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Article(id=1320889591880602349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320889172802515656, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120301, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1734969600000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792854219646, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1768406400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792854219646, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792854219646, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792854219646, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320889172802515656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='514', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1768406400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792854119730, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792854119730, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=429, endPage=436, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320889592060957422, articleId=1320889591880602349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effect of Pumpkin Seed Peptide on Improving Sports Fatigue, columnId=1261343846965830077, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Nutrition and Healthcare, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In this study, a fatigue mouse model was developed to investigate the effects of different doses of pumpkin seed peptide on fatigue in mice. Forty-five mice were randomly assigned to five groups: normal control group, model group, and three pumpkin seed peptide groups with low, medium, and high-doses. Firstly, the amino acid composition of the pumpkin seed peptide was analyzed. Secondly, the changes in swimming time, serum harmful substances, energy substances, oxidative stress, and inflammation levels in mice were examined following intervention with different doses of pumpkin seed peptide. The results revealed that the pumpkin seed peptide contained 18 amino acids, including Glu, Leu, and Pro. Animal experiments demonstrated that compared to the model group, swimming time, muscle glycogen, and hepatic glycogen levels were significantly increased (P<0.05), while serum urea nitrogen, lactic acid, and lactate dehydrogenase levels were significantly reduced (P<0.05) in mice treated with a high dose of pumpkin seed peptide. Additionally, the high-dose group exhibited significantly greater improvements (P<0.05) in the aforementioned indices compared to the low- and medium-dose groups, except for liver glycogen and lactate dehydrogenase levels. Furthermore, in the high-dose pumpkin seed peptide group, the antioxidant enzymes SOD, GSH-Px, and CAT were significantly elevated (P<0.05) in both serum and liver tissues, whereas MDA levels were significantly reduced (P<0.05). Analysis of inflammatory markers revealed that pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β) were significantly reduced (P<0.05), while anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10) were significantly elevated (P<0.05) compared to the model group. Correlation analysis further revealed that Trp and Leu exhibited significant negative correlations (P<0.05) with pro-inflammatory cytokines and serum markers (lactate dehydrogenase and urea nitrogen). In conclusion, pumpkin seed peptide demonstrates anti-fatigue properties, with high-dose administration exerted the most pronounced effects. This study provides a theoretical foundation for the application of pumpkin seed peptide in fatigue management.

, authors=Yi SHAN, Weiwei LIANG, Limei LIU, Le OUYANG, Chun BIAN*, authorsList=Yi SHAN, Weiwei LIANG, Limei LIU, Le OUYANG, Chun BIAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Chun BIAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320889595739362048, articleId=1320889591880602349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=南瓜籽肽改善运动疲劳作用, columnId=1261343850979779009, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=营养与保健, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究建立疲劳小鼠模型，探究不同剂量的南瓜籽肽对小鼠疲劳的改善作用。45只小鼠被随机分为5组，分别是正常对照组、模型组、南瓜籽肽低、中和高剂量组。分析南瓜籽肽的氨基酸组成，并探究不同剂量南瓜籽肽干预后，小鼠力竭游泳时间、血清有害物质、能量物质、氧化应激、炎症水平的变化。结果表明，南瓜籽肽由Glu、Leu和Pro等18种氨基酸组成。动物实验表明，与模型组相比，高剂量南瓜籽肽处理后，小鼠游泳时间、肌糖原和肝糖原含量显著增加（P<0.05），血清尿素氮、乳酸、乳酸脱氢酶含量显著降低（P<0.05）。同时，除肝糖原和乳酸脱氢酶含量外，高剂量组对上述的其他指标改善效果显著（P<0.05）优于低剂量和中剂量组。此外，相比于模型组，高剂量南瓜籽肽喂养的小鼠血清和肝脏中抗氧化酶超氧化物歧化酶（SOD，Superoxide dismutase）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（Glutathione peroxidase，GSH-Px）和过氧化氢酶（Catalase，CAT）显著增加（P<0.05），血清和肝脏中丙二醛（Malondialdehyde，MDA）显著降低（P<0.05）。对小鼠炎症水平分析发现，高剂量南瓜籽肽组促炎细胞因子白细胞介素-6（Interleukin 6，IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（Tumor Necrosis Factor-α，TNF-α）和白细胞介素-1β（Interleukin-1β，IL-1β）显著低于（P<0.05）模型组，抗炎细胞因子白细胞介素-4（Interleukin-4，IL-4）和白细胞介素-10（Interleukin-10，IL-10）显著高于（P<0.05）模型组。最后，相关性分析表明Trp和Leu与促炎细胞因子和血清有害物质（乳酸脱氢酶和血清尿素氮）呈显著负相关（P<0.05）。综上，南瓜籽肽具有抗疲劳作用，高剂量南瓜籽肽作用效果最佳。本研究为南瓜籽肽的应用提供理论支撑。

, authors=单艺, 梁薇薇, 刘丽美, 欧阳乐, 卞春*, authorsList=单艺, 梁薇薇, 刘丽美, 欧阳乐, 卞春, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=卞春, authorNote=

单艺（1981−），女，博士，副教授，研究方向：食品安全，E-mail：

, correspAuthorsNote=
卞春（1980−），女，博士，教授，研究方向：功能性食品安全，E-mail：。
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单艺（1981−），女，博士，副教授，研究方向：食品安全，E-mail：

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单艺（1981−），女，博士，副教授，研究方向：食品安全，E-mail：

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Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2024, 72(5): 2573−2584., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320889606720050023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889591880602349, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=36, rfOrder=40, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=TRUYENS M, LERNOUT H, de VOS M, et al. Unraveling the fatigue puzzle: Insights into the pathogenesis and management of IBD-related fatigue including the role of the gut-brain axis[J]. Frontiers in Medicine, 2024, 11: 1424926., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320889606791353192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889591880602349, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=37, rfOrder=41, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=NISHIMURA Y, NOMIYAMA K, OKAMOTO S, et al. Anti-fatigue activity of methyl dihydrojasmonate and linalool in a rat model evaluated by a novel index for neuro-immune and oxidative stress interactions[J]. Scientific Reports, 2024, 14: 10650., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320889606858462057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889591880602349, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=38, rfOrder=42, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=NOCE A, MARRONE G, DI L M, et al. Potential anti-inflammatory and anti-fatigue effects of an oral food supplement in long COVID patients[J]. Pharmaceuticals, 2024, 17(4): 463., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320889596204929792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889591880602349, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320889596213318401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889591880602349, companyId=1320889596204929792, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Food Engineering, Harbin University, Harbin 150086, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320889596225901314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889591880602349, companyId=1320889596204929792, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=哈尔滨学院食品工程学院，黑龙江哈尔滨 150086)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320889598616654634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889591880602349, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Effects of pumpkin seed peptide on swimming time and fatigue-related metabolites, figureFileSmall=9hpNjTYIEQ80bTuR5xJ+qg==, figureFileBig=lquOx7LnNwj3qgb5NLsjkA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889599950443309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889591880602349, language=CN, label=图1, caption=南瓜籽肽对游泳时间及疲劳相关代谢产物的影响

注：A.游泳时间；B. 血清尿素氮含量；C. 血清乳酸含量；D. 血清乳酸脱氢酶含量；不同字母表示各组间存在显著性差异（P<0.05）；图2~图4、图6同。

, figureFileSmall=9hpNjTYIEQ80bTuR5xJ+qg==, figureFileBig=lquOx7LnNwj3qgb5NLsjkA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889600164352814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889591880602349, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effects of pumpkin seed peptide on energy substances in the body, figureFileSmall=RUxWW34OBTBoNxdv0bZtfg==, figureFileBig=rTknFQpVlNVzYvwKZx9pqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889600244044591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889591880602349, language=CN, label=图2, caption=南瓜籽肽对体内能量物质的影响

注：A. 肌糖原；B. 肝糖原；C. 血糖。

, figureFileSmall=RUxWW34OBTBoNxdv0bZtfg==, figureFileBig=rTknFQpVlNVzYvwKZx9pqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889600323736368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889591880602349, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effects of pumpkin seed peptides on liver antioxidant activities, figureFileSmall=d+WeXl7XDgzK+wys9Hh3Lg==, figureFileBig=OwKs9sPeHHmHOo1xY931iA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889600399233841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889591880602349, language=CN, label=图3, caption=南瓜籽肽对肝脏抗氧化活性的影响

注：A. 肝脏SOD水平；B. 肝脏GSH-Px水平；C. 肝脏CAT水平；D. 肝脏MDA水平。

, figureFileSmall=d+WeXl7XDgzK+wys9Hh3Lg==, figureFileBig=OwKs9sPeHHmHOo1xY931iA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889600483119922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889591880602349, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effects of pumpkin seed peptides on serum antioxidant activities, figureFileSmall=z3UAoQ+gYTn1zULfGuqXqA==, figureFileBig=S1GOJz7A2vfLxQisRKsKXw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889600709612340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889591880602349, language=CN, label=图4, caption=南瓜籽肽对血清抗氧化活性的影响

注：A. 血清SOD水平；B. 血清GSH-Px水平；C. 血清CAT水平；D. 血清MDA水平。

, figureFileSmall=z3UAoQ+gYTn1zULfGuqXqA==, figureFileBig=S1GOJz7A2vfLxQisRKsKXw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889600793498421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889591880602349, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effects of pumpkin seed peptides on intestinal tissue, figureFileSmall=W68FlD1UNCw/sd518tEAAA==, figureFileBig=pCTDonzU8alHvfuaLXZHEQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889600885773112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889591880602349, language=CN, label=图5, caption=南瓜籽肽对肠道组织的影响, figureFileSmall=W68FlD1UNCw/sd518tEAAA==, figureFileBig=pCTDonzU8alHvfuaLXZHEQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889601137431354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889591880602349, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Effects of pumpkin seed peptides on cytokines in mice, figureFileSmall=rnMS01BCHQfeyKG+2Zbw0w==, figureFileBig=oBqNMcQt3WMFpi1KXtkilg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889601212928826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889591880602349, language=CN, label=图6, caption=南瓜籽肽对小鼠细胞因子的影响

注：A. IL-6含量；B. TNF-α含量；C. IL-1β含量；D. IL-4含量；E. IL-10含量。

, figureFileSmall=rnMS01BCHQfeyKG+2Zbw0w==, figureFileBig=oBqNMcQt3WMFpi1KXtkilg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889601280037691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889591880602349, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Correlation analysis between amino acid composition and anti-fatigue related indicators, figureFileSmall=+sByi2gubDcfaVjAqKdFeQ==, figureFileBig=/OqUhwVDfKYKOklKRe62jw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889601552667452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889591880602349, language=CN, label=图7, caption=氨基酸组成与抗疲劳相关指标的相关性分析, figureFileSmall=+sByi2gubDcfaVjAqKdFeQ==, figureFileBig=/OqUhwVDfKYKOklKRe62jw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889601640747837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889591880602349, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Amino acid composition of pumpkin seed peptide

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨基酸名称缩写含量（mg/g）
组氨酸His13.02±0.97
丝氨酸Ser21.52±1.66
精氨酸Arg15.57±1.07
甘氨酸Gly15.49±0.65
天冬氨酸Asp46.96±3.35
谷氨酸Glu105.87±10.08
苏氨酸Thr21.03±1.33
丙氨酸Ala19.22±0.86
脯氨酸Pro50.11±3.06
赖氨酸Lys33.38±2.40
酪氨酸Tyr23.04±1.62
蛋氨酸Met7.36±0.71
缬氨酸Val30.88±1.28
半胱氨酸Cys3.98±0.88
异亮氨酸Ile28.88±2.25
亮氨酸Leu54.20±3.17
苯丙氨酸Phe19.37±0.88
色氨酸Trp9.64±1.70
), ArticleFig(id=1320889601741411134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889591880602349, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

南瓜籽肽的氨基酸组成

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨基酸名称缩写含量（mg/g）
组氨酸His13.02±0.97
丝氨酸Ser21.52±1.66
精氨酸Arg15.57±1.07
甘氨酸Gly15.49±0.65
天冬氨酸Asp46.96±3.35
谷氨酸Glu105.87±10.08
苏氨酸Thr21.03±1.33
丙氨酸Ala19.22±0.86
脯氨酸Pro50.11±3.06
赖氨酸Lys33.38±2.40
酪氨酸Tyr23.04±1.62
蛋氨酸Met7.36±0.71
缬氨酸Val30.88±1.28
半胱氨酸Cys3.98±0.88
异亮氨酸Ile28.88±2.25
亮氨酸Leu54.20±3.17
苯丙氨酸Phe19.37±0.88
色氨酸Trp9.64±1.70
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南瓜籽肽改善运动疲劳作用
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单艺 , 梁薇薇 , 刘丽美 , 欧阳乐 , 卞春 *
食品工业科技 | 营养与保健 2026,47(2): 429-436
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食品工业科技 |营养与保健 2026 , 47 (2) : 429 -436
南瓜籽肽改善运动疲劳作用
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单艺 , 梁薇薇, 刘丽美, 欧阳乐, 卞春*
作者信息
  • 哈尔滨学院食品工程学院，黑龙江哈尔滨 150086
通讯作者:
卞春（1980−），女，博士，教授，研究方向：功能性食品安全，E-mail：。
作者简介:

单艺（1981−），女，博士，副教授，研究方向：食品安全，E-mail：

Effect of Pumpkin Seed Peptide on Improving Sports Fatigue
Yi SHAN , Weiwei LIANG, Limei LIU, Le OUYANG, Chun BIAN*
Affiliations
  • School of Food Engineering, Harbin University, Harbin 150086, China
出版时间: 2026-01-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120301
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本研究建立疲劳小鼠模型，探究不同剂量的南瓜籽肽对小鼠疲劳的改善作用。45只小鼠被随机分为5组，分别是正常对照组、模型组、南瓜籽肽低、中和高剂量组。分析南瓜籽肽的氨基酸组成，并探究不同剂量南瓜籽肽干预后，小鼠力竭游泳时间、血清有害物质、能量物质、氧化应激、炎症水平的变化。结果表明，南瓜籽肽由Glu、Leu和Pro等18种氨基酸组成。动物实验表明，与模型组相比，高剂量南瓜籽肽处理后，小鼠游泳时间、肌糖原和肝糖原含量显著增加（P<0.05），血清尿素氮、乳酸、乳酸脱氢酶含量显著降低（P<0.05）。同时，除肝糖原和乳酸脱氢酶含量外，高剂量组对上述的其他指标改善效果显著（P<0.05）优于低剂量和中剂量组。此外，相比于模型组，高剂量南瓜籽肽喂养的小鼠血清和肝脏中抗氧化酶超氧化物歧化酶（SOD，Superoxide dismutase）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（Glutathione peroxidase，GSH-Px）和过氧化氢酶（Catalase，CAT）显著增加（P<0.05），血清和肝脏中丙二醛（Malondialdehyde，MDA）显著降低（P<0.05）。对小鼠炎症水平分析发现，高剂量南瓜籽肽组促炎细胞因子白细胞介素-6（Interleukin 6，IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（Tumor Necrosis Factor-α，TNF-α）和白细胞介素-1β（Interleukin-1β，IL-1β）显著低于（P<0.05）模型组，抗炎细胞因子白细胞介素-4（Interleukin-4，IL-4）和白细胞介素-10（Interleukin-10，IL-10）显著高于（P<0.05）模型组。最后，相关性分析表明Trp和Leu与促炎细胞因子和血清有害物质（乳酸脱氢酶和血清尿素氮）呈显著负相关（P<0.05）。综上，南瓜籽肽具有抗疲劳作用，高剂量南瓜籽肽作用效果最佳。本研究为南瓜籽肽的应用提供理论支撑。

南瓜籽肽  /  抗疲劳  /  氧化应激  /  能量代谢  /  炎症

In this study, a fatigue mouse model was developed to investigate the effects of different doses of pumpkin seed peptide on fatigue in mice. Forty-five mice were randomly assigned to five groups: normal control group, model group, and three pumpkin seed peptide groups with low, medium, and high-doses. Firstly, the amino acid composition of the pumpkin seed peptide was analyzed. Secondly, the changes in swimming time, serum harmful substances, energy substances, oxidative stress, and inflammation levels in mice were examined following intervention with different doses of pumpkin seed peptide. The results revealed that the pumpkin seed peptide contained 18 amino acids, including Glu, Leu, and Pro. Animal experiments demonstrated that compared to the model group, swimming time, muscle glycogen, and hepatic glycogen levels were significantly increased (P<0.05), while serum urea nitrogen, lactic acid, and lactate dehydrogenase levels were significantly reduced (P<0.05) in mice treated with a high dose of pumpkin seed peptide. Additionally, the high-dose group exhibited significantly greater improvements (P<0.05) in the aforementioned indices compared to the low- and medium-dose groups, except for liver glycogen and lactate dehydrogenase levels. Furthermore, in the high-dose pumpkin seed peptide group, the antioxidant enzymes SOD, GSH-Px, and CAT were significantly elevated (P<0.05) in both serum and liver tissues, whereas MDA levels were significantly reduced (P<0.05). Analysis of inflammatory markers revealed that pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β) were significantly reduced (P<0.05), while anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10) were significantly elevated (P<0.05) compared to the model group. Correlation analysis further revealed that Trp and Leu exhibited significant negative correlations (P<0.05) with pro-inflammatory cytokines and serum markers (lactate dehydrogenase and urea nitrogen). In conclusion, pumpkin seed peptide demonstrates anti-fatigue properties, with high-dose administration exerted the most pronounced effects. This study provides a theoretical foundation for the application of pumpkin seed peptide in fatigue management.

pumpkin seed peptide  /  anti-fatigue  /  oxidative stress  /  energy metabolism  /  inflammation
单艺, 梁薇薇, 刘丽美, 欧阳乐, 卞春. 南瓜籽肽改善运动疲劳作用. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (2) : 429 -436 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120301
Yi SHAN, Weiwei LIANG, Limei LIU, Le OUYANG, Chun BIAN. Effect of Pumpkin Seed Peptide on Improving Sports Fatigue[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (2) : 429 -436 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120301
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机体疲劳已经是当前中青年人面临的重要健康挑战之一，这与当前人们不健康的生活方式、过度的紧张情绪，高强度的工作及不合理的运动有关[1]。据报道，世界三分之一人口遭受疲劳的困扰[2]。运动疲劳一直是医学研究的重点，也是目前研究中评估疲劳的主要角度[3]。同时，运动疲劳与病理疲劳的基因层面变化也高度相似[4]。运动疲劳是一种机体为避免过度运动或劳累而导致的组织受损的保护性生理现象。运动疲劳往往伴随着机体内部代谢、氧化应激及炎症反应的变化[5]。调节与运动疲劳相关的机体内部变化，可能是改善疲劳的有效途径。研究表明蛋白肽可能是良好的抗疲劳成分。一方面，蛋白肽富含多种氨基酸，能够为机体提供充足的营养物质[6]；另一方面，蛋白肽能够清除机体内自由基，抑制氧化损伤，调节机体内氧化与抗氧化的平衡，这一作用支持了蛋白肽的抗疲劳能力[7]。
蛋白肽的来源十分广泛，包括动物蛋白、植物蛋白及真菌蛋白等。酶水解作用可从蛋白中制备肽。南瓜籽是一种高蛋白植物种子，其蛋白含量达30%~40%，而初步加工的脱脂南瓜籽粉中蛋白含量可达50%以上。因此，南瓜籽是制备蛋白肽的优良原料。先前的研究报道了南瓜籽蛋白肽抗氧化和抗衰老的作用[8−9]。然而，目前尚没有南瓜籽肽抗疲劳的研究。一些研究证实其他来源的肽具有抗疲劳的作用，如大豆、紫苏籽和海参等[10]。研究报道肽具有抗氧化作用，能够清除机体内自由基，抑制氧化损伤，调节机体内氧化与抗氧化的平衡，这一作用支持了肽的抗疲劳潜力[11−12]。另外，有研究还报道了肽在疲劳机体内调节能量代谢与炎症反应[13−14]。研究发现肽发挥抗疲劳的作用与其氨基酸或多肽组成密切相关[15]。鉴于南瓜籽肽优越的氨基酸配比和多肽组成，其抗疲劳活性具有潜在研究价值。此外，剖析南瓜籽肽对疲劳的内在影响和作用机制为深入认识抗疲劳提供理论支持。
本研究通过建立疲劳小鼠模型，灌胃不同剂量的南瓜籽肽，分析了小鼠负重游泳时间、血清有害代谢物、能量物质、氧化应激及炎症水平，评估南瓜籽肽对疲劳的改善作用，并澄清其量效关系。
1　材料与方法
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1.1　材料与仪器
脱脂南瓜籽蛋白粉（蛋白含量60%）　陕西昊辰生物科技有限公司；Alcalase碱性蛋白酶（2.4 AU/g）　丹麦诺维信公司；肿瘤坏死因子-α（Tumor Necrosis Factor-α，TNF-α）、白细胞介素-6（Interleukin 6，IL-6）、IL-1β、IL-10、IL-4、血清超氧化物歧化酶（Superoxide Dismutase，SOD）、脂质过氧化产物丙二醛（Malonic Dialdehyde，MDA）、血清过氧化氢酶（Hydrooxidase，CAT）、血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（Glutathione Peroxidase，GSH-Px）、血清乳酸、血清尿素氮、乳酸脱氢酶、肝糖原和肌糖原检测试剂盒　南京建成生物工程研究所；雄性昆明小鼠　4周龄，24~32 g，共45只，购自北京维通利华有限公司，质量许可证号：SCXK 2021-0006。
LCMS-8045RX液相色谱-质谱联用仪　日本岛津公司；DM2000光学显微镜、Leica RM2125 RTS切片机　美国徕卡公司。
1.2　实验方法
1.2.1　南瓜籽肽制备
南瓜籽肽制备参考赵子伟等[8]的方法并稍作修改。将脱脂南瓜籽蛋白粉配制成质量分数为6%的溶液，使用Alcalase碱性蛋白酶酶解，其中酶添加量为3%，反应pH为8，反应温度为55 ℃，酶解时间为5 h。酶解后于95 ℃下灭酶15 min。最后于12000 r/min离心10 min，取上清液冷冻干燥制得南瓜籽肽粉末。
1.2.2　南瓜籽肽的氨基酸分析
参考Qu等[16]的方法，采用LC-MS测定南瓜籽肽的氨基酸组成。使用６-氨基喹啉基-N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺基氨基甲酸酯类（AQC）柱对样本进行衍生处理，然后上机检测。上机程序设置如下：进样量5 mL，流速为1 mL/min，采用流动相A（超纯水）和流动性B（1%的甲酸）进行梯度洗脱。
1.2.3　试验动物及分组
本研究被哈尔滨维科生物技术有限公司实验动物管理及伦理委员会批准，批准号为JL-SD-0191-202416。将45只昆明小鼠随机分为正常对照组（NC组）、疲劳模型组（MC组）、南瓜籽肽低剂量组（250 mg/kg·BW）、中剂量组（500 mg/kg·BW）和高剂量组（1000 mg/kg·BW）。灌胃剂量参考先前的研究进行设置[8]。小鼠被饲养在温度25±2 ℃、湿度55%±5%的环境，每组9只小鼠，每3只饲养在一笼中。疲劳模型建立参考于丽颖[17]报道的方法，简言之，除NC组外，其余组小鼠进行游泳训练，第一周游泳时间为30 min，第二周游泳时间为50 min，第三周游泳时间为70 min。同时，每日将对应剂量的南瓜籽肽灌胃给小鼠，持续28 d，MC组和NC组灌胃等量的生理盐水。实验结束时，所有小鼠均禁食一夜。随后，使用二氧化碳麻醉小鼠并安乐死。收集小鼠血液，在4 ℃下3000 r/min离心20 min获得血清，冻存于−80 ℃冰箱备用。解剖小鼠后收集肝脏组织，一部分保存于多聚甲醛固定液中，一部分直接冻存于−80 ℃冰箱备用。最后，收集小鼠腓肠肌组织，冻存于−80 ℃冰箱备用。
1.2.4　负重游泳试验
在最后一次灌胃30 min后，进行负重游泳试验。除NC组外，其余各组小鼠尾部负重5%体重的铅皮，进行游泳试验。当小鼠头沉入水中5 s或游泳姿态异常时，立即将小鼠捞出吹干，并记录力竭时间。
1.2.5　血清乳酸和乳酸脱氢酶含量检测
采用酶联免疫吸附试剂盒检测小鼠血清中乳酸、尿素氮和乳酸脱氢酶，评估南瓜籽肽对疲劳相关代谢物的变化。
1.2.6　肝糖原和肌糖原检测
分离小鼠肝脏和左腿腓肠肌组织，用生理盐水清洗洁净并擦干，按照试剂盒说明书进行肝糖原和肌糖原检测。取小鼠全血，采用相应试剂盒检测小鼠血糖。
1.2.7　抗氧化活性检测
采用相应试剂盒检测血清SOD、MDA、CAT和GSH-Px。
1.2.8　回肠切片分析
使用4%多聚甲醛固定回肠组织，用石蜡包埋后，切成4 μm的切片。经苏木素、伊红染液中染色处理，随后采用二甲苯脱水封片，在光学显微镜下观察回肠组织形态和病理学变化。
1.2.9　炎症细胞因子水平
收集小鼠血清，采用IL-6、TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-4和IL-10酶联免疫吸附试剂盒检测小鼠血清中促炎细胞因子水平和抗炎细胞因子水平。
1.3　数据处理
所有实验重复3次，数据以平均值±标准差表示。使用SPSS 22软件的ANOVA方差分析进行显著性统计。P<0.05被认为具有统计学意义，以不同字母表示。氨基酸堆积柱状图分析采用Origin 2021制作，其余图使用GraphPad Prism 8.0制作。
2　结果与分析
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2.1　南瓜籽肽的氨基酸组成
肽主要由多个氨基酸组成，氨基酸组成和含量的差异可能影响了肽的功能。本研究使用LC-MS测定了五次独立制备的南瓜籽肽的氨基酸组成（表1）。南瓜籽肽中Glu含量最高，达到了105.87±10.08 mg/g，其余含量大于30 mg/kg的氨基酸还有5个，由高到低分别是Leu（54.20±3.17 mg/g）、Pro（50.11±3.06 mg/g）、Asp（46.96±3.35 mg/g）、Lys（33.38±2.40 mg/g）和Val（30.88±1.28 mg/g）。疏水氨基酸（包括Gly、Pro、Ala、Leu、Val、Phe、Ile）占比为41.98%，是较为容易被肠道上皮细胞吸收的氨基酸。必需氨基酸（Lys、Trp、Phe、Met、Thr、Ile、Leu、Val）占比39.40%，是人体不能自我合成，需要从食物摄取的氨基酸。先前的研究发现，富含Leu和Pro的肽依赖信号通路节疲劳小鼠体内的氧化反应和能量代谢，进而改善了小鼠的疲劳[18]。此外，Shi等[19]发现刺五加叶片提取物能够改善疲劳，这与其含有的Trp有关。总之，南瓜籽肽富含Leu和Pro，且含有少量的Trp，表明南瓜籽肽可能具有改善疲劳的潜力。
2.2　南瓜籽肽对小鼠力竭游泳时间的影响
负重游泳是强迫运动实验的一种，能够反映治疗物质对疲劳的调节效果。如图1A所示，MC组小鼠力竭游泳时间最短，不同剂量的南瓜籽肽处理后，小鼠力竭游泳时间显著增加（P<0.05），与MC组相比，南瓜籽肽剂量由低到高，小鼠力竭游泳时间依次增加了68、193和394 s。南瓜籽肽对小鼠力竭游泳时间的影响，与其他蛋白肽如藜麦蛋白肽、鲈鱼蛋白肽和乳清蛋白肽效果相似[20−22]。
2.3　南瓜籽肽对小鼠血清尿素氮、乳酸和乳酸脱氢酶含量的影响
机体剧烈运动需要大量能量，而机体能量不足时，蛋白质会被分解，并产生尿素氮[23]。与NC组相比，MC组小鼠血清尿素氮含量显著升高（P<0.05）（图1B），有报道显示，机体对运动的适应程度越差，血清尿酸氮水平越高[23]。与MC组相比，中剂量和高剂量的南瓜籽肽显著降低了尿素氮含量（P<0.05），但低剂量南瓜籽肽对血清尿酸氮含量没有显著影响（P>0.05）。这些结果表明，运动疲劳导致了小鼠蛋白质的过度降解并产生了尿素氮，而南瓜籽肽喂养的小鼠增强了小鼠对疲劳的适应能力，从而减少了蛋白质降解生成尿素氮的过程。血清内乳酸是机体剧烈运动时，经糖酵解产生的有害物质。血清乳酸升高会影响机体循环系统功能及运动能力[24]。与NC组相比，MC组小鼠血清乳酸含量显著升高（P<0.05），不同剂量的南瓜籽肽干预显著降低了小鼠血清乳酸和尿素氮含量（P<0.05）（图1C）。乳酸脱氢酶是肌肉组织中代谢乳酸的关键酶，在长时间运动后会进入血液，但血液中过高的乳酸脱氢酶是有害的[25]。与NC组相比，MC组小鼠血清乳酸脱氢酶含量显著升高（P<0.05），灌胃中剂量和高剂量的南瓜籽肽后，小鼠血清乳酸脱氢酶含量显著降低（P<0.05），但低剂量南瓜籽肽对乳酸脱氢酶含量无显著影响（P>0.05）（图1D）。以上结果表明，南瓜籽肽减少了疲劳引起的有害代谢物产生，其作用效果具有剂量依赖性。
2.4　南瓜籽肽对小鼠体内能量物质的影响
肌糖原和肝糖原作为体内糖的存在形式，是机体主要的能量物质。如图2A和图2B所示，与NC组相比，MC组小鼠肌糖原和肝糖原含量显著降低（P<0.05）。与MC组相比，低剂量南瓜籽肽处理对肌糖原和肝糖原含量无显著影响（P>0.05），中剂量和高剂量南瓜籽肽处理后肌糖原和肝糖原含量显著增加（P<0.05），肌糖原分别增加了30.00%和61.43%，肝糖原分别增加了14.09%和27.18%。高剂量南瓜籽肽组肌糖原也显著高于中剂量南瓜籽肽组（P<0.05）。与糖原变化趋势一致，与NC组相比，MC组小鼠血糖水平显著降低（P<0.05），低剂量南瓜籽肽处理血糖含量无显著影响（P>0.05），中剂量和高剂量南瓜籽肽灌胃后，血糖水平显著升高（P<0.05），且高剂量效果优于中剂量（图2C）。肝糖原和肌糖原作为机体能量储存的形式，在运动中维持机体血糖稳定及持续功能发挥重要作用[26]。据文献报道，来自于动物或植物的多种蛋白肽具有调节机体糖原水平的效果[27−28]。本研究结果表明中剂量和高剂量南瓜籽肽能够调节小鼠能量物质代谢，进而改善疲劳。
2.5　南瓜籽肽对小鼠肝脏氧化应激的影响
体内氧化应激和抗氧化活性被认为是疲劳的潜在生物标志物[29]。这是因为机体剧烈运动后，产生大量的自由基，导致氧化和抗氧化直接平衡被打破[30]。SOD、GSH-Px和CAT是机体内主要的抗氧化酶，能够通过清除自由基来减少氧化应激的损伤[31−32]。本研究首先分析了各组小鼠肝脏中抗氧化酶的变化，如图3A~图3C所示。与NC组相比，MC组小鼠肝脏SOD、GSH-Px和CAT活性显著降低（P<0.05），表明运动疲劳引起了小鼠氧化应激损伤。不同剂量的南瓜籽肽处理后，肝脏SOD和GSH-Px活性显著升高（P<0.05），中剂量和高剂量南瓜籽肽处理后，CAT活性显著升高（P<0.05）。此外，高剂量南瓜籽肽对小鼠肝脏SOD、GSH-Px和CAT活性提升效果最佳。MDA是机体疲劳后主要富集的物质，能够反映机体疲劳程度[33]。MC组小鼠肝脏MDA含量显著高于NC组（P<0.05），中剂量和高剂量南瓜籽肽处理后，肝脏MDA含量显著降低（P<0.05）（图3D）。以上结果表明，南瓜籽肽能够调节小鼠肝脏内氧化应激，从而改善疲劳。
2.6　南瓜籽肽对小鼠血清氧化应激的影响
与肝脏中氧化应激一致，MC组小鼠血清中SOD、GSH-Px和CAT活性显著降低（P<0.05），而MDA含量显著升高（P<0.05）（图4A~图4D）。低剂量南瓜籽肽处理后，小鼠血清SOD和GSH-Px含量无显著变化（P>0.05），CAT显著升高（P<0.05），MDA显著降低（P<0.05）。中剂量南瓜籽肽仅显著升高了CAT含量（P<0.05），对其余指标没有显著影响（P>0.05）。高剂量南瓜籽肽对所有指标均产生了显著影响（P<0.05），且效果最佳。与MC组相比，灌胃高剂量南瓜籽肽，小鼠血清SOD、GSH-Px和CAT活性分别增加了24.24%、18.87%和57.01%，MDA含量降低了22.86%。
2.7　南瓜籽肽对小鼠肠道组织结构病理学的影响
本研究采用HE组织切片染色分析了各组小鼠回肠结构，如图5所示。NC组小鼠绒毛较为完整，排列整齐；MC组小鼠绒毛变短，存在少量的绒毛脱落或受损，伴随着轻微炎症浸润；随着南瓜籽肽剂量的升高，小鼠肠道绒毛结构越来越完整，绒毛长度逐渐增加，炎症浸润消失。这与豌豆2S蛋白多肽和乳清蛋白肽对肠道结构和屏障的调节作用相似[34−35]。这些结果表明，南瓜籽肽能够修复疲劳引起的肠道结构损伤。
2.8　南瓜籽肽对小鼠肠道炎症的影响
据报道，疲劳还会引起机体炎症，IL-6、TNF-α和IL-1β是机体内主要的促炎性细胞因子[36]。与NC组相比，MC组小鼠血清IL-6、TNF-α和IL-1β水平显著升高（P<0.05）。不同剂量的南瓜籽肽处理后，小鼠血清IL-6、TNF-α和IL-1β水平显著降低（P<0.05）（图6A~图6C）。高剂量组效果最佳，相比于MC组，高剂量组IL-6、TNF-α和IL-1β水平分别降低了67.14%、58.46%和54.53%。Nishimura等[37]提出了神经-免疫-氧化应激一体化的疲劳调节途径，研究人员发现疲劳患者促炎细胞因子IL-1β和TNF-α水平显著升高，本研究的结果与其一致。IL-4和IL-10是机体主要的抗炎细胞因子，能够抑制促炎细胞因子的分泌[38]。与NC组相比，MC组小鼠IL-4水平显著降低（P<0.05），但IL-10水平没有显著变化（P>0.05）（图6D和图6E）。与MC组相比，不同剂量的南瓜籽肽均显著升高了IL-4水平（P<0.05），且三组之间没有显著差异（P>0.05）。此外，中剂量和高剂量南瓜籽肽显著增加了IL-10含量（P<0.05），但低剂量南瓜籽肽没有显著变化（P>0.05）。本研究表明南瓜籽肽能够调节疲劳小鼠免疫反应，主要表现在促进抗炎细胞因子分泌，抑制促炎细胞因子产生。
2.9　南瓜籽肽的氨基酸与小鼠疲劳指标相关性分析
本研究将南瓜籽肽氨基酸组成与抗疲劳相关指标进行了相关性分析，如图7所示。Trp与IL-6、乳酸脱氢酶和血清尿素氮存在显著负相关（P<0.05），而Leu与TNF-α存在显著负相关（P<0.05）。这与先前的报道一致，Trp和Leu具有改善疲劳的作用[18−19]。本研究结果表明，Trp和Leu在改善疲劳中可能与降低炎症及减少血清中有害物质尿素氮产生有关。此外，本研究还发现Met、Lys、Asp和Ser与IL-10具有显著正相关（P<0.05）。Glu与血清乳酸呈显著负相关（P<0.05），Gly与MDA呈显著负相关（P<0.05）。这些结果表明Met、Lys、Asp、Ser、Gly和MDA可能也与疲劳改善有关，但需要在未来更多的研究中进行验证。
3　结论
收起
本文研究了不同剂量的南瓜籽肽对疲劳的影响，从小鼠力竭游泳时间、血清有害物质、能量物质、氧化应激、炎症水平的变化角度讨论了南瓜籽发挥作用的效果。结果表明，本研究制备的南瓜籽肽富含与改善疲劳有关的Leu和Pro，灌胃处理后，南瓜籽肽增加了小鼠负重游泳能力，并抑制了过度疲劳引起的有害物质积累，如血清尿素氮、乳酸和乳酸脱氢酶。同时，南瓜籽肽还调节了小鼠肝糖原和肌糖原的水平，维持了运动状态下血糖平衡。通过对小鼠氧化应激水平的检测发现，南瓜籽肽通过增加抗氧化相关酶（SOD、GSH-Px和CAT）来抑制肝脏和血清内MDA的产生，进而改善了疲劳小鼠氧化应激反应。对炎症变化的研究则表明南瓜籽肽能够抑制促炎细胞因子产生，并增加抑炎细胞因子含量。此外，通过相关性分析揭示了南瓜籽肽中的Leu和Trp与抵抗疲劳的关系。最后，本研究还发现南瓜籽肽调节疲劳的作用与摄入剂量有关，1000 mg/kg·BW效果最佳。本研究为南瓜籽肽在食品保健开发与抗疲劳临床调节上提供了借鉴意义。

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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120301
  • 接收时间：2024-12-24
  • 首发时间：2026-10-24
  • 出版时间：2026-01-15
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    哈尔滨学院食品工程学院，黑龙江哈尔滨 150086

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卞春（1980−），女，博士，教授，研究方向：功能性食品安全，E-mail：。
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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