Article(id=1320889419293380858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320889172802515656, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120419, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1735747200000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-02, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792854178498, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1768406400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792854178498, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792854178498, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792854178498, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320889172802515656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='514', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1768406400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792854119730, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792854119730, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=191, endPage=198, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320889420912382203, articleId=1320889419293380858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effects of Solid-state Fermentation by Agrocybe aegerita on Enzyme Activities and Physicochemical Properties of Wheat Aleurone layer, columnId=1261336275769016441, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Bioengineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study aimed to enhance the utility of the wheat aleurone layer through solid-state fermentation using Agrocybe aegerita. The investigation monitored the dynamic changes in cellulase activities, including filter paper enzyme, endoglucanase, and β-glucosidase, as well as xylanase, laccase, feruloyl esterase, and amylase activities. The contents of reducing sugars, soluble pentosans, and total phenolics were also monitored throughout the fermentation process. The antioxidant capacity of the fermented aleurone layer was evaluated. The data revealed that filter paper enzyme and endoglucanase activities peaked on day 15, with values of 3.32 U/g and 5.93 U/g respectively, before gradually declining. In contrast, β-glucosidase and xylanase activities reached their peaks on day 18, with figures of 3.27 U/g and 10.00 U/g respectively. Compared to unfermented aleurone layer, the contents of reducing sugars, soluble pentosans, and free phenolics showed significant increases of 374.22%, 162.53%, and 34.90% respectively (P<0.05). The fermented substrate also exhibited improved DPPH·and ABTS+· scavenging capacities, with increases of 70.06% and 35.50%, respectively. These findings indicate that Agrocybe aegerita successfully established a stable mycelial network on the aleurone layer, efficiently utilizing carbon and nitrogen sources for growth. Moreover, SSF enhanced the antioxidant capacity of the wheat aleurone layer, providing theoretical insights into fungal fermentation-based modifications and high-value utilization of this by-product.

, authors=Le YAN, Wentao WANG, Cheng LI, Hanxue HOU, Jinli ZHANG*, authorsList=Le YAN, Wentao WANG, Cheng LI, Hanxue HOU, Jinli ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jinli ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320889422325862666, articleId=1320889419293380858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=茶树菇固态发酵对小麦糊粉层中酶活性及理化性质的影响, columnId=1261336277547401341, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=生物工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了提高小麦糊粉层的利用价值,本文选用茶树菇对糊粉层进行固态发酵,测定了发酵过程中纤维素酶(滤纸酶、内切葡聚糖酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶)、木聚糖酶、漆酶、阿魏酰酯酶和淀粉酶活性以及还原糖、可溶性戊聚糖和总酚含量的变化,同时评估了发酵后糊粉层的抗氧化能力。结果显示,滤纸酶和内切葡聚糖酶活力在发酵第15 d同时达到最大值,分别为3.32 U/g和5.93 U/g,随后呈现逐渐下降的趋势;而β-葡萄糖苷酶及木聚糖酶活力在发酵第18 d时分别达到3.27 U/g和10.00 U/g,之后酶活力逐渐下降。与未发酵的糊粉层相比,还原糖、可溶性戊聚糖及游离态酚类物质含量都有显著增加(P<0.05),分别提升了374.22%、162.53%和34.90%。发酵后基质的ABTS+·清除能力和DPPH·清除能力分别提高了70.06%和35.50%。综上,茶树菇能够在糊粉层基质表面形成稳定的菌丝网络,并且能够高效利用基质中的碳氮源以满足菌体自身生长。同时,发酵后糊粉层的抗氧化能力也得到了改善,本研究为小麦糊粉层真菌固态发酵改性及高值化利用提供了理论支撑。

, authors=燕乐, 王文涛, 李诚, 侯汉学, 张锦丽*, authorsList=燕乐, 王文涛, 李诚, 侯汉学, 张锦丽, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张锦丽, authorNote=

燕乐(1999−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:粮食油脂及植物蛋白工程,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
张锦丽(1974−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品生物技术,E-mail:。
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注:图中不同小写字母之间代表存在显著性差异(P<0.05),图3~图7同。

, figureFileSmall=OHx9MZvl+QDUJsWdR0jOEw==, figureFileBig=n/wwyuAvGet2vTuI146YqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889426822156599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889419293380858, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Changes of hydrolase activity during solid-state fermentation of aleurone layer by Agrocybe aegerita, figureFileSmall=+e69UVJO/hQkHWe0dtCjPg==, figureFileBig=e4afB9OculJsoVfnSA9kEg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889426893459768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889419293380858, language=CN, label=图3, caption=茶树菇固态发酵糊粉层期间水解酶活性的变化

注:A:纤维素酶活性;B:木聚糖酶活性;C:漆酶活性;D:阿魏酰酯酶活性;E:淀粉酶活性。

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Water holding capacity and water soluble index during solid-state fermentation of aleurone layer by Agrocybe aegerita

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
发酵时间(d)持水力(g/g)水溶性指数(%)
01.68±0.07e0.13±0.00g
31.78±0.10de0.17±0.00f
61.81±0.17de0.18±0.00f
91.91±0.10d0.20±0.00e
122.08±0.08c0.24±0.00d
152.57±0.02a0.29±0.00c
182.62±0.15a0.34±0.00a
212.40±0.12b0.33±0.00a
242.27±0.03b0.32±0.00b
), ArticleFig(id=1320889427690377538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889419293380858, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

茶树菇固态发酵糊粉层期间持水力和水溶性指数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
发酵时间(d)持水力(g/g)水溶性指数(%)
01.68±0.07e0.13±0.00g
31.78±0.10de0.17±0.00f
61.81±0.17de0.18±0.00f
91.91±0.10d0.20±0.00e
122.08±0.08c0.24±0.00d
152.57±0.02a0.29±0.00c
182.62±0.15a0.34±0.00a
212.40±0.12b0.33±0.00a
242.27±0.03b0.32±0.00b
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茶树菇固态发酵对小麦糊粉层中酶活性及理化性质的影响
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燕乐 , 王文涛 , 李诚 , 侯汉学 , 张锦丽 *
食品工业科技 | 生物工程 2026,47(2): 191-198
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食品工业科技 |生物工程 2026 , 47 (2) : 191 -198
茶树菇固态发酵对小麦糊粉层中酶活性及理化性质的影响
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燕乐 , 王文涛, 李诚, 侯汉学, 张锦丽*
作者信息
  • 山东农业大学食品科学与工程学院,山东泰安 271018
通讯作者:
张锦丽(1974−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品生物技术,E-mail:。
作者简介:

燕乐(1999−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:粮食油脂及植物蛋白工程,E-mail:

Effects of Solid-state Fermentation by Agrocybe aegerita on Enzyme Activities and Physicochemical Properties of Wheat Aleurone layer
Le YAN , Wentao WANG, Cheng LI, Hanxue HOU, Jinli ZHANG*
Affiliations
  • College of Food Science and Engineering, Shangdong Agricultural Univercity, Tai'an 271018, China
出版时间: 2026-01-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120419
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为了提高小麦糊粉层的利用价值,本文选用茶树菇对糊粉层进行固态发酵,测定了发酵过程中纤维素酶(滤纸酶、内切葡聚糖酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶)、木聚糖酶、漆酶、阿魏酰酯酶和淀粉酶活性以及还原糖、可溶性戊聚糖和总酚含量的变化,同时评估了发酵后糊粉层的抗氧化能力。结果显示,滤纸酶和内切葡聚糖酶活力在发酵第15 d同时达到最大值,分别为3.32 U/g和5.93 U/g,随后呈现逐渐下降的趋势;而β-葡萄糖苷酶及木聚糖酶活力在发酵第18 d时分别达到3.27 U/g和10.00 U/g,之后酶活力逐渐下降。与未发酵的糊粉层相比,还原糖、可溶性戊聚糖及游离态酚类物质含量都有显著增加(P<0.05),分别提升了374.22%、162.53%和34.90%。发酵后基质的ABTS+·清除能力和DPPH·清除能力分别提高了70.06%和35.50%。综上,茶树菇能够在糊粉层基质表面形成稳定的菌丝网络,并且能够高效利用基质中的碳氮源以满足菌体自身生长。同时,发酵后糊粉层的抗氧化能力也得到了改善,本研究为小麦糊粉层真菌固态发酵改性及高值化利用提供了理论支撑。

茶树菇  /  固态发酵  /  小麦糊粉层  /  酶活性  /  理化性质

This study aimed to enhance the utility of the wheat aleurone layer through solid-state fermentation using Agrocybe aegerita. The investigation monitored the dynamic changes in cellulase activities, including filter paper enzyme, endoglucanase, and β-glucosidase, as well as xylanase, laccase, feruloyl esterase, and amylase activities. The contents of reducing sugars, soluble pentosans, and total phenolics were also monitored throughout the fermentation process. The antioxidant capacity of the fermented aleurone layer was evaluated. The data revealed that filter paper enzyme and endoglucanase activities peaked on day 15, with values of 3.32 U/g and 5.93 U/g respectively, before gradually declining. In contrast, β-glucosidase and xylanase activities reached their peaks on day 18, with figures of 3.27 U/g and 10.00 U/g respectively. Compared to unfermented aleurone layer, the contents of reducing sugars, soluble pentosans, and free phenolics showed significant increases of 374.22%, 162.53%, and 34.90% respectively (P<0.05). The fermented substrate also exhibited improved DPPH·and ABTS+· scavenging capacities, with increases of 70.06% and 35.50%, respectively. These findings indicate that Agrocybe aegerita successfully established a stable mycelial network on the aleurone layer, efficiently utilizing carbon and nitrogen sources for growth. Moreover, SSF enhanced the antioxidant capacity of the wheat aleurone layer, providing theoretical insights into fungal fermentation-based modifications and high-value utilization of this by-product.

Agrocybe aegerita  /  solid-state fermentation  /  wheat aleurone layer  /  enzymatic activity  /  physicochemical properties
燕乐, 王文涛, 李诚, 侯汉学, 张锦丽. 茶树菇固态发酵对小麦糊粉层中酶活性及理化性质的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (2) : 191 -198 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120419
Le YAN, Wentao WANG, Cheng LI, Hanxue HOU, Jinli ZHANG. Effects of Solid-state Fermentation by Agrocybe aegerita on Enzyme Activities and Physicochemical Properties of Wheat Aleurone layer[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (2) : 191 -198 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120419
糊粉层是小麦加工副产物,富含多种生物活性成分,包括膳食纤维、蛋白质、B族维生素、矿物质和酚类化合物等。这些成分具有抗氧化、抗衰老、消炎抑菌等作用,并且能够有效预防心血管疾病,同时还能降低多种癌症的发病率[1]。然而,糊粉层中生物活性成分大多与木质素或其他细胞壁聚合物相连,导致其生物可及性和生物利用率很低[2]。因此,如何有效释放和利用糊粉层中的生物活性物质,已成为当前研究的重点。基于糊粉层资源丰富性和营养富集性的特点,通过改善糊粉层的加工性能和营养组成,不仅能够提升这一天然食物资源的利用价值,还能推动小麦加工业的升级,形成新的经济增长点[3]。
近年来,微生物发酵技术广泛应用于谷物营养和加工性能的改良研究。其中,固态发酵因其高效、节水、低成本等优势,在谷物高值化利用中展现出广阔的应用前景[4]。研究表明,固态发酵不仅能够提高谷物的营养价值,优化其营养结构,还能够提高营养物质在人体的吸收率[5]。在固态发酵中,药食真菌和酵母因其适应低水分环境的能力,成为常见的微生物菌种。茶树菇作为一种高膳食纤维、低脂肪的药食真菌,不仅富含人体所需的氨基酸和微量元素,还包含具有抗癌活性的多糖类物质[6]。此外,在发酵过程中,茶树菇分泌的多种酶类(如纤维素酶、木聚糖酶和淀粉酶)能够协同作用,降解细胞壁结构,释放游离态活性成分(如酚类物质),并促进可溶性戊聚糖等功能性因子的生成[7]。因此,利用茶树菇对小麦糊粉层进行固态发酵改性,可为谷物副产物加工提供新的研究思路和技术支撑。
本文以茶树菇为发酵菌种,糊粉层为发酵基质,探究固态发酵过程中关键酶(如纤维素酶、木聚糖酶、阿魏酰酯酶等)的活性变化及发酵对糊粉层中戊聚糖、还原糖和酚类物质含量的影响。同时,通过测定发酵过程中糊粉层抗氧化能力的变化,评估其功能特性的改善效果,为开发高营养价值的糊粉层产品提供理论依据。
茶树菇(Agrocybe aegerita) 山东省农业科学院泰安分院提供;小麦糊粉层 实验室自制;马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基(potato dextrose agar, PDA) 青岛海博生物技术有限公司;氨基葡萄糖、乙酰丙酮、对二氨基苯甲醛、1,1-二苯基-2-苦基肼(1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH)和p-硝基苯-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(p-Nitrophenyl-β-D-galactopyranoside, pNPG) 上海麦克林生化科技有限公司;Waterman No.1滤纸(1 cm×6 cm) 思拓凡生物科技(杭州)有限公司;Folin-Ciocalteu试剂和没食子酸标准品 北京索莱宝科技有限公司;2,2’-联氨-双(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)二胺盐(2,2'-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), ABTS)、奎诺二甲基丙烯酸酯(Trolox)、植酸钠和磺基水杨酸 上海源叶生物科技有限公司;3,5-二硝基水杨酸(DNS) 国药集团化学试剂有限公司;试验所用试剂均为分析纯。
SPX-250BSH-Ⅱ型生化培养箱 上海新苗医疗器械有限公司;LXJ-IIB型高速离心机 上海安亭科学仪器厂;HH-21-6型电热恒温水浴锅 常州诺基仪器有限公司;YXQ-50SII型立式压力蒸汽灭菌器 上海博讯实业有限公司医疗设备厂;DHG-9030A型电热鼓风干燥箱 上海一恒科学仪器有限公司;HJ-6A型数显恒温磁力搅拌器 江苏金怡仪器科技有限公司;SHA-B型恒温振荡器 常州智伯瑞仪器制造有限公司;SpectraMaxi3x型酶标仪 美国Molecular公司。
用接种针从茶树菇斜面种子培养物中挑取一小块菌块,接种于PDA平板正中央,25 ℃活化菌种直至培养基表面长满白色菌丝。挑选生长状态良好的菌丝,在菌丝边缘打孔(内径7.5 mm)得到菌块,挑取菌块,菌丝向下再次接种于PDA平板正中央,于25 ℃培养8 d。
根据预实验结果,将糊粉层装入自封袋,按料液比1:1.5的比例加入去离子水后,充分混匀,取62.5 g样品于培养瓶中,密封,121 ℃灭菌20 min,冷却至室温。在长满菌丝的平板外缘均匀打孔(内径7.5 mm),挑取3块菌块,均匀接种于糊粉层基质表面,25 ℃恒温培养。每隔3 d取出培养瓶,60 ℃烘干,粉碎过60目筛,−20 ℃保存备用。
参照刘阳[8]的方法进行生物量的测定。准确称取1.000 g发酵基质,加5 mL 60% H2SO4,室温浸泡24 h,将H2SO4稀释至1 mol/L,121 ℃加热1 h,冷却后调pH至7.0,定容到100 mL,取2 mL样液(空白为蒸馏水),加1 mL乙酰丙酮试剂,沸水浴30 min,冷却后加入2 mL无水乙醇、1 mL对二氨基苯甲醛试剂振荡,再加入4 mL无水乙醇,60 ℃反应1 h,530 nm处测定吸光度。以氨基葡萄糖为标准物质绘制标准曲线(Y=0.0033X+0.0831,R2=0.9948),按公式(1)计算。
$\rm \mathrm{生}\mathrm{物}\mathrm{量}(\mathrm{m}\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{g})=\frac{c\times V}{w}\times 10^{-3} $
式中:c:从标曲上查得样品测定液中氨基葡萄糖浓度(μg/mL);V:样液总体积(mL);w:样品的干重(g)。
参考魏丹华[9]的方法。将样品用提前预冷的研钵研磨均匀,研磨过程中避免温度过高,分别加入pH为4.8、5.6和6.0的缓冲溶液(料液比为1:20),磁力搅拌30 min,在4 ℃条件下,6000 r/min离心15 min,上清液即为粗酶液。以用沸水浴灭活5 min的粗酶液为对照。
滤纸酶活性的测定参考魏丹华[9]的方法。取50 mg Waterman No.1滤纸,加入1.5 mL缓冲溶液于50 ℃恒温水浴中预热5 min,加入1 mL粗酶液在相同条件下孵育60 min。随后立即加入2 mL DNS显色试剂终止反应,涡旋振荡混匀,于沸水浴中显色10 min。快速冷却后,用去离子水定容至10 mL,充分混匀。于540 nm波长处测定吸光值。内切葡聚糖酶活性以1 mL 0.5% (w/v)羧甲基纤维素钠溶液为底物,孵育时间为30 min,操作方法同滤纸酶活力的测定。滤纸酶、内切葡聚糖酶活定义(U/g):在测定条件下,每克样品每分钟催化产生1 μmol葡萄糖所需酶的量,按公式(2)计算。
$ \mathrm{酶}\mathrm{活}\mathrm{力}(\mathrm{U}/\mathrm{g})=\frac{\mathrm{m}\cdot 1000\cdot\mathrm{N}\cdot\mathrm{V}}{\mathrm{v}\cdot\mathrm{T}\cdot\mathrm{M}\cdot\mathrm{F}\mathrm{w}} $
式中:m:由样品平均吸光度在标曲上相对应的葡萄糖含量(mg);1000:mg 与 μg 之间的换算系数;N:粗酶液的稀释倍数;V:总粗酶液的体积(mL);v:参与反应的粗酶液的体积(mL);T:反应时间(min);M:葡萄糖的分子量(180.16 g/mol);Fw:样品干重(g)。
β-葡萄糖苷酶活性的测定参考Xue等[10]的方法。取0.5 mL 0.5 mmol/L对硝基苯基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(pNPG)与0.5 mL缓冲溶液混合,置于37 ℃恒温水浴中预热5 min,随后加入1 mL粗酶液,继续孵育30 min。反应结束后立即加入2 mL 1 mol/L碳酸钠(Na2CO3)溶液终止反应,涡旋振荡充分混匀,于400 nm波长处测定吸光值。β-葡萄糖苷酶活(U/g)定义:在测定条件下,每克样品每分钟水解底物生成1 μmol对硝基苯酚所需酶的量,按公式(3)计算。
$ \mathrm{酶}\mathrm{活}\mathrm{力}(\mathrm{U}/\mathrm{g})=\frac{\mathrm{n}\cdot\mathrm{N}\cdot\mathrm{V}}{\mathrm{v}\cdot\mathrm{T}\cdot\mathrm{F}\mathrm{w}} $
式中:n:由样品平均吸光度在标曲上相对应的对硝基苯酚量(μmol);N:粗酶液的稀释倍数;V:总粗酶液的体积(mL);v:参与反应的粗酶液的体积(mL);T:反应时间(min);Fw:样品干重(g)。
木聚糖酶活性以1 mL 1%木聚糖为底物,操作方法同滤纸酶活力的测定。木聚糖酶活(U/g)定义:在测定条件下,每克样品每分钟水解底物生成1 μmol木糖所需酶的量,按公式(2)计算,式中M为木糖的摩尔质量(150.13 g/mol)。
漆酶活性的测定参考芦红云等[11]的方法。室温下,取400 μL 0.5 mmol/L ABTS与200 μL粗酶液混合均匀。于420 nm波长下每隔1 min测定吸光度,持续5 min,记录线性反应阶段的吸光度变化速率。漆酶活(U/g)定义:每克样本每分钟氧化1 μmol底物ABTS所需酶的量,按公式(4)计算。
$\rm \mathrm{酶}\mathrm{活}\mathrm{力}(\mathrm{U}/\mathrm{g})=\frac{\mathrm{V}\cdot\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{A}\cdot{10}^{6}\cdot n\cdot Vy}{\mathrm{F}\mathrm{w}\cdot 36000\cdot \mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{T}\cdot \mathrm{v}\cdot \mathrm{L}} $
式中:V:参与反应的总液体的体积0.6 mL;ΔA:计时开始到最大吸光度值时吸光度变化;106:mol和μmol之间的转换系数;n:粗酶液的稀释倍数;36000:ABTS氧化态的摩尔吸光系数(L/mol/cm);v:反应酶液的体积0.2 mL;ΔT:吸光度测定的时间(min);L:光径(cm);Vy:粗酶液总体积40 mL;Fw:样品干重(g)。
阿魏酰酯酶活性的测定参考王丹等[12]的方法。以2 mL 0.5 mmol/L阿魏酸乙酯为底物,加入冰乙酸溶液终止反应,操作方法同滤纸酶活力的测定。阿魏酰酯酶活(U/g)定义:在测定条件下,每克样品每分钟水解底物生成1 μmol阿魏酸所需酶的量,按公式(5)计算。
$ \mathrm{酶}\mathrm{活}\mathrm{力}(\mathrm{U}/\mathrm{g})=\frac{\mathrm{m}\cdot\mathrm{N}\cdot \mathrm{V}}{\mathrm{v}\cdot \mathrm{T}\cdot \mathrm{M}\cdot \mathrm{F}\mathrm{w}} $
式中:m:由样品平均吸光度在标曲上相对应的阿魏酸含量(μg);N:粗酶液的稀释倍数;V:总粗酶液体积(mL);v:参与反应的粗酶液的体积(mL);T:反应时间(min);M:阿魏酸的摩尔质量(194.18 g/mol);Fw:样品干重(g)。
淀粉酶活性以1 mL 1%可溶性淀粉为底物,操作方法同滤纸酶活力的测定。淀粉酶活(U/g)定义:在测定条件下,每克样品每分钟水解底物生成1 μmol葡萄糖所需酶的量。按公式(2)计算。
参考牟佳红等[13]的方法进行测定。还原糖含量以每克干基样品中含有的毫克葡萄糖当量表示(mg/g)。
可溶性戊聚糖含量的测定参考刘倩倩[14]的方法。取250 mg样品,加入25 mL水,磁力搅拌30 min后转移至离心管中,离心取上清液10 mL,加入10 mL 4 mol/L盐酸溶液,于沸水浴中水解120 min,冷却后用滤纸过滤,收集滤液备用。取3 mL样液,加入0.3 mL 1%地衣酚-无水乙醇溶液和3 mL 0.1%氯化铁-盐酸溶液,混匀,于沸水浴反应30 min后,迅速冷却至室温,用水定容至10 mL,分别测定670 nm、580 nm波长下的吸光值。计算两者之差ΔA,带入D-木糖标准曲线,按公式(6)计算出可溶性戊聚糖含量。
$ \mathrm{可}\mathrm{溶}\mathrm{性}\mathrm{戊}\mathrm{聚}\mathrm{糖}\mathrm{含}\mathrm{量}(\mathrm{g}/100\mathrm{\ g})=\frac{\mathrm{m}\cdot\mathrm{n}\cdot0.88\cdot100}{3\cdot\mathrm{M}\cdot10^6} $
式中:m:从标曲上查得样品测定液中木糖含量(μg);n:样品稀释倍数;0.88:单糖与聚糖之间的转换系数;M:样品质量(g)。
总酚含量的测定参考Zhang等[15]的方法。取0.5 mL样液,依次加入7.0 mL去离子水和0.5 mL的福林酚试剂,混合均匀。室温下静置3 min,加入2 mL 5% Na2CO3溶液。对照组以甲醇代替反应剂。混匀后,于30 ℃水浴反应30 min。冷却后,测定765 nm处的吸光度。以没食子酸标准曲线(Y=5.5242X+0.0618,R2=0.998)计算样品中总酚的质量含量(mg/g)。
ABTS+·清除能力测定参考Zhang等[15]的方法调整后进行测定。取5 mg样品加入6 mL ABTS试剂,避光振荡反应20 min,离心取上清液,待反应30 min后,于734 nm处测定吸光度。以Trolox为标准品带入回归方程计算提取物中ABTS+·清除能力(mmol TE/kg)。
参考Xu等[16]的方法调整后测定。5 mg样品加入6 mL DPPH试剂,涡旋混匀,避光振荡反应50 min,离心取上清液,待反应60 min后,于517 nm处测定吸光度。以Trolox为标准品带入回归方程计算提取物中总酚的质量含量(mmol TE/kg)。
持水力和水溶性指数根据Jiang等[17]的方法略微修改,将0.5 g干燥样品和7 mL蒸馏水于离心管中,混匀,25 ℃水浴60 min,有规则的间隔振荡,离心,上清液烘干后称重,沉淀物称重。计算方法如式(7)、式(8):
$ \mathrm{持水力(g/g)=\frac{沉淀物的重量}{干燥样品的重量}} $
$ \rm 水溶性指数(g/g)=\frac{上清液中溶解固体的重量} {干燥样品的重量} $
实验数据均重复3次,实验结果以平均值±标准差表示。采用Origin 2022软件作图、SPSS Statistics 22.0软件对数据进行显著性分析,P<0.05为统计学上显著差异。
茶树菇固态发酵糊粉层周期为24 d,菌丝生长状态见图1。茶树菇菌丝呈放射状向外生长。从基质表面观察,发酵3~6 d,菌丝开始附着在糊粉层表面并逐渐向内部渗透,发酵9~18 d,菌丝在糊粉层上的覆盖率已达到90%以上,并且可以看到菌丝在内部渗透的效果也较好。发酵18~24 d,菌丝生长速度缓慢,发酵基质变得紧实。
生物量是衡量茶树菇生长情况的重要指标[18]。如图2所示,在发酵过程中,生物量的变化呈上升趋势,与图1菌丝生长状态的变化一致,表明茶树菇逐渐适应糊粉层基质并开始进入生长阶段,从发酵第3~12 d,生物量从0.25 mg/g逐步增加到0.88 mg/g。随后茶树菇进入快速生长期,第12 d增长率提高至70.04%。这表明茶树菇正高效利用糊粉层中的物质作为碳氮源,以满足其生长需求。在发酵第24 d时,生物量达到最高值(2.81 mg/g)。结果显示,从第21~24 d增长速率下降到14.94%。推测若继续延长发酵周期,体系中的生物量仍会增加,但其增长较为缓慢。
纤维素酶是包含多种酶的复杂酶系,其中滤纸酶是衡量纤维素酶总活性的标准方法之一[19]。由图3A可见,在发酵初期(3~9 d),滤纸酶活性缓慢提高,从0.07 U/g增加到0.88 U/g。然而,从发酵第9~12 d,酶活力增长160.72%,并在发酵第15 d达到3.32 U/g,随后开始下降到1.67 U/g。在发酵周期内,前期菌种处于适应阶段,代谢速率低,随着发酵的进行,菌种逐步利用基质中的营养物质,代谢活动增强,酶活显著上升(P<0.05),然而随着底物的消耗及代谢产物的积累,导致酶活在发酵后期呈下降趋势。内切葡聚糖酶活性变化趋势与滤纸酶相似,从第6~9 d增幅达到683.75%,并在第15 d酶活达到5.93 U/g。该酶作用于纤维素的糖苷键,生成短链纤维素和纤维二糖,从而加速纤维素的降解[20]。β-葡萄糖苷酶活性变化与滤纸酶变化一致,在第18 d时达到最大值3.27 U/g,随后下降到2.48 U/g,该酶在纤维二糖水解为葡萄糖的过程中起重要作用[21]。Yin等[22]研究表明,在黑曲霉固态发酵小麦麸皮过程中,其中纤维素酶活性也呈现类似的结果。
木聚糖酶属于半纤维素降解酶,有助于释放结合的酚类物质[19]。如图3B所示,随着发酵的进行,茶树菇开始利用糊粉层中的木聚糖,导致木聚糖酶活性从第3~18 d显著增加(P<0.05),从0.66 U/g增加到最高值10.00 U/g。然而,结合图2中生物量的变化,发酵第15 d之后菌种生长速率降低。推测发酵后期,糊粉层中刺激酶分泌的木聚糖被消耗,与此同时木聚糖酶的积累导致酶活受到抑制[23],最终其酶活下降到7.37 U/g。
漆酶是一类多酚氧化酶,主要作用于酚类物质,同时在木质纤维素的降解中也发挥重要作用[24]。如图3C所示,在发酵周期内,漆酶活性逐渐增加,并在第18 d达到1.22×103 U/g,随后略微下降至1.11×103 U/g。推测糊粉层基质中有较高含量的酚类物质供茶树菇分解利用,因此从第6 d开始,漆酶活性显著增加(P<0.05)。由图6可知,在发酵周期内,酚类物质含量较高,促使酶活性维持较高水平,但可能由于酶的负反馈机制[23],在第18 d之后酶活有所下降。阿魏酰酯酶通过水解半纤维素聚合物中的酯键,释放侧链中交联的羟基肉桂酸,尤其是阿魏酸[19]。如图3D所示,发酵第3~12 d,阿魏酰酯酶活性迅速上升至峰值5.49 U/g,这一现象可能归因于发酵初期糊粉层细胞壁结构较为完整,富含阿魏酸酯化底物,促进了阿魏酰酯酶的合成[25]。然而,随着糊粉层中易降解底物消耗殆尽,酶合成受到抑制,导致酶活急速下降到0.64 U/g。发酵第15 d之后,酶活性逐渐增加到2.44 U/g。推测协同纤维素酶等酶作用于细胞壁组分(如木质素和纤维素),释放出新的底物,刺激了阿魏酰酯酶的分泌。
淀粉酶是一种作用于α-1,4-糖苷键的水解酶[26]。如图3E所示,茶树菇固态发酵过程中淀粉酶活性整体呈先上升再下降的趋势。发酵前期,糊粉层中淀粉含量较高,茶树菇开始大量分泌淀粉酶,并在发酵第15 d达到了峰值10.87 U/g,随着淀粉含量下降,以及代谢产物(如葡萄糖)的积累,抑制淀粉酶的合成,从而导致淀粉酶活性下降至5.93 U/g。
还原糖的变化是评价发酵过程中多糖降解的一个重要指标,可以反映淀粉、纤维素与半纤维素的酶解、酶解产物对酶的反馈抑制及酶解产物的含量,从而推断淀粉、纤维素的降解效果[19]。如图4所示,发酵第12 d基质中还原糖含量达到峰值25.67 g/100 g,较原料相比提高了374.22%。根据图3,发酵第6 d开始,纤维素酶及淀粉酶等酶活性增长速率大幅度提高,加速了发酵第3 d后糊粉层中还原糖的生成,发酵第12 d之后,还原糖含量下降到16.90 g/100 g,之后又略微上升到20.29 g/100 g,推测酶解作用释放的还原糖被茶树菇作为碳源被优先利用,满足其自身生长及代谢。但是后期茶树菇生长减缓,降低对还原糖消耗,同时阿魏酰酯酶活性的升高破坏了木质纤维素交联结构[25],可能促进纤维素酶和半纤维素酶的二次作用。
戊聚糖是细胞壁多糖的重要组分,主要由阿拉伯糖和木糖组成。有研究表明,小麦麸皮水溶性戊聚糖表现出良好的氧化交联效果[27]。如图5所示,在固态发酵过程中可溶性戊聚糖含量呈上升趋势,并在第12 d达到峰值5.02 g/100 g。该现象主要由于茶树菇分泌的木聚糖酶等酶活性逐渐增强,将不溶性戊聚糖分解为可溶性戊聚糖,或从细胞壁基质中释放戊聚糖。值得注意的是,发酵后期可溶性戊聚糖含量降低到4.66 g/100 g后趋于稳定,这种动态平衡的形成可能是酶活性降低的同时,菌种利用可溶性物质维持基础代谢造成的。刘倩倩[14]选用四种微生物固态发酵麦麸,在整个发酵过程中,可溶性戊聚糖含量均呈现先增加后下降的趋势,这一变化主要归因于发酵过程中纤维素酶和木聚糖酶的作用。
发酵过程中,纤维素酶等酶活性对酚类物质含量的变化有重要影响[19]。如图6 所示,在发酵周期内,糊粉层中游离态酚类物质含量显著提升了34.90%(P<0.05),而结合态酚类物质降低了56.20%。在固态发酵体系中,纤维素酶通过降解纤维素-半纤维素结构释放酚类物质,而阿魏酰酯酶特异性水解酚酸酯键,促使了结合态酚类向游离态转化[28]。发酵第18 d之后,部分游离态酚类物质被茶树菇利用或氧化,导致其含量有所下降,但由于发酵过程中游离态酚类物质的持续生成,其含量仍保持在较高水平。Tu等[29]选用红缘拟层孔菌发酵小麦麸皮时,总酚含量呈持续上升趋势,而赵静[30]利用毛木耳发酵麸皮时总酚含量呈先上升后下降的趋势,因而推测发酵过程中总酚含量的变化与发酵菌种有关[31]。
自由基清除能力可以在一定程度上反映出样品的抗氧化活性[14]。由图7可以看出,发酵过程中,糊粉层的ABTS+·、DPPH· 清除能力呈现先升后降的趋势,其中ABTS+·清除能力在第12 d达到最大值39.52 mmol TE/kg,提升了70.06%。DPPH·清除能力在第6 d达到最大值18.15 mmol TE/kg,提高了35.50%。发酵前期,茶树菇分泌纤维素酶等作用于糊粉层基质,暴露出更多活性基团,促使其自由基清除能力增加[4]。随着发酵的进行,漆酶等多酚氧化酶的活性仍处于较高水平,氧化酚类物质导致基质抗氧化能力降低。Guimarães等[32]采用7种担子菌发酵处理麻风树饼粕和棉籽饼后,发现样品的DPPH·清除能力降低,并推测可能与真菌产生的氧化酶有关。
持水力反映了糊粉层结合并保持水的能力,对糊粉层作为食品配料在食品中的应用具有指导作用[33]。在发酵过程中,随着淀粉酶、纤维素酶、木聚糖酶等酶活性的增强,糊粉层中的大分子物质(如淀粉、纤维素和半纤维素),被逐步分解为小分子,显著提高了体系的亲水性和吸水能力(P<0.05)。如表1所示,在发酵第18 d,持水力和水溶性指数同时达到最大值,分别为2.62 g/g和0.34 g/g。发酵前期,淀粉酶、木聚糖酶、纤维素酶降解淀粉、不溶性阿拉伯木聚糖,生成单糖、可溶性低聚糖和戊糖,提升了糊粉层的水溶性指数[7]。然而,在发酵后期,糊粉层中可降解物质逐渐减少,小分子糖类物质被消耗,导致持水力和水溶性指数均呈现下降趋势。
本研究通过茶树菇固态发酵小麦糊粉层,探讨了关键酶活性与物质成分之间的变化规律。结果表明,纤维素酶、木聚糖酶、阿魏酰酯酶和漆酶活性变化趋势不同步,但均在发酵中期达到峰值。其中,滤纸酶和内切葡聚糖酶在发酵第15 d活性最高,分别为3.32 U/g和5.93 U/g,而β-葡萄糖苷酶和木聚糖酶活性在发酵第18 d达到峰值,分别为3.27 U/g和10.00 U/g。还原糖和可溶性戊聚糖含量在发酵第12 d分别提升了374.22%和162.53%。在阿魏酰酯酶和漆酶的协同作用下,促进了结合态酚向游离态酚的转化,使游离酚类物质含量显著增加了34.90%(P<0.05)。与此同时,糊粉层基质的ABTS+·和DPPH·清除能力分别提高了70.06%和35.50%,糊粉层的持水力和水溶性指数在发酵第18 d同步上升至2.62 g/g和0.34 g/g。综上,茶树菇多种酶的协同作用重构了糊粉层基质组分,在发酵第12~18 d时,同步实现了糊粉层生物活性成分和抗氧化能力的提升,为小麦糊粉层的功能化应用提供了理论依据。

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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120419
  • 接收时间:2025-01-02
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-01-15
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    山东农业大学食品科学与工程学院,山东泰安 271018

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张锦丽(1974−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品生物技术,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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