Article(id=1320882361462542885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320882022160126288, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120349, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1735142400000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852495780, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1767196800000, pubDateStr=2026-01-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852495780, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852495780, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852495780, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320882022160126288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='498', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1767196800000', pubDateStr='2026-01-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852414884, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852414884, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=270, endPage=278, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320882361789698598, articleId=1320882361462542885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Preparation and in Vitro Performance Study of Bacillus subtilis-Nanocellulose Microcapsules, columnId=1261343843090313538, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Processing Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Bacillus subtilis is a probiotic with important physiological functions, its activity will decrease during processing, storage and through the digestive tract. To overcome these unfavorable factors and improve the gastrointestinal survival rate and storage stability of Bacillus subtilis, this study combined nanocellulose with sodium alginate and prepared sodium alginate microcapsules (S-MC) and nanocellulose sodium alginate microcapsules (N-MC) using endogenous emulsification method to encapsulate Bacillus subtilis. The preparation process was optimized using single-factor experiments and response surface methodology. The resulting microcapsules were characterized, and their stability as well as performance in simulated gastrointestinal fluids were evaluated. The results showed that when the mass fraction of sodium alginate was 2.0%, the mass fraction of nano cellulose was 1.4%, the stirring speed was 610 r/min, and the volume ratio of water to oil was 1∶2.9, the embedding rate of S-MC and N-MC for Bacillus subtilis was 80.20% and 85.12%, respectively. By analyzing the results of scanning electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction, it was proved that the capsule wall of S-MC had a porous structure, while nanocellulose and sodium alginate in N-MC were crosslinked with calcium ions to form a tighter gel network structure. The number of viable bacteria in N-MC decreased by 1.48 log CFU/g, which was lower than that in S-MC (2.06 log CFU/g) and free group (3.09 log CFU/g). In the simulated intestinal fluid test, S-MC released almost all Bacillus subtilis at 60 min, while N-MC released all Bacillus subtilis at 270 min, N-MC showed better slow-release performance. In addition, the storage stability test showed that N-MC could still release 7.84 log CFU/g Bacillus subtilis after 28 days of storage at 4 ℃. In this study, a new product of Bacillus subtilis microcapsule was prepared, which provided a theoretical basis for the microencapsulation of Bacillus subtilis.

, authors=Xinbo ZHANG, Honglei GUO, Zheng ZHANG, Ziyi LÜ, Ning MA*, authorsList=Xinbo ZHANG, Honglei GUO, Zheng ZHANG, Ziyi LÜ, Ning MA, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ning MA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320882365547795003, articleId=1320882361462542885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=枯草芽孢杆菌-纳米纤维素微胶囊的制备及体外性能研究, columnId=1261343845481066826, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=工艺技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

枯草芽孢杆菌是一种具有重要生理功能的益生菌,其活力在加工、储藏以及通过消化道等过程中会降低。为克服这些不利因素,提高枯草芽孢杆菌的胃肠道存活率和储藏稳定性,本研究将纳米纤维素和海藻酸钠结合,采用内源乳化法制备海藻酸钠微胶囊(Sodium Alginate Microcapsules,S-MC)和纳米纤维素海藻酸钠微胶囊(Nanocellulose Sodium Alginate Microcapsules,N-MC),对枯草芽孢杆菌进行包封。采用单因素实验和响应面法对微胶囊的制备工艺进行优化,并对两种微胶囊进行表征分析、模拟胃肠液及稳定性分析。结果表明,微胶囊在海藻酸钠质量分数为2.0%、纳米纤维素质量分数为1.4%、搅拌速度为610 r/min,水油体积比为1:2.9时,包埋率最高,此时S-MC和N-MC对枯草芽孢杆菌的包埋率分别为80.20%和85.12%。通过对扫描电子显微镜、傅里叶变换红外光谱和X射线衍射结果分析,证实了S-MC的囊壁具有多孔结构,而N-MC中纳米纤维素、海藻酸钠与钙离子交联,形成了更加紧密的凝胶网络结构。通过模拟胃液实验发现,N-MC中的活菌数下降了1.48 log CFU/g,低于S-MC中下降的活菌数(2.06 log CFU/g)和游离组中下降的活菌数(3.09 log CFU/g)。在模拟肠液实验中S-MC在60 min时几乎就释放了全部的枯草芽孢杆菌,而N-MC在270 min时才将全部枯草芽孢杆菌释放,表现出更好的缓释性能。此外,通过储藏稳定性实验发现,N-MC在4 ℃下储藏28 d后,仍能释放7.84 log CFU/g的枯草芽孢杆菌。本研究制备了一种枯草芽孢杆菌微胶囊新产品,为枯草芽孢杆菌微囊化提供了理论依据。

, authors=张新博, 郭宏磊, 张峥, 吕紫一, 马宁*, authorsList=张新博, 郭宏磊, 张峥, 吕紫一, 马宁, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=马宁, authorNote=

张新博(2001−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:兽药药理学,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
马宁(1990−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:兽医药理学,代谢组学,E-mail:。
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张新博(2001−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:兽药药理学,E-mail:

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张新博(2001−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:兽药药理学,E-mail:

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Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins, 2018, 10(3): 543−557., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320882365774287420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882361462542885, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320882365782676029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882361462542885, companyId=1320882365774287420, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320882365791064638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882361462542885, companyId=1320882365774287420, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=河北农业大学动物医学院,河北保定 071000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320882367896605282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882361462542885, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Influence of different factors on the embedding rate of microcapsules, figureFileSmall=azP8JEha+ORqWGCvhAmSzw==, figureFileBig=A4bvFkF2g2OwY1GfKd8NlA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882367955325539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882361462542885, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同因素对微胶囊包埋率的影响

注:A:海藻酸钠质量分数;B:纳米纤维素质量分数;C:搅拌速度;D:水油体积比;不同的小写字母表示数据有显著差异(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=azP8JEha+ORqWGCvhAmSzw==, figureFileBig=A4bvFkF2g2OwY1GfKd8NlA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882368219566692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882361462542885, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Response surface diagrams of the interaction of two factors, figureFileSmall=ofWlGFKi7G5bn8t/H694fA==, figureFileBig=8qOvnOKlgAMRYWvy7zDaow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882368467030629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882361462542885, language=CN, label=图2, caption=各因素交互作用对包埋率影响的响应面图, figureFileSmall=ofWlGFKi7G5bn8t/H694fA==, figureFileBig=8qOvnOKlgAMRYWvy7zDaow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882370035700326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882361462542885, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=TEM and SEM images of NC, figureFileSmall=hOIJjQ5aJfznZiJjvn1K7A==, figureFileBig=uy2o+xK2ZLyBaRvZHOTBgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882370098614887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882361462542885, language=CN, label=图3, caption=NC的TEM图像和SEM图像

注:A、B:NC的TEM图像;C:EBP的SEM图像(1000×);D:NC的SEM图像(1000×)。

, figureFileSmall=hOIJjQ5aJfznZiJjvn1K7A==, figureFileBig=uy2o+xK2ZLyBaRvZHOTBgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882370169918056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882361462542885, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=SEM images of microcapsules, figureFileSmall=5r8avm0ZMMOEILxOWwpDDg==, figureFileBig=8h9K7JudYFvmGOEHxH5Xbg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882370278969961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882361462542885, language=CN, label=图4, caption=微胶囊的SEM图像

注:A:S-MC的SEM图像(500×);B:S-MC的SEM图像(20000×);C:N-MC的SEM图像(500×);D:N-MC的SEM图像(20000×)。

, figureFileSmall=5r8avm0ZMMOEILxOWwpDDg==, figureFileBig=8h9K7JudYFvmGOEHxH5Xbg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882370341884522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882361462542885, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=FT-IR spectra of NC and microcapsule, figureFileSmall=yZCfx1zFeg7zNhkhB2Kf+g==, figureFileBig=VwMOeV9bkmCR4oy3D8alJg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882370404799083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882361462542885, language=CN, label=图5, caption=NC和微胶囊的FT-IR光谱

注:EBP:桉树漂白木浆;NC:纳米纤维素;SA:海藻酸钠;S-MC:海藻酸钠微胶囊;N-MC:纳米纤维素海藻酸钠微胶囊;图6~图10同。

, figureFileSmall=yZCfx1zFeg7zNhkhB2Kf+g==, figureFileBig=VwMOeV9bkmCR4oy3D8alJg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882370463519340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882361462542885, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=XRD spectra of NC and microcapsule, figureFileSmall=3z+IEwehloTCwuKRRyv78A==, figureFileBig=5F1e3mQTLVSnUI5gqbmblA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882370526433901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882361462542885, language=CN, label=图6, caption=NC和微胶囊的XRD光谱, figureFileSmall=3z+IEwehloTCwuKRRyv78A==, figureFileBig=5F1e3mQTLVSnUI5gqbmblA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882370589348462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882361462542885, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=TG images of NC and microcapsules, figureFileSmall=IkXaJgG5+nEYV7qtN6jbnw==, figureFileBig=Yb/DFCPW60wdVvNyQo1IxQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882370664845935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882361462542885, language=CN, label=图7, caption=NC和微胶囊的TG图像, figureFileSmall=IkXaJgG5+nEYV7qtN6jbnw==, figureFileBig=Yb/DFCPW60wdVvNyQo1IxQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882370786480752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882361462542885, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Bacterial count of free and encapsulated Bacillus subtilis in simulated gastric juice, figureFileSmall=3gBplLX8gqTE33J6gcaK7A==, figureFileBig=nuS6BVygFMOMDUhjSaVcJg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882370857783921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882361462542885, language=CN, label=图8, caption=游离的和包封的枯草芽孢杆菌在模拟胃液中的活菌数, figureFileSmall=3gBplLX8gqTE33J6gcaK7A==, figureFileBig=nuS6BVygFMOMDUhjSaVcJg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882370958447218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882361462542885, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Bacterial count of encapsulated Bacillus subtilis in simulated intestinal fluid, figureFileSmall=VSsZbsFih/fcsnzE4yHMfA==, figureFileBig=4ViVB0jLM8xWg1h1gBypWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882371050721907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882361462542885, language=CN, label=图9, caption=包封的枯草芽孢杆菌在模拟肠液中的活菌数, figureFileSmall=VSsZbsFih/fcsnzE4yHMfA==, figureFileBig=4ViVB0jLM8xWg1h1gBypWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882371126219380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882361462542885, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Storage stability of free and encapsulated Bacillus subtilis at 4 ℃ within 28 days, figureFileSmall=sqed4k+PBsLzAxem2AIcXg==, figureFileBig=PTA5tHW7Om/IB/qi4ckvWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882371205911157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882361462542885, language=CN, label=图10, caption=游离的和包封的枯草芽孢杆菌在4 ℃下28 d内的储藏稳定性

注:不同大写字母表示不同微胶囊之间有显著差异(P<0.05),不同小写字母表示不同储藏时间之间有显著差异(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=sqed4k+PBsLzAxem2AIcXg==, figureFileBig=PTA5tHW7Om/IB/qi4ckvWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882371298185846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882361462542885, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Factors and levels of response surface experiments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素水平
−101
A SA质量分数(%)1.522.5
B 搅拌速度(r/min)400600800
C 水油体积比(v/v)1:21:31:4
), ArticleFig(id=1320882371382071927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882361462542885, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

响应面试验因素水平

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素水平
−101
A SA质量分数(%)1.522.5
B 搅拌速度(r/min)400600800
C 水油体积比(v/v)1:21:31:4
), ArticleFig(id=1320882371474346616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882361462542885, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Design and results of response surface experiments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验号A SA质量分数B 搅拌速度C 水油体积比包埋率(%)
1−1−1073.9
21−1072.0
3−11074.7
411073.6
5−10−177.5
610−176.4
7−10176.7
810174.2
90−1−173.5
1001−175.3
110−1172.6
1201173.9
1300085.3
1400084.8
1500085.2
1600085.6
1700084.9
), ArticleFig(id=1320882371608564345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882361462542885, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

响应面试验方案及结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验号A SA质量分数B 搅拌速度C 水油体积比包埋率(%)
1−1−1073.9
21−1072.0
3−11074.7
411073.6
5−10−177.5
610−176.4
7−10176.7
810174.2
90−1−173.5
1001−175.3
110−1172.6
1201173.9
1300085.3
1400084.8
1500085.2
1600085.6
1700084.9
), ArticleFig(id=1320882371696644730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882361462542885, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Results of the variance analysis for the regression model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源平方和自由度均值F值P值显著性
模型429.62947.74576.62<0.0001**
A5.4415.4465.77<0.0001**
B3.7813.7845.680.0003**
C3.5113.5142.410.0003**
AB0.160010.16001.930.2071
AC0.490010.49005.920.0452*
BC0.062510.06250.75500.4137
A289.77189.771084.41<0.0001**
B2205.871205.872486.83<0.0001**
C279.40179.40959.09<0.0001**
残差0.579570.0828
失拟项0.167530.05580.54210.6789
纯误差0.412040.1030
总误差430.2016
), ArticleFig(id=1320882371776336507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882361462542885, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

回归模型方差分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源平方和自由度均值F值P值显著性
模型429.62947.74576.62<0.0001**
A5.4415.4465.77<0.0001**
B3.7813.7845.680.0003**
C3.5113.5142.410.0003**
AB0.160010.16001.930.2071
AC0.490010.49005.920.0452*
BC0.062510.06250.75500.4137
A289.77189.771084.41<0.0001**
B2205.871205.872486.83<0.0001**
C279.40179.40959.09<0.0001**
残差0.579570.0828
失拟项0.167530.05580.54210.6789
纯误差0.412040.1030
总误差430.2016
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枯草芽孢杆菌-纳米纤维素微胶囊的制备及体外性能研究
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张新博 , 郭宏磊 , 张峥 , 吕紫一 , 马宁 *
食品工业科技 | 工艺技术 2026,47(1): 270-278
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食品工业科技 |工艺技术 2026 , 47 (1) : 270 -278
枯草芽孢杆菌-纳米纤维素微胶囊的制备及体外性能研究
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张新博 , 郭宏磊, 张峥, 吕紫一, 马宁*
作者信息
  • 河北农业大学动物医学院,河北保定 071000
通讯作者:
马宁(1990−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:兽医药理学,代谢组学,E-mail:。
作者简介:

张新博(2001−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:兽药药理学,E-mail:

Preparation and in Vitro Performance Study of Bacillus subtilis-Nanocellulose Microcapsules
Xinbo ZHANG , Honglei GUO, Zheng ZHANG, Ziyi LÜ, Ning MA*
Affiliations
  • College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
出版时间: 2026-01-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120349
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枯草芽孢杆菌是一种具有重要生理功能的益生菌,其活力在加工、储藏以及通过消化道等过程中会降低。为克服这些不利因素,提高枯草芽孢杆菌的胃肠道存活率和储藏稳定性,本研究将纳米纤维素和海藻酸钠结合,采用内源乳化法制备海藻酸钠微胶囊(Sodium Alginate Microcapsules,S-MC)和纳米纤维素海藻酸钠微胶囊(Nanocellulose Sodium Alginate Microcapsules,N-MC),对枯草芽孢杆菌进行包封。采用单因素实验和响应面法对微胶囊的制备工艺进行优化,并对两种微胶囊进行表征分析、模拟胃肠液及稳定性分析。结果表明,微胶囊在海藻酸钠质量分数为2.0%、纳米纤维素质量分数为1.4%、搅拌速度为610 r/min,水油体积比为1:2.9时,包埋率最高,此时S-MC和N-MC对枯草芽孢杆菌的包埋率分别为80.20%和85.12%。通过对扫描电子显微镜、傅里叶变换红外光谱和X射线衍射结果分析,证实了S-MC的囊壁具有多孔结构,而N-MC中纳米纤维素、海藻酸钠与钙离子交联,形成了更加紧密的凝胶网络结构。通过模拟胃液实验发现,N-MC中的活菌数下降了1.48 log CFU/g,低于S-MC中下降的活菌数(2.06 log CFU/g)和游离组中下降的活菌数(3.09 log CFU/g)。在模拟肠液实验中S-MC在60 min时几乎就释放了全部的枯草芽孢杆菌,而N-MC在270 min时才将全部枯草芽孢杆菌释放,表现出更好的缓释性能。此外,通过储藏稳定性实验发现,N-MC在4 ℃下储藏28 d后,仍能释放7.84 log CFU/g的枯草芽孢杆菌。本研究制备了一种枯草芽孢杆菌微胶囊新产品,为枯草芽孢杆菌微囊化提供了理论依据。

枯草芽孢杆菌  /  纳米纤维素  /  微胶囊  /  工艺优化  /  稳定性

Bacillus subtilis is a probiotic with important physiological functions, its activity will decrease during processing, storage and through the digestive tract. To overcome these unfavorable factors and improve the gastrointestinal survival rate and storage stability of Bacillus subtilis, this study combined nanocellulose with sodium alginate and prepared sodium alginate microcapsules (S-MC) and nanocellulose sodium alginate microcapsules (N-MC) using endogenous emulsification method to encapsulate Bacillus subtilis. The preparation process was optimized using single-factor experiments and response surface methodology. The resulting microcapsules were characterized, and their stability as well as performance in simulated gastrointestinal fluids were evaluated. The results showed that when the mass fraction of sodium alginate was 2.0%, the mass fraction of nano cellulose was 1.4%, the stirring speed was 610 r/min, and the volume ratio of water to oil was 1∶2.9, the embedding rate of S-MC and N-MC for Bacillus subtilis was 80.20% and 85.12%, respectively. By analyzing the results of scanning electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction, it was proved that the capsule wall of S-MC had a porous structure, while nanocellulose and sodium alginate in N-MC were crosslinked with calcium ions to form a tighter gel network structure. The number of viable bacteria in N-MC decreased by 1.48 log CFU/g, which was lower than that in S-MC (2.06 log CFU/g) and free group (3.09 log CFU/g). In the simulated intestinal fluid test, S-MC released almost all Bacillus subtilis at 60 min, while N-MC released all Bacillus subtilis at 270 min, N-MC showed better slow-release performance. In addition, the storage stability test showed that N-MC could still release 7.84 log CFU/g Bacillus subtilis after 28 days of storage at 4 ℃. In this study, a new product of Bacillus subtilis microcapsule was prepared, which provided a theoretical basis for the microencapsulation of Bacillus subtilis.

Bacillus subtilis  /  nanocellulose  /  microcapsule  /  process optimization  /  stability
张新博, 郭宏磊, 张峥, 吕紫一, 马宁. 枯草芽孢杆菌-纳米纤维素微胶囊的制备及体外性能研究. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (1) : 270 -278 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120349
Xinbo ZHANG, Honglei GUO, Zheng ZHANG, Ziyi LÜ, Ning MA. Preparation and in Vitro Performance Study of Bacillus subtilis-Nanocellulose Microcapsules[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (1) : 270 -278 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120349
枯草芽孢杆菌是芽孢杆菌属的一种细菌,广泛分布在土壤及腐败的有机物中,因易在枯草浸汁中繁殖而得名。作为一种益生菌,其具有多种重要的生物学特性和广泛的应用价值,如抑制致病菌[1]、促进肠道健康、促进消化[2]和维生素的合成[3]。然而,枯草芽孢杆菌在加工、储藏或通过消化道时,往往会受温度、氧气、pH和消化酶等因素的影响,使其活性降低,从而无法发挥理想的益生作用[4]。
微胶囊技术作为一种在食品、医药等领域广泛应用的技术,涵盖挤压法、喷雾干燥法、乳化法等多种制备方法,该技术通过以天然或合成的高分子材料,如明胶、壳聚糖、海藻酸钠、聚乳酸等作为微囊壁材,将益生菌包裹在微小封闭的微胶囊内,从而有效抵御外界不利环境对益生菌的损害[5]。其中,内源乳化法在制备微胶囊方面具有操作简便、粒径可控、分布均匀、稳定性高并且容易放大到工业水平等优点[6]。Holkem等[7]将海藻酸钠(Sodium Alginate,SA)、碳酸钙和芯材以一定比例混匀,作为水相,再将其分散到含有乳化剂的油相中,然后加入有机酸,使碳酸钙释放钙离子,从而形成SA凝胶。SA是一种天然多糖,具有良好的生物相容性、安全性和可降解性[8],与钙离子发生反应后,形成海藻酸钙凝胶壳层,将芯材包裹在内。但这种单一的凝胶层具有多孔的结构,稳定性较低,仍然会有胃酸或其他有害物质渗透进微胶囊中,使益生菌失活,降低微胶囊的保护作用[9]。
纳米纤维素(Nanocellulose,NC)是通过化学、物理、生物或几者结合的手段从天然纤维素纤维中分离得到的一种绿色、可降解的有机纳米材料[10]。其具有独特的生物性能,如生物相容性、高比表面积、良好的机械性能和可降解性[11]。此外,其表面存在着大量羟基,既可以通过物理作用吸附到SA分子链上,又可以和SA一起与钙离子发生交联反应,从而有效减小微胶囊壳层的孔径,同时提高其机械强度和稳定性[12]。然而,纳米纤维素的制备方法对其性能和应用有关键影响,传统制备方法存在诸多局限性,而低共熔溶剂(Deep Eutectic Solvents,DES)作为一种新型绿色溶剂,通常由氢键供体和氢键受体组成[13],相较于其他制备NC的方法,DES具有环境友好性、高效性、可再生性和制备过程简便等显著优点[14],这使得DES在NC制备领域具有广阔的应用前景和重要的研究价值。
本研究首先使用DES结合超声波处理的方式制备了NC,然后利用内源乳化法对枯草芽孢杆菌进行了包封,制备了海藻酸钠微胶囊(Sodium Alginate Microcapsules,S-MC)和纳米纤维素海藻酸钠微胶囊(Nanocellulose Sodium Alginate Microcapsules,N-MC)两种微胶囊新产品。通过单因素和响应面法对微胶囊制备工艺参数进行优化,并对微胶囊进行表征分析、模拟胃肠液及储藏稳定性研究。本研究为枯草芽孢杆菌微囊化提供一种新工艺,旨在通过微囊化的方法,提高枯草芽孢杆菌的稳定性,增强其对不良环境的耐受能力,为枯草芽孢杆菌微囊化提供理论依据。
桉树漂白木浆(Eucalyptus Bleached Wood Pulp,EBP) 大连扬润贸易有限公司;无水柠檬酸 上海源叶生物有限公司;氯化胆碱、盐酸、氢氧化钠 上海麦克林生化科技有限公司;无水氯化钙、碳酸钙 福晨(天津)化学试剂有限公司;冰醋酸 天津市富宇精细化工有限公司;吐温−80、SA、胰蛋白酶(1:250)、胃蛋白酶(1:10000)、琼脂粉 北京索莱宝科技有限公司;LB肉汤 青岛高科技工业园海博生物技术有限公司;枯草芽孢杆菌 由实验室从饲料添加剂中分离;试剂均为分析纯。
HJ-数显恒温磁力搅拌器 江苏金怡仪器科技有限公司;DF-101S集热式磁力搅拌器、JJ-1S数显电动搅拌机 鼎鑫宜实验设备有限公司;JY92-IIDN超声波破碎仪 上海沪析实业有限公司;LC-CJ-1F超净工作台 上海力辰仪器科技有限公司;THZ-98C恒温振荡器 上海一恒科学仪器有限公司;SPX-280型培养箱 宁波江南仪器厂;LDZX-50L立式高压蒸汽灭菌器 上海申安医疗器械厂;BSA124S电子天平 赛多利斯科学仪器有限公司;LG16-C高速离心机 北京雷勃尔离心机有限公司;LGJ-18冷冻干燥机 北京松源华兴科技发展公司;Tecnai G2 20透射电子显微镜 美国FEI公司;Regulus8100扫描电子显微镜 日本日立公司;Nicolet is5傅里叶红外光谱仪 美国尼高立公司;D8 AdvanceX射线衍射仪 德国布鲁克公司;TG 209 F3热重分析仪 德国NETZSCH。
根据Shi等[15]的方法,并略作修改,按照质量比3∶1∶1,分别称取一定质量的无水柠檬酸、氯化胆碱和水于烧杯中,80 ℃下加热搅拌直至形成澄清透明液体。将4.0 g的EBP加入到100 mL的DES中,使用油浴锅加热混合物至130 ℃,冷凝回流反应3 h。反应完成后,过滤洗涤木浆,直至滤液成中性。干燥后,将0.5 g预处理后的木浆溶于100 mL水中,使用超声波细胞粉碎机以900 W功率处理30 min后得到NC。
参照夏俊芳等[16]的方法,将冻存的菌种均匀涂布在LB固体培养基上,倒置于37 ℃恒温培养箱中,培养12 h。根据菌落形态,挑取合适的菌落到5.0 mL液体培养基中,在37 ℃,220 r/min的恒温培养箱中培养12 h后,接种到灭菌的LB营养肉汤中,接种量为LB营养肉汤体积的2.0%,继续恒温培养箱中培养6 h。然后在4 ℃,8000 r/min条件下离心10 min,除去上清液后,用无菌生理盐水洗涤两遍,最后重新悬浮于无菌生理盐水中,得到菌悬液。
根据Wang等[17]和Chen等[18]的方法,将2.0% SA和1.4% NC溶液混合,60 ℃下加热搅拌成均一的混合溶液,作为壁材。将30 mL的壁材、15 mL的芯材和一定质量的碳酸钙粉末混合均匀,作为水相,碳酸钙粉末与SA的质量比为1:3。将水相缓慢加入到含有1% Tween 80的大豆油中,使用磁力搅拌器搅拌15 min,然后缓慢加入200 μL的冰醋酸,30 min后,加入300 mL,0.05 mol/L的氯化钙溶液,缓慢搅拌10 min,待微胶囊沉降到底部后,去除油相,收集微胶囊,使用生理盐水洗涤微胶囊,直至没有大豆油残留,最后将收集到的微胶囊保存在4 ℃中备用。
根据Zhao等[19]的方法,略作修改,将1.0 g枯草芽孢杆菌微胶囊加入到9.0 mL,0.1 mol/L的柠檬酸钠溶液中,置于37 ℃摇床中以220 r/min振荡1 h。待微胶囊全部溶解,将其稀释到合适浓度后,接种到LB固体培养基上,在37 ℃培养箱中培养24 h后计数。
$ \mathrm{包埋率({\text{%}} )=\frac{N_1}{N_0}\times 100} $
式中,N1:包埋后微胶囊中的活菌数,log CFU/g;N0:包埋前的总活菌数,log CFU/g。
在NC质量分数为1.4%,水相油相体积比为1:3,搅拌速度为600 r/min,SA质量分数为(1.0%、1.5%、2.0%、2.5%、3.0%)的条件下,按照1.2.3中的方法制备微胶囊,以微胶囊包埋率为测定指标,探究SA质量分数对微胶囊包埋率的影响。
在SA质量分数为2.0%,水相油相体积比为1:3,搅拌速度为600 r/min,NC的质量分数为(0、0.7%、1.4%、2.1%、2.8%)的条件下,按照1.2.3中的方法制备微胶囊,以微胶囊包埋率为测定指标,探究NC质量分数对微胶囊包埋率的影响。
在SA质量分数为2.0%,NC质量分数为1.4%,水相油相体积比为1:3,搅拌速度为(200、400、600、800、1000 r/min)的条件下,按照1.2.3中的方法制备微胶囊,以微胶囊包埋率为测定指标,探究搅拌速度对微胶囊包埋率的影响。
在SA质量分数为2.0%,NC质量分数为1.4%,搅拌速度为600 r/min,水相油相体积比为(1:1、1:2、1:3、1:4、1:5)的条件下,按照1.2.3中的方法制备微胶囊,以微胶囊包埋率为测定指标,探究水油体积比对微胶囊包埋率的影响。
根据单因素实验结果,筛选出3个对包埋率影响较大的因素(SA质量分数、搅拌速度、水油体积比),以包埋率为指标,进行Box-Behnken响应面优化试验,响应面试验因素水平表见表1。
使用透射电子显微镜(Transmission Electron Microscope,TEM)分析NC的形态特征。将10 μL的NC悬浮液(0.02%,w/v)滴加到TEM专用的铜网上,用醋酸铀酰溶液(2.0%,w/v)染色2 min,干燥后在120 kV加速电压下观察样品。使用Nano Measure 1.2观察约200个NC的直径与长度[20]。
使用扫描电子显微镜(Scanning Electron Microscope,SEM)观察样品的微观形貌。对固体样品EBP和冷冻干燥样品NC、S-MC和N-MC表面进行喷金处理,在5 kV加速电压下进行扫描观察[21]。
使用FT-IR分析样品的化学结构和官能团。将约2 mg样品与溴化钾混合研磨至粉末,使用压片机进行压片后测试,在4000~400 cm−1的范围内,以透射模式扫描EBP、NC、SA、N-MC、S-MC,分辨率为4 cm−1(收集了16次扫描)[22]。
使用X射线衍射仪在2θ=5°~60°,扫描速度为2°/min条件下对EBP、NC、SA、N-MC、S-MC进行扫描。
在氮气条件下从室温将EBP、NC、SA、N-MC、S-MC加热到600 ℃,升温速率为10 ℃/min[23]。
模拟胃液配制[24]:取浓度为1.0 mol/L盐酸1.64 mL,加水约80 mL和胃蛋白酶1.0 g,加水定容至100 mL,并调节溶液pH为2.0,得到模拟胃液。
取1.0 g微胶囊置于9.0 mL人工模拟胃液中,在37 ℃,220 r/min的条件下振荡,分别于0、30、60、90、120 min时取样,加入到0.1 mol/L的柠檬酸钠中,待菌完全释放后进行活菌计数,以游离的枯草芽孢杆菌(Free Bacillus Subtilis,FB)菌悬液作为对照。
模拟肠液配制[25]:取磷酸二氢钾0.68 g,加50 mL水溶解,用0.1 mol/L氢氧化钠溶液调节pH至6.8,加入1 g胰酶,加水定容至100 mL,得到模拟肠液。
取1.0 g微胶囊置于9.0 mL模拟肠液中,在37 ℃,220 r/min的条件下振荡,分别于0、30、60、120、180、270、360 min时取上清液进行活菌计数。
将微胶囊置于4 ℃条件下储藏28 d,每隔7 d取微胶囊进行活菌计数,以FB菌悬液作为对照[26]。
所有实验均进行了3次独立重复实验,采用SPSS 27对数据进行单因素方差和显著性分析,P<0.05视为显著,采用OriginPro 9.1和Design-Expert 13对数据进行作图和分析。
如图1A所示,SA质量分数对微胶囊包埋率有显著影响(P<0.05),随着SA质量分数的增加,微胶囊的包埋率先增加后减小,且当SA的质量分数为2.0%时,微胶囊包埋率最高,为85.1%。当SA质量分数小于2.0%时,随着SA质量分数的增加,交联形成的凝胶网络结构更加紧密,微胶囊外壁机械强度增加,从而包裹更多益生菌,使得包埋率增加;当SA质量分数大于2.0%时,随着SA质量分数增加,溶液的黏度和密度增大,影响成球效果[27]。同时,形成的凝胶网络结构的空隙无法容纳更多益生菌,导致微胶囊包埋率降低。因此将SA质量分数为2.0%作为微胶囊的最佳制备条件。
如图1B所示,NC质量分数对微胶囊包埋率有显著影响(P<0.05),随着NC质量分数增加,微胶囊包埋率先增加,后减小,且NC质量分数为1.4%时,微胶囊包埋率最高。当NC质量分数为0,其他单因素为最佳制备条件时,S-MC的包埋率为80.20%,将其作为S-MC的最高包埋率。少量的NC既可以通过物理作用吸附到SA分子链上,同时又可以与SA一起与钙离子发生交联反应,使得微胶囊结构更加紧密,提高了微胶囊外壁机械强度,从而使微胶囊包埋率提高[28];过量的NC与SA混合时,使得溶液黏度增加,不利于微胶囊的形成,导致微胶囊包埋率降低。因此将NC质量分数为1.4%作为微胶囊的最佳制备条件。
如图1C所示,搅拌速度对微胶囊包埋率有显著影响(P<0.05),随着搅拌速度的增加,微胶囊包埋率先增加,后减小,且当搅拌速度为600 r/min时,微胶囊包埋率最高。当搅拌速度较低时,乳化效果较差,所得到的微胶囊球形较差、粒径较大,出现粘连现象,导致包埋率较低;当搅拌速度过高时,过高的剪切力可能对微胶囊造成物理上的损伤,使得囊壁破损,导致微胶囊包埋率降低[29]。因此将搅拌速度为600 r/min作为微胶囊的最佳制备条件。
如图1D所示,水油体积比对微胶囊包埋率有显著影响(P<0.05),随着水油体积比减小,微胶囊包埋率先增加,后减小,且当水油体积比为1:3时,微胶囊包埋率最高。当水相体积过高时,单位体积的油相中分散的海藻酸钠量较少,经搅拌乳化后,介质中会产生较小的分散液滴,使形成的微胶囊粒径变小,不利于枯草芽孢杆菌的包封,导致微胶囊包埋率降低[30]:当油相体积过高时,单位体积的油相中分散的海藻酸钠量过高,过多的枯草芽孢杆菌进入微胶囊内,使形成的微胶囊囊壁变薄,导致微胶囊对枯草芽孢杆菌的保护作用减弱,微胶囊包埋率降低[31]。因此将水油体积比为1:3作为微胶囊的最佳制备条件。
根据单因素实验结果,选取对枯草芽孢杆菌微胶囊包埋率影响较大的三个因素:SA质量分数(A)、搅拌速度(B)和水油体积比(C),运用Design-Expert 13软件进行响应面的试验设计,以表1的因素水平设计得到17组试验。响应面试验数据见表2。
通过数据分析得到响应值包埋率(Y)对SA质量分数(A)、搅拌速度(B)、水油体积比(C)的二次多项式回归模型:
Y=85.16−0.8250A-0.6875B−0.6625C+0.2000AB−0.3500AC−0.1250BC−4.62A2−6.99B2−4.34C2
由表3中的P值可知,该回归模型极显著(P<0.001),失拟项不显著(P>0.05),本实验模型相关系数R2=0.9987,校正决定系数R2Adj=0.9969,表明拟合度佳,且该模型能较为合理地解释响应值变化,模型较为可靠。
从方差分析的显著性可知,一次项(A、B、C)和二次项(A2、B2、C2)极显著(P<0.01),交互项AC显著(P<0.05),AB、BC不显著(P>0.05)。通过F值可以看出各个试验因素对包埋率的影响程度:SA质量分数>搅拌速度>水油体积比。
为了直观地展现两个因素对微胶囊包埋率的效应,利用回归方程构建了相应的三维响应面图,具体结果如图2所示。响应面的倾斜程度若较为陡峭,则意味着这两个因素的交互作用对包埋率有着更为显著的影响;相反,则表明这种交互作用对包埋率的影响并不明显[32]。由图可知SA质量分数相较于搅拌速度、水油体积比曲线更加陡峭,说明SA质量分数对微胶囊包埋率影响更显著;当SA质量分数固定时,搅拌速度曲线较水油体积比曲线更加陡峭。再次说明对微胶囊包埋率影响最大的因素为SA质量分数,其次是搅拌速度,最小的是水油体积比。
根据响应面模型预测的最佳工艺条件为:SA质量分数为1.95%,搅拌速度为609.66 r/min,水油体积比为1:2.93,在此条件下期望包埋率为85.24%。考虑到实际的可操作性,将验证实验的操作条件设置为:SA质量分数为2.0%,搅拌速度为610 r/min,水油体积比为1:2.9。进行三次验证实验,微胶囊平均包埋率为85.12%,与模型预测结果基本符合,说明所建立模型合理、可行。
从TEM图像(图3A和B)可以看出纤维素为相互交织的针状纤维,长度在200~1000 nm范围内,直径在10~20 nm范围内,有着均匀的尺寸分布和良好的分散性,证明成功制得NC。从SEM图像可以看出,未经处理的纤维素样品表面呈现完整封闭结构(图3C),经一系列处理后,纤维素表面出现孔洞,结构被破坏,呈现出疏松的状态(图3D),表明木质素、半纤维素和果胶等保护物质被去除[33]。
由于冷冻干燥,微胶囊颗粒变小,并出现了不同程度的褶皱(图4A和C),这主要是因为在冻干的过程中,冰晶的快速升华,使得微胶囊没有时间进行规则的收缩[34]。N-MC较S-MC表现出更好的球形度,这可能因为NC的加入使得微胶囊的机械强度增加,结构更加稳定[35]。此外,S-MC表面粗糙多孔且出现一些破损(图4B),加入NC后,N-MC结构更加紧密,表面光滑完整(图4D)。
如图5所示,EBP经DES处理后,在1722.6 cm−1和1421.2 cm−1处出现吸收峰,此处的吸收峰属于-COOH的不对称伸缩振动和对称伸缩振动[36],这表明EBP经DES处理后引入了-COOH;SA在3273.1、2916.9、1592.8和1405.3 cm−1处的吸收峰分别属于-OH的伸缩振动、-CH的伸缩振动、COO-的不对称伸缩振动和对称伸缩振动[37];两种微胶囊在1742.8 cm−1处出现吸收峰,这与-COOH的C-O伸缩振动有关,表明Ca2+与-COOH之间发生了络合作用,且N-MC组的作用更强[38]。同时,在2921.2 cm−1和2854.8 cm−1处的吸收峰属于-CH和-CH2的不对称拉伸,这与枯草芽孢杆菌细胞壁的脂质膜有关,证明其被封装到了微胶囊中[39]。
如图6所示,EBP处理前后在2θ=15.8°、22.6°和34.6°处出现特征峰,说明DES处理并未影响纤维素的晶型;SA在2θ=13.5°和20°~30°出现较宽的特征峰,呈无定型状态;N-MC在2θ=22.6°出现的峰,属于EBP的特征峰,这表明N-MC中含有NC,而S-MC并未出现明显的特征峰。
如图7所示,所有样品的质量都随着温度的升高不断降低,0~200 ℃之间质量损失主要是由样品中残留的水分蒸发所造成的,NC和EBP在200~350 ℃之间质量损失主要是半纤维素的降解和纤维素的糖苷键的分解[40],在350~600 ℃,两者的纤维素结构进一步降解。在温度小于350 ℃时,NC相较SA具有更好的热稳定性,N-MC相较于S-MC在小于350 ℃时,质量损失更小,热稳定性更好。
如图8所示,在120 min的模拟胃液实验中,FB和微囊化菌中的活菌数量都有所减少。FB在模拟胃液中处理120 min后活菌数从9.36 log CFU/g下降到6.27 log CFU/g,在相同条件下,单纯S-MC封装的枯草芽孢杆菌活菌数从9.17 log CFU/g下降到7.11 log CFU/g,而添加NC的N-MC封装的枯草芽孢杆菌活菌数从9.23 log CFU/g下降到7.75 log CFU/g。虽然S-MC封装的枯草芽孢杆菌相较于FB在模拟胃液中的存活率升高,但单纯SA所制得的微胶囊表面存在多孔结构,容易受到模拟胃液的侵蚀,并不能提供很好的保护作用[41]。通过NC与SA结合的方式,所制得的N-MC结构更加紧密,对枯草芽孢杆菌的保护作用增强,微囊化中的活菌数高于不含NC中的活菌数。
如图9所示,在360 min的模拟肠液试验中,S-MC和N-MC包封的90%以上的枯草芽孢杆菌都释放到模拟肠液中。S-MC组在60 min时,枯草芽孢杆菌几乎已经释放完毕,此后释放的活菌数几乎没有变化,而N-MC在270 min时,才将包封的大部分枯草芽孢杆菌释放,表明NC可以调控微囊化的枯草芽孢杆菌在模拟肠液中的释放时间和速率[42]。这可能是因为NC、SA和钙离子发生交联作用,形成了更紧密的网络结构,提高了微胶囊的稳定性。
储藏稳定性是评价益生菌产品的一个重要标准。如图10所示,不同样品在4 ℃下储藏7、14、21、28 d后活菌数都有所降低。FB和S-MC中的活菌数在28 d时分别下降到了4.86 log CFU/g和5.74 log CFU/g,而N-MC中的活菌数仅下降到了7.84 log CFU/g,显著高于另外两组样品(P<0.05)。这表明N-MC在储藏过程中可以为枯草芽孢杆菌提供更好的保护作用,这得益于NC、SA和钙离子发生交联作用形成的更加紧密的凝胶网络结构,同时也有可能是NC为枯草芽孢杆菌提供了营养基础[43],提高了微胶囊的储藏稳定性。
本研究使用内源乳化法制备了枯草芽孢杆菌-纳米纤维素微胶囊,通过单因素和响应面法优化了微胶囊的制备条件,在SA质量分数为2.0%,NC质量分数为1.4%,搅拌速度为610 r/min,水油体积比为1:2.9的条件下包埋率最高,微胶囊的平均包埋率为85.12%。通过对FTIR光谱和XRD图像分析证实了NC加入到微胶囊中,相较于只使用SA作为壁材的微胶囊,以NC和SA作为壁材的微胶囊在温度小于350 ℃、模拟胃肠液和4 ℃储藏中,表现出更好的保护性和稳定性。综上,将NC和SA作为微胶囊壁材能够提高枯草芽孢杆菌的存活率,也为枯草芽孢杆菌微囊化提供了一种新工艺。

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2026年第47卷第1期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120349
  • 接收时间:2024-12-26
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-01-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-26
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    河北农业大学动物医学院,河北保定 071000

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马宁(1990−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:兽医药理学,代谢组学,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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