Article(id=1321170234619318858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1321170163563614210, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024110311, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1732464000000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792921130089, onlineDateStr=2026-10-25, pubDate=1769875200000, pubDateStr=2026-02-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792921130089, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792921130089, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792921130089, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321170163563614210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='497', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769875200000', pubDateStr='2026-02-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792921113148, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792921113148, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=42, endPage=51, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321170236301234764, articleId=1321170234619318858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Comparative Analysis of Structural Characterization, Antioxidant, and Hypolipidemic Activities of Chondroitin Sulfate from Different Sources, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Chondroitin sulfate (CS), a glycosaminoglycan covalently linked to proteins in proteoglycans, exhibits significant pharmacological activities. However, systematic comparisons of structural and functional differences among CS from diverse sources remain limited. This study comparatively analyzed CS extracted from tilapia heads in our laboratory and commercially available animal sources (bovine cartilage, chicken cartilage, and shark cartilage) using UV, IR, and NMR spectroscopy, and evaluated their antioxidant and hypolipidemic activities through DPPH, ABTS+ radical scavenging assays and bile-acid binding tests. Results revealed that tilapia head-derived CS and shark CS shared similar sulfation patterns, predominantly classified as CS-C type (6-O-sulfation), whereas bovine and chicken-derived CS belonged to CS-A (4-O-sulfation). Notably, tilapia CS exhibited the highest ABTS+ scavenging capacity (90.72%±0.19%) at 4 mg/mL, while shark CS showed superior cholesterol micelle binding (39.38%±0.86%) at 6 mg/mL. This study revealed that the CS-C type configuration (dominant in tilapia head- and shark-derived CS) exhibited significantly superior antioxidant and lipid-regulating activities compared to the CS-A type (bovine and chicken sources) due to the positional advantage of 6-O-sulfation. This work systematically compared structural and functional divergences between terrestrial and marine-sourced CS, elucidating the critical impact of sulfation sites (C4 vs C6) on bioactivity while highlighting the application potential of marine-derived CS, thereby providing strategic insights for source-specific CS exploitation.

, authors=Yuan YUAN1, Bingbing SONG1, Jing CHEN1, Ziyu LI1, Yaoying HUANG1, Saiyi ZHONG1, 2, 3, *, authorsList=Yuan YUAN, Bingbing SONG, Jing CHEN, Ziyu LI, Yaoying HUANG, Saiyi ZHONG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Saiyi ZHONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321170240839471707, articleId=1321170234619318858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=不同来源硫酸软骨素的结构特征及抗氧化活性与降脂活性比较, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

硫酸软骨素(Chondroitin sulfate,CS)是一类通过共价键连接于蛋白的糖胺聚糖,具有重要药理活性,但其来源差异对结构与功能的影响尚未系统研究。本研究以本实验室制备的罗非鱼头硫酸软骨素和市售不同动物来源(牛软骨、鸡软骨、鲨鱼)CS为对象,通过紫外光谱、红外光谱和核磁共振技术分析结构特征,并结合DPPH、ABTS+等自由基清除实验及胆酸盐结合实验评估其体外抗氧化与降脂活性。结果显示:罗非鱼头来源的CS和鲨鱼CS有相似的硫酸化模式,都是以CS-C型(6-O-硫酸化)为主,牛与鸡来源的CS为CS-A型(4-O-硫酸化)。罗非鱼头CS的抗氧化活性最优,在4 mg/mL浓度下,ABTS+自由基清除率达90.72%±0.19%;鲨鱼CS降脂效果最佳,在6 mg/mL浓度下,胆固醇胶束结合率为39.38%±0.86%。本研究表明,罗非鱼头和鲨鱼来源的CS-C型结构因硫酸基位置优势,在抗氧化与降脂活性上显著优于牛和鸡来源的CS-A型。本研究系统比较了陆生与海洋来源CS的结构特征与活性差异,揭示了硫酸基位置(C4 vs C6)对其抗氧化与降脂功能的显著影响,并显示出海洋来源CS的应用潜力,可为不同来源CS的开发利用提供参考。

, authors=袁媛1, 宋兵兵1, 陈菁1, 黎梓玉1, 黄耀莹1, 钟赛意1, 2, 3, *, authorsList=袁媛, 宋兵兵, 陈菁, 黎梓玉, 黄耀莹, 钟赛意, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=钟赛意, authorNote=

袁媛(1998−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:海洋多糖研究与开发,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
钟赛意(1979−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品营养与健康、农产品营养与功能化开发,E-mail:。
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figureFileBig=OtplnpR+geP2DWyctxbpDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170245457400464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170234619318858, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同来源硫酸软骨素的傅里叶红外光谱图, figureFileSmall=W9zglMZqphcAWDSj77Ju+Q==, figureFileBig=OtplnpR+geP2DWyctxbpDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170247088984722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170234619318858, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=UV spectra of chondroitin sulfate from different sources, figureFileSmall=ezq+ca+TXSju+EIzYgqNLg==, figureFileBig=RwhAiOIqAx0a6giD7YSxTw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170247453889171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170234619318858, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同来源硫酸软骨素的紫外光谱图, figureFileSmall=ezq+ca+TXSju+EIzYgqNLg==, figureFileBig=RwhAiOIqAx0a6giD7YSxTw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170247864930964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170234619318858, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Molecular weight distribution of chondroitin sulfate from different sources, figureFileSmall=bByuyKrRAaevvR8F9g8a1g==, figureFileBig=NPeimddDn8r1nEfqKJwf0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170249567818389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170234619318858, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同来源硫酸软骨素的分子量分布, figureFileSmall=bByuyKrRAaevvR8F9g8a1g==, figureFileBig=NPeimddDn8r1nEfqKJwf0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170249664287382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170234619318858, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=1H-NMR spectra of CS from bovine, chicken, shark and tilapia sources, figureFileSmall=5kNqyyqDIqHJznQGIUFJ0A==, figureFileBig=sdXYlyjfhsFlbn4U6ygUPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170249739784855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170234619318858, language=CN, label=图4, caption=牛、鸡、鲨鱼和罗非鱼头来源的CS的1H-NMR谱图

注:BCS-1H表示牛来源CS(BCS)的1H-NMR谱图,CCS-1H、SCS-1H和TCS-1H同理。

, figureFileSmall=5kNqyyqDIqHJznQGIUFJ0A==, figureFileBig=sdXYlyjfhsFlbn4U6ygUPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170249806893720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170234619318858, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=DPPH, the hydroxyl radical and ABTS+ radical scavenging capacity, figureFileSmall=JllxeVgd9XiqJJmpwgikRg==, figureFileBig=lIdVLmUrAPSUwhLc5XvM3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170249874002585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170234619318858, language=CN, label=图5, caption=DPPH、羟自由基和ABTS+自由基清除能力

注:图(A)表示不同来源CS的DPPH自由基清除能力;图(B)表示不同来源CS的羟自由基清除能力;图(C)表示不同来源CS的ABTS+自由基清除能力;不同大写字母表示同一浓度下不同来源CS的清除率存在显著差异(P<0.05),不同小写字母表示同一来源CS不同浓度的清除率存在显著差异(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=JllxeVgd9XiqJJmpwgikRg==, figureFileBig=lIdVLmUrAPSUwhLc5XvM3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170249936917146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170234619318858, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Cholesterol binding capacity, figureFileSmall=xvPZinrr3unhGObOo7AGQQ==, figureFileBig=YLGX5kkTdEhni1i0pzWeUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170250008220315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170234619318858, language=CN, label=图6, caption=胆固醇结合能力

注:不同大写字母表示同一浓度下不同来源CS的胆固醇结合能力存在显著差异(P<0.05),不同小写字母表示同一来源CS不同浓度的胆固醇结合能力存在显著差异(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=xvPZinrr3unhGObOo7AGQQ==, figureFileBig=YLGX5kkTdEhni1i0pzWeUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170250104689308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170234619318858, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Sodium bile acid binding capacity, figureFileSmall=+EjEkaSRugAp6Za5zBFhlQ==, figureFileBig=o4WZVqmH2ZlBSyvyt+rEiw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170250175992477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170234619318858, language=CN, label=图7, caption=胆酸钠结合能力

注:不同大写字母表示同一浓度下不同来源CS的胆酸钠结合能力存在显著差异(P<0.05),不同小写字母表示同一来源CS不同浓度的胆酸钠结合能力存在显著差异(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=+EjEkaSRugAp6Za5zBFhlQ==, figureFileBig=o4WZVqmH2ZlBSyvyt+rEiw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170250247295646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170234619318858, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Elution gradients

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间段(min)A相(%)B相(%)C相(%)
25.999550
26.00~41.9985510
42.00~42.0960040
42.10~51.9960400
52.00~60.009550
), ArticleFig(id=1321170250419262111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170234619318858, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

洗脱梯度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间段(min)A相(%)B相(%)C相(%)
25.999550
26.00~41.9985510
42.00~42.0960040
42.10~51.9960400
52.00~60.009550
), ArticleFig(id=1321170250494759584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170234619318858, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Sulfate group content of chondroitin sulfate from different sources

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指标牛来源鸡来源鲨鱼来源罗非鱼头来源
硫酸基含量(%)14.77±0.65b14.27±0.81b17.96±0.24a15.57±1.37b
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不同来源硫酸软骨素的硫酸基含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标牛来源鸡来源鲨鱼来源罗非鱼头来源
硫酸基含量(%)14.77±0.65b14.27±0.81b17.96±0.24a15.57±1.37b
), ArticleFig(id=1321170250637365922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170234619318858, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Molecular weight of chondroitin sulfate from different sources

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指标牛来源鸡来源鲨鱼来源罗非鱼头来源
分子量(Da)10879.3710839.197411.369754.45
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不同来源硫酸软骨素的分子量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标牛来源鸡来源鲨鱼来源罗非鱼头来源
分子量(Da)10879.3710839.197411.369754.45
), ArticleFig(id=1321170250796749476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170234619318858, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Monosaccharide composition of chondroitin sulfate from different sources

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来源单糖(摩尔质量比)
Fuc(%)Ara(%)Gal(%)Xyl(%)Gal-UA(%)Glc-UA(%)
牛来源0.19−7.260.96−91.59
鸡来源0.36−7.990.99−90.66
鲨鱼来源0.06−2.950.67−96.32
罗非鱼头
来源
0.771.449.822.311.2384.44
), ArticleFig(id=1321170250868052645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321170234619318858, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同来源硫酸软骨素的单糖组成

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源单糖(摩尔质量比)
Fuc(%)Ara(%)Gal(%)Xyl(%)Gal-UA(%)Glc-UA(%)
牛来源0.19−7.260.96−91.59
鸡来源0.36−7.990.99−90.66
鲨鱼来源0.06−2.950.67−96.32
罗非鱼头
来源
0.771.449.822.311.2384.44
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不同来源硫酸软骨素的结构特征及抗氧化活性与降脂活性比较
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袁媛 1 , 宋兵兵 1 , 陈菁 1 , 黎梓玉 1 , 黄耀莹 1 , 钟赛意 1, 2, 3, *
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(3): 42-51
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (3) : 42 -51
不同来源硫酸软骨素的结构特征及抗氧化活性与降脂活性比较
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袁媛1 , 宋兵兵1, 陈菁1, 黎梓玉1, 黄耀莹1, 钟赛意1, 2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1广东海洋大学食品科技学院,广东省水产品加工与安全重点实验室,广东湛江 524088
  • 2广东省海洋生物制品工程实验室,广东湛江 524088
  • 3广东海洋大学深圳研究院,广东深圳 518100
通讯作者:
钟赛意(1979−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品营养与健康、农产品营养与功能化开发,E-mail:。
作者简介:

袁媛(1998−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:海洋多糖研究与开发,E-mail:

Comparative Analysis of Structural Characterization, Antioxidant, and Hypolipidemic Activities of Chondroitin Sulfate from Different Sources
Yuan YUAN1 , Bingbing SONG1, Jing CHEN1, Ziyu LI1, Yaoying HUANG1, Saiyi ZHONG1, 2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1Guangdong Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, School of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
  • 2Guangdong Marine Bioproducts Engineering Laboratory, Zhanjiang 524088, China
  • 3Shenzhen Research Institute, Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen 518100, China
出版时间: 2026-02-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024110311
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硫酸软骨素(Chondroitin sulfate,CS)是一类通过共价键连接于蛋白的糖胺聚糖,具有重要药理活性,但其来源差异对结构与功能的影响尚未系统研究。本研究以本实验室制备的罗非鱼头硫酸软骨素和市售不同动物来源(牛软骨、鸡软骨、鲨鱼)CS为对象,通过紫外光谱、红外光谱和核磁共振技术分析结构特征,并结合DPPH、ABTS+等自由基清除实验及胆酸盐结合实验评估其体外抗氧化与降脂活性。结果显示:罗非鱼头来源的CS和鲨鱼CS有相似的硫酸化模式,都是以CS-C型(6-O-硫酸化)为主,牛与鸡来源的CS为CS-A型(4-O-硫酸化)。罗非鱼头CS的抗氧化活性最优,在4 mg/mL浓度下,ABTS+自由基清除率达90.72%±0.19%;鲨鱼CS降脂效果最佳,在6 mg/mL浓度下,胆固醇胶束结合率为39.38%±0.86%。本研究表明,罗非鱼头和鲨鱼来源的CS-C型结构因硫酸基位置优势,在抗氧化与降脂活性上显著优于牛和鸡来源的CS-A型。本研究系统比较了陆生与海洋来源CS的结构特征与活性差异,揭示了硫酸基位置(C4 vs C6)对其抗氧化与降脂功能的显著影响,并显示出海洋来源CS的应用潜力,可为不同来源CS的开发利用提供参考。

硫酸软骨素  /  结构特征  /  抗氧化活性  /  降脂活性  /  罗非鱼

Chondroitin sulfate (CS), a glycosaminoglycan covalently linked to proteins in proteoglycans, exhibits significant pharmacological activities. However, systematic comparisons of structural and functional differences among CS from diverse sources remain limited. This study comparatively analyzed CS extracted from tilapia heads in our laboratory and commercially available animal sources (bovine cartilage, chicken cartilage, and shark cartilage) using UV, IR, and NMR spectroscopy, and evaluated their antioxidant and hypolipidemic activities through DPPH, ABTS+ radical scavenging assays and bile-acid binding tests. Results revealed that tilapia head-derived CS and shark CS shared similar sulfation patterns, predominantly classified as CS-C type (6-O-sulfation), whereas bovine and chicken-derived CS belonged to CS-A (4-O-sulfation). Notably, tilapia CS exhibited the highest ABTS+ scavenging capacity (90.72%±0.19%) at 4 mg/mL, while shark CS showed superior cholesterol micelle binding (39.38%±0.86%) at 6 mg/mL. This study revealed that the CS-C type configuration (dominant in tilapia head- and shark-derived CS) exhibited significantly superior antioxidant and lipid-regulating activities compared to the CS-A type (bovine and chicken sources) due to the positional advantage of 6-O-sulfation. This work systematically compared structural and functional divergences between terrestrial and marine-sourced CS, elucidating the critical impact of sulfation sites (C4 vs C6) on bioactivity while highlighting the application potential of marine-derived CS, thereby providing strategic insights for source-specific CS exploitation.

chondroitin sulfate (CS)  /  structural characterization  /  antioxidant activity  /  hypolipidemic activities  /  tilapia
袁媛, 宋兵兵, 陈菁, 黎梓玉, 黄耀莹, 钟赛意. 不同来源硫酸软骨素的结构特征及抗氧化活性与降脂活性比较. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (3) : 42 -51 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024110311
Yuan YUAN, Bingbing SONG, Jing CHEN, Ziyu LI, Yaoying HUANG, Saiyi ZHONG. Comparative Analysis of Structural Characterization, Antioxidant, and Hypolipidemic Activities of Chondroitin Sulfate from Different Sources[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (3) : 42 -51 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024110311
硫酸软骨素(Chondroitin sulfate,CS)是一种硫酸线性多糖,属于糖胺聚糖(Glycosaminoglycan,GAG)的一种,存在于各种陆地和海洋动物的气管、软骨等中。CS基本骨架是由D-葡萄糖醛酸(GlcA)和N-乙酰半乳糖胺(GalNAc)组成的二糖单位(GlcAβ1-3GalNAc),其通过β-1,4-糖苷键重复连接而成的直链多糖[1]。硫酸化修饰通常发生在己糖胺残基的C-4和/或C-6位置以及己糖醛酸残基的C-2和/或罕见的C-3位置[2]。根据硫酸基的位置分类,CS可分为GlcA-GalNAc-4-O-硫酸盐(CS-A)、GlcA-GalNAc-6-O-硫酸盐(CS-C)、GlcA-2-O-硫酸盐-GalNAc-6-O-硫酸盐(CS-D)、GlcA-GalNAc-4,6-硫酸盐(CS-E)和其他异构体[3]。硫酸化的程度和位置通常会因其来源[4]、组织[5]、年龄[6]等不同而存在差异。Liu等[7]发现大齿蠊多糖的分子量、单糖组成和糖苷键的改变会导致其不同的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性;Pang等[8]发现不同海洋来源的CS对α-淀粉酶具有不同的抑制作用;牛、猪和鱼源来源的CS抑制破骨细胞形成和活性的能力不同[9]。此外,有研究发现,CS有显著的抗氧化能力[1],可以减少炎症和氧化应激的发生[10],同时还具有抗血栓形成[11]、抗炎[12]、免疫调节[13]、抗癌[14]和降血脂[10,15]等药理作用,可应用于动脉粥样硬化、冠心病以及其他心脑血管疾病的治疗,且CS已在欧洲和美国作为膳食补充剂中的营养保健品[1]。尽管已有大量研究关注CS的生物活性,但关于罗非鱼头来源和市售不同动物来源的CS在结构特征以及体外抗氧化和降脂方面效果是否存在差异,目前没有系统比较。
据相关数据显示,在全球范围内,大约有三分之一的人口处于超重状态,而肥胖人口的比例也占到了约十分之一[16]。预计到2030年,全球肥胖人数将达到11.2亿[17]。肥胖并非仅仅体现于外观方面的改变,更与脂质和葡萄糖代谢失衡、慢性炎症、氧化应激以及众多疾病风险的上升有着紧密的关联[18−20],特别是心血管疾病、糖尿病以及癌症这类严重威胁健康的病症[21]。而现有的减肥和降血压药物存在一定副作用,近年,天然抗肥胖替代药剂以非药品的形式已经在治疗肥胖过程中使用,这些可以降低化学合成的抗肥胖药物在临床上的副作用[22]。寻找有效的抗肥胖和降血脂的天然产物成为了研究的热点。
因此,本研究旨在比较罗非鱼头来源与市售不同动物(牛、鸡、鲨鱼)来源CS的结构特征及其体外抗氧化和降脂活性有何不同,探究CS的活性差异,并通过紫外、红外、核磁技术分析结构特征,结合DPPH、ABTS+自由基清除实验及胆酸盐结合实验评估其体外抗氧化与降脂活性,比较陆生与海洋来源CS的结构特征与活性差异,揭示硫酸基位置(C4 vs C6)对其抗氧化与降脂功能的显著影响,为CS的进一步开发和利用提供理论支持。
牛来源、鸡来源和鲨鱼来源的CS(分别为:BCS、CCS和SCS,纯度均为95%) 均购自上海麦克林生化科技有限公司;罗非鱼鱼头 广东省湛江市遂溪县恒诚生物科技有限公司;Savinase 16L(酶活性>1.5 AU-N/g) 购自美国Sigma公司;2709碱性蛋白酶(酶活性20万~150万U/g) 购自南宁庞博生物工程有限公司;卵磷脂、油酸、1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)、2,2-联氮-双(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)二铵盐(ABTS) 均购自上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司;胆固醇、胆酸钠 均购自上海源叶生物科技有限公司;单糖标准品:岩藻糖(Fuc)、鼠李糖(Rha)、阿拉伯糖(Ara)、半乳糖(Gal)、葡萄糖(Glc)、木糖(Xyl)、甘露糖(Man)、果糖(Fru)、核糖(Rib)、半乳糖醛酸(Gal-UA)、葡萄糖醛酸(Glc-UA)、甘露糖醛酸(Man-UA)、古罗糖醛酸(Gul-UA) Sigma公司;胆固醇试剂盒 购自南京建成生物科技有限公司。
NicoletiS-5型傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、Varioskan Flash全自动酶标仪、ICS 5000+离子色谱仪 美国Thermo公司;1200LC高效液相色谱仪(High performance liquid chromatography,HPLC) 美国Agilent公司;UV-1900i紫外-可见分光光度计 日本SHIMADZU公司;JIDI-20R台式多用途高速冷冻离心机 广州吉迪仪器有限公司;THZ-702A恒温振荡培养箱 太仓华大实验仪器科技有限公司;AscendTM 600MHz核磁共振谱仪 德国Bruker公司。
参考左格格[23]的方法,采用Savinase 16L和2709碱性蛋白酶复合酶法。a.罗非鱼头简单处理取出骨头磨成粉,取罗非鱼鱼头骨粉按1:25(m/v)加入50 mmol/L Na2CO3溶液,依次加Savinase 16L(55 ℃,4 h)和2709碱性蛋白酶(终浓度5.4 mg/mL,50 ℃,2 h),每次酶解后100 ℃灭酶10 min;b.上清经5%三氯乙酸除杂,3倍乙醇醇沉,6%氯化十六烷基吡啶选择性沉淀,2 mol/L NaCl-乙醇复溶后二次醇沉;c.透析24 h,冷冻干燥后即得到罗非鱼头来源的硫酸软骨素(TCS,纯度90.37%)。
采用BaCl2-明胶比浊法[24]。a.标准曲线绘制:梯度取0~0.2 mL K2SO4标准液(0.6 mg/mL,1 mol/L HCl溶解),用1 mol/L HCl补足至0.2 mL,加3.8 mL 3%三氯乙酸和1.0 mL氯化钡-明胶溶液(0.5%明胶中加1% BaCl2,4 ℃静置2 h),静置20 min,360 nm测吸光度(A),空白组以明胶溶液替代氯化钡-明胶测背景值(B),以(A-B)为纵坐标,硫酸基浓度为横坐标绘制标准曲线;b.样品测定:取0.2 mL CS溶液(0.5~6 mg/mL),同法测定,代入标准曲线计算含量。
采用溴化钾压片法[25],称取少量不同来源的硫酸软骨素与KBr(质量比为1:100),干燥后充分研磨成细粉末并混合均匀,用压片机压成透明薄片,在400~4000 cm−1区间波长下进行傅里叶红外光谱扫描。
将不同来源的CS用蒸馏水溶解并配成0.5 mg/mL浓度,用紫外-可见分光光度计于190~400 nm范围内进行紫外光谱扫描。
将不同来源的CS用超纯水溶解并配成2 mg/mL浓度,用滤膜过滤后,采用高效凝胶过滤色谱测定样品的相对分子质量。色谱条件:色谱柱Waters Ultrahydrogel ColumTy500(7.8 mm×300 mm),流动相为超纯水,流速为0.8 mL/min,柱温35 ℃。以不同分子量的葡聚糖作为标准品。横坐标为出峰时间,纵坐标为分子量的对数来绘制标准曲线。
色谱系统采用的是ICS 5000+离子色谱系统(ICS 5000+,Thermo Fisher Scientific,USA),利用电化学检测器对单糖组分进行分析测定。参考米圣成等[26]的方法,色谱柱为Dionex™ CarboPac™ PA20(150×3.0 mm,10 μm)液相色谱柱;流动相:流动相A(H2O),流动相B(0.1 mol/L NaOH),流动相C(0.1 mol/L NaOH,0.2 mol/L NaAc);流速为0.5 mL/min;柱温为30 ℃;进样量为5 μL;洗脱梯度见表1。
称取不同来源的硫酸软骨素,用D2O溶解并冷冻干燥。重复3次,转移样品到核磁共振管中,室温下用核磁共振谱仪进行1H NMR检测。具体参数:射频延时0.002 ms,回波时间0.12 ms,等待时间500 ms,回波个数10000,波峰偏移0.004 ms,累加次数16,反演迭代次数200000。数据采集后,用MestReNova软件进行分析。
采用Shimada等[27]报道的方法,对不同来源CS的DPPH自由基的清除能力进行测定。具体操作是:a.0.1 mmol/L DPPH溶液配制:准确称取1.96 mg DPPH,以甲醇定容至50 mL容量瓶中,避光备用;b.取0.5 mL不同浓度(0.5~6 mg/mL)的CS溶液,分别加入1.5 mL配好的DPPH溶液,振荡混匀,避光反应20 min,在517 nm处测定其OD值。每组设置三个平行。DPPH自由基清除率公式如下:
$\rm DPPH自由基清除率(\text{%}) =\frac{{A}_{0}-\left({A}_{1}-{A}_{2}\right)}{{A}_{0}}\times 100 $
式中:A1为样品反应后的吸光值,A0为用蒸馏水代替样品的吸光值,A2为用蒸馏水代替DPPH溶液的样品溶液吸光值。
参考Wang等[28]的方法稍作改动,对不同来源CS的羟基自由基清除能力进行测定。具体步骤:a.取1 mL不同浓度(0.5~6 mg/mL)的CS溶液,分别加入1 mL 9 mmol/L的FeSO4、1 mL 9 mmol/L水杨酸-乙醇溶液、1 mL 8.8 mmol/L的H2O2,振荡混匀,于37 ℃反应30 min;b.反应结束,离心(6000 r/min,10 min),取上清于510 nm处测定吸光值。每组设置三个平行。羟基自由基清除率公式如下:
$\rm 羟基自由基清除率(\text{%}) =\frac{{A}_{0}-\left({A}_{1}-{A}_{2}\right)}{{A}_{0}}\times 100 $
式中:A1为样品反应后的吸光值,A0为用蒸馏水代替样品的吸光值,A2为用蒸馏水代替H2O2的吸光值。
参考Li等[29]报道的方法并略微修改。ABTS工作液由7 mmol/L ABTS溶液和2.45 mmol/L K2S2O8按1:1体积比混合配制,避光反应,过夜(12~16 h),然后用15 mmol/L,pH7.4的磷酸缓冲溶液将上述溶液稀释至吸光值为0.70±0.02(734 nm),稀释后的溶液称为ABTS工作液。取ABTS工作液与样品溶液(0.5、1、2、4、6 mg/mL)按体积比10:1混合均匀,避光反应30 min,于734 nm波长下检测吸光度值。每组设置三个平行。ABTS阳离子自由基清除率公式如下:
$ \rm ABTS阳离子自由基清除率(\text{%}) =\frac{{A}_{0}-\left({A}_{1}-{A}_{2}\right)}{{A}_{0}}\times 100 $
式中:A1为样品与ABTS工作液混合反应后的吸光度,A2为样品与磷酸盐缓冲液反应的吸光度,A0为磷酸盐缓冲液与ABTS工作液反应的吸光度。
胆固醇胶束溶液配制:参考Kirana等[30]方法并稍作改动:a.称取232 mg胆固醇(最终质量浓度5 mmol/L),454.8 mg卵磷脂(最终质量浓度5 mmol/L),169.5 mg油酸(最终质量浓度5 mmol/L)溶解于50 mL甲醇中,超声波处理10 min,输出功率500 W(100%),使其充分溶解;b.氮气吹干后分别加入牛磺胆酸钠溶液、氯化钠溶液、15 mmol/L,pH7.4的磷酸缓冲溶液各100 mL,使牛磺胆酸钠溶液最终质量浓度10 mmol/L、氯化钠溶液最终质量浓度132 mmol/L,混合后超声波处理2次每次20 min,输出功率500 W(100%);c.处理后的溶液在37 ℃条件下培养12 h,即为所需胆固醇胶束溶液。
胆固醇结合能力测定:a.取上述胆固醇胶束溶液3 mL于50 mL离心管中,实验组加入1 mL不同浓度(0.5、1、2、4、6 mg/mL)的CS溶液,空白组加入1 mL蒸馏水,在37 ℃,振荡2 h;b.离心20 min(10000 r/min);c.留上清待测。具体步骤参照试剂盒说明书。每个浓度及空白组均设置三次平行。胆固醇的减少量即为CS的结合量。
$\rm 胆固醇结合率(\text{%}) =\frac{{A}_{0}-{A}_{\mathrm{样}}}{{A}_{0}}\times 100 $
式中:A样为样品组的吸光度;A0为空白组的吸光度。
参考赵小亮等[31]和廖敏等[32]的方法,绘制胆酸盐标准曲线。取1 mL不同来源不同浓度的CS(0.5、1、2、4、6 mg/mL)经前处理后,同标准曲线的测定方法,于387 nm波长处测定吸光度。胆酸盐结合率公式如下:
$\rm 胆酸钠结合率(\text{%}) =\frac{{A}_{0}-{A}_{\mathrm{样}}}{{A}_{0}}\times 100 $
式中:A样为样品组的吸光度;A0为空白组的吸光度。
用WPS office进行数据整理,结果以平均值±标准偏差($\overline {\rm X} $±SD)的形式表示。采用Origin2022等软件进行数据分析和绘制图像,采用SPSS Statistics 27.0软件进行单因素ANOVA检验中的邓肯检验(Duncan’s text)对数据间的差异显著性分析(P<0.05)。
硫酸钾标准曲线,回归方程为y=0.0808x+0.0001,R2=0.9974。根据对应的吸光值计算得硫酸基含量如表2所示。结果表明,不同来源CS的硫酸基含量有差异,其中鲨鱼来源的CS含量最高17.96%±0.24%,显著高于其他来源(P<0.05),与郑江等[33]的研究基本一致;罗非鱼来源的CS中含15.57%±1.37%,略高于鲟鱼来源CS中硫酸基含量[33],但未显著高于陆生CS。牛来源的CS含14.77%±0.65%,鸡来源的CS中含14.27%±0.81%,与王雯芳等[34]的研究结果一致。同时也有研究表明[35],CS的抗氧化能力会受硫酸化程度影响。本研究发现SCS和TCS的硫酸基含量更高,可能具有更好的抗氧化活性,但因硫酸基取代位置及分子空间构象差异,其抗氧化活性与硫酸基含量并非完全线性相关。下文将进一步验证其他结构因素对活性的影响。
图1为傅里叶红外光谱扫描结果,四个来源的CS在4000~1300 cm−1范围内相差不大,主要区别在于1300~400 cm−1之间的指纹区域。1240 cm−1附近有吸收峰,说明存在硫酸基;1370 cm−1附近有以葡萄糖醛酸形式存在的O-H变角振动[36];1420 cm−1附近有羧基的C=O的伸缩振动[23];1550 cm−1和1640 cm−1附近有吸收峰,说明存在N-H变角振动和-NHCOCH3的C=O伸缩振动,属于酰胺Ⅰ吸收带[37];2900 cm−1附近有糖类物质的特征吸收峰[38];此外,在820~860 cm−1处有吸收,表明存在硫酸基结合位点,即硫酸化模式[39]。C-O-S的伸缩振动峰在820 cm−1处表明CS的硫酸基团在C6位置与N-乙酰半乳糖胺(GalNAc)结合,在850 cm−1左右为CS的硫酸基团在C4位置与GalNAc结合[40]。图中BCS和CCS在850 cm−1附近检测出了信号,说明牛和鸡来源的CS中含有C4位的硫酸基,而SCS和TCS在820 cm−1和850 cm−1附近都检测出了信号峰,说明鲨鱼和罗非鱼头来源的CS结构中存在C4位和C6位的硫酸基。这些结果说明四个来源的CS都存在硫酸基、羟基、羧基、乙酰氨基和糖环等官能团,具有CS的基本结构,并且鲨鱼和罗非鱼头来源的CS硫酸化程度更高,与左格格等[25]、Pang等[41−42]研究结果一致。这些结构差异为后文研究CS的活性差异提供了分子基础。后续实验将进一步验证硫酸基位置和含量对CS抗氧化、降脂活性的影响。
如图2所示,不同来源的CS都在190~200 nm之间出现了糖类特征吸收峰,且无其他杂峰;鸡来源和罗非鱼头来源的CS在260 nm处有微弱的吸收峰,说明可能含有少量的核酸;四个来源在280 nm处几乎都没有蛋白质的吸收峰,说明蛋白质都已基本除尽。
分子量图谱如图3所示,四种来源硫酸软骨素的出峰时间基本一致,都在10 min左右,且都呈现出对称和均一的单峰,表明它们是一种均一多糖。用葡聚糖绘制标准曲线,其线性回归方程为y=−0.4017x+8.1709,R2=0.992。以出峰时间为横坐标,代入标曲,计算CS分子量。结果如表3所示,符合文献报道CS一般的分子量范围5000~50000[43],同时发现牛来源和鸡来源的CS分子量相近,与刘莎等[44]研究结果相似,罗非鱼头和鲨鱼来源的CS的分子量较牛和鸡来源更小,可能因为水生动物(如鲨鱼、罗非鱼)软骨含水量高或需快速提取,常采用强酸、高温或氧化处理,导致其分子量更低[45−46]。
以13种单糖为标准品,根据出峰时间对不同来源硫酸软骨素进行单糖组成测定。实验结果如表4所示,四种来源硫酸软骨素的单糖组成相似,均为由多种单糖构成的硫酸化多糖,主要包含半乳糖(Gal)、木糖(Xyl)和葡萄糖醛酸(Glc-UA),与王雯芳等[34]的研究基本一致,同时还有少量的岩藻糖(Fuc)。此外,来源于罗非鱼头的硫酸软骨素还含有少量的阿拉伯糖(Ara)和半乳糖醛酸(Gal-UA)。已有研究发现半乳糖和岩藻糖的含量与多糖的抗氧化活性呈正相关[47],可通过影响多糖构象间接调节生物活性。本研究中不同来源CS单糖组成的差异,尤其是罗非鱼头来源的特殊单糖构成,或为后文其抗氧化、降脂活性的差异化表现奠定结构基础。
四个不同来源CS的核磁共振氢谱图如图4所示,可以看出,四种CS的所有质子信号都出现在1.5~5.0 ppm范围内,符合文献报道的CS谱图信号,主要集中在1.9~2.1 ppm和3.2~5 ppm两个区间,表明四种CS的纯度较好[48]。有研究[49−50]表明,鲨鱼等海洋生物里提取的CS,因其与硫酸皮肤素(DS,亦称为硫酸软骨素B)分子量相似,在GPC洗脱图上两者难以区分,故而海洋来源提取的CS中易出现杂质DS。而在这四种来源CS的1H-NMR光谱图中均未发现DS上艾杜糖醛酸(IdoA)H-1的特征信号峰(约4.90 ppm)。在1.9~2.1 ppm区间内出现信号峰,说明存在乙酰氨基甲基信号[51],是硫酸软骨素的特征峰;在3.2~5 ppm区间内,4.45、4.45、4.49和4.51 ppm分别为BCS、CCS、SCS和TCS中6-硫酸基取代的GalNAc-6SO4的H-1信号;4.20、4.20、4.21和4.20 ppm的峰分别对应BCS、CCS、SCS和TCS中6-硫酸基取代的GalNAc-6SO4的H-6信号,且其峰高值高于4.16、4.17、4.17和4.15 ppm处的GalNAc的H-4信号,这些信号的出现说明四种来源的CS中都存在单硫酸化的二糖GlcA-GalNAc-6SO4,即含有CS-C的特征结构。在SCS和TCS光谱中GalNAc-6SO4的H6信号峰(4.20 ppm附近)其峰高值明显高于GalNAc-4SO4的H4(4.73 ppm附近)的信号峰。而BCS和CCS光谱中这两者的GalNAc-4SO4的H4(4.73 ppm附近)的信号峰值更高[52−53]。上述结果表明鲨鱼和罗非鱼头来源的CS中6-硫酸化CS的含量高于牛和鸡来源CS中的含量,与文献[14]报道一致。3.77、3.78、3.79和3.77 ppm的峰分别对应BCS、CCS、SCS和TCS中6-硫酸基取代的GalNAc的H-6信号;3.56、3.57、3.58和3.59 ppm的峰分别对应BCS、CCS、SCS和TCS中6-硫酸基取代的GlcA的H-3信号;3.35、3.35、3.36和3.36 ppm的峰分别对应BCS、CCS、SCS和TCS中6-硫酸基取代的GlcA的H-2信号。上述结果和文献报道的二糖测定结果相符[14,24]。
研究发现,多糖的抗氧化活性或许和其单糖组成分[54]、分子大小等[55−56]因素息息相关。多糖中的单糖成分可以提供氢原子,与自由基相互结合,从而在抗氧化过程中发挥关键作用 [57]。本实验通过测定四种来源CS对DPPH、羟自由基和ABTS+自由基清除能力来评价它们的体外抗氧化能力差异。图5A表明,四种来源CS的DPPH自由基清除率都呈现浓度依赖性,其中TCS的清除率最佳,SCS次之,当浓度为6 mg/mL时,清除率分别达到了61.56%±0.93%和26.25%±0.31%,显著高于牛和鸡来源CS(P<0.05)。图5B所示,浓度为4 mg/mL时,TCS的羟自由基清除率最高,达32.47%±0.64%,而其他三种来源的CS随着浓度增加清除率呈现轻微下降趋势。这一现象可能归因于高浓度下多糖分子通过疏水作用或氢键形成聚集体,导致溶液粘度增加,阻碍了CS分子与羟自由基的接触效率。相关研究指出[58],多糖抗氧化活性的浓度依赖性需结合分子构象与溶液行为综合分析。此外,图5C所示,四种来源CS的ABTS+自由基清除率也呈现出浓度依赖性,且与DPPH自由基和羟自由基结果一致,TCS的表现最突出,在4 mg/mL时清除率高达90.72%±0.19%,显著高于其他三种来源的CS(P<0.05)。
综上所述,牛、鸡、鲨鱼和罗非鱼头来源的CS都表现出不同程度的自由基清除能力,其中TCS相比其他三个来源的CS有更显著的自由基清除活性,这可能与TCS的单糖组成(岩藻糖、半乳糖)及分子构象等密切相关,为海洋生物资源的高值化开发提供了实验依据。此研究结果与文献报道的CS抗氧化特性一致[3,59],进一步验证了硫酸软骨素作为天然抗氧化剂的潜力。
四种不同来源的CS对胆固醇胶束吸附的影响如图6所示,CS对胆固醇胶束的结合作用随着浓度的增加而增强。相比其他三种,鲨鱼来源的CS结合效果最好,在浓度为6 mg/mL时,达到了39.38%±0.86%,这可能要归因于其GalNAc残基6-O-硫酸化比例较高以及分子量较其他三者低的特性;其次是罗非鱼头CS,在浓度为6 mg/mL时,胆固醇胶束结合率为31.75%±2.42%。SCS和TCS对胆固醇胶束的结合力都优于BCS和CCS(陆生动物来源),可能因为前两者硫酸化程度更高。这些发现表明,CS能够与胆固醇胶束结合,减少其被肠道吸收的量,进而一定程度上可以降低血液中胆固醇含量,罗非鱼头CS和鲨鱼CS都表现出了潜在的降血脂作用。与文献报道CS具有抗肥胖作用一致[60−61]。
据报道,胆固醇代谢会加速脂肪的消化吸收[62],而胆酸盐作为胆固醇代谢的终产物,其排泄会促进胆固醇消耗,从而降低血脂。而Gao等[63]发现海带多糖的胆盐结合能力与其硫酸化修饰和单糖组成等密切相关。本研究四种不同来源CS对胆酸钠结合量的影响结果如图7所示。随着CS量的增加,结合的胆盐量整体呈现增加的趋势,在高浓度(4~6 mg/mL)下,SCS结合胆酸钠的能力显著优于其他样品,高浓度可能通过聚集效应及与胆盐的协同作用实现结合,而低浓度因分子分散导致结合不足,且这一趋势与SCS对胆固醇胶束的结合能力高度一致。这一现象也印证了CS的体外降脂活性受其结构特征调控。
综上所述,以罗非鱼头和市售牛、鸡、鲨鱼来源的CS为研究对象,对它们的结构和体外抗氧化和降脂活性进行比较,发现在结构、抗氧化和降脂活性方面都存在差异。根据硫酸基含量、红外、单糖和核磁测定等结果发现,鲨鱼和罗非鱼来源的CS两者的结构更相似,主要为CS-C构型,含有少量CS-A。体外抗氧化实验显示,四种CS均具备一定的自由基清除能力,但罗非鱼来源的CS表现最为突出,在4 mg/mL浓度下,ABTS+自由基清除率达90.72%±0.19%;鲨鱼CS体外降脂效果最佳,在6 mg/mL浓度下,胆固醇胶束结合率为39.38%±0.86%,其次是罗非鱼头CS,胆固醇胶束结合率为31.75%±2.42%。此外,因罗非鱼头和鲨鱼来源CS主要属于CS-C型结构,可发现CS-C型(6-O-硫酸化)的体外抗氧化与降脂活性显著优于CS-A型(4-O-硫酸化),推测硫酸基位置可能通过空间位阻或电荷分布影响其与自由基/胆汁酸的结合效率。这为CS的构效关系提供了新依据,同时也为罗非鱼来源的CS的开发利用提供了理论依据,后续可进一步探究其在体内的功效及潜在活性。

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2026年第47卷第3期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024110311
  • 接收时间:2024-11-25
  • 首发时间:2026-10-25
  • 出版时间:2026-02-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-25
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    1广东海洋大学食品科技学院,广东省水产品加工与安全重点实验室,广东湛江 524088
    2广东省海洋生物制品工程实验室,广东湛江 524088
    3广东海洋大学深圳研究院,广东深圳 518100

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钟赛意(1979−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品营养与健康、农产品营养与功能化开发,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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