Article(id=1321170435035738359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1321170163563614210, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120216, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1734364800000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792921177872, onlineDateStr=2026-10-25, pubDate=1769875200000, pubDateStr=2026-02-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792921177872, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792921177872, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792921177872, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321170163563614210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='497', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769875200000', pubDateStr='2026-02-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792921113148, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792921113148, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=454, endPage=463, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321170435430002936, articleId=1321170435035738359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Progress on Fermented Products of Hawthorn, columnId=1261343851327906245, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Hawthorn (Crataegus pinnatifida) is a plant of the Rosaceae family and is widely distributed in China as one of the medicinal and edible plants. The fruits, leaves, seeds and roots of hawthorn could be used as medicine, extracts for medicinal and edible use due to its various medicinal and edible value. Because hawthorn is rich in flavonoids, polyphenols, organic acids, polysaccharides and other nutritional active ingredients, it has a variety of beneficial biological activities, such as lipid-lowering, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor and intestinal flora regulation activities. Therefore, hawthorn has been widely used in the fields of medicine, functional foods and chemical industries. Microbial fermentation has the unique advantages of improving the sensory flavor of raw materials, enriching nutrients, and enhancing functional properties. It plays an important role in the processing and utilization of dual-purpose medicinal-edible materials like hawthorn. In recent years, with the continuous development of hawthorn deep processing technology, the application of microbial fermentation technology in hawthorn products has also been continuously deepened. This paper first briefly summarizes the types of hawthorn fermentation products, then introduces the fermentation strains and process characteristics of hawthorn fermented products, and finally concludes their active components and functional activities. The purpose of this review is to provide a reference for the utilization and deep processing of hawthorn fermented products and promote the development of the hawthorn industry.

, authors=Ping LI1, 2, Yongmei GUAN3, Rongbin PAN2, Shuying CHEN1, 2, Jie ZHOU1, 2, Huaping PAN1, 3, *, authorsList=Ping LI, Yongmei GUAN, Rongbin PAN, Shuying CHEN, Jie ZHOU, Huaping PAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Huaping PAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321170438688977152, articleId=1321170435035738359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=山楂发酵制品研究进展, columnId=1261343852603031688, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=专题综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

山楂是我国特有的药食同源类植物,其果实、叶、种子、根等均可入药,具有较高的药用、食用价值。因山楂富含黄酮、多酚、有机酸、多糖等营养活性成分,其在降血脂、抗氧化、抗炎、抗癌和调节肠道菌群等方面均表现出一定的应用潜力,在医药、食品和化工等领域已有广泛应用。微生物发酵具有改善原料感官风味、丰富营养成分、增强功能特性的独特优势,在山楂等药食同源类物质的加工利用过程中占有重要地位。近年来,随着山楂深加工技术的持续发展,微生物发酵技术在山楂制品中的应用研究也不断深入。论文首先简要概述了山楂发酵制品的种类,其次介绍了山楂发酵制品的发酵菌种及工艺特性,最后对其活性成分和功能活性进行了归纳和总结,以期为山楂发酵制品的开发利用和精深加工提供参考,推动山楂产业发展。

, authors=李萍1, 2, 管咏梅3, 潘荣斌2, 陈淑莹1, 2, 周洁1, 2, 潘华平1, 3, *, authorsList=李萍, 管咏梅, 潘荣斌, 陈淑莹, 周洁, 潘华平, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=潘华平, authorNote=

李萍(1998−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:中药微生物发酵,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
潘华平(1985−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:中药微生物发酵,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=6hUxRxLsYXKzdpfEtXKrYg==, magXml=HCkIv5e4D3eJM/WFr8TgjQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=J7naX7Uh9xGxjzStpDDhRA==, pdfFileSize=1964689, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=5YVsqqEA3rVDgoz3TTWvBw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=DUlXntQQOziBTKjkj4tkdA==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1321170439167127819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170435035738359, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=1534294316@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1321170439251013902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170435035738359, authorId=1321170439167127819, language=EN, stringName=Ping LI, firstName=Ping, middleName=null, lastName=LI, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1Discipline of Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330000, China
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李萍(1998−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:中药微生物发酵,E-mail:

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Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs, 2017, 48(7): 1369−1373.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321170452865724864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170435035738359, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=82, rfOrder=128, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YANG J Y, LI Y X, LAI Y Q, et al. Lipid regulating effect of mixture fermentation products of Cartage fructus, Alismatis Rhizoma, and Cassiae Semen with Monascus purpureus on hyperlipidemic rats[J]. 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Hormone and Metabolic Research, 2011, 43(9): 625−630., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321170453234823621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170435035738359, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=87, rfOrder=133, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SHIH C C, LIN C H, LIN Y J, et al. Validation of the antidiabetic and hypolipidemic effects of hawthorn by assessment of gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis related genes and AMP-activated protein kinase phosphorylation[J]. 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Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2011, 59(9): 4987−4994., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321170453410984391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170435035738359, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=89, rfOrder=135, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YOO J H, LIU Yanan, KIM H S. Hawthorn fruit extract elevates expression of Nrf2/HO-1 and improves lipid profiles in ovariectomized rats[J]. Nutrients, 2016, 8(5): 283., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321170453473898952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170435035738359, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=90, rfOrder=136, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘飞, 郝婧宇, 赵子夫, 等. 山楂、麦芽及膳食纤维对维生素缺乏幼鼠肠道功能的影响[J]. 食品科学, 2022, 43(19): 118−128. [LIU F, HAO J Y, ZHAO Z F, et al. Effects of hawthorn, malt and dietary fibers on intestinal function in vitamin-deficient weaned rodents[J]. Food Science, 2022, 43(19): 118−128.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321170453541007817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170435035738359, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=90, rfOrder=137, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU F, HAO J Y, ZHAO Z F, et al. Effects of hawthorn, malt and dietary fibers on intestinal function in vitamin-deficient weaned rodents[J]. Food Science, 2022, 43(19): 118−128., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321170453608116682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170435035738359, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=91, rfOrder=138, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=钟丽霞, 江震宇, 汪嘉妮, 等. 山楂多糖提取工艺优化及其降血糖、降血脂活性[J]. 食品工业科技, 2019, 40(13): 119−124+147. [ZHONG L X, JIANG Z Y, WANG J N, et al. Optimization of extraction technology of hawthorn polysaccharides and its hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activity[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2019, 40(13): 119−124+147.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321170453687808459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170435035738359, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=91, rfOrder=139, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHONG L X, JIANG Z Y, WANG J N, et al. Optimization of extraction technology of hawthorn polysaccharides and its hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activity[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2019, 40(13): 119−124+147., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321170453754917324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170435035738359, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=92, rfOrder=140, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MA J X, YANG W, NG C Y J, et al. The hawthorn (Crataegus pinnatifida Bge.) fruit as a new dietary source of bioactive ingredients with multiple beneficial functions[J]. Food Frontiers, 2024, 5(4): 1534−1558., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321170453822026189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170435035738359, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=93, rfOrder=141, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=杨洋. 双菌种发酵山楂酵素及其功能性研究[D]. 天津: 天津农学院, 2020. [YANG Yang. Study on the fermentation of hawthorn fermented product by two strains and its antioxidant activity[D]. Tianjin: Tianjin Agricultural University, 2020.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321170453889135054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170435035738359, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=93, rfOrder=142, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YANG Yang. Study on the fermentation of hawthorn fermented product by two strains and its antioxidant activity[D]. Tianjin: Tianjin Agricultural University, 2020., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1321170438907080961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170435035738359, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321170438915469570, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170435035738359, companyId=1321170438907080961, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Discipline of Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321170438923858179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170435035738359, companyId=1321170438907080961, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1江西中医药大学中西医结合一级学科平台,江西南昌 330000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1321170438982578436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170435035738359, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321170438995161349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170435035738359, companyId=1321170438982578436, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321170439003549958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170435035738359, companyId=1321170438982578436, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2江西中医药大学中医学院,江西南昌 330000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1321170439091630343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170435035738359, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321170439100018952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170435035738359, companyId=1321170439091630343, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321170439108407561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170435035738359, companyId=1321170439091630343, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3江西中医药大学药学院,江西南昌 330000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1321170442338021686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170435035738359, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Direct and indirect mechanisms of antioxidant activity in hawthorn fermented products[80−81], figureFileSmall=6zNqY/kcf/UHOWGUPCzDww==, figureFileBig=5YVsqqEA3rVDgoz3TTWvBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170442505793847, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170435035738359, language=CN, label=图1, caption=山楂发酵制品抗氧化的直接和间接机制[80−81], figureFileSmall=6zNqY/kcf/UHOWGUPCzDww==, figureFileBig=5YVsqqEA3rVDgoz3TTWvBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170442702926136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170435035738359, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Potential mechanism of hypolipidemic effect of fermented hawthorn products[84], figureFileSmall=dxy1SjM61FNfyLdtqo44Yw==, figureFileBig=zRXoDHX4CfbaOscsdkxR0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170442870698297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170435035738359, language=CN, label=图2, caption=山楂发酵制品潜在降血脂作用机制[84]

注:(+)表示促进,(−)表示抑制。

, figureFileSmall=dxy1SjM61FNfyLdtqo44Yw==, figureFileBig=zRXoDHX4CfbaOscsdkxR0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170442954584378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170435035738359, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Potential mechanism of hawthorn fermentation products to regulate intestinal homeostasis[81], figureFileSmall=aeuclSzfC0C4kFzcx7kiFg==, figureFileBig=4wNnRDJ84IqgdMsRrYLhBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170443030081851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170435035738359, language=CN, label=图3, caption=山楂发酵制品调节肠道稳态的潜在作用机制[81], figureFileSmall=aeuclSzfC0C4kFzcx7kiFg==, figureFileBig=4wNnRDJ84IqgdMsRrYLhBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170443092996412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170435035738359, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Types and advantages/disadvantages of hawthorn fermentation products

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
发酵制品类型原料(质量比)参考文献优点缺点及不足
山楂酵素饮料类山楂[8]发酵过程产生大量乳酸和乙酸,降低体系pH,干扰有害微生物细胞膜电位,抑制其代谢功能,具有良好的抑菌作用标准化生产流程和质量控制标准尚不完善,这可能导致不同工艺的山楂酵素质量参差不齐
山楂、红树莓(1:1)[9]
山楂、黄精(1:5)[19]
山楂、枸杞(3:7)[20]
山楂、地瓜黄浆水(1:1)[18]
山楂酸奶类山楂、木瓜、奶粉(16:24:13)[21]酸奶的发酵可降低大多数乳蛋白的免疫活性,具有预防过敏和减轻过敏症状的作用研究主要集中在口感与风味,对其活性成分及功能研究较少
山楂、南果梨、牛奶(5.9:10.6:76.1)[11]
山楂、陈皮、牛奶(1:2:19.5)[10]
山楂、红枣、脱脂乳(9:12:100)[22]
山楂、红枣、桂圆、牛奶(4:4:3:73.3)[23]
山楂酒类山楂[24−25]发酵保留了山楂中的营养物质及独特的果香味,具有较好的体外抗氧化活性和保健功效山楂发酵酒中可能存在食品安全风险,例如展青霉素含量超标
山楂、火龙果(1:2)[26]
山楂、红枣(1:2)[27]
山楂、枳椇(2:1或3:5)[28−29]
山楂、无花果(3:1)[30]
山楂、石榴(1:1)[31]
山楂、糯米(1:10)[32]
山楂醋类山楂[15]醋酸发酵可将醇类物质转化成酯类物质,总酚含量和抗氧化能力均优于山楂酒具体有效成分及其作用机制尚未完全阐明
山楂、香蕉(1:2)[33]
山楂、苦荞(3:4)[34]
其他山楂粉、豆渣、麸皮(0.7:5:2)[17]可提高生产副产品的利用率,增添产品风味,并融入一定保健功效未考虑如何平衡产品的健康效益和消费者的口味偏好
山楂、黄芪、白菜(3:0.24:100)[35]
), ArticleFig(id=1321170443164299581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170435035738359, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

山楂发酵制品类型及优缺点

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
发酵制品类型原料(质量比)参考文献优点缺点及不足
山楂酵素饮料类山楂[8]发酵过程产生大量乳酸和乙酸,降低体系pH,干扰有害微生物细胞膜电位,抑制其代谢功能,具有良好的抑菌作用标准化生产流程和质量控制标准尚不完善,这可能导致不同工艺的山楂酵素质量参差不齐
山楂、红树莓(1:1)[9]
山楂、黄精(1:5)[19]
山楂、枸杞(3:7)[20]
山楂、地瓜黄浆水(1:1)[18]
山楂酸奶类山楂、木瓜、奶粉(16:24:13)[21]酸奶的发酵可降低大多数乳蛋白的免疫活性,具有预防过敏和减轻过敏症状的作用研究主要集中在口感与风味,对其活性成分及功能研究较少
山楂、南果梨、牛奶(5.9:10.6:76.1)[11]
山楂、陈皮、牛奶(1:2:19.5)[10]
山楂、红枣、脱脂乳(9:12:100)[22]
山楂、红枣、桂圆、牛奶(4:4:3:73.3)[23]
山楂酒类山楂[24−25]发酵保留了山楂中的营养物质及独特的果香味,具有较好的体外抗氧化活性和保健功效山楂发酵酒中可能存在食品安全风险,例如展青霉素含量超标
山楂、火龙果(1:2)[26]
山楂、红枣(1:2)[27]
山楂、枳椇(2:1或3:5)[28−29]
山楂、无花果(3:1)[30]
山楂、石榴(1:1)[31]
山楂、糯米(1:10)[32]
山楂醋类山楂[15]醋酸发酵可将醇类物质转化成酯类物质,总酚含量和抗氧化能力均优于山楂酒具体有效成分及其作用机制尚未完全阐明
山楂、香蕉(1:2)[33]
山楂、苦荞(3:4)[34]
其他山楂粉、豆渣、麸皮(0.7:5:2)[17]可提高生产副产品的利用率,增添产品风味,并融入一定保健功效未考虑如何平衡产品的健康效益和消费者的口味偏好
山楂、黄芪、白菜(3:0.24:100)[35]
), ArticleFig(id=1321170443281740094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170435035738359, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Fermentation strain of hawthorn fermentation products

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
发酵制品类型发酵菌种发酵条件(接种量、温度、时间)成分含量及功效变化参考文献
山楂酵素饮料类鼠李糖乳杆菌217-137 ℃,21 d小鼠GSH 16.195 mg/g,SOD 17.5 ng/g,抗炎↑[39]
蛹虫草74.49%(V/V),24 ℃,150 r·min−1,6 d虫草素↑,虫草多糖↑,虫草酸↑,综合评分97.38分[49]
猴头菌8%(V/V),26 ℃,160 r·min−1,10 d多糖5.91 mg/mL,猴头菇菌丝湿质量255.86 mg/mL[50]
植物乳杆菌、酿酒酵母5.5‰(V/V),32 ℃,102 h酸度21.82 mg/mL,SOD 26.45 U/mL,抗氧化活性↑,降脂↑[51]
植物乳杆菌、保加利亚乳杆菌、瑞士乳杆菌、肠膜明串珠菌肠膜亚种、嗜热链球菌0.1%(V/V),37 ℃,24 h感官风味物质↑[8]
植物乳杆菌、鼠李糖乳杆菌、副干酪乳杆菌1%(V/V),37 ℃,36 h总酚0.061 g/100 g,维C 89.56 mg/100 g,有机酸4.19 g/L↑,乳酸3.22 g/L↑,感官评分86分[9]
植物乳杆菌、类干酪乳杆菌4%(V/V),34 ℃,52 hpH3.29↓、可溶性固形物10.19%↓,还原糖14.13 g/L↓,总酸11.59 g/L↑,总黄酮0.86 mg/mL↑,SOD 30.2 U/mL↑[19]
短乳杆菌、干酪乳杆菌和柠檬明串珠菌3%(V/V),34.3 ℃,1.8 d柠檬酸降解率13.23%,乳酸↑,氨基态氮含量↑,电导率↑[7]
干酪乳杆菌、鼠李糖乳杆菌0.5%(V/V),37 ℃,30 h乳酸菌胞外多糖178.48 mg/L,风味物质↑,小鼠免疫力↑[20]
山楂酸奶类保加利亚乳杆菌11%(V/V),45 ℃,5 d,4 ℃后熟12 h感官评分95.6分[23]
保加利亚乳杆菌、嗜热链球菌3%(V/V),40 ℃,20 h蛋白质2.79%,脂肪3.20%,可溶性固形物14.1%,乳酸菌总数≥1.03×106 CFU /100 mL,风味物质↑[21]
山楂酒类F33酵母0.15‰(V/V),22 ℃感官风味物质↑,稳定性↑[26]
果酒专用酵母RW0.3%(V/V),19 ℃,7 d酒精度11.50%vol,可溶性固形物7.80%,总糖
3.40 g/L,总酸7.13 g/L,感官评分93.80分,DPPH自由基清除率85.7%,ABTS+自由基清除率88.8%
[27]
酿酒酵母2%(V/V),25 ℃,9 d酒精度11.34%vol,总酸14.69 g/L,总酚
280.59 mg/100 mL。DPPH自由基清除率96.3%,ABTS+自由基清除率96.5%
[28−29]
库德毕赤酵母Y113%(V/V),31 ℃,10 d酒精度11.07%vol,总黄酮16.10 mg/mL[52]
酿酒酵母、毕赤酵母5%(V/V),28 ℃前发酵,18 ℃后发酵11 d发酵周期11 d↓,风味物质↑[45]
山楂醋类酿酒酵母、醋酸菌酒精发酵:3%(V/V),30 ℃,6 d
醋酸发酵:10%(V/V),33 ℃,9 d
酸度52.6 g/L,总黄酮0.832 mg/mL,酯类30%~40%[15,53]
酿酒酵母、巴氏醋杆菌、植物乳杆菌酒精发酵:8%(V/V),30 ℃
醋酸发酵:醋酸菌10%(V/V),植物乳杆菌4%(V/V),30 ℃
细胞抗衰老↑,有机酸↑,氨基酸↑[34]
山楂风味酱油米曲霉制曲:3%(V/V),30 ℃,40 h
制醅后发酵:35 ℃
还原糖↑、总酸↑,感官评分93分[17]
调脂中药红曲红曲霉10%(V/V),30 ℃,2 d,打散加水3 d,最后25 ℃,13 d洛伐他汀5.127 mg/g,降血脂↑[48]
), ArticleFig(id=1321170443365626175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170435035738359, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

山楂发酵制品的发酵菌种

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
发酵制品类型发酵菌种发酵条件(接种量、温度、时间)成分含量及功效变化参考文献
山楂酵素饮料类鼠李糖乳杆菌217-137 ℃,21 d小鼠GSH 16.195 mg/g,SOD 17.5 ng/g,抗炎↑[39]
蛹虫草74.49%(V/V),24 ℃,150 r·min−1,6 d虫草素↑,虫草多糖↑,虫草酸↑,综合评分97.38分[49]
猴头菌8%(V/V),26 ℃,160 r·min−1,10 d多糖5.91 mg/mL,猴头菇菌丝湿质量255.86 mg/mL[50]
植物乳杆菌、酿酒酵母5.5‰(V/V),32 ℃,102 h酸度21.82 mg/mL,SOD 26.45 U/mL,抗氧化活性↑,降脂↑[51]
植物乳杆菌、保加利亚乳杆菌、瑞士乳杆菌、肠膜明串珠菌肠膜亚种、嗜热链球菌0.1%(V/V),37 ℃,24 h感官风味物质↑[8]
植物乳杆菌、鼠李糖乳杆菌、副干酪乳杆菌1%(V/V),37 ℃,36 h总酚0.061 g/100 g,维C 89.56 mg/100 g,有机酸4.19 g/L↑,乳酸3.22 g/L↑,感官评分86分[9]
植物乳杆菌、类干酪乳杆菌4%(V/V),34 ℃,52 hpH3.29↓、可溶性固形物10.19%↓,还原糖14.13 g/L↓,总酸11.59 g/L↑,总黄酮0.86 mg/mL↑,SOD 30.2 U/mL↑[19]
短乳杆菌、干酪乳杆菌和柠檬明串珠菌3%(V/V),34.3 ℃,1.8 d柠檬酸降解率13.23%,乳酸↑,氨基态氮含量↑,电导率↑[7]
干酪乳杆菌、鼠李糖乳杆菌0.5%(V/V),37 ℃,30 h乳酸菌胞外多糖178.48 mg/L,风味物质↑,小鼠免疫力↑[20]
山楂酸奶类保加利亚乳杆菌11%(V/V),45 ℃,5 d,4 ℃后熟12 h感官评分95.6分[23]
保加利亚乳杆菌、嗜热链球菌3%(V/V),40 ℃,20 h蛋白质2.79%,脂肪3.20%,可溶性固形物14.1%,乳酸菌总数≥1.03×106 CFU /100 mL,风味物质↑[21]
山楂酒类F33酵母0.15‰(V/V),22 ℃感官风味物质↑,稳定性↑[26]
果酒专用酵母RW0.3%(V/V),19 ℃,7 d酒精度11.50%vol,可溶性固形物7.80%,总糖
3.40 g/L,总酸7.13 g/L,感官评分93.80分,DPPH自由基清除率85.7%,ABTS+自由基清除率88.8%
[27]
酿酒酵母2%(V/V),25 ℃,9 d酒精度11.34%vol,总酸14.69 g/L,总酚
280.59 mg/100 mL。DPPH自由基清除率96.3%,ABTS+自由基清除率96.5%
[28−29]
库德毕赤酵母Y113%(V/V),31 ℃,10 d酒精度11.07%vol,总黄酮16.10 mg/mL[52]
酿酒酵母、毕赤酵母5%(V/V),28 ℃前发酵,18 ℃后发酵11 d发酵周期11 d↓,风味物质↑[45]
山楂醋类酿酒酵母、醋酸菌酒精发酵:3%(V/V),30 ℃,6 d
醋酸发酵:10%(V/V),33 ℃,9 d
酸度52.6 g/L,总黄酮0.832 mg/mL,酯类30%~40%[15,53]
酿酒酵母、巴氏醋杆菌、植物乳杆菌酒精发酵:8%(V/V),30 ℃
醋酸发酵:醋酸菌10%(V/V),植物乳杆菌4%(V/V),30 ℃
细胞抗衰老↑,有机酸↑,氨基酸↑[34]
山楂风味酱油米曲霉制曲:3%(V/V),30 ℃,40 h
制醅后发酵:35 ℃
还原糖↑、总酸↑,感官评分93分[17]
调脂中药红曲红曲霉10%(V/V),30 ℃,2 d,打散加水3 d,最后25 ℃,13 d洛伐他汀5.127 mg/g,降血脂↑[48]
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山楂发酵制品研究进展
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李萍 1, 2 , 管咏梅 3 , 潘荣斌 2 , 陈淑莹 1, 2 , 周洁 1, 2 , 潘华平 1, 3, *
食品工业科技 | 专题综述 2026,47(3): 454-463
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食品工业科技 |专题综述 2026 , 47 (3) : 454 -463
山楂发酵制品研究进展
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李萍1, 2 , 管咏梅3, 潘荣斌2, 陈淑莹1, 2, 周洁1, 2, 潘华平1, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1江西中医药大学中西医结合一级学科平台,江西南昌 330000
  • 2江西中医药大学中医学院,江西南昌 330000
  • 3江西中医药大学药学院,江西南昌 330000
通讯作者:
潘华平(1985−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:中药微生物发酵,E-mail:。
作者简介:

李萍(1998−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:中药微生物发酵,E-mail:

Progress on Fermented Products of Hawthorn
Ping LI1, 2 , Yongmei GUAN3, Rongbin PAN2, Shuying CHEN1, 2, Jie ZHOU1, 2, Huaping PAN1, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1Discipline of Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330000, China
  • 2School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330000, China
  • 3School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330000, China
出版时间: 2026-02-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120216
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山楂是我国特有的药食同源类植物,其果实、叶、种子、根等均可入药,具有较高的药用、食用价值。因山楂富含黄酮、多酚、有机酸、多糖等营养活性成分,其在降血脂、抗氧化、抗炎、抗癌和调节肠道菌群等方面均表现出一定的应用潜力,在医药、食品和化工等领域已有广泛应用。微生物发酵具有改善原料感官风味、丰富营养成分、增强功能特性的独特优势,在山楂等药食同源类物质的加工利用过程中占有重要地位。近年来,随着山楂深加工技术的持续发展,微生物发酵技术在山楂制品中的应用研究也不断深入。论文首先简要概述了山楂发酵制品的种类,其次介绍了山楂发酵制品的发酵菌种及工艺特性,最后对其活性成分和功能活性进行了归纳和总结,以期为山楂发酵制品的开发利用和精深加工提供参考,推动山楂产业发展。

山楂  /  微生物  /  发酵制品  /  活性成分  /  健康功效

Hawthorn (Crataegus pinnatifida) is a plant of the Rosaceae family and is widely distributed in China as one of the medicinal and edible plants. The fruits, leaves, seeds and roots of hawthorn could be used as medicine, extracts for medicinal and edible use due to its various medicinal and edible value. Because hawthorn is rich in flavonoids, polyphenols, organic acids, polysaccharides and other nutritional active ingredients, it has a variety of beneficial biological activities, such as lipid-lowering, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor and intestinal flora regulation activities. Therefore, hawthorn has been widely used in the fields of medicine, functional foods and chemical industries. Microbial fermentation has the unique advantages of improving the sensory flavor of raw materials, enriching nutrients, and enhancing functional properties. It plays an important role in the processing and utilization of dual-purpose medicinal-edible materials like hawthorn. In recent years, with the continuous development of hawthorn deep processing technology, the application of microbial fermentation technology in hawthorn products has also been continuously deepened. This paper first briefly summarizes the types of hawthorn fermentation products, then introduces the fermentation strains and process characteristics of hawthorn fermented products, and finally concludes their active components and functional activities. The purpose of this review is to provide a reference for the utilization and deep processing of hawthorn fermented products and promote the development of the hawthorn industry.

hawthorn  /  microorganism  /  fermented product  /  active ingredients  /  health effects
李萍, 管咏梅, 潘荣斌, 陈淑莹, 周洁, 潘华平. 山楂发酵制品研究进展. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (3) : 454 -463 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120216
Ping LI, Yongmei GUAN, Rongbin PAN, Shuying CHEN, Jie ZHOU, Huaping PAN. Progress on Fermented Products of Hawthorn[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (3) : 454 -463 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120216
山楂(Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge)又名山里红,蔷薇科山楂属,性微温,味酸、甘,入脾、胃、肝经。山楂之名始见于《本草纲目》,是中国卫生部首批认定的药食两用药材之一。山楂的可食部分主要是果肉,约占果实总重的70%~80%,果肉富含多种营养成分,如果胶、氨基酸、维生素C等。活性成分主要存在于果实、叶和花中,包括黄酮类化合物(果实中含量为0.1%~1.0%,叶和花中含量为1%~2%)、有机酸(含量约为2%~6%)、三萜类化合物(含量约为0.1%~0.5%)等[1−3]。山楂具有健胃消食、化浊降脂、散结止痛、行气散瘀、止泻止痢功效,临床主要用于治疗消化系统疾病及循环系统疾病,比如消食、降血压[4]、抗氧化[5]、降脂、抗动脉粥样硬化及抗菌消炎等[6]。虽然山楂具有较高的药用、食用价值,但因其有机酸含量较多,口感酸涩,不宜鲜食[7]。因此,对山楂采取有效的加工措施十分必要。
发酵是加工、保藏食品的重要工艺之一,利用发酵技术对山楂进行加工处理,可以有效提高山楂的利用率和附加值。山楂发酵制品是指以山楂为原料,加以其他原料和辅料等,在适宜的温度、湿度、水分等条件下,利用微生物(主要是益生菌)发酵而成的产品。山楂发酵制品的本质是利用微生物的生物转化,在微生物酶的作用下,实现改变山楂及制品的物质结构和组成,增强功能活性的目的。在发酵加工处理后,山楂制品的口感风味可以得到有效改善,甚至还能产生一些新的生物活性成分,其药用、营养价值也可以得到提高。因此,发酵已成为山楂加工的主要方式之一。目前,国外对山楂发酵制品的研究甚少,国内对山楂发酵制品的研究主要涉及发酵工艺优化、感官品质成分分析及抗氧化功效研究,但由于山楂发酵制品的生产工艺、发酵原料和发酵菌种等有差异,对其营养成分、感官风味、功效活性均有影响,从而导致结论有所不同。通过概述山楂发酵制品的研究现状,可为后来者对山楂发酵制品进一步研究提供借鉴依据,也对拓展山楂发酵制品种类,研发新型功能性食疗产品具有重要意义。
本文对山楂发酵制品的种类、发酵菌种、活性成分和功能特性方面的研究进行综述,为山楂的精深加工和高值化利用等研究提供参考。
目前已报道的山楂发酵制品可大致分为五大类:山楂酵素饮料类、山楂酸奶类、山楂酒类、山楂醋类及其他,具体可见表1。
山楂酵素饮料是指以新鲜山楂或山楂汁为原料,通过有益微生物发酵后,调配出来的含有多种生物活性成分且具有山楂果香味的天然营养保健产品,其中包括了山楂单独发酵而成的饮料和山楂复合发酵饮料[8−9]。
山楂酸奶是将乳原料与山楂相结合,通过乳酸菌发酵制成的一类兼具山楂果香与酸奶醇厚口感的营养饮品。山楂酸奶作为一种发酵乳制品,不仅营养丰富,人群可接受性高,还兼备山楂的部分药理特性[10]。将山楂作为制造酸奶的成分,可增加酸奶的抗氧化能力[11],并抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶的酶活性。研究表明,在多种野果发酵酸奶中,山楂酸奶的整体抗氧化能力最高,其ABTS+·及ORAC清除能力高达731 μmol TE/g与625.94 μmol TE/g[12]。目前,市面上多见的为复合山楂酸奶,单一山楂酸奶产品较为少见。
山楂酒可分为发酵型山楂酒和配制型山楂酒,发酵型山楂酒比配制型山楂酒具有更强的果香味[13]。发酵型山楂酒是指以山楂为原料,经破碎后接种酵母菌进行无氧发酵得到的酒精饮品。酿造而成的山楂酒不仅保留了山楂的功能活性成分,还产生了很多风味物质,比山楂果具有更高的营养保健价值和市场前景[14]。发酵型山楂酒有单独使用山楂作为原料进行发酵,也有山楂与其他原料按照一定比例复合发酵,是当前研究最全面、最深入的山楂发酵制品。
山楂醋是山楂酒精发酵后,再经过醋酸菌二次发酵的产品[15],含有大量挥发性物质,如乙酸、苯乙酸、乙酰、戊酸、苯甲酸、异丁香酚、2-环己酮、丙酸、佳味酚和琥珀酸二乙酯等[16],这些成分与感官风味和抗氧化能力密切相关。
此外,有研究利用山楂作为添加剂进行发酵,如在豆腐渣酱油发酵过程中加入山楂,不仅提高了豆腐渣的利用率,也增添了山楂风味,满足人们对健康保健食品的需求[17]。也有报道以地瓜黄浆水与滞销的山楂为原料,结合乳酸菌发酵得到一款功能饮品,不仅避免了资源浪费和环境污染,也实现了黄浆水的高值化利用[18]。
目前,研究报道可用于山楂发酵的微生物菌种有乳酸菌、醋酸菌等细菌,以及酵母菌、霉菌、药食用真菌等真菌,详见表2。
用于山楂发酵的细菌主要是乳酸菌和醋酸菌,其中乳酸菌主要用于酵素饮料与酸奶类制品的发酵,醋酸菌主要用于醋类制品发酵。
乳酸菌包括乳酸杆菌属、乳球菌属、片球菌属、肠球菌属和链球菌属等[36]。研究表明,乳酸菌发酵会导致发酵底物酸化,使其成为不适合其他微生物生存的环境,并产生一系列抑制其他生物生长的化合物,如有机酸、过氧化氢和细菌素[37],来保证发酵产品的安全性。乳酸菌在厌氧发酵时通过糖酵解途径将果糖转化生成柠檬酸,柠檬酸可进一步转化为乙酸和草酰乙酸,后者再进一步转化为丙酮酸,最终产生乳酸、乙酸或丙酮酸代谢物[38]。此外,因乳酸菌具有分解乳糖的能力,其发酵的乳制品还可缓解蛋白过敏[36]。保加利亚乳杆菌与嗜热链球菌发酵的山楂酸奶,可为乳制品过敏人群提供更好的营养,其感官评分达95.6分,总黄酮含量达4.62±0.533 mg/mL,对DPPH自由基的清除率为78.35%,较普通酸奶均有所提高[10−11,22]。鼠李糖乳杆菌发酵的山楂汁可以调节小鼠肠道菌群,提高谷胱甘肽GSH(16.195 mg/g)和超氧化物歧化酶SOD(17.5 ng/g)的浓度,从而增强肝组织的抗氧化能力,改善肝脏炎症[39]。植物乳杆菌、鼠李糖乳杆菌、副干酪乳杆菌混合发酵的山楂红树莓汁乳酸含量由0.12 g/L增至3.22 g/L,果香味浓郁,口感微酸爽口,较原果汁更容易被人所接受[9]。短乳杆菌、干酪乳杆菌和柠檬明串珠菌混合发酵亦能将口感酸涩刺激的苹果酸与柠檬酸转化为口感柔和的乳酸[7]。植物乳杆菌、类干酪乳杆菌混合发酵能显著降低pH、可溶性固形物及还原糖含量,显著升高感官评分、总酸含量、总黄酮含量及SOD活力[19]。综上,乳酸菌发酵的山楂制品在感官风味、抗氧化能力、活性成分含量及缓解乳糖不耐受等方面均有所提升。
醋酸菌发酵主要出现在山楂酒精发酵后的二次发酵。醋酸菌可以将醇类和糖醇氧化成相应的有机酸或糖衍生物[40],该氧化过程多与脱氢酶有关[41],其发酵产生的成分主要与抗氧化、感官风味密切相关。有研究表明,醋酸菌发酵能产生酯类物质(30%~40%),显著提高山楂醋的香气成分含量[15]。同时,将巴氏醋杆菌与植物乳杆菌混合进行醋酸发酵,还可以提高山楂醋的抗氧化能力以及有机酸、氨基酸等物质含量,其中的有机酸、氨基酸等物质具有预防高血压、心脏病等功能[34]。由此可见,醋酸菌发酵的山楂制品在香味、抗氧化能力、活性成分含量等方面均有所提升。
酵母菌是发酵生产山楂酒的主要真菌,可将葡萄糖和果糖转化为乙醇[42],发酵山楂最常见的酵母菌为酿酒酵母[43],用其发酵的山楂酒口味丰富,香气成分总含量高达163.63 mg/100 mL[24],DPPH自由基与ABTS+自由基清除能力最大可分别达96.3%、96.5%,具有较好的体外抗氧化活性[27−29,44]。也有报道将毕赤酵母与酿酒酵母混合发酵山楂,在发酵11 d时即可达预期酒度(11%(V/V))[45],该发酵方式还有利于增加感官风味成分、醋酸盐、高级醇和甘油含量,降低醋酸和丁二酸的含量,从而改善酒体的圆润度[46]。以上研究说明,酵母菌发酵的山楂酒不仅可缩短制酒周期,还在感官风味与抗氧化活性方面有较大提升。
目前,利用霉菌发酵山楂的有米曲霉和红曲霉。米曲霉发酵的山楂风味酱油色度、还原糖、总酸含量均比普通酱油有较大改善[17,47]。而红曲霉发酵山楂复方可显著提高洛伐他汀(42.27%)与熊果酸(232.7%)产量,同时,在发酵过程中加入柠檬酸,能促进纤维素酶和蛋白酶的分泌,分解山楂细胞壁,释放山楂酸、科罗索酸及红曲色素等活性物质,可有效抑制食源性高脂血症的形成[48]。以上霉菌发酵的山楂发酵制品在活性成分方面均有较大提升。
此外,也有研究利用蛹虫草、猴头菌等药食用真菌与山楂进行混合发酵,通过菌丝体代谢实现双方活性成分(如虫草素、猴头菌丝与山楂多糖)的交互转化,显著提升产物的多糖含量(5.91 mg/mL)及抗氧化活性(SOD 26.45 U/mL)[49−50]。该发酵方式不仅整合了真菌与山楂的药用活性成分,还提升了药用价值与保健功能,为功能性食品创新提供了新方向。
据报道,山楂发酵制品中往往具有更高的多酚含量,如在啤酒发酵时添加山楂,其多酚类化合物含量可增加1.4倍(279.6 mg/L),添加山楂汁则可增加2倍以上(410.0 mg/L)[16,54]。按照结构的不同,山楂发酵制品中的多酚类物质可分为黄酮类、酚酸类两大类。
黄酮类化合物是山楂中含量较高、分布最广的一类化合物[1],包括氧化型(白杨素、芦丁和槲皮素)和还原型(原花青素,即儿茶素衍生物)物质[2]。研究发现,经过适当的发酵工艺处理,可以提高山楂发酵制品中黄酮类化合物的含量,如李楠[55]发酵的山楂果酒,其总黄酮含量在发酵过程中呈上升趋势。山楂发酵制品中的酚酸类物质主要包括苯丙酸、苯乙酸、苯甲酸、咖啡酸、绿原酸和没食子酸等[16,56]。目前报道的山楂发酵制品中酚酸类物质含量变化存有差异,有些甚至相反,其原因在于影响酚酸类物质含量变化的因素较多,如山楂果品种特性差异、发酵前预处理条件、发酵菌种特性、发酵条件(如时间、温度)等,这些都有待进一步深入研究。
以上山楂发酵制品中的多酚类物质具有抗菌、抗氧化和清除自由基的作用,可有效预防炎症性疾病[57]、心血管疾病[58]和肥胖症[59]等慢性疾病。
山楂发酵制品中的酸类物质主要是各类有机酸,包括柠檬酸、苹果酸、草酸、乳酸、乙酸等。据报道,山楂浆经过乳酸菌发酵后,柠檬酸、苹果酸含量显著减少,分别减少了0.938 g/L和0.651 g/L,草酸含量变化不显著,而乳酸和乙酸的含量显著增多,分别增加了3.699 g/L 和0.396 g/L[60]。王媛等[7]发现,在山楂发酵过程中,乳酸菌能将口感酸涩刺激的苹果酸与柠檬酸转化为口感柔和的乳酸,从而达到改善山楂口感的作用。乳酸的产生会显著降低发酵体系的pH[61],这种酸性环境能抑制腐败菌和致病菌的生长,乳酸菌本身则因其耐酸性得以进一步生长成为优势菌群,从而提高产品的安全性和保健价值。而乙酸作为短链脂肪酸,可维持人体肠道和免疫稳态,对肠胃消化吸收功能及肠道稳态具有明显提升作用[62]。此外,山楂中的有机酸还能促进胃分泌消化酶,增强胃肠蠕动功能[63−64]。由此可见,山楂发酵制品中的酸类成分不仅能改善口感风味,同时还具有促进胃肠蠕动、健胃消食和抑菌等功效。
多糖是山楂中重要的功能活性成分,其含量可达山楂干重的6.4%,具有免疫调节、抗炎、调节糖脂代谢、抗糖基化等功效[65]。在山楂发酵过程中,多糖的含量呈现动态变化[49−50,66]。山楂中的多糖主要是由鼠李糖、木糖、葡萄糖和半乳糖等多种单糖组成的复杂聚合物[65]。在发酵过程中,微生物(如酵母菌、乳酸菌等)分泌的酶类(如淀粉酶、纤维素酶、果胶酶等)可将这些多糖水解成小分子糖类。这些小分子糖类一方面被微生物自身吸收利用,作为碳源进行生长繁殖和代谢活动,产生酒精、乳酸、有机酸等发酵产物;另一方面,部分小分子糖在微生物代谢过程中可能进一步发生聚合反应,形成一些新的多糖类物质[20,67]。这些新生成的糖类物质可能具有不同的生理活性和功能特性,如某些低聚糖具有益生元的功能,可促进益生乳酸菌的生长、有效改善发酵乳的组织状态,增强发酵乳的风味,提高发酵乳的品质[68]。
膳食纤维根据溶解性分为可溶性膳食纤维与不溶性膳食纤维[69]。高品质膳食纤维其可溶性膳食纤维与不溶性膳食纤维的比例在1~2.3之间[70]。然而,在天然植物中,可溶性膳食纤维的含量远低于不溶性膳食纤维,达不到人体平衡膳食的要求[71]。微生物发酵可以改性膳食纤维,将一些不溶性膳食纤维分解或修饰,转化为可溶性膳食纤维[72],从而提高山楂发酵制品中可溶性膳食纤维的比例。另一方面,膳食纤维经微生物发酵后形成新的化合物(如短链脂肪酸),改变了膳食纤维的化学结构和功能特性[73]。山楂发酵制品中的膳食纤维主要以果胶形式存在,其不仅可作为益生元促进肠道有益菌的生长,还能作为天然食源性抗糖基化剂。研究报道,酸乳发酵时添加适量的山楂果胶可促进乳酸菌的增殖,提升酸乳风味,增加还原糖含量,且可抑制晚期糖基化终产物的形成[74]。除此之外,发酵后的山楂膳食纤维可能具有更好的生理功能,如更强的吸附胆固醇能力、更好的肠道调节作用[75]等。这是因为发酵过程中膳食纤维的结构和组成发生了变化,使其能够更好地与肠道内物质相互作用。
除了以上成分,山楂发酵制品还含有氨基酸和维生素等营养物质[9,34]。其中谷氨酸和天冬氨酸是发酵制品中含量最高的两种氨基酸,也是鲜味物质形成的前提;由于维生素C极容易被氧化,因此山楂发酵制品中的维生素C含量有所降低[9]。三萜类物质如山楂酸、熊果酸、齐墩果酸等,是山楂果实中的主要化学物质成分之一,具有抗氧化、抗癌等保健功能,但其在山楂发酵制品的相关研究中尚未被深入挖掘。
自由基是一类具有高活性的化学物质,过量存在会对人体造成氧化损伤,氧化损伤后,缺乏抗氧化剂则不能有效防止组织损伤[76],导致衰老、癌症、糖尿病、炎症、肝病、心血管疾病、白内障和肾毒性以及神经退行性疾病等多种疾病的发生[77−78]。山楂发酵制品中含有丰富的维生素C、维生素E、多酚及多糖类等物质,这些物质能够有效地清除体内自由基,减缓氧化反应的速度,其中起主要抗氧化作用的是多酚类物质[79]。除此之外,山楂发酵制品中的某些成分还可以促进人体内抗氧化酶的活性,如超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)等[19,76]。据报道,山楂的抗氧化机制分为直接机制和间接机制[80−81],见图1。在直接机制中,山楂多酚保持非氧化状态,直接与活性氧结合,通过将电子或氢原子转移到活性氧分子中,中和O2−、NO2−、·OH、ABTS+、DPPH等自由基,有效防止细胞组分氧化损伤。间接机制中,山楂多糖可以调节参与氧化应激和炎症反应的信号通路,如激活NF-κB、MAPK及Nrf2等通路,该途径的激活可导致抗氧化基因的下调,抑制IL-6、TNF-α等炎症因子,从而为细胞提供防御氧化损伤的能力。此外,山楂多糖还可以提高SOD、CAT、GSH-Px等抗氧化酶的活性,这些酶在中和活性氧和保护细胞免受氧化损伤中起着关键作用。
山楂发酵制品中含有的黄酮类物质和多酚类物质,能够有效降低血清总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)水平,同时还能增加高密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平,从而起到调节血脂的作用[82]。此外,黄酮类化合物还有清除肝组织脂肪的作用,通过诱导蛋白激酶p-AMPK和抑制体内乙酰辅酶p-ACC表达来改善高脂血症,从而增加脂肪酸氧化,抑制胆固醇合成,减少脂肪合成[83]。据报道,山楂降血脂机制(图2)大致可分为7类[84−89]:a.抑制肝脏内的乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(ACC)、羟甲基戊二酰辅酶A还原酶(HMGR)等脂质合成相关酶,从而减少胆固醇的合成,促进脂肪酸氧化;b.激活过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体α(PPARα),而PPARα的表达可以促进酰基辅酶A氧化酶-1(ACOX-1)、肉碱棕榈酰转移酶-1(CPT-1)等β氧化相关酶的表达,进而推动脂肪酸的氧化分解;c.上调AMP活化蛋白激酶(AMPK)磷酸化和降低磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧激酶(PEPCK)的表达,从而抑制TC和TG的表达;d.增强抗氧化防御系统,如上调核因子-红细胞2相关因子(Nrf2)、血红素氧化酶-1(HO-1)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx)等,从而产生显著的降血脂活性;e.下调CCAAT/增强子结合蛋白(C/EBPR)、PPARγ、固醇调节元件结合蛋白1c(SREBP1c)、活化蛋白2(aP2)和脂联素的基因表达,从而抑制TG和游离脂肪酸积累;f.增加NO含量和减少内皮素和维生素E的合成,进而降低血清TC、TG和LDL-C水平;g.抑制肠道酰基辅酶A-胆固醇酰基转移酶(ACAT)活性,从而降低TC、TG和LDL-C水平。目前,因不同种类的山楂发酵制品所含有的活性成分也不相同,其降血脂机制是否与上述山楂的降血脂机制类似,有待进一步深入研究。
越来越多的研究表明,山楂发酵制品中的多糖具有较好的调节肠道菌群和肠道稳态的作用。山楂发酵制品中的多糖在肠道中可被分解成各种单糖,并与肠道微生物相互作用,产生乙酸、丙酸等短链脂肪酸(SCFAs),降低肠道pH,导致肠道菌群结构的变化,进而影响肠道稳态(图3)。据报道,山楂多糖可增加有益菌(如厚壁菌门、巨生菌门)的相对丰度,同时降低有害菌(如拟杆菌门、志贺杆菌门和梭杆菌门)的相对丰度[81],并抑制IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α等炎症因子的表达,有效治疗炎症性肠病[81]。此外,研究发现山楂发酵制品可以增加肠道内乳酸杆菌的丰度,减少革兰氏阴性菌的产生,恢复肠道菌群的平衡[39],山楂发酵制品中的乳酸菌等益生菌可以直接补充肠道内的有益菌群,提高肠道菌群的多样性和稳定性。发酵产生的有机酸和多酚类化合物具有抗菌作用,可以有效抑制有害菌的生长[37],减少肠道感染的风险,乳酸等有机酸代谢产物可以促进肠道蠕动[63],短链脂肪酸(如乙酸)可维持人体肠道和免疫稳态[87],对肠胃消化吸收功能及肠道稳态具有明显提升作用。说明山楂发酵制品能促进肠道有益菌的生长,降低有害菌的丰度,从而维护肠道健康,改善疾病症状。
除了上述功能活性,山楂发酵制品也有抗炎、抑菌等功效,其作用机制与抗氧化的间接机制、维持肠道稳态机制相同,故没有详细阐述。此外,有报道山楂发酵制品还有一定的抗癌功效,从山楂发酵饮料中提取的乳酸菌胞外多糖对结肠癌细胞抑制率可达66.67%[20],其中所含的黄酮类化合物具有一定的抗癌活性,能够抑制癌细胞生长和扩散。同时,山楂发酵制品中所含的多种营养成分也有助于提高机体免疫力和抵抗力,发酵山楂中的多糖可通过激活巨噬细胞和增强NK细胞活性,提升机体免疫力,动物实验还表明,其可显著提高免疫球蛋白(IgA、IgG)水平[90]。发酵制品中多糖及黄酮类成分还具有显著的抗α-葡萄糖苷酶活性,有助于控制血糖水平[91−92]。发酵产生的蛋白酶、淀粉酶等消化酶显著提升(如蛋白酶活力达22.79 U/mL),可加速食物中蛋白质和脂肪的分解,缓解胃胀、消化不良等症状[93]。
本文对山楂发酵制品的产品类型、发酵菌种、活性成分及其功能活性进行了系统梳理。目前,山楂发酵产品以酵素饮料和酒类为主,酸奶、醋等品类开发相对滞后,整体呈现产品同质化特征。在质量评价体系方面,缺乏专属评价标准,现行品质评定往往是以果酒、果醋、饮料类的为参照标准,未能充分体现山楂作为药食同源原料的特性,今后需建立山楂发酵制品品质特有的质量评价标准,以便更好地推动山楂产业的发展。就生产工艺而言,发酵过程中微生物、酶类物质与活性成分的复杂交互作用导致工艺可控性不足,加之菌种选择与添加量的差异性直接影响产品品质与稳定性。因此,还需要在菌种筛选、生产工艺优化、活性成分动态监测及生物转化机理等方向开展深入研究。功能活性研究虽已证实山楂发酵制品有抗氧化、降血脂等功效,但其作用机制尚未完全明确。目前,机制研究大多集中在山楂本身的成分作用机制上,而对山楂发酵制品的作用机制研究较少。此外,现有成果多基于体外实验与动物模型,人体真实作用效果及潜在保健功能仍有待通过临床验证。
总体来看,山楂发酵制品的研究和开发仍有很大的发展空间,可从多元化产品研发、专属质控体系构建、生产工艺标准化、功效机制解析等多维度协同推进,通过深化基础研究与技术创新,推动山楂产业可持续发展。

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2026年第47卷第3期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120216
  • 接收时间:2024-12-17
  • 首发时间:2026-10-25
  • 出版时间:2026-02-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-17
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    1江西中医药大学中西医结合一级学科平台,江西南昌 330000
    2江西中医药大学中医学院,江西南昌 330000
    3江西中医药大学药学院,江西南昌 330000

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潘华平(1985−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:中药微生物发酵,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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