Article(id=1321170434687615032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1321170163563614210, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120358, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1735488000000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792921177789, onlineDateStr=2026-10-25, pubDate=1769875200000, pubDateStr=2026-02-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792921177789, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792921177789, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792921177789, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321170163563614210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='497', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769875200000', pubDateStr='2026-02-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792921113148, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792921113148, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=464, endPage=474, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321170434968633401, articleId=1321170434687615032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Research Progress on the Preparation of Cereal Resistant Starch and Its Effect on the Edible Quality and Digestibility of Recombinant Rice, columnId=1261343851327906245, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Resistant starch (RS), a type of starch that resists digestion in the small intestine but undergoes fermentation in the large intestine, exhibits prebiotic properties and a low glycemic index. In recent years, RS has garnered significant attention due to its potential health benefits. This review focuses on the preparation of cereal-based resistant starch and its impact on the edible quality and digestibility of reconstituted rice. Various preparation methods, including physical, chemical, enzymatic, and dual modifications, have been developed for cereal RS, each with distinct characteristics. The incorporation of RS in reconstituted rice not only enhances its textural properties and heat resistance but also significantly improves its digestive resistance and reduces the glycemic index, making it more suitable for individuals with diabetes or those requiring blood sugar control.

, authors=Ping YANG1, Xueting WANG1, Danhong XU2, Sihan CHEN1, Na ZHANG1, *, authorsList=Ping YANG, Xueting WANG, Danhong XU, Sihan CHEN, Na ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Na ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321170441260089424, articleId=1321170434687615032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=谷物抗性淀粉的制备及对重组米食用品质和消化性的影响研究进展, columnId=1261343852603031688, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=专题综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

抗性淀粉(Resistant Starch,RS)是一种不被小肠消化吸收,但可在大肠中发酵的淀粉,具有益生元功能和低血糖生成指数等特点。近年来,抗性淀粉因其潜在的健康益处受到广泛关注。本文综述了谷物抗性淀粉的制备及对重组米食用品质和消化性的影响。谷物抗性淀粉在物理、化学、酶法及双重改性等制备方法上各有特点。在重组米中,抗性淀粉的添加不仅提高了其质构特性和耐热性,还显著增强了抗消化性,降低了血糖生成指数,使其更适合糖尿病患者及需要控制血糖人群的食用需求。

, authors=杨萍1, 王雪婷1, 徐丹鸿2, 陈思涵1, 张娜1, *, authorsList=杨萍, 王雪婷, 徐丹鸿, 陈思涵, 张娜, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张娜, authorNote=

杨萍(1979−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品科学,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
张娜(1979−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:植物蛋白质,E-mail:。
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杨萍(1979−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品科学,E-mail:

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杨萍(1979−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品科学,E-mail:

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Hangzhou: Zhejiang University of Technology, 2023.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321170455407476994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170434687615032, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=98, rfOrder=122, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=XUAN Y. Research on physical modification of brown rice flour-potato flour and its recombinant rice quality and probiotic effect[D]. 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Wuxi: Jiangnan University, 2021.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321170455550083332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170434687615032, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=99, rfOrder=124, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CAI Canxin. Research on the properties and application of resistant starch prepared by extrusion[D]. 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Journal of the Chinese Cereals and Oils Association, 2021, 36(8): 1−8.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321170455722049798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170434687615032, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=100, rfOrder=126, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YANG Jian, ZHANG Xingcan, HUA Miaomiao, et al. Effect of high resistant starch rice on quality and GI of instant rice flour[J]. Journal of the Chinese Cereals and Oils Association, 2021, 36(8): 1−8., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321170455810130183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170434687615032, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=101, rfOrder=127, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=KARAKELLE B, KIAN-POUR N, TOKER O S, et al. Effect of process conditions and amylose/amylopectin ratio on the pasting behavior of maize starch: A modeling approach[J]. 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EDP Sciences, 2018, 31: 06005., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321170455956930825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170434687615032, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=103, rfOrder=129, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MA Rongrong, CAI Canxin, WANG Fan, et al. Improvement of resistant starch content and thermal-stability of starch-linoleic acid complex: An attempt application in extruded recombinant rice[J]. Food Chemistry, 2024, 445: 138768., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321170456019845386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170434687615032, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=104, rfOrder=130, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=JIANG Shuo, YUAN Siyuan, ZUO Youming, et al. The functional and nutritional properties of a novel Monascus fermented rice rich in resistant starch[J]. 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注:物理包埋淀粉RS1(a)、天然淀粉RS2(b)、回生淀粉RS3(c)、化学改性淀粉RS4(d)、淀粉-脂质复合体RS5(e)。

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Classification of resistant starch[3]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型描述抗酶原理来源
RS1物理包埋淀粉淀粉颗粒在机械加工过程中受到物理屏障的影响,被封闭在植物细胞壁内,阻碍了淀粉酶的作用豆类、谷类等
RS2天然淀粉密集的结构和部分结晶结构生的薯类和香蕉淀粉等
RS3回生淀粉/老化淀粉由糊化淀粉冷却后形成的凝聚态淀粉聚合物冷饭等
RS4化学改性淀粉通过基因工程、化学处理或引入特定化学官能团,导致淀粉分子结构发生改变使用改性淀粉的食品
RS5淀粉-脂质复合体改变了淀粉的原始结构,减少与消化酶的接触面积含有更多直链淀粉的食品
), ArticleFig(id=1321170445785743491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170434687615032, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

抗性淀粉的分类[3]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型描述抗酶原理来源
RS1物理包埋淀粉淀粉颗粒在机械加工过程中受到物理屏障的影响,被封闭在植物细胞壁内,阻碍了淀粉酶的作用豆类、谷类等
RS2天然淀粉密集的结构和部分结晶结构生的薯类和香蕉淀粉等
RS3回生淀粉/老化淀粉由糊化淀粉冷却后形成的凝聚态淀粉聚合物冷饭等
RS4化学改性淀粉通过基因工程、化学处理或引入特定化学官能团,导致淀粉分子结构发生改变使用改性淀粉的食品
RS5淀粉-脂质复合体改变了淀粉的原始结构,减少与消化酶的接触面积含有更多直链淀粉的食品
), ArticleFig(id=1321170445857046660, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170434687615032, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Effects of composite modification methods on cereal starch

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
双重改性类别改性方法淀粉类型结果参考文献
物理-物理退火湿热大米淀粉持水力↑、溶解度↑、相对结晶度↑、RS含量↑[40]
超声退火谷子淀粉直链淀粉含量↑、RS含量↑、冻融稳定性↑[10]
化学-化学阳离子化乙酰化糯米淀粉峰值黏度↑、冻融稳定性↑、回生值↓[41]
琥珀酰化酸水解白高粱淀粉回生值↓、回生黏度↑[42]
酶-酶环糊精酶
环糊精葡萄糖基转移酶
糯玉米淀粉聚合度↑、分子量↓、消化率↓[43]
β-淀粉酶
转葡萄糖苷酶
玉米淀粉分子量↓、慢消化淀粉含量↑[44]
α-淀粉酶
支链淀粉酶
玉米淀粉聚合度↓、RS含量↑[45]
物理-化学微波赖氨酸酯化玉米淀粉RS含量↑、峰值黏度↓、击穿黏度↓、回生黏度和凝胶焓↓、相对结晶度↑[46]
湿热交联糯玉米淀粉膨胀力↓、糊化焓↓、RS含量↑[47]
微波乙酸酯化玉米淀粉结晶度↓、黏度↓、溶胀力↓、消化率↓、糊化温度↓、直链淀粉↑、溶解度↑[48]
物理-酶普鲁兰酶温度循环西米淀粉消化率↓[49]
支链淀粉酶水热处理大米淀粉RDS含量↓、消化率↓[50]
化学-酶苹果酸酯化α-淀粉酶玉米淀粉取代度↑、溶解度↑、直链淀粉含量↑、黏度↓、消化率↓、溶胀能力↓[51]
普鲁兰酶丙酸盐酯化反应大米淀粉结晶度↑、RS含量↑[52]
), ArticleFig(id=1321170445940932741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170434687615032, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

双重改性方法对谷物淀粉的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
双重改性类别改性方法淀粉类型结果参考文献
物理-物理退火湿热大米淀粉持水力↑、溶解度↑、相对结晶度↑、RS含量↑[40]
超声退火谷子淀粉直链淀粉含量↑、RS含量↑、冻融稳定性↑[10]
化学-化学阳离子化乙酰化糯米淀粉峰值黏度↑、冻融稳定性↑、回生值↓[41]
琥珀酰化酸水解白高粱淀粉回生值↓、回生黏度↑[42]
酶-酶环糊精酶
环糊精葡萄糖基转移酶
糯玉米淀粉聚合度↑、分子量↓、消化率↓[43]
β-淀粉酶
转葡萄糖苷酶
玉米淀粉分子量↓、慢消化淀粉含量↑[44]
α-淀粉酶
支链淀粉酶
玉米淀粉聚合度↓、RS含量↑[45]
物理-化学微波赖氨酸酯化玉米淀粉RS含量↑、峰值黏度↓、击穿黏度↓、回生黏度和凝胶焓↓、相对结晶度↑[46]
湿热交联糯玉米淀粉膨胀力↓、糊化焓↓、RS含量↑[47]
微波乙酸酯化玉米淀粉结晶度↓、黏度↓、溶胀力↓、消化率↓、糊化温度↓、直链淀粉↑、溶解度↑[48]
物理-酶普鲁兰酶温度循环西米淀粉消化率↓[49]
支链淀粉酶水热处理大米淀粉RDS含量↓、消化率↓[50]
化学-酶苹果酸酯化α-淀粉酶玉米淀粉取代度↑、溶解度↑、直链淀粉含量↑、黏度↓、消化率↓、溶胀能力↓[51]
普鲁兰酶丙酸盐酯化反应大米淀粉结晶度↑、RS含量↑[52]
), ArticleFig(id=1321170446012235910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170434687615032, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Effect of grain size and morphology on grain resistant starch

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
改性方法淀粉类型颗粒变化电镜图影响参考文献
湿热燕麦淀粉晶体结构部分解体,颗粒间隙增加直链淀粉含量↑、糊化温度↑、[60]
酯化大米淀粉表面较为光滑,未出现裂缝或粗糙表面RS含量↑、直链淀粉含量↓、糊化温度↓、峰值黏度↑[61]
柠檬酸玉米淀粉出现粗糙、侵蚀的表面或一些颗粒的
内部塌陷
膨胀力↑、取代度↑、RS含量↑[62]
等离子体玉米淀粉淀粉颗粒产生裂隙、凹坑和不规则形状,减薄了颗粒表面的外层RS含量↑、水溶性指数↓、持水力↑、膨胀力↓[63]
欧姆加热玉米淀粉颗粒结构丧失吸水率指数↓、水溶性指数↑、峰值黏度↓、RS含量↑[64]
湿热+磷酸化玉米淀粉外观与原淀粉相似,可能归因于磷酸化对淀粉结构的强化作用糊化温度↑、RS含量↑、糊化焓和
糊化粘度↓
[65]
), ArticleFig(id=1321170446083539079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170434687615032, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

颗粒大小和形态对谷物抗性淀粉的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
改性方法淀粉类型颗粒变化电镜图影响参考文献
湿热燕麦淀粉晶体结构部分解体,颗粒间隙增加直链淀粉含量↑、糊化温度↑、[60]
酯化大米淀粉表面较为光滑,未出现裂缝或粗糙表面RS含量↑、直链淀粉含量↓、糊化温度↓、峰值黏度↑[61]
柠檬酸玉米淀粉出现粗糙、侵蚀的表面或一些颗粒的
内部塌陷
膨胀力↑、取代度↑、RS含量↑[62]
等离子体玉米淀粉淀粉颗粒产生裂隙、凹坑和不规则形状,减薄了颗粒表面的外层RS含量↑、水溶性指数↓、持水力↑、膨胀力↓[63]
欧姆加热玉米淀粉颗粒结构丧失吸水率指数↓、水溶性指数↑、峰值黏度↓、RS含量↑[64]
湿热+磷酸化玉米淀粉外观与原淀粉相似,可能归因于磷酸化对淀粉结构的强化作用糊化温度↑、RS含量↑、糊化焓和
糊化粘度↓
[65]
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谷物抗性淀粉的制备及对重组米食用品质和消化性的影响研究进展
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杨萍 1 , 王雪婷 1 , 徐丹鸿 2 , 陈思涵 1 , 张娜 1, *
食品工业科技 | 专题综述 2026,47(3): 464-474
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食品工业科技 |专题综述 2026 , 47 (3) : 464 -474
谷物抗性淀粉的制备及对重组米食用品质和消化性的影响研究进展
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杨萍1 , 王雪婷1, 徐丹鸿2, 陈思涵1, 张娜1, *
作者信息
  • 1哈尔滨商业大学食品工程学院,黑龙江哈尔滨 150028
  • 2黑龙江生态工程职业学院生物技术系,黑龙江哈尔滨 150025
通讯作者:
张娜(1979−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:植物蛋白质,E-mail:。
作者简介:

杨萍(1979−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品科学,E-mail:

Research Progress on the Preparation of Cereal Resistant Starch and Its Effect on the Edible Quality and Digestibility of Recombinant Rice
Ping YANG1 , Xueting WANG1, Danhong XU2, Sihan CHEN1, Na ZHANG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Engineering of Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150028, China
  • 2Department of Biotechnology of Heilongjiang Vocational Institute Ecological Engineering, Harbin 150025, China
出版时间: 2026-02-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120358
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抗性淀粉(Resistant Starch,RS)是一种不被小肠消化吸收,但可在大肠中发酵的淀粉,具有益生元功能和低血糖生成指数等特点。近年来,抗性淀粉因其潜在的健康益处受到广泛关注。本文综述了谷物抗性淀粉的制备及对重组米食用品质和消化性的影响。谷物抗性淀粉在物理、化学、酶法及双重改性等制备方法上各有特点。在重组米中,抗性淀粉的添加不仅提高了其质构特性和耐热性,还显著增强了抗消化性,降低了血糖生成指数,使其更适合糖尿病患者及需要控制血糖人群的食用需求。

抗性淀粉  /  重组米  /  食用品质  /  消化性

Resistant starch (RS), a type of starch that resists digestion in the small intestine but undergoes fermentation in the large intestine, exhibits prebiotic properties and a low glycemic index. In recent years, RS has garnered significant attention due to its potential health benefits. This review focuses on the preparation of cereal-based resistant starch and its impact on the edible quality and digestibility of reconstituted rice. Various preparation methods, including physical, chemical, enzymatic, and dual modifications, have been developed for cereal RS, each with distinct characteristics. The incorporation of RS in reconstituted rice not only enhances its textural properties and heat resistance but also significantly improves its digestive resistance and reduces the glycemic index, making it more suitable for individuals with diabetes or those requiring blood sugar control.

resistant starch  /  reconstituted rice  /  edible quality  /  digestibility
杨萍, 王雪婷, 徐丹鸿, 陈思涵, 张娜. 谷物抗性淀粉的制备及对重组米食用品质和消化性的影响研究进展. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (3) : 464 -474 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120358
Ping YANG, Xueting WANG, Danhong XU, Sihan CHEN, Na ZHANG. Research Progress on the Preparation of Cereal Resistant Starch and Its Effect on the Edible Quality and Digestibility of Recombinant Rice[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (3) : 464 -474 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120358
RS不仅能够调节肠道微生态平衡,还具有降低血糖指数、改善脂质代谢等多种益处[1]。近年来,随着食品加工技术的进步,重组米作为一种新型功能食品的载体,在改善谷物食用品质和赋予健康功能方面展现出巨大潜力。在重组米的生产中,通过引入RS,不仅可以改善产品的营养功能,还能有效调控其消化性和质构特性[2]。然而,不同制备方法所得抗性淀粉的结构及其理化特性对重组米食用品质和消化性产生显著影响。在RS的制备过程中,不同的原料和工艺条件会对其理化特性产生显著影响。抗性淀粉分为五种类型:RS1、RS2、RS3、RS4和RS5(表1)。如图1所示,每种类型的抗性淀粉的结构不同,因其不同的结构和特性使其在食品中的应用效果也各不相同。抗性淀粉为重组米的营养价值和功能性提升提供了新的途径。本文综述了谷物抗性淀粉的制备方法及其特性,并重点讨论了抗性淀粉在重组米中的应用及其对食用品质和消化性的影响,为开发高品质、健康功能显著的重组米产品提供理论参考。
谷物和以谷物为基础的产品是世界大部分人口的主食。谷物淀粉的粒径大约在3~20 μm之间,结晶类型大多是A型,其特征峰为2θ=15°、17°、18°、23°[4]。谷物淀粉生产成本较低,便于大规模生产RS。但由于天然淀粉的某些特性,在开发消费者所需的抗消化淀粉食品方面的适用性有限。因此,为了拓宽淀粉的实际应用范围,研究者们采用各种技术对淀粉进行改性,包括物理改性、化学改性、酶改性及双重改性,如图2所示。
物理改性是一种无需使用任何化学试剂或酶的方法。物理改性因其加工过程中不涉及有害化合物,被广泛应用于RS的制备。物理改性可以分为热和非热过程,热过程包括干热处理、湿热处理和退火等;非热过程包括微波处理、脉冲电场、超声波和等离子体等。
干热处理(DHT)是对初始水分含量通常在10%以下的“干”态下的淀粉进行热加工,通过削弱淀粉水解酶对淀粉链的可及性,从而降低淀粉消化性。淀粉经干热处理后,淀粉颗粒中致密无定形区的面积增加,微晶的数量和稳定性增加,螺旋结构变得更加规整,慢消化淀粉(SDS)和RS含量增加[5]。Kyung等[6]发现与未处理的样品相比,DHT处理使高直链大米淀粉RDS含量降低而RS含量增加,110 ℃干热处理2 h的样品,RS含量增加24%。
湿热处理(HMT)是在水分含量(10%~35%)及高于玻璃化转变温度(Tg)但低于淀粉糊化温度下处理淀粉的方法。通过直链淀粉-直链淀粉和直链淀粉-支链淀粉链的重排,在淀粉分子的断裂和重新缔合过程中促进了RS的增加[7]。van Hung等[8]对红米进行湿热处理,改性过程中改变了淀粉的分子结构,增强了直链与支链淀粉间的相互作用,使红米的RS含量显著上升,RS含量最高可达49.1%。
退火处理是指在过量的水中对悬浮的淀粉进行一段时间的加热处理。这个过程会导致淀粉链的重组,从而形成紧凑的、物理上不可渗透的结晶结构。这些结构使消化酶无法催化水解糖苷键,从而产生了RS[9]。退火处理使淀粉分子重新排列,通过优化结晶顺序增强了结晶和非晶片段的结构稳定性,而不破坏颗粒形状,退火后RS含量升高[10]。
微波处理(MT)是指对淀粉颗粒的羟基施加介电加热和电磁极化,裂解糖苷键使大分子碎裂,可能产生自由基,这些自由基可以水解化学键,从而产生更小的淀粉片段,促进直链淀粉的迁移并加速特异性反应,从而提高淀粉改性的效率[11]。MT具有在整个样品体积内均匀操作、处理时间短、穿透深度大等优点,是一种很有前途的淀粉改性物理方法。短时间的MT会导致高直链玉米淀粉分子局部断裂、结晶区重组、糊化抑制及颗粒内部结构紧密化,从而增加淀粉的抗性并提高RS比例[12]。
脉冲电场处理是通过在两个电极之间放置样品材料,产生短时的高电压场强度脉冲的一种非热技术,由于不同分子链或不同成分之间的相互作用,以及淀粉内部结构中氢键的重排和形成导致RS含量增加[13]。Duque等[14]研究发现经过脉冲处理的燕麦淀粉晶体结构的稳定性增强,使其更致密,快速消化淀粉的比例显著降低,RS比例显著增加。
超声处理是在水体系中使用高频波(>15~20 kHz)产生强剪切力、高温和自由基,可以使淀粉晶体结构、功能发生变化,表现为RS含量增加[15]。超声处理也是一种非热物理加工技术,具有“清洁”的标签。适当的超声频率增加RS的含量,但过高的超声频率会引起更多的淀粉颗粒破裂,导致RS含量下降[16]。
冷等离子体(CP)作为一种非热加工技术,如图3所示,通过与淀粉相互作用,即交联、解聚、冷等离子体侵蚀和引入新的官能团来增加RS含量。在CP的作用下,RDS和RS的含量显著增加,而SDS的含量显著减少,这种行为可能与冷等离子体的产生导致SDS在RDS中的转化有关,其中自由基裂解糖苷键[17]。Sun等[18]研究发现CP处理大米淀粉RS含量增加。这可能是由于CP处理使大米淀粉中的直链淀粉分子聚合成更大的分子。
在淀粉中引入新的官能团称为淀粉的化学改性。新的官能团可能是羧基、乙酰基、羟丙基或任何其他赋予淀粉特定性质的官能团。淀粉上大量羟基的存在为淀粉的化学改性提供了更多的反应活性位点。淀粉的化学改性过程分为酯化、交联、酸水解和醚化等。
酯化是淀粉使用最广泛的化学改性方法之一。由于淀粉中含有大量的羟基,可以与酸及其衍生物进行酯化反应。柠檬酸、酒石酸等都已用于谷物淀粉的化学改性。经过酯化处理后的淀粉可导致直链淀粉含量增加,降低酶解的水解速率[19]。Chen等[20]将疏水性的十二烯基琥珀酸酐基团引入小麦淀粉进行酯化改性,使淀粉分子更加疏水且结构有序。这种改性减少了酶与淀粉的接触面积,有效降低了消化性。
交联旨在淀粉的随机位置添加分子内和分子间的键,以稳定和加强颗粒。由于取代基阻碍了酶的攻击,交联淀粉不能被完全消化,从而降低消化速率[21]。苹果酸和柠檬酸交联破坏了玉米淀粉的无定形区,形成更加稳定的交联结构,有效抑制消化酶的作用,使改性淀粉的抗性显著提高[22]。
酸水解破坏支链淀粉的支链结构,并将其转化为更小的直链淀粉分子,通过直链淀粉含量的增多,表现出淀粉的高抗性[23]。van Hung 等[24]研究了柠檬酸热处理对玉米淀粉理化性质的影响,发现支链淀粉比直链淀粉更容易发生水解,得到RS3质量分数为36.55%。
醚化是脂肪族或芳香族醇生成醚类化合物的化学过程,其中羟丙基化是一种常见工艺。羟丙基基团的引入会破坏淀粉颗粒中的氢键,降低淀粉相对结晶度,增加无定形区比例。虽然无定形区通常更易被消化,但高直链淀粉中羟丙基化可能通过形成致密的非晶网络,延缓酶解过程,从而降低淀粉的消化性[25]。羟丙基化玉米淀粉在糊化状态下的消化率最低,然而随着羟丙基化水平的增加,由于化学修饰后颗粒结构的减弱,酶的消化率显著增加[26]。胡丹等[27]比较了酯化、乙酰化、交联和羟丙基化学处理对糯玉米淀粉消化性的影响,发现羟丙基淀粉的RS含量显著高于其他化学变性淀粉。
酶法改性通过使用酶来改变淀粉的结构,从而产生具有不同分子大小、直链和支链淀粉比例、分子量和支链长度分布的新型淀粉。目前用于制备RS的酶有普鲁兰酶、蔗糖淀粉酶、α-淀粉酶和分支酶等。
普鲁兰酶通过专一性水解淀粉中的α-1,6-糖苷键,去除支链,从而促进直链和短链支链淀粉的形成。这些结构更易重组成双螺旋,在回生过程中增加RS含量。Wang等[28]采用普鲁兰酶处理蓝青稞和糯玉米淀粉显著提高了其RS比例,含量从13%提高到19%,增加了晶体结构的稳定性,使其对酶解具有较强的抵抗力。
蔗糖淀粉酶是一种重要的葡萄糖基转移酶,它以蔗糖为底物催化淀粉聚合物的链延伸,显著改变了变性淀粉的分子和结晶结构,以产生消化率降低的淀粉微粒,提高RS的含量[29]。采用蔗糖淀粉酶处理蜡质玉米淀粉,淀粉的支链被蔗糖淀粉酶连续拉长,结晶度增加,随着淀粉结晶度的增加,RS含量增加[30]。
α-淀粉酶导致长链的聚合度显著降低,短链比例显著增加。改性后的淀粉的糊化焓和相对结晶度增加,RS的形成增加。α-淀粉酶处理的玉米淀粉含有较短的淀粉链,分子间的空间位阻减小,可形成更多的RS[31]。Gao等[32]研究发现,α-淀粉酶对淀粉分子的作用是使淀粉分子链上的α-1,4糖苷键随机断裂,淀粉的黏度与α-淀粉酶添加量之间存在较好的相关性。当淀粉糊中加入少量α-淀粉酶时,淀粉糊的黏度增大,有利于RS的形成,最终RS产量最高可达19.02%。
分支酶作用于分子间和分子内键,水解直链淀粉和支链淀粉的α-1,4糖苷键,形成α-1,6糖苷键,导致抗性淀粉含量和慢消化淀粉含量增加[33]。Ma等[34]通过分支酶处理玉米淀粉,发现与未处理的玉米淀粉相比,处理后的玉米淀粉中直链淀粉含量和RS含量增加。
两种单一改性方法的组合,称为双重改性。双重改性有助于减少RS生产中化学试剂和酶的消耗,提高单一改性的效率,与单一改性相比,可以更好地实现预期的结果。双重改性可分为相同类型改性方法的组合:物理-物理改性、化学-化学改性、酶-酶改性;以及不同类型改性方法的组合:物理-化学改性、物理-酶改性和化学-酶改性。双重改性方法对谷物淀粉的影响见表2。
物理-物理改性是对淀粉性质的改变,在此过程中羟基没有改变,也没有外来试剂引入到颗粒的淀粉链中,仅仅是物理处理。MT和等离子体联合处理的大米淀粉RS含量增加,这可能是由于MT和等离子体处理使大米淀粉中的直链淀粉分子聚合成更大的分子[18]。化学-化学改性主要通过酯化、交联、氧化、酸水解和醚化等组合来提高RS含量。磷酸化和乙酰化复合改性淀粉表现出高直链淀粉含量和高RS含量[35]。对于酶-酶改性淀粉的研究主要集中在通过调整酶解条件使淀粉结构、理化性质得到改善。α-淀粉酶和转葡萄糖苷酶处理的玉米淀粉,其中α-淀粉酶主要通过分解支链淀粉链以增加链末端的数量来发挥作用,转葡萄糖苷酶通过其糖苷键断裂和转糖基化活性进一步修饰,显著降低了支链淀粉的分子大小。酶处理延缓了淀粉回生,降低了凝胶的储能模量和损耗模量[36]。
不同类型的改性方法相结合可同时改变淀粉的理化特性和结构,更好地提高RS的含量。热碱与超声联用处理显著改变了高直链玉米淀粉的结构,使其颗粒崩解,支化度和分子量降低。处理后的淀粉在回生过程中形成了热稳定性良好、高结晶度和短程有序性的RS3,其抗消化性显著增强[37]。高压均质条件下与大米淀粉复合的二苯乙烯类化合物显著影响了淀粉的消化性,使淀粉的消化性降低[38]。超声、MT和酶的联合处理在玉米淀粉中同样表现出显著效果,该处理使淀粉颗粒溶胀破碎更完全,增加了酶与分支位点的结合,直链淀粉含量增加,形成了更致密的结晶聚合物结构,RS含量增加[39]。
淀粉直链淀粉和支链淀粉的比例不同,是影响RS形成的关键因素。淀粉中直链淀粉含量越高越有助于形成更稳定、更抗消化的改性淀粉。玉米淀粉中直链淀粉含量较高,在加热和冷却过程中,直链淀粉更容易回生,形成更加致密的晶体结构,进而提高RS的含量[53]。酯化处理的直链淀粉含量较高的玉米淀粉有更强的形成RS的倾向,能够形成稳定的双螺旋结构,限制消化酶的作用,从而提高RS的含量[54]。晏依琴等[55]研究了玉米直链淀粉与支链淀粉比例对干物质消化率和消化速率的影响,发现直链淀粉和支链淀粉比例为2.94时,干物质的消化率最高。说明直链淀粉与支链淀粉比例对谷物消化特性及RS形成有重要影响。
淀粉颗粒的形态和大小对RS含量有显著影响(表3)。高RS含量的稻米中,淀粉颗粒的平均直径较大,并且具有多面体和尖角形态的淀粉颗粒比例更高[56]。规则形态和光滑表面有助于形成有序的晶体结构,促进RS生成[57]。部分谷类淀粉颗粒相对较小,且颗粒表面存在压痕、沟壑等特征,导致淀粉在改性处理中更易发生形变,但因其表面破裂而影响RS生成效率[58]。褚绍言等[59]对不同颗粒大小的淀粉对消化动力学的影响进行研究,发现小颗粒淀粉的消化速率显著高于大颗粒淀粉,这一结果主要归因于淀粉颗粒越小比表面积越大,酶的作用位点越多,有利于酶的吸附和扩散。
谷物中的非淀粉成分(如蛋白质、脂类)对RS形成具有显著影响。蛋白质可能包裹淀粉颗粒,阻碍其糊化和分子重排过程,主要通过物理屏障作用,限制水分向淀粉颗粒的迁移和热量的传递,抑制淀粉颗粒的膨胀与糊化行为,进而降低其消化速率[66]。湿热处理的淀粉,由于蛋白质物理屏障作用,阻碍了其与淀粉酶接触的可能性,慢消化淀粉含量增加[67]。内源脂类对RS3的形成有显著影响,大量脂类的存在降低了RS产率,但少量脂类的存在却有利于RS的形成[68]。脱脂处理可释放与脂类结合的直链淀粉链段,促进其有序重排,从而显著增加RS3占比,同时减少脂类与直链淀粉结合形成淀粉-脂类复合体RS5的含量[69]。
重组米是以稻谷加工过程中产生的碎米和米粉为主要原料制成的,如图4所示。将原料按照一定比例,与其他淀粉类或营养物质混合后,在双螺杆挤压膨化设备中进行加工,通过高温、高压和高剪切力的综合作用挤压成形,随后经过造粒和干燥等处理,最终形成外观类似于普通大米的再制米产品[70]。
直链淀粉含量与淀粉的黏性、凝胶能力、回生老化程度等具有密切的关系,从而影响重组米的食味品质。当直链淀粉从膨化的淀粉颗粒中释出,会相互缠结并形成一种连续的糊状基质,呈现出理想的黏弹性和假塑性。高直链淀粉含量往往会促进老化,形成更有组织和更坚固的晶体结构,而低直链淀粉含量可使淀粉结构松弛,容易水解[73]。直链淀粉短链比例越高,蒸煮后质地越硬,直链淀粉分子与结晶层中的支链淀粉链交联或重新结晶,造成淀粉颗粒膨胀受限,使淀粉分子内部小分子溶出较少[74]。张淑仪等[75]将高直链玉米淀粉添加到荞麦面中进行挤压,糊化淀粉冷却后直链淀粉分子链易于发生重排,导致其硬度增大,从而影响重组米的食用品质。
直链淀粉与支链淀粉的比例变化也显著影响重组米的食用品质。直支比升高会提高产品的硬度和咀嚼性。无论直链淀粉含量如何,直支比较高的米在蒸煮后质地较硬[76]。挤压技术处理重组米时,直链淀粉含量会增加,而支链淀粉的分支化减弱,这种变化同样会影响重组米的食用品质[77]。马文等[78]发现随着直支链比的升高,重组米内部组分结合度增大,结构致密性增加,导致硬度、弹性、胶着度及咀嚼性等也增大。稻米的直链淀粉含量高时,煮成的米饭较硬且无光泽;而支链淀粉含量高时,米饭柔软细腻。进一步说明直链与支链淀粉比例对重组米品质的影响[79]。
淀粉的回生对淀粉类食品的质构和营养价值至关重要,而淀粉的精细结构对淀粉回生有重要影响。回生速率决定了淀粉产品的感官特性和食用品质[80]。支链淀粉中链和直链淀粉长链的含量通常与淀粉回生程度呈正相关关系。小麦淀粉的回生程度与支链淀粉中DP从13到34的链的相对数量之间存在正相关关系。此外,随着DP13~34支链淀粉链的增加和DP6~12支链淀粉链的减少,回生淀粉形成了更多的有序区域[81]。支链淀粉短链比例较高,支链淀粉长链比例相对较低,可导致较高的峰值黏度,或可使重组米质地更柔软、更粘稠。随着回生值逐渐增大,重组米的蒸煮损失率上升和质构劣化[82]。胡杰等[83]发现通过不同淀粉来源的协同作用,显著延缓了老化回生,使重组米的感官品质更优。
随着蛋白质的加入,挤出物表现出更致密的结构和更低的脆性。谷蛋白的构象变化和分子间相互作用有利于重组米硬度、胶着性和咀嚼性的形成。重组米的硬度、胶着性和咀嚼性与α-螺旋呈负相关,与谷蛋白的Tp、ΔH、β-转角、无规则卷曲和游离SH含量呈显著正相关[84]。蛋白质含量越高重组米的糊化峰值黏度越低,蛋白质的存在能够在一定程度上阻碍重组米中凝胶网络的收缩及水分的迁移。表明蛋白质在改善产品质地稳定性方面具有显著作用[80]。刘成梅等[85]研究发现添加大米蛋白会抑制挤压重组米淀粉老化,蒸煮后的硬度显著低于空白挤压重组米。添加外源蛋白质,不仅能提升食品的营养特性,还能在一定程度上改变淀粉的消化性。重组米在蒸煮过程中,蛋白质受热会产生赋予米饭香气的物质,淀粉发生美拉德反应使重组米具有焦糖香气,同时具有较好的蒸煮品质[72]。
在食品加工过程中,淀粉-脂质复合物的形成是两者相互作用的主要途径,该复合物会直接改变淀粉的精细结构,并最终影响其功能特性[86]。脂质会与淀粉作用生成淀粉-脂质复合物,形成V型结晶结构,降低淀粉的溶解度和溶胀力,阻碍淀粉的糊化和降解,减缓酶消化的速度[87],可降低重组米的消化性。淀粉-脂质复合物的RS含量随着脂肪酸添加量增加而增加,且V型结构更加明显。部分硬脂酸附着于淀粉颗粒,干扰了直链淀粉-脂质复合物的生成,同时对淀粉颗粒的形态、黏度、结构以及热性能产生显著影响[88]。
重组米的蒸煮品质研究主要通过五个指标进行衡量:加热过程中吸水率的变化、体积膨胀程度、米汤中固形物的含量、米汤的酸碱度以及碘蓝值[89]。根据这些指标的大小,可以推测米饭的食用品质。通常认为,当吸水率和膨胀体积较小,同时米汤的固形物含量及碘蓝值偏低时,所制的米饭在口感和风味上更佳[90]。含RS的重组米的碘蓝值在正常大米和空白重组米之间,这是由于RS较为稳定,蒸煮后仍能保持分子的结构,使溶出的淀粉含量降低。添加RS的重组米比空白重组米的吸水率与体积膨胀率低,这可能是由于添加了RS后使原料中可以吸收水分的淀粉的比例下降[91]。通过蒸煮损失率降低,反映出随着RS添加量的增加,重组米内部结构紧密度增加,重组米蒸煮后不易碎[92]。Zhang等[93]将淀粉经超声波、油酸浸渍和湿热处理生成的RS应用于重组米制备中,使产生的重组米在加热烹煮时更易保持形状、质地更为致密柔韧,同时减缓消化速度。
重组米的质构特性是食味评价中另一个重要的指标。通过硬度、黏性和弹性等这些特性值可对米饭食味做出间接比较和正确评价。RS的加入减少了原料的膨胀率,使添加RS的重组米硬度显著增加[94]。随着RS的添加量增加,重组米的膨润力下降,这主要是由于RS中直链淀粉含量较高,而直链淀粉的存在会限制淀粉颗粒的膨胀,并削弱其持水能力,从而导致膨润力的减弱[95]。谢天[96]研究发现RS能够显著提高重组米的粘度、弹性、粘硬比以及咀嚼度。
重组米的糊化特性是指在加热过程中,淀粉颗粒中的无定形区首先开始吸水膨胀,膨胀后的淀粉分子通过相互交联和缠结形成网状结构,从而完成糊化过程。糊化特性是衡量重组米食用品质的重要指标,可以用快速黏度分析仪测定,其中崩解值和消减值与重组米的食味品质显著相关。崩解值与米饭硬度呈显著负相关,消减值与米饭硬度和黏性分别呈极显著正相关和负相关[97]。湿热及微波处理糙米RS与马铃薯粉的重组米使原有淀粉颗粒膨胀,晶体结构重新排列,增强了链间相互作用,导致糊化粘度降低,热稳定性和抗剪切能力提高,从而在蒸煮过程中实现更稳定的糊化特性[98]。
天然大米是高GI食物,添加RS的重组米的消化速率、水解指数下降,可达到中低GI食物标准。添加RS的米粉结构更为致密,孔洞明显减少,可能是由于RS的加入提高了原料中的直链淀粉含量,生成更多氢键,从而增强淀粉分子链的聚合度[99]。添加RS能够使重组米的结构更加紧密,提升其形态稳定性和抗断裂能力,同时降低回生速率,改善重组米的质地和抗消化性[100]。在添加谷物抗性淀粉的重组米中,回生值降低主要影响RS3的形成,但添加的谷物RS不受回生过程影响。RS总量可能因添加的谷物RS而增加[101]。由RS、刀豆和山药复合制备的重组米抗消化性增强,使重组米不仅在物理特性上接近传统稻米,还具备了延缓消化、降低血糖指数等功能性[102]。通过加入改性处理后RS含量较高的荞麦淀粉制备的重组米,其GI显著低于未改性处理的空白重组米,实现了重组米由高GI水平向中GI水平的优化。通过热湿处理后,淀粉-亚油酸复合物形成V型晶体,这种结构提高了米粒的抗酶解性,保留了较高的RS含量,进而有助于降低GI值[103]。高RS大米制备挤压红霉米通过提高直链淀粉含量和脂质含量促进淀粉-脂质复合物的形成,进一步降低其消化性[104]。
本文系统综述了谷物抗性淀粉(RS)的制备方法及其对重组米食用品质和消化特性的影响。RS因其独特的抗消化性和益生元功能,在食品工业中具有重要应用价值。通过物理、化学、酶法及双重改性等方法,可以显著提高谷物淀粉中RS的含量,其中物理改性和酶法改性因其高效性和环境友好性备受关注。RS的添加不仅改善了重组米的质构特性和蒸煮品质,还显著降低了其消化速率和血糖生成指数(GI),使其成为适合糖尿病患者和控糖人群的功能性食品。此外,淀粉的直链与支链比例、颗粒大小、非淀粉成分等因素对RS的形成和重组米的品质具有重要影响。
未来的研究可以进一步优化RS的制备技术,特别是物理和酶法双重改性,以提高其生产效率和应用效果。针对不同类型的抗性淀粉在重组米中的作用机制,应深入探讨其与淀粉颗粒结构、直链与支链比例的关系。此外,随着人们对健康食品需求的不断增加,开发更多功能性重组米产品,如低GI、高膳食纤维和益生元强化的产品,将成为一个重要的发展方向。结合新型食品加工技术与RS技术的融合应用,也将为重组米产业的创新提供更多可能性。将新型食品加工技术(如3D打印、纳米技术)与RS改性相结合,拓展重组米在个性化营养食品中的应用,推动实验室成果向规模化生产转化,解决RS在重组米加工中的稳定性问题,对促进其商业化进程具有重大意义。

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2026年第47卷第3期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120358
  • 接收时间:2024-12-30
  • 首发时间:2026-10-25
  • 出版时间:2026-02-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-30
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    1哈尔滨商业大学食品工程学院,黑龙江哈尔滨 150028
    2黑龙江生态工程职业学院生物技术系,黑龙江哈尔滨 150025

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张娜(1979−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:植物蛋白质,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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