮蓝R-250 染色1.5 h,再用乙醇-冰醋酸-水混合液脱色,至背景清晰为止,最后拍照成像。
参考张泽等[24]的方法测定,取适量1.2.6中的蛋白酶解液,分别加入3倍体积无水乙醇,4 ℃冷藏静置12 h后离心(10000×g,4 ℃,20 min),去上清液,沉淀物在50 ℃下烘干至恒重,用BCA试剂盒测定未消化样品和烘干残留物中的粗蛋白含量。消化率依据公式(2)进行计算:
$ {\mathrm{DV}}(\text{%})=\dfrac{{\mathrm{W}}_0 - {\mathrm{W}}_1}{{\mathrm{W}}_0}\times 100 $
式中:DV—体外模拟蛋白质消化率(%);W0—消化前肉样中粗蛋白含量(g);W1—消化后烘干沉淀物中的粗蛋白含量(g)。
数据采用Microsoft 2021 Excel整理,通过SPSS 16.0软件进行统计分析。每组实验重复三次,结果以平均值±标准差(x±s)表示,使用Origin 2021软件绘图。
表面疏水性是影响蛋白质三维结构和功能特性的重要因素[25−26]。热加工可以诱导蛋白质结构变化,从而改变表面疏水性[16]。由图2可知,五种烹饪方式均显著增加了鸽肉蛋白质的表面疏水性(P<0.05),这表明各种热处理均促进蛋白质去折叠,暴露了与溴酚蓝结合的氨基酸的疏水侧链。其中,蒸制(86.56 μg)和煮制(89.59 μg)诱导的表面疏水性显著低于其他烹饪方式(P<0.05)。这可能是因为蒸制和煮制的加热温度相对较低,对蛋白质构象影响较小。
与蒸制、煮制相比,煎制、炸制和烤制等高温烹饪方式可以进一步提高肉类表面的疏水性,这与文献报告的趋势一致[21,27]。然而,在炸制和烤制这两种烹饪方式中,情况较为复杂:虽然烤制温度比炸制更高,但炸制肉的表面疏水性反而高于烤制肉。这可能是因为,一方面较高温度下蛋白质变性程度更大,有利于增加表面疏水性。但另一方面,过高的温度也可能导致蛋白质内部疏水基团暴露并相互作用,引发蛋白质聚集,导致疏水基团被埋藏[28],从而降低疏水性。同时,烤制更长的加热时间也可能导致蛋白质发生更广泛的结合和聚集[27],使先前暴露的疏水性基团重新埋藏。
FTIR图能有效反映烹饪方式对蛋白质构象的影响[29]。如图3(a)所示,原料与不同烹饪处理后的鸽肉MPs,其主要特征带的吸收峰形状相似,但波数位置有所不同。其中,最敏感的二级结构区间是1600~1700 cm−1范围内的酰胺Ⅰ带,对应蛋白质中肽键的振动[30]。对照组酰胺Ⅰ带峰值为1657 cm−1,而经不同烹饪处理后,峰值逐渐向低波数移动至1652~1648 cm−1,这是变性蛋白质的特征峰[31]。酰胺Ⅰ带的波数位置与蛋白质的主链构象和氢键特征密切相关[32],对氢键的强度和数量非常敏感[33]。其次,鸽肉肌原纤维的酰胺A带由3300 cm−1向3282 cm−1移动,表明加热处理导致氢键断裂,蛋白质空间构象的稳定性降低。
FTIR光谱可以定量分析蛋白质二级结构组成:1600~1640、1640~1650、1650~1660和1660~1700 cm−1波段分别反映β-折叠、无规卷曲、α-螺旋和β-转角含量[34]。如图3(b)所示,与对照组相比,热处理后α-螺旋相对含量显著减少,β-折叠相对含量显著增加(P<0.05),尤其是烤制组,在其他研究中也发现了类似的结果[35]。α-螺旋和β-折叠是蛋白质二级结构最为关键的构象,它们的稳定性由氢键维持[14]。
热加工处理使α-螺旋减少,转变为更分散的β-折叠和无规卷曲[16]。α-螺旋结构的减少通常表明蛋白质的二级结构展开,疏水基团暴露,相反,β-折叠含量的增加则通常代表蛋白质发生聚集[14]。在五种烹饪方式中,蒸制和煮制的α-螺旋相对含量显著高于其他组(P<0.05),β-折叠相对含量也较低,而烤制样品的β-折叠相对含量显著高于其他组(P<0.05),可能与其较高的表面疏水性有关[16],这与先前表面疏水性的分析结果一致,也说明蒸制和煮制蛋白质结构较为稳定。此外,二级结构中β-转角有所减少,可能是由于受热氧化导致部分氨基酸侧链发生修饰,β-转角转变为更稳定的β-折叠[36]。有研究表明,β-折叠含量的增加与体外消化率呈负相关,即氧化程度较高的蛋白质其消化率会有所下降[36],具体机制仍需进一步验证。
蛋白质羰基化是评估蛋白质氧化程度的重要指标,羰基含量越高说明蛋白质氧化越严重[37]。由图4可见,相比于生肉,不同烹饪处理后鸽肉蛋白的羰基含量均显著增加(P<0.05),其中烤制组增幅最大,煎制和炸制次之。对照组羰基含量为1.36 nmol/mg,而蒸制、煮制、煎制、炸制和烤制组分别为3.04、3.71、5.75、6.19和7.90 nmol/mg。在五种热加工方式中,烤制蛋白质氧化程度最高,这可能与其较高的温度有关。在高温下,分子运动加快,自由基反应也更为活跃,从而生成更多的羰基[38]。同样,Jiang等[14]的研究也发现,相比煮沸和蒸制,烘烤处理鱼蛋白产生的羰基衍生物含量最高,与本实验结果一致。蛋白质羰基可通过氨基酸直接氧化产生[36],也可由脂肪氧化产物如丙二醛和4-羟基壬烯醛等与蛋白质的间接反应产生[39]。在油煎和油炸过程中,肉类蛋白与油脂接触增加,促进了蛋白质的氧化,因此这两种加工方式导致的蛋白质氧化程度明显高于蒸煮,仅次于烤制。
蛋白质巯基含量是衡量蛋白质结构变化及热处理过程中氧化程度的重要指标,其变化与蛋白质结构的稳定性及蛋白质的氧化程度密切相关[40]。巯基含量越低,表示其蛋白氧化程度越高[13]。由图5可知,相比生肉,经过不同烹饪处理后鸽肉蛋白质总巯基含量均有所下降。其中,烤制(33.39%)和炸制(29.83%)组下降最显著(P<0.05),其次为煎制(27.47%)和煮制(22.47%),蒸制变化最小(19.47%)。这表明与蒸煮相比,煎制、炸制和烤制处理造成的蛋白质氧化程度更高,结构变化也更明显。这可能是因为高温烹饪会诱导蛋白质聚集和氧化[9],引起含硫氨基酸内的巯基转变为二硫键,从而导致巯基含量下降[14]。此外,煎制过程中,蛋白质与金属相互作用也会导致氧化损伤[41]。
综上所述,不同烹饪方式显著影响鸽肉蛋白质的氧化程度,主要与加热温度、时间及加热介质等因素有关。蛋白质氧化程度可能会影响其消化率,具体机制需进一步研究。
鸽肉含丰富优质蛋白,不同烹饪处理会引起氧化聚集变化,影响其消化率和氨基酸生物利用率,从而影响肉类营养价值[9]。此外,这些变化还可能影响肠道菌群[42],进而影响机体健康。因此,需要深入研究烹饪对消化特性的影响,以优化烹饪工艺,提高肉类营养。
蛋白质粒径可反映其聚集状态,而在消化系统中的粒径通常指示食物的消化的程度和速度[10]。如表1所示,与生肉相比,经过烹饪处理的鸽肉样品Dx(10)、Dx(50)和Dx(90)均有所增大,表明热加工增强了分子间相互作用,诱导了蛋白质变性和大聚集体的形成,与Gawat等[16]的研究结果相似。在各烹饪组中,蒸制组粒径增幅最小,而烤制组的粒径明显高于其他组,可能是由于较高的加热强度导致的蛋白质聚集,从而增大了粒径。从Dx(50)和Dx(90)的数值变化来看,经过胃蛋白酶消化后,各组样品粒径与消化前样品相比明显减小,这是由于酶解作用通过破坏蛋白质的结构完整性来加速其分解[43]。进一步经胰蛋白酶消化,粒径进一步减小,蛋白质被降解为更小的分子,如小肽和氨基酸,更易被吸收和利用[14]。其中,蒸制样品粒径最小,表明此处理更有利于蛋白质的消化吸收。相比之下,煎、炸和烤处理的样品在胃肠两步消化后粒径仍较大,这与Gong等[10]的研究结果相似,可能是较高的加热强度导致的蛋白质氧化和聚集,降低了对消化酶的敏感性,阻碍其被酶裂解成更小的肽,从而减缓了后续的消化过程。
蛋白分子的分子量大小决定其在电泳时的迁移速率,分子量小迁移速率快,反之迁移速率慢[44]。SDS-PAGE结果显示了不同烹饪方式下蛋白质消化前后的分子量和分布变化情况,可以评估其消化吸收利用潜力[14]。如图6(a)所示,鸽肉MPs主要由肌球蛋白重链(220 kDa)、副肌球蛋白(100 kDa)、肌动蛋白(43 kDa)和肌球蛋白轻链(17 kDa)等组成。经不同烹饪处理后,这些主要蛋白质条带间只存在轻微差异,可能是由于蛋白质聚集或降解[40]。与生肉相比,热处理后蛋白发生断裂,导致20~48 kDa范围的短链和小肽相对含量增加,这与相关研究结果一致[40]。此外,炸制和烤制等大分子量条带较深,可能与剧烈的传热方式使蛋白质氧化加重,倾向于交联和聚集,形成致密结构有关[19]。
如图6(b)所示,在胃消化阶段,与生肉相比,烹饪后的鸽肉样品在75~100 kDa范围内的条带均有所上移,表明高温诱导的蛋白质氧化聚集,形成了更高分子量的蛋白质聚合物[45],这个结果与之前粒径测定结果中,烹饪后蛋白粒径增大的结果一致。在分子量为75~100 kDa和48~63 kDa范围内,生肉的条带颜色相比热处理样品更深,说明生肉样品中仍有大量蛋白或肽未被水解,而在17~25 kDa低分子量区域,生肉条带强度较浅,表明胃蛋白酶对生肉蛋白的水解更为困难。这可能是因为,生肉蛋白相对更紧凑的空间结构,使其对胃蛋白酶作用的抵抗性较强[19]。相比之下,热处理对蛋白质消化率有双重影响,一方面,加热可破坏蛋白质原有结构,使水解位点显露,促进消化[46−47],另一方面,过热会导致蛋白质过度聚集,形成二硫键等,阻碍酶水解过程[48−50]。从结果上看,热处理仍有效促进鸽肉蛋白质消化水解为小分子肽[16]。此外,烤制样品条带相比其他烹饪样品颜色更深,可能是因为在更剧烈的加热条件下,蛋白质氧化聚集形成的大聚集体,抵抗酶蛋白水解,从而抑制胃蛋白酶对蛋白的进一步水解[20]。
如图6(c)所示经4 h模拟胃肠消化后,电泳图上各组样品均未见明显条带,仅在20 kDa或更低范围内出现模糊泳道。这是因为小肽长度超出了凝胶的检测范围,导致蛋白质条带减少[40],这表明,在胰蛋白酶的作用下蛋白质结构遭到彻底破坏,被充分水解为小肽和游离氨基酸,与相关研究一致[13−14,22]。SDS-PAGE结果显示了蛋白的交联与聚集,表明蛋白质经过受热氧化后其降解作用更强,仅从SDS-PAGE分析,不同烹饪方式对蛋白在模拟胃肠消化阶段的水解影响并不明显。
蛋白质消化率是评价其生物可及性的核心指标,消化率越高表明蛋白质更易被酶解为可吸收的小肽和氨基酸[48]。如图7所示,经过胃蛋白酶消化后,各个烹饪组的蛋白质消化率均高于生肉(对照组),这与SDS-PAGE结果相符,表明经过烹饪的鸽肉蛋白更容易被酶水解。经胃肠消化后,消化率高于胃消化阶段,这与先前的研究结果一致[28],表明胰蛋白酶比胃蛋白酶的协同水解效率更高。蒸制组的鸽肉蛋白消化率在胃消化阶段高于其他烹饪组,并在肠消化阶段仍保持较高水平,达到67.43%±1.89%,而煮制组、煎制、炸制和烤制组分别为66.08%±3.21%、65.10%±3.75%、63.59%±1.81%和62.44%±3.03%。这与肉类蛋白质在消化过程中对酶作用的敏感性有关,而这种敏感性又受蛋白酶活性位点的结构变化和修饰的影响[10]。高强度烹饪可能由于氧化、二硫键形成和蛋白聚集等变化降低蛋白质的消化率,而较温和的加热能够促使蛋白质适度变性并展开结构,从而增加其与消化酶的结合位点,进而提升蛋白质消化率。先前研究表明,α-螺旋含量相对较低且无规卷曲含量较高的蛋白质会表现出更无序的结构,这表明聚集和蛋白变性更为严重[51]。本研究中,在相同的核心温度下,烤制样品的α-螺旋相对含量最低,无规卷曲相对含量较高(如图3(b)所示),这表明其蛋白质变性和聚集程度最为剧烈,导致其蛋白质消化率最低。综上所述,蒸制是提高鸽肉蛋白质消化率的最佳烹饪方式,优于其他处理方法。
图8相关性分析结果显示,羰基含量与β-折叠相对含量呈极显著正相关(P≤0.01),与α-螺旋相对含量呈显著负相关(P≤0.05);总巯基含量与α-螺旋相对含量呈极显著正相关(P≤0.001),与表面疏水性及β-折叠相对含量呈显著负相关(P≤0.05),这些结果表明,蛋白质的氧化状态与其结构特征显著相关,而烹饪方式通过诱导蛋白氧化和结构变化,从而影响蛋白质的消化特性。结合先前分析结果,各烹饪组中,蒸制组较少的β-折叠结构伴随着适度的蛋白质氧化,消化率较高,这可能是因为适度氧化使得蛋白质结构适度展开,增加了酶切位点的暴露,从而更易被消化酶水解[9,46];而高温烹饪(如炸制、烤制)则会诱导过度氧化聚集和交联,导致β-折叠结构增加,掩盖酶切位点,进而降低消化率及氨基酸生物利用率[9]。
本研究探讨了汽蒸、水煮、油煎、油炸及烤箱烤五种常见烹饪方式对鸽胸肉消化特性的影响。研究结果表明,烤制处理引起的蛋白质氧化与结构变化最为显著,而蒸制处理下蛋白质氧化程度及结构变化最小;水煮、油煎、油炸的影响则介于两者之间。相关性分析表明,蛋白质氧化程度与结构变化之间存在显著相关性,两者共同影响了鸽胸肉的消化特性。蒸制处理改善了酶解条件,提高了消化酶对裂解位点的可及性,消化率最高(67.43%),且胃肠消化产物的粒径最小;相比之下,烘烤处理导致蛋白质氧化聚集形成致密结构,降低可及性,消化率最低(62.44%),且胃肠消化产物的粒径最大。因此,汽蒸处理的鸽肉蛋白质消化特性最佳,能够更好地满足营养品质的需求。本研究为优化鸽肉的热处理工艺提供了理论依据。然而,本文未探讨消化过程中氨基酸和多肽的释放及其生物利用度,未来研究将聚焦于消化产物的详细表征,深入了解烹饪方式对鸽肉蛋白消化特性及营养品质的影响。

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2026年第47卷第1期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010071
  • 接收时间:2025-01-09
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-01-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-09
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    1仲恺农业工程学院 轻工食品学院,广东省岭南特色食品科学与技术重点实验室,农业农村部岭南特色食品绿色加工与智能制造重点实验室,广东广州 510225
    2广州市疾病预防控制中心科学膳食管理部,广东广州 510440
    3梅州市金绿现代农业发展有限公司,广东梅州 514500

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曾晓房(1979−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:肉制品加工和质量控制,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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