Article(id=1320889243598176619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320888908896907909, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010068, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1736352000000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-09, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792854136609, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1772294400000, pubDateStr=2026-03-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792854136609, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792854136609, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792854136609, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320888908896907909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='503', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1772294400000', pubDateStr='2026-03-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792854056809, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792854056809, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=71, endPage=79, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320889243816280428, articleId=1320889243598176619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Construction of Whey Protein Isolate-Soybean Oil Body Emulsion for Phytosterol Delivery and Its in Vitro Digestibility Characteristics, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To enhance the bioavailability of phytosterols and investigate the role of soybean oil bodies in hydrophobic bioactive compound delivery systems, this study utilized whey protein isolate (WPI) and soybean oil bodies (SOBs) as interfacial particles to prepare whey protein isolate-soybean oil body emulsions (WOE) for phytosterol delivery. The effects of varying pH and ionic concentrations on the particle size, Zeta potential, and rheological properties of WOE were investigated systematically, as well as the changes in microstructure, free fatty acid release rate, and phytosterol bioavailability of WOE during the simulated digestion process. The results demonstrated that WOE was an oil-in-water emulsion formed by adsorption of WPI and SOBs at the oil-water interface. At pH4, the Zeta potential of WOE approached 0, indicating that the isoelectric point of WOE was close to 4. WOE exhibited greater stability under alkaline conditions. The rheological results showed that WOE exhibited non-Newtonian fluid properties at different pH and NaCl conditions, and G' was larger than G" at frequencies from 0.1 to 100 Hz, and WOE had an elastic-dominated gel property. During the simulated digestion phase in vitro, the number of large lipid droplets in the WOE gradually decreased as the digestion time increased. During the simulated intestinal fluid digestion, trypsin degraded the fat within the emulsion droplets and released free fatty acids, and the fat droplet size of WOE gradually decreased from 16.85 μm to 7.25 μm, and the release of free fatty acids reached 75.45 μmol/mL in less than 90 min, and the phytosterol bioavailability consistently increased to 72.23%, which was higher than that of free fatty acid release (38.45 μmol/mL) and phytosterol bioavailability (48.08%) in the pure soybean oil group, indicating that WOE had good digestive properties and improved phytosterol bioavailability. This study provides a theoretical reference for hydrophobic bioactivities delivery systems, as well as a basis for the application of novel emulsion systems in food, dietary supplements and drug delivery.

, authors=Jie SUN, Zhuofan YANG, Guoyou YIN*, Yifei LIU, Yingying ZHANG, authorsList=Jie SUN, Zhuofan YANG, Guoyou YIN, Yifei LIU, Yingying ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Guoyou YIN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320889246819402106, articleId=1320889243598176619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=乳清分离蛋白-大豆油体乳液递送植物甾醇体系构建及其体外模拟消化特性, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了提高植物甾醇生物利用率,探讨大豆油体在疏水性生物活性物质递送系统中的作用,本研究以乳清分离蛋白(Whey protein isolate,WPI)和大豆油体(Soybean oil bodies,SOBs)作为界面颗粒,制备乳清分离蛋白-大豆油体乳液(Whey protein isolate-soybean oil body emulsion,WOE)递送植物甾醇。考察不同pH和盐离子浓度对WOE粒径、电位和流变特性的影响,以及WOE在模拟消化过程中微观结构的变化、游离脂肪酸释放率和植物甾醇生物利用率。结果表明:WOE是由WPI和大豆油体吸附在油水界面形成的水包油乳液。在pH为4时,WOE电位接近于0,表明WOE的等电点接近4,且WOE在碱性条件下更稳定。流变学结果表明,WOE在不同pH和NaCl条件下,均呈现非牛顿流体性质,在频率0.1~100 Hz时,G'均大于G",WOE具有弹性为主的凝胶性质。在体外模拟消化阶段,随着消化时间的延长,WOE中的大脂滴数量逐渐减少。在模拟肠液消化过程中,胰酶降解乳液液滴内脂肪并释放出游离脂肪酸,WOE的脂肪滴尺寸由16.85 μm逐渐减小至7.25 μm,90 min以内游离脂肪酸释放量达75.45 μmol/mL,植物甾醇生物利用率持续增加至72.23%,高于纯大豆油组游离脂肪酸释放量(38.45 μmol/mL)和植物甾醇生物利用率(48.08%),说明WOE具有良好的消化特性,并且提高了植物甾醇生物利用率。本研究可以为疏水性生物活性物质递送系统提供理论参考,同时为新型乳液体系在食品、膳食补充剂和药物输送中的应用提供依据。

, authors=孙婕, 杨卓凡, 尹国友*, 刘亦菲, 张莹莹, authorsList=孙婕, 杨卓凡, 尹国友, 刘亦菲, 张莹莹, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=尹国友, authorNote=

孙婕(1976−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品科学,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
尹国友(1976−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:生物化学与分子生物学,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=v/yGwDF3zRyCgIVbbradGg==, magXml=2xcmNrF3nib/gUr4HPvFJA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=a+JB/4kp+erlAY8LRr9YBw==, pdfFileSize=3420554, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=2hiiT8TOtInMWEuTOh7+aw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=7yzJ04HnJsw+rY+zr0rKAg==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320889247314329983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889243598176619, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=jiesunvip2019@outlook.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320889247394021761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889243598176619, authorId=1320889247314329983, language=EN, stringName=Jie SUN, firstName=Jie, middleName=null, lastName=SUN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=College of Life Science and Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan 467036, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1320889247452742018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889243598176619, authorId=1320889247314329983, language=CN, stringName=孙婕, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=河南城建学院生命科学与工程学院,河南平顶山 467036, bio={"content":"

孙婕(1976−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品科学,E-mail:

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孙婕(1976−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品科学,E-mail:

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Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science and Technology, 2023, 23(10): 108−117.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320889261906313690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889243598176619, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=37, rfOrder=41, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HU Fangyang, CHEN Jinyu, GUO Jinting, et al. Effects of pea resistant starch on in vitro digestibility and gel properties of phosphorylated myofibrillar protein-based emulsion[J]. 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Food Hydrocolloids, 2014, 35: 19−27., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320889247171723643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889243598176619, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320889247184306556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889243598176619, companyId=1320889247171723643, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Life Science and Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan 467036, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320889247217860989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889243598176619, companyId=1320889247171723643, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=河南城建学院生命科学与工程学院,河南平顶山 467036)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320889250841739681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889243598176619, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Effect of pH and NaCl concentration on the particle size and potential of WOE, figureFileSmall=xx3E8h1Zdr9mjNzcDBfLWw==, figureFileBig=2hiiT8TOtInMWEuTOh7+aw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889250908848546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889243598176619, language=CN, label=图1, caption=pH和NaCl浓度对WOE粒径以及电位的影响

注:不同小写字母表示样本间差异显著,P<0.05,图5同。

, figureFileSmall=xx3E8h1Zdr9mjNzcDBfLWw==, figureFileBig=2hiiT8TOtInMWEuTOh7+aw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889251131146659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889243598176619, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effect of pH and NaCl concentration on the rheological properties of WOE, figureFileSmall=VodLHNZFm2eTJPMDBGNxtw==, figureFileBig=fayLCqx1lrxOLQ1zwU7Zdw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889251198255524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889243598176619, language=CN, label=图2, caption=pH和NaCl浓度对WOE流变学性质的影响, figureFileSmall=VodLHNZFm2eTJPMDBGNxtw==, figureFileBig=fayLCqx1lrxOLQ1zwU7Zdw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889251265364389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889243598176619, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=SDS-PAGE of WOE surface protein during simulated gastric (A) and intestinal (B) digestion phases, figureFileSmall=4Skn1o11fFzGrnt2Pkwzsg==, figureFileBig=AP3UVDNcgqqHLrpds+OEag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889251353444774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889243598176619, language=CN, label=图3, caption=WOE在模拟胃液消化阶段(A)和模拟肠液消化阶段(B)表面蛋白的SDS-PAGE, figureFileSmall=4Skn1o11fFzGrnt2Pkwzsg==, figureFileBig=AP3UVDNcgqqHLrpds+OEag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889251437330855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889243598176619, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=CLSM images of WOE during simulated gastric (A) and intestinal (B) digestion phases, figureFileSmall=QS9aR4FxYRnYSoQMKiVFkQ==, figureFileBig=zv8iaKo79o9FOyykm9JmDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889251567354280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889243598176619, language=CN, label=图4, caption=在模拟胃液消化阶段(A)和模拟肠液消化阶段(B)WOE的激光共聚焦显微镜图像

注:所有图像中的比例尺为50 μm。

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注:不同小写字母表示不同消化时间下样本间差异显著,P<0.05。

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乳清分离蛋白-大豆油体乳液递送植物甾醇体系构建及其体外模拟消化特性
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孙婕 , 杨卓凡 , 尹国友 * , 刘亦菲 , 张莹莹
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(5): 71-79
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (5) : 71 -79
乳清分离蛋白-大豆油体乳液递送植物甾醇体系构建及其体外模拟消化特性
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孙婕 , 杨卓凡, 尹国友* , 刘亦菲, 张莹莹
作者信息
  • 河南城建学院生命科学与工程学院,河南平顶山 467036
通讯作者:
尹国友(1976−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:生物化学与分子生物学,E-mail:。
作者简介:

孙婕(1976−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品科学,E-mail:

Construction of Whey Protein Isolate-Soybean Oil Body Emulsion for Phytosterol Delivery and Its in Vitro Digestibility Characteristics
Jie SUN , Zhuofan YANG, Guoyou YIN* , Yifei LIU, Yingying ZHANG
Affiliations
  • College of Life Science and Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan 467036, China
出版时间: 2026-03-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010068
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为了提高植物甾醇生物利用率,探讨大豆油体在疏水性生物活性物质递送系统中的作用,本研究以乳清分离蛋白(Whey protein isolate,WPI)和大豆油体(Soybean oil bodies,SOBs)作为界面颗粒,制备乳清分离蛋白-大豆油体乳液(Whey protein isolate-soybean oil body emulsion,WOE)递送植物甾醇。考察不同pH和盐离子浓度对WOE粒径、电位和流变特性的影响,以及WOE在模拟消化过程中微观结构的变化、游离脂肪酸释放率和植物甾醇生物利用率。结果表明:WOE是由WPI和大豆油体吸附在油水界面形成的水包油乳液。在pH为4时,WOE电位接近于0,表明WOE的等电点接近4,且WOE在碱性条件下更稳定。流变学结果表明,WOE在不同pH和NaCl条件下,均呈现非牛顿流体性质,在频率0.1~100 Hz时,G'均大于G",WOE具有弹性为主的凝胶性质。在体外模拟消化阶段,随着消化时间的延长,WOE中的大脂滴数量逐渐减少。在模拟肠液消化过程中,胰酶降解乳液液滴内脂肪并释放出游离脂肪酸,WOE的脂肪滴尺寸由16.85 μm逐渐减小至7.25 μm,90 min以内游离脂肪酸释放量达75.45 μmol/mL,植物甾醇生物利用率持续增加至72.23%,高于纯大豆油组游离脂肪酸释放量(38.45 μmol/mL)和植物甾醇生物利用率(48.08%),说明WOE具有良好的消化特性,并且提高了植物甾醇生物利用率。本研究可以为疏水性生物活性物质递送系统提供理论参考,同时为新型乳液体系在食品、膳食补充剂和药物输送中的应用提供依据。

乳液  /  大豆油体  /  乳清分离蛋白  /  植物甾醇  /  体外消化

To enhance the bioavailability of phytosterols and investigate the role of soybean oil bodies in hydrophobic bioactive compound delivery systems, this study utilized whey protein isolate (WPI) and soybean oil bodies (SOBs) as interfacial particles to prepare whey protein isolate-soybean oil body emulsions (WOE) for phytosterol delivery. The effects of varying pH and ionic concentrations on the particle size, Zeta potential, and rheological properties of WOE were investigated systematically, as well as the changes in microstructure, free fatty acid release rate, and phytosterol bioavailability of WOE during the simulated digestion process. The results demonstrated that WOE was an oil-in-water emulsion formed by adsorption of WPI and SOBs at the oil-water interface. At pH4, the Zeta potential of WOE approached 0, indicating that the isoelectric point of WOE was close to 4. WOE exhibited greater stability under alkaline conditions. The rheological results showed that WOE exhibited non-Newtonian fluid properties at different pH and NaCl conditions, and G' was larger than G" at frequencies from 0.1 to 100 Hz, and WOE had an elastic-dominated gel property. During the simulated digestion phase in vitro, the number of large lipid droplets in the WOE gradually decreased as the digestion time increased. During the simulated intestinal fluid digestion, trypsin degraded the fat within the emulsion droplets and released free fatty acids, and the fat droplet size of WOE gradually decreased from 16.85 μm to 7.25 μm, and the release of free fatty acids reached 75.45 μmol/mL in less than 90 min, and the phytosterol bioavailability consistently increased to 72.23%, which was higher than that of free fatty acid release (38.45 μmol/mL) and phytosterol bioavailability (48.08%) in the pure soybean oil group, indicating that WOE had good digestive properties and improved phytosterol bioavailability. This study provides a theoretical reference for hydrophobic bioactivities delivery systems, as well as a basis for the application of novel emulsion systems in food, dietary supplements and drug delivery.

emulsion  /  soybean oil bodies (SOBs)  /  whey protein isolate (WPI)  /  phytosterol  /  in vitro digestion
孙婕, 杨卓凡, 尹国友, 刘亦菲, 张莹莹. 乳清分离蛋白-大豆油体乳液递送植物甾醇体系构建及其体外模拟消化特性. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (5) : 71 -79 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010068
Jie SUN, Zhuofan YANG, Guoyou YIN, Yifei LIU, Yingying ZHANG. Construction of Whey Protein Isolate-Soybean Oil Body Emulsion for Phytosterol Delivery and Its in Vitro Digestibility Characteristics[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (5) : 71 -79 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010068
植物甾醇(Phytosterols,PS)是一种具有多种生理功能的天然活性物质,有降低血清胆固醇水平[1]、减轻中枢神经系统紊乱[2]、抗炎[3]、抗癌[4]和抗氧化[5]的作用。然而PS的水溶性差、结晶度高,容易氧化,导致其生物利用度低[6],因此,PS在食品中的应用面临挑战。有研究表明,可通过将溶解性较差的物质封装在乳液中提高其水溶性和稳定性。如Yang等[7]采用三种乳化剂制备水包油型乳液稳定PS,结果表明,高分子量乳化剂(蛋白质及其混合物)稳定的乳液中PS光氧化稳定性最强。水包油型乳液体系主要通过乳化剂和高速剪切、超声处理、高压均质等方法实现油相和水相的均化[8]。乳液油相可以提高疏水性活性组分的溶解度,因此可将疏水活性物质封装于乳液体系中进行递送,以此来提高活性组分的生物可及性。然而,乳液体系在加工贮藏过程中会出现分层、破乳等现象[8−9]。目前,已有研究将蛋白质、多糖、脂质等天然颗粒用于稳定乳液体系,以期提高乳液的分散稳定性。如Münch等[10]使用豌豆蛋白和向日葵磷脂酰胆碱复合制备水包油乳液,与单独豌豆蛋白稳定乳液相比,复合乳液的整体氧化稳定性更高,这些研究为蛋白质-脂质复合颗粒稳定乳液体系潜在应用提供了新的研究思路。
乳清分离蛋白(Whey protein isolate,WPI)具有良好的乳化性,对乳液有较好的稳定作用[11]。此外,WPI的营养价值高,易被人体吸收,被广泛用作食品工业中的功能性成分。然而,由于蛋白本身的环境敏感性,蛋白质颗粒易受pH、盐离子浓度、温度等因素的影响导致乳液失稳,限制了其在食品工业中的应用[12]。已有研究表明,可以将WPI与多糖、蛋白质、脂质相互作用,构建复合体系,改善其功能特性[13−14]。油体是植物种子细胞中贮存脂质的细胞器,内部为疏水性甘油三酯(TAGs),表面被磷脂-蛋白质组成的生物膜覆盖[15]。当油体分散在水中,能快速扩散至气-水界面,油体蛋白、磷脂、甘油三酯迅速吸附组装,从而具有较高的界面压[16]。同时,油体形成的乳液液滴带有大量磷酸基团提供负电荷,从而增大液滴间的静电斥力,避免液滴聚集失稳。而且油体特殊的组成和结构赋予其良好的乳化特性和包埋特性,可作为乳液稳定剂和疏水性功能因子传递系统[17]。现有研究多聚焦于单一蛋白或油体稳定体系,而对乳清分离蛋白-大豆油体复合颗粒稳定乳液及负载递送PS的研究尚未深入,本研究利用WPI与大豆油体复合,通过两者等电点相近的特性构建乳液体系,以克服单一蛋白的环境敏感性缺陷,同时发挥油体天然界面活性和生物相容性优势,为PS的高效负载与递送提供新策略。
本研究尝试利用乳清分离蛋白和大豆油体作为复合颗粒稳定乳液体系递送植物甾醇,探讨乳清分离蛋白-大豆油体乳液(Whey protein isolate-soybean oil body emulsion,WOE)在不同pH和盐浓度条件下粒径、电位的变化,流变学特性,以及体外模拟消化阶段,脂肪滴的絮凝和微观结构变化,小肠内脂肪的分解和植物甾醇的生物利用率。旨在阐明复合颗粒的稳定机制及其对PS保护效果的影响,为开发新型功能性食品载体提供理论依据和技术支撑。
大豆、大豆油 平顶山德信泉超市;乳清蛋白 美国Davisco公司;植物甾醇(≥95%) 西安海斯夫生物科技有限公司;SDS-PAGE试剂盒 上海生工生物工程技术服务有限公司;胃蛋白酶(3000 U/mg)、胰酶(130 U/mg)、胆盐 上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司;尼罗蓝 西格玛奥德里奇(上海)贸易有限公司;尼罗红 上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司;其他试剂均为分析纯。
DS-1高速组织捣碎机 上海精科实业有限公司;GL-10MD大容量高速冷冻离心机 湖南湘仪有限公司;T25高速分散机 艾卡(广州)仪器设备有限公司;JZH50-80高压均质机 上海锦竹机械设备有限公司;Zetasizer Nano ZS激光纳米粒度仪 英国马尔文仪器有限公司;HAAKE-MARS 60流变仪 德国Thermo公司;TCS SP8激光共聚焦显微镜 德国Leica公司;Mini-PROTEAN Tetra cell电泳仪 美国Bio-Rad公司。
根据Wang等[18]的方法,略有改动。将20 g大豆放入100 mL蒸馏水中浸泡10~12 h。然后按照1:3的比例(w/v),将溶胀好的大豆和蒸馏水放在高速组织捣碎机中磨浆,磨浆后用三层滤布过滤进行浆渣分离。过滤后的豆浆与蔗糖按照1:4的比例(v/w)放入高速冷冻离心机内,在8500 r/min下离心(4 ℃,30 min)。再用三层滤布过滤,即得到大豆油体。然后在75 ℃条件下灭菌30 min后放置4 ℃冰箱储存,备用。
WOE的制备[19]主要包括以下步骤:
油相制备:室温下将0.06 g植物甾醇溶于100 mL大豆油(w/v)中,超声处理30 min(100 W,50 ℃),待植物甾醇完全溶解制得乳液油相。
水相制备:取5 g大豆油体分散在100 g蒸馏水中,高速分散机12000 r/min处理5 min,制得大豆油体乳液。取1 g WPI分散在100 g蒸馏水中,搅拌0.5 h,然后按照1:1的比例(v/v)加入到大豆油体乳液中,高速分散机12000 r/min处理5 min,制得乳液水相。
WOE的制备:将上述油相与水相以1:1的比例(v/v)混合,高速分散机12000 r/min处理20 min后20 MPa下均质1次制得WOE乳液。
参考Zhou等[20]的方法并稍作修改。用1 mol/L NaOH或1 mol/L HCl溶液调节WOE pH分别为2.0、4.0、6.0、8.0、10.0。将0.1 mL WOE与1 mL去离子水混合后超声处理(100 W,10 min),然后将分散均匀的样品放入粒度分析仪中。设置参数:温度25 ℃,分散相为水(折射率1.33)。测定不同pH条件下WOE粒径、Zeta电位。
用NaCl溶液调节WOE盐离子浓度分别为0、100、200、300、400、500 mmol/L,测定不同盐离子浓度条件下WOE粒径、Zeta电位。方法同1.2.3。
将1 mL WOE置于平板(直径35 mm)之间,平衡后保持恒温25 ℃,剪切速率为1~100 s−1,记录黏度随剪切速率的变化。在0.1~100 Hz的范围内进行频率扫描,以获得储能模量(G')和损耗模量(G'')。测定不同pH和不同盐离子浓度条件下WOE流变特性。
首先配制10 g/L胃蛋白酶溶液,加0.1 mol/L HCl溶液调节pH至3.0,再加入2.0 g NaCl使其全溶,制得模拟胃液[21]。将100 mL模拟胃液以1.1 mL/min的速度加入到100 mL WOE中,振荡,胃消化过程持续1.5 h。
取6.8 g KH2PO4,加入500 mL蒸馏水,调节pH至6.8;另取胰酶10 g,加水溶解,将两液混合后,加水稀释至1000 mL,充分溶解后,制得模拟肠液。取250 mg猪胆盐,加入40 mL蒸馏水,室温搅拌至溶解制得胆盐溶液。用0.1 mol/L NaOH溶液调节上述胃消化1.5 h后乳液的pH至6.8。取160 mL模拟肠液和40 mL胆盐溶液混合后加入到上述胃消化1.5 h后的WOE中,肠消化过程持续1.5 h[22]。
参考Nikiforidis等[23]的方法。取1.25 mL 1 mol/L Tris-HCl、0.5 g SDS、25 mg溴酚蓝、2.5 mL甘油,去离子水溶解后定容至5 mL,加入25 μL β-巯基乙醇,搅拌均匀,制得上样缓冲液。取各消化阶段WOE与Tris缓冲液以1:5的比例(v/v)混合,室温孵育1 h,混合溶液再与上样缓冲液以1:1比例(v/v)充分混匀,100 ℃水浴加热5 min 后冷却,−20 ℃冻融处理30 min,室温解冻,重复冻融操作1次,然后离心(12000 r/min,5 min)回收含有蛋白质的部分,上样。电泳条件:浓缩胶浓度为5%,分离胶浓度为12%,上样量为20 μL。采用考马斯亮蓝G-250染色30 min,脱色,凝胶成像仪对蛋白条带拍照。
使用激光共聚焦显微镜观察乳液液滴的界面微观结构。将1 mg尼罗红和1 mg尼罗蓝染料溶于1 mL纯丙酮溶液中,取1 mL各消化阶段WOE和20 μL混合染料在涡旋振荡器上充分混合后黑暗中保存10 min,然后将样品置于载玻片上,盖上盖玻片,设置激发波长为488 nm和638 nm。
取0.1 mL WOE消化液与1 mL去离子水混合后超声处理(100 W,10 min),测定WOE消化液粒径和Zeta电位。方法同1.2.3。
参考Yang等[24]的方法。将新制备的WOE用无水乙醇稀释10倍后与磷硫铁显色剂反应15 min,然后在520 nm波长下测定植物甾醇的含量,记为C0。取不同消化阶段的消化液,离心30 min(15000 r/min,4 ℃),上层为消化液的上清液,中间层为胶束部分,下层为乳液消化残留物。取10 mL中间层胶束部分离心15 min(15000 r/min,4 ℃),得到胶束部分的上清液。取胶束部分上清液用无水乙醇稀释10倍后与磷硫铁显色剂反应15 min,然后在520 nm波长下测定植物甾醇的含量,记为Cmicelle。植物甾醇的生物利用率计算公式如式(1)所示:
$ \text{生物利用率}(\text{%})=\frac{{\mathrm{C}}_{\text{micelle}}}{{\mathrm{C}}_{0}}\times 100 $
在肠道消化期间采用pH-stat法,肠道消化混合物(Intestinal digestion mixture,IDM)的pH保持在7.5,连续滴加0.25 mol/L NaOH溶液1.5 h。根据式(2)计算每毫升IDM释放的游离脂肪酸(Free fatty acids,FFA)浓度,计算时需考虑NaOH溶液的消耗量。
$ \mathrm{FFA}(\mathrm{\text{µ} mol}/\text{mL})=\frac{{\mathrm{V}}_{\text{NaOH}}({\mathrm{t}})\times {\mathrm{C}}_{\text{NaOH}}}{{\mathrm{V}}_{\text{IDM}}} $
式中,VNaOH(t)和VIDM分别表示消化时间t时NaOH溶液的消耗量和IDM的体积;CNaOH表示NaOH溶液的摩尔浓度。
实验数据以平均值±标准差表示,每个实验重复三次。采用SPSS 27.0进行数据处理,ANOVA分析数据差异显著性(P<0.05),Origin2021软件绘图,Image J v1.8.0计算显微图片中乳滴的尺寸。
WOE所处水相的pH对乳液的稳定性十分重要。当水相pH逐渐接近WOE乳液的等电点(Isoelectric point,PI),WPI和大豆油体颗粒之间的静电排斥作用减弱,通过疏水相互作用形成更大的聚集颗粒,乳液更容易发生絮凝[25]。如图1A所示,随着pH的增加,WOE平均粒径呈现先增加后降低的趋势。当WOE pH为4时,表面电荷几乎为0,接近WPI与大豆油体等电点,因此WOE等电点接近4,此时电荷排斥力小,乳液液滴聚集,WOE的粒径显著增加,乳液不稳定[26]。当WOE所处的水相pH为2和6~10时,远离WOE的pI,液滴表面重新带有电荷,静电斥力增强,乳液粒径显著降低(P<0.05)。且当pH为6时,WOE的粒度结果显示为单峰(图1C),此时电荷分布适中,存在一定的静电斥力防止聚集,且不会因电荷过多导致体系不稳定。蛋白质表面电位受其氨基酸所带电荷正负性和电荷量的影响,进而影响WOE的Zeta电位[27]。同时,静电斥力对蛋白质颗粒与脂质颗粒之间的作用力起到关键作用。如图1A所示,当WOE所在的水相pH为4和6时,WOE的Zeta电位可达到+4.5 mV和−25.5 mV,变化显著(P<0.05),pH大于6时,乳液带负电性且表面电位绝对值是随着pH的增加而增加[28]。整体来说,pH在6~10的条件下,WOE的稳定性较好。因此,可以选择在碱性条件下制备WOE。
适量盐离子强度对WOE的粒径、储藏稳定性有一定影响。水相中的盐离子强度会使蛋白颗粒与脂质颗粒间发生排斥与吸引的转变,影响固体颗粒在油水界面上的吸附,从而影响乳液的性能和稳定性。如图1B所示,随着NaCl浓度的增加,粒径呈现先增大后减小的趋势。当NaCl浓度为100 mmol/L时,WOE粒径显著增大为48.12 μm(P<0.05)。当NaCl浓度为0~500 mmol/L时,粒度都呈现为多峰状态(图1D),表现出WOE受NaCl的影响而不稳定。然而,随着所处环境盐离子强度的增加,WOE表面电位绝对值逐渐变小且变化显著,最终达到−16.8 mV(图1B)。这可能是因为增强离子强度会产生静电屏蔽效应,削弱WPI和大豆油体间的静电排斥[29],从而使WOE的Zeta电位降低。但是即使在高浓度的NaCl环境下,WOE的表面所带电荷也一直保持带负电,未转化为正电荷,这与大豆油体表面电荷对NaCl的不敏感有关[30]。
pH和NaCl浓度对WOE流变学性质的影响如图2所示。随着剪切速率的增加(1~100 s−1),WOE表观黏度逐渐变小,具有剪切稀化现象,呈现非牛顿流体行为[31],说明pH、NaCl浓度不会改变乳液的非牛顿流体行为,但是会影响乳液的表观黏度。如图2A、2B所示,所有样品均显示出剪切稀化(假塑性)行为,这是由于高速的剪切使乳液网络破裂[32]。当pH为4时,WOE表观黏度最大,这可能是因为此时pH接近WOE的等电点,WPI和大豆油体间的静电排斥作用较弱,形成更大的聚集颗粒[33],乳液粒径较大,从而增加乳液的黏度,但可能降低WOE稳定性。而当pH为2、6、8、10时,表观黏度较小,这是因为远离WOE等电点,颗粒间静电斥力较大,乳液粒径小。乳液的表观黏度随NaCl浓度的升高而逐渐降低,这是因为溶液中的钠离子和氯离子屏蔽蛋白质表面的电荷,蛋白质发生离子交联,降低了乳液的黏度[29]。整体来说,不同NaCl浓度条件下,WOE表观黏度均较低,乳液流动性较强。
在频率扫描中,频率在不停地变化(0.1~100 Hz),而应变恒定,整个扫描过程处于动态[34]。由图2C、2D可知,随着扫描频率的增加,WOE的G'均大于G",G'和G"之间没有交叉点,具有较高的弹性模量,说明在此振幅范围下,WPI和大豆油体吸附在油水界面,通过分子间作用力相互交联,促使网络结构稳定[35],形成刚性界面膜,乳液均表现出以弹性为主的流变性[36]。且G'和G"随频率增大呈上升趋势,具有频率依赖性,说明蛋白质通过分子相互作用增强了乳液的黏弹性,形成稳定的三维网状结构,乳液呈弱凝胶态[37]。pH对乳液模量影响不大,而盐离子会削弱WPI和大豆油体的界面作用,界面结构弱化,导致乳液模量降低。
在模拟胃液消化阶段,0~30 min内,胃液的酸性环境达到WOE的等电点,大豆油体表面蛋白质及WPI絮凝形成大分子聚集物[25]。此外,WOE中蛋白的水解也可能影响某些脂肪滴在消化前期的聚集。蛋白条带在15~45 min时整体致密,此后随着消化时间的延长而逐渐变弱(图3A)。这一结果归因于胃消化过程中pH先降低后上升的趋势,静电斥力和位阻的减少对液滴聚集起着至关重要的作用[38]。在模拟胃消化60~90 min期间,脂肪滴逐渐减小;模拟胃液消化前30 min内形成的聚集物在消化45~90 min逐渐分散(图4A)。这是由于随着消化时间的增加,乳液Zeta电位值增加,从而增强了WPI和大豆油体间静电斥力和空间位阻,减小了脂肪液滴尺寸[39−40]。激光共聚焦扫描显微镜图像与WOE中表面蛋白的SGS-PAGE结果相一致,即随着消化时间的增加,染绿色的蛋白质在0~30 min内先形成较大颗粒,而后含量减少。进入肠液消化阶段,消化酶在胆盐的作用下快速吸附在界面。在pH为6.8的条件下,WOE稳定性较好,液滴尺寸显著减小(图3B和图4B)。随着消化时间的延长,WOE中的大脂滴数量逐渐减少。平均液滴大小减小的原因可能有两个,即蛋白质聚集体在SIF中被蛋白酶水解,或者脂肪液滴界面上吸附了某些小分子物质,如FFAs、胆汁盐和肽,它们会增强静电斥力和位阻,减小平均液滴尺寸[21]。
在模拟胃液消化阶段,乳液样品的理化性质可能因所处环境的不同而变化。如图5A所示,在消化时间30 min左右,粒径达到最大值(27.66 μm)。此时粒径增大主要是由于胃液的酸性环境达到了WOE的表面蛋白的等电点,蛋白质与蛋白质共价结合的过程中蛋白质的二级结构发生改变,使得WOE结构展开,暴露其内部疏水性氨基酸,WPI和大豆油体疏水相互作用增强,从而提高WOE的表面活性[41],此外,在胃消化阶段,乳液的电荷特性发生明显的改变。胃液消化30 min时Zeta电位绝对值明显低于其他消化时间(图5A)。样品乳液的粒径和电位变化主要是受到胃部环境的影响。胃部的强酸性环境导致乳液液滴的电位绝对值下降,而随着消化时间的延长,WPI和大豆油体中的蛋白质被胃蛋白酶水解,蛋白质结构展开,暴露出更多的带电基团,而且蛋白质水解产物可能吸附在油滴表面,增加整体电荷密度。因此乳液电位绝对值呈上升趋势。另一方面,在胃蛋白酶的作用下,蛋白质分子降解,乳液成为较小的乳糜微粒[42],因此随着胃液消化时间的延长,乳液粒径降低。从胃部进入小肠后,肠液中的碳酸氢盐等碱性物质中和胃酸,pH上升,WPI和大豆油体间的分子相互作用改变引起聚集,粒径增加。此外,胰蛋白酶、羧肽酶将蛋白质进一步水解,游离氨基、羧基增多,这些带电基团附着在颗粒表面,提升颗粒电荷密度,电位绝对值上升。随着小肠消化时间延长,样品粒径减小,消化中后期负电位值的绝对值不断增加(图5B)。因为小肠消化pH持续维持在7,高于大豆油体表面蛋白等电点,并且模拟肠液中的胰酶降解乳液液滴内脂肪并释放出游离脂肪酸致使负电位的绝对值值持续增大。小肠消化后期,消化活力降低,粒径、电位变化趋势减缓。
WOE在模拟肠液消化90 min内以较快的速度释放出游离脂肪酸,释放率达75.45 μmol/mL,而纯大豆油组游离脂肪酸释放速率较为缓慢,90 min时,释放率仅为38.45 μmol/mL(图6A)。对于乳液体系而言,脂滴界面特性及粒径大小是影响其肠道水解速率和程度的重要因素。肠道消化过程中,脂肪酶在胆盐作用下附着在油相液滴表面,快速水解甘油三酯[43]。WOE的蛋白质-蛋白质共价结合形成固相界面,随着消化时间的延长,胆盐渗透到界面层,进一步水解蛋白质,与油相发生了脂肪分解反应。在胆盐和胰酶的共同作用下,大豆油体内部甘油三酯被分解为FFA而释放。且WOE在肠道消化过程中,平均粒径逐渐减小,油滴比表面积增大,更有利于脂肪酶的水解和FFA释放[44]。纯大豆油组脂解速率较慢,这可能与大豆油体和大豆油甘油三酯结构不同有关,大豆油中长链甘油三酯水解后聚集在油滴表面,抑制脂肪酶水解油滴。
通过测定消化过程中胶束相中植物甾醇含量,评价植物甾醇生物利用率。WOE在胰蛋白酶消化90 min时的植物甾醇生物利用率为72.23%,纯大豆油组植物甾醇生物利用率仅为48.08%(图6B)。这与肠液消化过程中游离脂肪酸释放量结果趋势相同,这是因为WPI和大豆油体通过共价结合形成了界面膜,且大豆油体独特的疏水核心对植物甾醇具有良好的运输特性[15],有效保护植物甾醇。FFA释放量越高,植物甾醇的生物利用率也越高[45]。这是因为随着脂肪酶的水解,植物甾醇被释放,并与脂肪消化产物形成胶束,通过小肠上皮细胞被吸收利用[36]。因此,应用大豆油体和WPI制备的WOE可以有效递送植物甾醇,并从乳液中持续释放。
本研究制备乳清分离蛋白-大豆油体复合颗粒稳定乳液,分析pH和盐离子浓度对WOE稳定性和流变特性的影响,通过体外模拟消化,探讨WOE在消化过程中的粒径、电位变化,以及微观结构、游离脂肪酸释放、植物甾醇生物利用率在不同消化阶段的变化。研究发现,WPI和大豆油体具有良好的界面稳定作用,WOE在远离等电点(pH6~10)和低盐条件下稳定性好,在等电点和高盐下易聚集。流变学结果表明,乳液表现出典型的剪切变稀行为,且乳液形成了弹性为主的凝胶网络结构。在体外模拟消化阶段,SDS-PAGE结果和共聚焦扫描显微镜图像结果相对应,蛋白质被胃蛋白酶和胰酶作用而消化降解。在模拟肠液消化阶段,WOE的脂肪滴尺寸逐渐减小,脂肪酶和胆盐水解释放游离脂肪酸,植物甾醇生物利用率持续增加(72.23%)。本研究为蛋白-脂质复合颗粒稳定乳液体系并进行疏水性生物活性物质递送提供了一定的参考,有关乳液长期稳定性、界面特性及应用研究还有待进一步探讨。

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2026年第47卷第5期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010068
  • 接收时间:2025-01-09
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-03-01
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    河南城建学院生命科学与工程学院,河南平顶山 467036

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尹国友(1976−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:生物化学与分子生物学,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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