Article(id=1320886542621586199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320883859747615068, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120321, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1735142400000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792853492646, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1773504000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792853492646, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792853492646, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792853492646, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320883859747615068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='505', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773504000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852852999, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852852999, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=44, endPage=51, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320886543099736856, articleId=1320886542621586199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Analysis of Flavor and Quality of Cerasus humilis Wine Fermented by Different Yeast Strains, columnId=1261336279195726298, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Papers Invited by Guest Editors, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Nine types of commercial brewing yeast commonly used in industrial production from different manufacturers were used in the fermentation of Cerasus humilis wine. The contents of alcohol, methanol and higher alcohols, flavonoids and polyphenols, amino acids and aroma components of Cerasus humilis wine fermented by different kinds of yeast were compared and analyzed. The results showed that the alcohol content, methanol, and higher alcohols of Cerasus humilis wine fermented by RV002 yeast were the lowest. The methanol content in the Cerasus humilis wine fermented by Spark yeast was the highest, at 173.07 mg/L. The sample fermented by S377 yeast had the highest content of higher alcohols, which was 323.97 mg/L. The polyphenol content in the SIHA yeast fermented sample was the lowest, at 50.69 mg/L, while the polyphenol content in the ICV yeast fermented sample was the highest, at 86.45 mg/L. The flavonoid content in the Cerasus humilis wine sample fermented by BV818 yeast was the lowest, at 22.08 mg/L. Compared with the unfermented Cerasus humilis juice, the total amino acid content of the wine fermented by different yeast strains decreased significantly, and the amino acid content of the wine fermented by BV818 yeast decreased the least. The total amino acid content of Cerasus humilis wine fermented by different yeast strains showed a significant decrease compared to unfermented Cerasus humilis juice, with the least decrease observed in the amino acid content of Cerasus humilis wine fermented by BV818 yeast. Except for SIHA yeast, there was relatively little difference in the aroma components of Cerasus humilis wine fermented by the other 8 yeast strains. Overall, the amino acid content and sensory score of the Cerasus humilis wine fermented by BV818 yeast were the highest, and the methanol and higher alcohol content did not exceed the standard, making it suitable for the fermentation of Cerasus humilis wine.

, authors=Yanrui MA, Yixi WANG, Jiewei TIAN, Xuezhen LI, Yuan MENG, Ye SONG, Guangpeng LIU*, Le CHU*, authorsList=Yanrui MA, Yixi WANG, Jiewei TIAN, Xuezhen LI, Yuan MENG, Ye SONG, Guangpeng LIU, Le CHU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Guangpeng LIU, Le CHU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320886547658945323, articleId=1320886542621586199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=不同酵母菌种发酵欧李果酒的风味品质分析, columnId=1261336280563069408, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=特邀主编专栏, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

采用工业生产中常用的国内外不同厂家的9种商业酿酒酵母发酵制备欧李果酒,对比分析不同种类酵母菌发酵欧李果酒的酒精度、甲醇和高级醇含量、黄酮和多酚的含量、氨基酸的种类及含量、香气组分的变化。结果显示,经RV002酵母菌发酵的欧李果酒酒精度、甲醇、高级醇含量最低;Spark酵母发酵的欧李果酒样品中甲醇含量最高,为173.07 mg/L。S377酵母发酵后的样品高级醇含量最高,为323.97 mg/L。SIHA酵母发酵样品中的多酚含量最少,为50.69 mg/L;ICV酵母发酵样品中的多酚含量最多,为86.45 mg/L;BV818酵母菌发酵的欧李果酒样品的黄酮含量最低,为22.08 mg/L。不同酵母菌种发酵欧李果酒的总氨基酸含量相较于未发酵的欧李原汁,均出现明显下降,其中经BV818酵母发酵的欧李果酒氨基酸含量下降最少。除SIHA酵母外,其余8种酵母菌发酵欧李果酒的香气成分差别相对较小。综合来看,由BV818酵母发酵的欧李果酒氨基酸含量及感官评分最高,甲醇及高级醇含量未超标,适用于欧李果酒发酵。

, authors=马艳蕊, 王一熹, 田杰伟, 李学震, 孟园, 宋烨, 刘光鹏*, 初乐*, authorsList=马艳蕊, 王一熹, 田杰伟, 李学震, 孟园, 宋烨, 刘光鹏, 初乐, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刘光鹏, 初乐, authorNote=

马艳蕊(1996−),女,硕士,助理研究员,研究方向:发酵工程,E-mail:

王一熹(1991−),男,硕士,研究实习员,研究方向:果蔬加工,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
刘光鹏(1984−),男,博士,副研究员,研究方向:发酵工程,E-mail:。
初乐(1987−),女,硕士,研究员,研究方向:果蔬加工,E-mail:。
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Analytica Chimica Acta, 2016, 936(14): 245−258., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320886548116124460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886542621586199, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320886548128707373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886542621586199, companyId=1320886548116124460, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Jinan Fruit Research Institute all China Federation of Supply and Marketing Co-operatives, Jinan 250200, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320886548137095982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886542621586199, companyId=1320886548116124460, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中华全国供销合作总社济南果品研究所,山东济南 250200)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320886563995759458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886542621586199, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Alcohol content of Cerasus humilis wines fermented by different yeasts, figureFileSmall=HLwc3B0GCuj/rK3sXRJPkQ==, figureFileBig=8wRvvg+EGywnk59ZLwBVXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886564079645539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886542621586199, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同酵母菌发酵欧李果酒的酒精度

注:不同小写字母表示不同样品间差异显著,P<0.05,图2~图4、图6、图9同。

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figureFileSmall=63svdgggkn1P8HFWHrrHIg==, figureFileBig=M0fnNELDxllpTo53wGMr9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886565258244967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886542621586199, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同酵母菌种发酵欧李果酒中多酚的含量, figureFileSmall=63svdgggkn1P8HFWHrrHIg==, figureFileBig=M0fnNELDxllpTo53wGMr9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886565329548136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886542621586199, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Flavonoid content of Cerasus humilis wines fermented by different yeasts, figureFileSmall=Le0l82azFNxnqgmW769AOg==, figureFileBig=LTevxaCQQDWZQzZspU+cNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886565681869673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886542621586199, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同酵母菌种发酵欧李果酒中黄酮的含量, figureFileSmall=Le0l82azFNxnqgmW769AOg==, figureFileBig=LTevxaCQQDWZQzZspU+cNQ==, tableContent=null), 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journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886542621586199, language=CN, label=图9, caption=不同酵母菌发酵欧李果酒的感官评分, figureFileSmall=mjHSIjHamG/Jc2OH3TUV3w==, figureFileBig=cPD0pOifdeOHrwTmtqD5Kw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886570719228788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886542621586199, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Types and manufacturers of yeasts

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酵母菌菌种生产厂家
BV818酵母安琪酵母股份有限公司
RMS2酵母安琪酵母股份有限公司
RV002酵母安琪酵母股份有限公司
X16法国Laffort公司
Spark法国Laffort公司
S135比利时Fermentis公司
S377比利时Fermentis公司
ICV丹麦Danstar ferment AG公司
SIHA德国Daton technolonshein公司
), ArticleFig(id=1320886572090766197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886542621586199, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

酵母菌种类和生产厂家

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
酵母菌菌种生产厂家
BV818酵母安琪酵母股份有限公司
RMS2酵母安琪酵母股份有限公司
RV002酵母安琪酵母股份有限公司
X16法国Laffort公司
Spark法国Laffort公司
S135比利时Fermentis公司
S377比利时Fermentis公司
ICV丹麦Danstar ferment AG公司
SIHA德国Daton technolonshein公司
), ArticleFig(id=1320886572392756086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886542621586199, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Sensory evaluation standards of Cerasus humilis wine

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标评价标准感官评分(分)
色泽
(20分)
欧李果酒呈梅红或淡红色,澄清透明,光泽度好,酒液均匀15~20
欧李果酒呈梅红或淡红色,澄清度良好,光泽度一般,酒液较均匀8~14
欧李果酒应有的梅红或淡红色不明显,酒液浑浊,缺少自然感0~7
香气
(30分)
欧李果酒果香和酒香协调,香气浓郁,纯正25~30
欧李果酒果香和酒香协调,香气不浓郁16~24
欧李果酒果香和酒香非常淡,但无不良气味8~15
没有欧李果酒应有的果香和酒香,有不良气味0~7
口感
(30分)
欧李果酒酒体丰满,口感舒适,纯正爽口,无涩味25~30
欧李果酒酒体较完整,口感较好,纯正爽口,无涩味16~24
欧李果酒酒体较完整,口感平淡,无涩味8~15
欧李果酒酒体较完整,口感粗糙,有稍微涩味0~7
典型性
(20分)
酒体组分完整协调,具有独特欧李的风格15~20
酒体组分比较完整,具有良好的欧李风格8~14
酒体组分完整,但欧李风格不突出0~7
), ArticleFig(id=1320886572489225079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886542621586199, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

欧李果酒感官评定标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标评价标准感官评分(分)
色泽
(20分)
欧李果酒呈梅红或淡红色,澄清透明,光泽度好,酒液均匀15~20
欧李果酒呈梅红或淡红色,澄清度良好,光泽度一般,酒液较均匀8~14
欧李果酒应有的梅红或淡红色不明显,酒液浑浊,缺少自然感0~7
香气
(30分)
欧李果酒果香和酒香协调,香气浓郁,纯正25~30
欧李果酒果香和酒香协调,香气不浓郁16~24
欧李果酒果香和酒香非常淡,但无不良气味8~15
没有欧李果酒应有的果香和酒香,有不良气味0~7
口感
(30分)
欧李果酒酒体丰满,口感舒适,纯正爽口,无涩味25~30
欧李果酒酒体较完整,口感较好,纯正爽口,无涩味16~24
欧李果酒酒体较完整,口感平淡,无涩味8~15
欧李果酒酒体较完整,口感粗糙,有稍微涩味0~7
典型性
(20分)
酒体组分完整协调,具有独特欧李的风格15~20
酒体组分比较完整,具有良好的欧李风格8~14
酒体组分完整,但欧李风格不突出0~7
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不同酵母菌种发酵欧李果酒的风味品质分析
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马艳蕊 , 王一熹 , 田杰伟 , 李学震 , 孟园 , 宋烨 , 刘光鹏 * , 初乐 *
食品工业科技 | 特邀主编专栏 2026,47(6): 44-51
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食品工业科技 |特邀主编专栏 2026 , 47 (6) : 44 -51
不同酵母菌种发酵欧李果酒的风味品质分析
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马艳蕊 , 王一熹 , 田杰伟, 李学震, 孟园, 宋烨, 刘光鹏* , 初乐*
作者信息
  • 中华全国供销合作总社济南果品研究所,山东济南 250200
通讯作者:
刘光鹏(1984−),男,博士,副研究员,研究方向:发酵工程,E-mail:。
初乐(1987−),女,硕士,研究员,研究方向:果蔬加工,E-mail:。
作者简介:

马艳蕊(1996−),女,硕士,助理研究员,研究方向:发酵工程,E-mail:

王一熹(1991−),男,硕士,研究实习员,研究方向:果蔬加工,E-mail:

Analysis of Flavor and Quality of Cerasus humilis Wine Fermented by Different Yeast Strains
Yanrui MA , Yixi WANG , Jiewei TIAN, Xuezhen LI, Yuan MENG, Ye SONG, Guangpeng LIU* , Le CHU*
Affiliations
  • Jinan Fruit Research Institute all China Federation of Supply and Marketing Co-operatives, Jinan 250200, China
出版时间: 2026-03-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120321
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采用工业生产中常用的国内外不同厂家的9种商业酿酒酵母发酵制备欧李果酒,对比分析不同种类酵母菌发酵欧李果酒的酒精度、甲醇和高级醇含量、黄酮和多酚的含量、氨基酸的种类及含量、香气组分的变化。结果显示,经RV002酵母菌发酵的欧李果酒酒精度、甲醇、高级醇含量最低;Spark酵母发酵的欧李果酒样品中甲醇含量最高,为173.07 mg/L。S377酵母发酵后的样品高级醇含量最高,为323.97 mg/L。SIHA酵母发酵样品中的多酚含量最少,为50.69 mg/L;ICV酵母发酵样品中的多酚含量最多,为86.45 mg/L;BV818酵母菌发酵的欧李果酒样品的黄酮含量最低,为22.08 mg/L。不同酵母菌种发酵欧李果酒的总氨基酸含量相较于未发酵的欧李原汁,均出现明显下降,其中经BV818酵母发酵的欧李果酒氨基酸含量下降最少。除SIHA酵母外,其余8种酵母菌发酵欧李果酒的香气成分差别相对较小。综合来看,由BV818酵母发酵的欧李果酒氨基酸含量及感官评分最高,甲醇及高级醇含量未超标,适用于欧李果酒发酵。

欧李果酒  /  酿酒酵母  /  氨基酸  /  挥发性香气  /  感官评价

Nine types of commercial brewing yeast commonly used in industrial production from different manufacturers were used in the fermentation of Cerasus humilis wine. The contents of alcohol, methanol and higher alcohols, flavonoids and polyphenols, amino acids and aroma components of Cerasus humilis wine fermented by different kinds of yeast were compared and analyzed. The results showed that the alcohol content, methanol, and higher alcohols of Cerasus humilis wine fermented by RV002 yeast were the lowest. The methanol content in the Cerasus humilis wine fermented by Spark yeast was the highest, at 173.07 mg/L. The sample fermented by S377 yeast had the highest content of higher alcohols, which was 323.97 mg/L. The polyphenol content in the SIHA yeast fermented sample was the lowest, at 50.69 mg/L, while the polyphenol content in the ICV yeast fermented sample was the highest, at 86.45 mg/L. The flavonoid content in the Cerasus humilis wine sample fermented by BV818 yeast was the lowest, at 22.08 mg/L. Compared with the unfermented Cerasus humilis juice, the total amino acid content of the wine fermented by different yeast strains decreased significantly, and the amino acid content of the wine fermented by BV818 yeast decreased the least. The total amino acid content of Cerasus humilis wine fermented by different yeast strains showed a significant decrease compared to unfermented Cerasus humilis juice, with the least decrease observed in the amino acid content of Cerasus humilis wine fermented by BV818 yeast. Except for SIHA yeast, there was relatively little difference in the aroma components of Cerasus humilis wine fermented by the other 8 yeast strains. Overall, the amino acid content and sensory score of the Cerasus humilis wine fermented by BV818 yeast were the highest, and the methanol and higher alcohol content did not exceed the standard, making it suitable for the fermentation of Cerasus humilis wine.

Cerasus humilis wine  /  Saccharomyces cerevisiae  /  amino acid  /  volatile aroma  /  sensory evaluation
马艳蕊, 王一熹, 田杰伟, 李学震, 孟园, 宋烨, 刘光鹏, 初乐. 不同酵母菌种发酵欧李果酒的风味品质分析. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (6) : 44 -51 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120321
Yanrui MA, Yixi WANG, Jiewei TIAN, Xuezhen LI, Yuan MENG, Ye SONG, Guangpeng LIU, Le CHU. Analysis of Flavor and Quality of Cerasus humilis Wine Fermented by Different Yeast Strains[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (6) : 44 -51 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120321
欧李(Cerasus humilis)是原产于中国的蔷薇科樱桃属落叶灌木,主要分布于西北地区,新疆是欧李快速发展的新兴产区。欧李产果周期短、产量高,其果实具有很高的营养价值,富含钙、铁、维生素C、维生素B2、维生素E、氨基酸等多种营养成分,对比其他经济型水果,钙的含量尤为突出,因此也被称为“钙果”、“补钙之星”[1−3]。欧李的多酚类物质含量丰富,高达18.5 mg/g,高于蓝莓、黑莓等多酚含量高的水果[4]。欧李共含有17种氨基酸,其含量丰富,可达3.38~4.52 g/kg,其中必需氨基酸占比约30%[4−5]。欧李果富含100多种芳香性挥发物质,其中醇类以及酯类是果实中的主要芳香物质[6]。
欧李鲜果易腐烂不适合长期存放,因此直接进入市场供消费者鲜食的数量较少,与鲜食相比,欧李果实是一种适合深加工的原料,现阶段欧李主要用于果脯、果汁、果酱等的加工中[7],应用范围相对局限。欧李果实具有鲜艳的色泽和稳定丰富的香气,随着果酒产业的持续发展,欧李酒作为一种营养健康的果酒,正受到越来越多的关注。王菁等[2]分别采用浸泡法、鲜汁发酵和熟汁发酵三种工艺制作欧李果酒, 并比较了三种制作工艺对欧李果酒颜色、挥发性风味物质以及涩味和感官品质的影响,结果表明熟汁发酵欧李果酒的整体品质较佳;李姝琪等[7]探究了不同果实成熟度、发酵温度、酵母接种量和料水比对欧李果酒中多酚含量及苦味的影响,确定了适合欧李果酒酿造的工艺参数。
欧李果酒的发酵是一个酿酒酵母生长代谢的过程,酵母菌在此过程中将欧李果汁底物转化为一系列有机物,它们是决定欧李果酒质量的重要因素。因此,选择理想的发酵剂是生产高品质欧李果酒的重要前提条件之一[8−9]。但当前欧李果酒的酿造还存在盲目使用酿酒酵母的现象,无法充分发挥欧李的典型性[4],导致产品品质不均,制约了高品质欧李果酒产业的发展。因此实验采用9种常用商业酿酒酵母发酵制备欧李果酒,通过测定不同种类酵母菌发酵欧李果酒的风味品种差异,优选出适合欧李果酒发酵的酵母菌,为欧李果酒的加工研发与实际生产提供依据。
欧李 宁夏地区采购;果胶酶XXL(酶活:10000 PECTU/mL) 诺维信(中国)投资有限公司;无水乙醇 天津市富宇精细化工有限公司;氢氧化钠、硝酸铝 天津市大茂化学试剂厂;福林酚 上海麦克林生化有限公司;芦丁、没食子酸 上海源叶生物科技有限公司;市售不同种类酵母菌 见表1。
Flavour Spec®型气相离子迁移谱联用仪(Gaschromatography-ion mobility spectroscopy,GC-IMS) 德国G.A.S.公司;STEPHAN-UM5破碎机 曼奈科斯工业电器(中国)有限公司;V-5600紫外分光光度计 上海元析仪器有限公司;ME-104分析天平 梅特勒托利多仪器有限公司;LCMS-8060液相色谱质谱联用仪(Liquid Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer,LC-MS) 日本岛津公司;BSC-150生化培养箱 上海智城分析仪器制造有限公司。
工艺流程:欧李→分拣→清洗→打浆→酶解→取汁→成分调整→接种酵母→发酵→果酒。
挑选无霉烂、果实成熟度在8~9成的欧李果实进行清洗,使用破碎机打浆后按原料质量的0.1‰加入果胶酶XXL,在55 ℃条件下酶解1 h,随后过滤取汁。以白砂糖调节糖度至20°Brix。按欧李汁质量的0.2‰称取酿酒酵母,将酵母置于2%葡萄糖水溶液中在35 ℃条件下活化30 min,期间添加少许欧李汁使酵母提前适应欧李汁发酵环境。将活化好的酵母接入欧李果汁中,在20 ℃条件下发酵至残糖降至0.4%以下[10]。
取欧李发酵酒和水各100 mL于圆底烧瓶中,用电加热套进行蒸馏,直至馏出100 mL酒液,用酒度计和温度计分别检测酒精度和温度并根据折算表换算为20 ℃下的酒精度[10]。
采用气相色谱法对样品中甲醇和高级醇含量进行测定,色谱条件:进样口设置220 ℃,检测器设置300 ℃,氢气进气量为30 mL/min,空气进气量为400 mL/min,氮气流量为25 mL/min,分流比50:1,进样量为1 μL;升温程序:起始温度40 ℃,3 min,升温速率5 ℃/min至70 ℃,升温速率20 ℃/min至220 ℃,保持5 min,分析时间21.5 min[10]。
黄酮检测:取1 mL醇提物于10 mL离心管中,添加0.3 mL的5% NaNO2溶液,静置6 min;添加0.3 mL的10% Al(NO3)3,静置6 min;添加4 mL的1 mol·L−1氢氧化钠溶液并用60%乙醇稀释至刻度,避光静置15 min,在510 nm处测吸光度[11]。以芦丁为标准品绘制标准曲线,标准曲线方程为:y=0.0111x−0.0055,R2=0.9994。
总酚检测:取1 mL醇提物于试管中,加入1 mL福林酚试剂混匀,静置3 min;加入1 mL的10%Na2CO3溶液,混匀,在30 ℃水浴锅中静置30 min,在760 nm处测吸光度[12]。以没食子酸为标准品绘制标准曲线,标准曲线方程为:y=0.0132x+0.0152,R2=0.9991。
采用液相色谱-质谱联用仪(LC-MS)测定发酵欧李果酒中的氨基酸含量,色谱条件:Intertsil OSD-4C18色谱柱(150 mm×3.0 mm,填料粒径3.5 μm),柱温箱温度为25 ℃,流动相A为0.5%甲酸,流动相B为甲醇。进样量2 μL;质谱条件:电喷雾电离源(ESI),正离子模式,离子化电压5.5 kV,GS1和GS2分别为60 psi,气帘气为35 psi,气体温度600 ℃[13]。
采用气相离子迁移谱联用仪(GC-IMS)测定发酵欧李果酒中的挥发性香气,样品孵育条件为60 ℃,15 min;GC-IMS分析条件:色谱柱型号为MXT-WAX(30 m×0.53 mm,1 μm),IMS温度45 ℃,色谱柱温度60 ℃,进样针温度85 ℃,进样体积500 μL,分析时间30 min。气相色谱条件:漂移气为150 mL/min;0~2 min,载气为2 mL/min;2~10 min载气流速提至10 mL/min;10~20 min载气流速提至100 mL/min;20~30 min载气流速提至100 mL/min。
由10名经过果酒品评培训人员对欧李果酒进行感官评价,从色泽、香气、口感、典型性4方面进行评分[14],具体评分细则见表2。
使用GC-IMS配套VOCal软件进行香气成分定性及指纹图谱分析,使用Excel2010进行数据处理,使用Origin2019进行柱状图绘制,使用TBtools进行热图绘制。实验结果均为三次平行的平均值,采用SPSS软件进行显著性分析,置信度95%,不同字母表示差异性显著(P<0.05)。
经不同酵母菌发酵的欧李果酒酒精度范围在5.9%vol~7.9%vol,具体数据见图1,其中酵母菌RV002发酵的欧李果酒酒精度最低,为5.9%vol,经酵母菌X16和S135发酵的欧李果酒酒精度较低,皆为7.1%vol,其他的酵母菌发酵的欧李果酒酒精度差异并不显著(P>0.05)。
甲醇是果酒及蒸馏酒生产过程中不可避免的有毒副产物,含量过高会损害人体的健康,并一定程度制约着果酒产业的发展。在欧李果酒的酿造过程中,由于欧李果实含有较多的果胶酯酸,其中的羧基甲酯在加工过程中会降解生成甲醇 [15],并影响欧李果酒的质量。控制和减少欧李果酒中的甲醇含量,是确保欧李果酒产品的质量安全和持续优化欧李果酒酿造技术的重要一环[16]。如图2所示,Spark酵母发酵的欧李果酒样品中甲醇含量最高,为173.07 mg/L。RV002酵母发酵的欧李果酒样品的甲醇含量最低,为154.95 mg/L,除RV002与Spark外,其他酵母菌种发酵欧李果酒的甲醇含量均较大。
高级醇是酵母菌酒精发酵的副产物,也是发酵酒中重要的挥发性成分。在同样的发酵条件下,不同的酵母菌通过代谢产生的高级醇的量也有差异[16−17]。结合图2可知,不同酵母发酵的欧李果酒高级醇含量范围为253.25~323.97 mg/L,其中经RV002酵母发酵的欧李果酒样品的高级醇含量最低,S377酵母发酵后的样品高级醇含量最高。目前酒中高级醇的含量标准还未统一,研究表明,果酒中的高级醇含量小于300 mg/L时,能够赋予果酒令人愉悦的风味特性,使得酒体风味更加协调;当超过400 mg/L时,则会给酒体带来辛辣、腐臭等不愉悦的杂味,从而导致果酒香气不纯净、感官品质劣变等问题[18−19]。更严重的是,高级醇含量过高易导致饮用者头痛、口渴、醒酒慢等不良症状,存在饮用安全隐患[20]。S135、X16、S377酵母发酵的欧李果酒中,高级醇含量超过300 mg/L,可能会为酒体带来不良风味。
欧李果酒中的多酚物质是其重要的功能成分之一,并对果酒的品质、口感、香气和抗氧化性有着重要影响,并能衡量果酒的整体质量[21−22]。不同酵母菌种对欧李果酒的多酚含量影响如图3所示,相较于未发酵的欧李原汁(Ctrl)中多酚含量为82.77 mg/L,经SIHA、Spark、S135这3种酵母菌发酵后的欧李果酒样品的多酚含量显著下降(P<0.05),其中SIHA酵母发酵的欧李果酒中的含量最少,为50.69 mg/L,RV002酵母发酵后的欧李果酒样品中多酚含量下降不显著(P>0.05),这可能与发酵过程中酚类物质之间的相互转化和解聚有关,或与酚类物质自身的结构稳定性有关[23]。经BV818、X16和S377这3种酵母发酵的欧李果酒样品的多酚含量略有上升,差异不显著,而经ICV酵母发酵后样品的多酚含量显著上升(P<0.05),达到86.45 mg/L,可能是由于酵母菌发酵过程中对植物细胞壁造成了一定程度的损伤,使游离酚的含量增加[24]。
黄酮类物质与多酚物质同为发酵果酒的重要品质指标,具有延缓衰老、清除自由基等功效[25],如图4所示,相较于未发酵(Ctrl)的欧李原汁中黄酮含量为29.57 mg/L,只有经ICV和RV002酵母发酵的欧李果酒样品中的黄酮含量没有显著降低(P>0.05),其余酵母菌发酵后的欧李果酒的黄酮含量相较于未发酵的欧李原汁(Ctrl)均显著降低(P<0.05),其中BV818酵母菌发酵的欧李果酒样品的黄酮含量最低,为22.08 mg/L,可能是由于欧李果酒样品中的黄酮化合物不稳定,经酵母发酵后发生分解所致[26]。
欧李果酒中富含各类氨基酸,氨基酸既是对人体有益的营养物质,也对果酒自身的风味起到了促进作用[27]。如图5所示,欧李原汁共含有17种氨基酸,其中必需氨基酸6种,包括赖氨酸、苯丙氨酸、苏氨酸、异亮氨酸、缬氨酸、亮氨酸,发酵欧李果酒相比较于欧李原汁(Ctrl),并不含有组氨酸,其余的氨基酸组分相同。欧李原汁及欧李果酒中含量最多的氨基酸为谷氨酸、天冬氨酸和脯氨酸,这与Procopio等[28]、沈冰等[29]的研究结果基本一致。如图6所示,不同酵母菌种发酵的欧李果酒,其总氨基酸含量相较于未发酵的欧李原汁(Ctrl),均出现显著(P<0.05)下降,这是由于发酵过程中,大量的氨基酸会被酵母利用来合成结构性和功能性的蛋白质,并被用于合成酶类物质[30]。总氨基酸含量下降最少的样品为经BV818酵母发酵的欧李果酒,下降幅度为44.32%,总氨基酸含量下降幅度最大的样品为ICV酵母发酵的欧李果酒,比原汁下降了79.18%。发酵制成的果酒具有独特辨识度的口感,这与其含有的呈味氨基酸有关[31]。其中,组氨酸、精氨酸、缬氨酸、异亮氨酸和亮氨酸是苦味氨基酸,随着发酵的进行,样品中的苦味氨基酸均有较大程度的降低,其中组氨酸经发酵基本被完全消耗。甘氨酸、丙氨酸和蛋氨酸是甜味氨基酸,其中甘氨酸经发酵后呈现增长趋势,丙氨酸在X16、S135、BV818酵母处理后,含量有所上升,其中BV818处理的样品,含量上升最多,约为40%,其余发酵酒样品中的丙氨酸相较未发酵原汁,只出现小幅下降。蛋氨酸虽然在所有样品中均下降,但本身氨基酸的占比较小。欧李原汁及欧李果酒中共检测出4种芳香族氨基酸,分别为苯丙氨酸、丝氨酸、苏氨酸和酪氨酸。其中苯丙氨酸和酪氨酸经发酵后下降幅度最大,超过90%,丝氨酸、苏氨酸则有较好的保留含量。谷氨酸、脯氨酸、天冬氨酸和赖氨酸这4种鲜味氨基酸经发酵后,脯氨酸的含量出现小幅增长,谷氨酸、天冬氨酸和赖氨酸出现一定程度的下降,但仍有较高的氨基酸占比。综合来看,经发酵后的欧李果酒,其甜味氨基酸可以为其甜味带来增益,并保留了较多的鲜味氨基酸和一部分芳香族氨基酸,丰富了果酒的口感,同时苦味氨基酸的下降对果酒的整体口味有一定的益处。
果酒香气成分是衡量其感官品质的关键因素之一,香气成分的含量、种类和各组分之间的相互作用会对果酒自身的典型性以及风味产生重要影响[32]。如图7所示,采用指纹图谱来比较不同酵母菌种发酵欧李果酒的香气成分差异。经9种酵母菌发酵后的欧李酒样品,其共有且无明显差异的香气成分如图7A区域所示,经检测共发现35种挥发性成分,主要为酯类、醇类、醛酮等成分,以及4种未定性物质。酯类化合物是构成果酒香气的重要成分,并可以影响其主体香型及香气风格,其中,正己酸乙酯(Ethyl hexanoate)为欧李果酒的特征性香气成分,为酒体提供甜果味和果香味[7,33],丁酸丙酯(Propyl butanoate)为酒体提供香蕉及菠萝风味,乙酸乙酯(Ethyl Acetate)、丁酸戊酯(n-pentyl butanoate)和己酸丁酯(Butyl hexanoate)则具有甜果香气[34],己酸丁酯(Butyl hexanoate)可以使欧李果酒的香气更为突出。醇类为酵母菌酒精发酵后的副产物,也是发酵果酒中的重要香气成分。其中,顺-2-戊烯醇((Z)-2-penten-1-ol)和4-甲基-2-戊醇(4-methyl-2-pentanol)可以赋予酒体果香味,仲丁醇(2-Butanol)则有类似葡萄酒的气味。
区域A内具有橙味果香的醛、酮类化合物有反式-2,4-庚二烯醛(反式-2,4-heptadienal)和2-十一烯醛(Undec-2-enal)。除此之外,甲基壬基甲酮(2-Hendecanone)也可以增强欧李酒的水果香味。极少量的醛、酮类成分也可以呈现明显的香气,并且一部分醛、酮类化合物还可以转变成其他更稳定的呈香物质[35]。由指纹图谱可以看出,区域B是除SIHA酵母,其余酵母菌发酵的欧李酒所含有的香气物质,其中S135发酵欧李果酒中B区域内的各物质成分含量较高,其他7种酵母发酵欧李果酒的差异性较小。B区域中共有8种挥发性香气成分,其中仲辛酮(2-Octanone)和叶醇((Z)-3-Hexenol)可以赋予欧李果酒天然草本香气,苯甲醇(Benzenemethanol)可以使酒体具有花卉香气,丁酸乙酯(Ethyl butanoate)具有苹果或菠萝的香气[36]。区域C是经SIHA酵母发酵的欧李果酒样品中含有而其他酵母菌发酵的样品中含量较少甚至基本不含有的香气成分,其中甲硫基乙酸乙酯(Ethyl methylthioacetate)在ICV、X16、S135和BV818中含量较少,而其他菌种发酵样品中甲硫基乙酸乙酯含量与SIHA发酵样品接近。C区域中的己酸甲酯(Methyl hexanoate)、乙酸己酯(Hexyl acetate)和乙酸异丁酯(Isobutyl acetate)可以为酒体带来令人愉悦的水果香味[34],而1-辛烯-3-酮(1-Octen-3-one)和异丁醛(2-methyl propanal)则可能给欧李酒带来霉味等异味。区域D是经BV818酵母发酵的欧李酒样品所含有的,而其他酵母菌发酵的样品中基本不含有的香气成分,共有3种物质,其中2-戊酮(2-pentanone)具有甜果酒香味及木质香,丙醛(Propionaldehyde)具有泥土坚果味,正丁苯(n-Butylbenzene)则具有特殊芳香气味。
为了更直观地分析不同酵母菌种发酵欧李果酒香气成分的差异性,对样品进行PCA主成分分析。如图8所示,横坐标为第一主成分(PC1),纵坐标为第二主成分(PC2),主成分两轴比例占比越大,说明主成分可以较好地反映原有样品的多指标信息[37]。图中不同颜色的数据点代表不同酵母菌种发酵的欧李果酒样品。由PCA图可知,SIHA酵母发酵的欧李果酒样品与其他酵母发酵的样品相比,其特征性风味有明显差异,而ICV、SPARK、RMS2和X16这4种酵母发酵的欧李果酒样品的香气较为接近,难以明显区分。RV002、S337和S135酵母发酵样品的挥发性香气在第一主成分上有所差异,而在第二主成分上差异不明显。BV818酵母发酵的欧李果酒样品在第二主成分上与其他酵母发酵的样品有着较明显的特征性风味差距,且通过指纹图谱分析,BV818发酵欧李酒中愉悦香气组分更丰富。
将10名品评员的品评结果进行汇总分析,从色泽、香气、口感和典型性四方面分别进行评价,如图9所示,BV818发酵的欧李果酒香气和口感评分最高,且总分最高,酒体丰满,口感协调,具有典型的欧李香气;RV002酵母发酵的欧李果酒口感较差,酒体寡淡,总评分最低。在色泽和典型性方面,各菌种发酵的欧李果酒差别较小。综合理化指标、香气成分分析和感官品评结果,由BV818酵母发酵的欧李果酒品质最优,适用于欧李果酒发酵。
本研究从理化指标、功能活性成分含量、挥发性香气组成以及感官评价等多个方面对9种常见商业酿酒酵母发酵制备欧李果酒的品质进行了综合分析。结果表明,经RV002酵母菌发酵的欧李果酒酒精度、甲醇、高级醇含量最低;Spark酵母发酵的欧李果酒样品中甲醇含量最高;在以S135、X16、S377酵母发酵的欧李果酒中,高级醇含量均超过300 mg/L;SIHA酵母发酵样品中的多酚含量最少,而ICV酵母发酵样品中的多酚含量最高;BV818酵母发酵的欧李果酒中氨基酸含量最高。除SIHA酵母外,其余8种酵母菌发酵欧李果酒的香气成分差别相对较小。由BV818酵母发酵的欧李果酒感官评分最高,适用于欧李果酒发酵。
针对欧李果酒发酵优选酵母菌种,能够为欧李果酒的加工研发与实际生产提供依据,推动欧李果实加工产业发展,但欧李加工制品仍存在酸、涩味难脱除的问题,可进一步考虑采用混菌发酵,通过筛选菌种代谢来进行减涩、减酸。

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2026年第47卷第6期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120321
  • 接收时间:2024-12-26
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-03-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-26
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    中华全国供销合作总社济南果品研究所,山东济南 250200

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刘光鹏(1984−),男,博士,副研究员,研究方向:发酵工程,E-mail:。
初乐(1987−),女,硕士,研究员,研究方向:果蔬加工,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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