Article(id=1320882033593795191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320882022160126288, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024110258, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1732032000000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852417609, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1767196800000, pubDateStr=2026-01-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852417609, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852417609, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852417609, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320882022160126288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='498', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1767196800000', pubDateStr='2026-01-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852414884, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852414884, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=236, endPage=249, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320882033807704696, articleId=1320882033593795191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Optimization of Simmering Process of Bone Broth from Different Bone Types and Analysis of Volatile Flavors, columnId=1261343843090313538, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Processing Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to optimize the simmering process of bone broth for hotpot soup, a single-factor experiments of bone ratio, material-liquid ratio, simmering time and simmering temperature was conducted using cow, pig and chicken bones as raw materials. The total nitrogen dissolution rate (TNDR) and sensory score of the bone broth were used as evaluation indexes. The Box-Behnken response surface methodology was employed to optimize the bone broth stewing process. Flavor analysis was conducted using an electronic nose and headspace solid-phase microextraction/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) detection, with relative odor activity value (ROAV) combined with quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) for flavor analysis, and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) to correlate characteristic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in bone broth from different raw materials with electronic nose data. The results showed that when the bone ratio (cow bone:pig bone:chicken bone) was 3:5:2, the material-liquid ratio was 1:4, the simmering time was 5 h, and the simmering temperature was 96 ℃ at atmospheric pressure, the TNDR of the bone broth under these conditions was the highest of 64.88%, and the organoleptic score was the highest of 86.45 points, and the bone broth was milky in color, with a strong fragrance and a mellow texture. Analyzed by electronic nose and HS-SPME-GC-MS, a total of 49 VOCs were detected in the four samples. The mixed bone broth yielded more benzene and amine flavor substances, and also increased the response values of W1S, W1W, W2S, and W2W, with a more significant flavor. There were 25 key VOCs specifically analyzed for ROAV≥1. A total of three key VOCs for the four samples were octanal, nonanal, and 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one. A strong correlation was found between the electronic nose signals and the 12 characteristic VOCs that had high flavor contributions (ROAV≥1 and VIP≥1). This study can provide a basis for the industrial flavor optimization of bone broth in hotpot soup and the innovative application of modern cooking technology.

, authors=Liufang XU1, Xiang LI1, Dayu LIU1, *, Zili ZHENG1, Yi MA1, Ya DAI1, Ting BAI1, Jinfeng CHEN2, Hongqiang SUN3, *, authorsList=Liufang XU, Xiang LI, Dayu LIU, Zili ZHENG, Yi MA, Ya DAI, Ting BAI, Jinfeng CHEN, Hongqiang SUN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Dayu LIU, Hongqiang SUN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320882037444166285, articleId=1320882033593795191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=不同骨类的骨汤炖煮工艺优化及挥发性风味分析, columnId=1261343845481066826, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=工艺技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了优化火锅汤料的骨汤炖煮工艺,以牛棒骨、猪棒骨和鸡棒骨为原料,对骨类比、料液比、炖煮时间和炖煮温度进行单因素分析。以骨汤的总氮溶出率(total nitrogen dissolution rate,TNDR)和感官评分为评价指标。利用Box-Behnken响应面对骨汤炖煮工艺进行优化,电子鼻和顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱质谱法(headspace solid-phase microextraction/gas chromatography-mass spectrometer,HS-SPME-GC-MS)检测,相对气味活度值(relative odor activity value,ROAV)结合定量描述分析法(quantitative descriptive analysis,QDA)进行风味分析,联合正交偏最小二乘判别分析(orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis,OPLS-DA)对不同原料的骨汤特征挥发性化合物(volatile organic compounds,VOCs)与电子鼻数据进行相关性分析。结果表明:当常压下,骨类比(牛骨:猪骨:鸡骨)为3:5:2、料液比1:4、炖煮时间5 h、炖煮温度96 ℃时,此条件下骨汤的TNDR最高为64.88%,感官评分最高为86.45分,骨汤颜色乳白、香味浓郁、口感醇厚。经电子鼻和HS-SPME-GC-MS分析,四种样品共检测出49种VOCs。混合骨汤中产出更多的苯类和胺类风味物质,同时增加了W1S、W1W、W2S和W2W的响应值,风味更加显著。具体分析ROAV≥1的关键VOCs有25种,四种样品共有3个关键VOCs为辛醛、壬醛、甲基庚烯酮。通过对骨汤风味贡献大的物质ROAV≥1且VIP≥1的12种特征VOCs与电子鼻信号相关联,发现它们之间有较强的相关性。本研究可为火锅汤料中骨汤的工业化风味优化及现代烹饪技术的创新应用提供依据。

, authors=徐流芳1, 李翔1, 刘达玉1, *, 郑自立1, 马艺1, 戴雅1, 白婷1, 陈金凤2, 孙鸿强3, *, authorsList=徐流芳, 李翔, 刘达玉, 郑自立, 马艺, 戴雅, 白婷, 陈金凤, 孙鸿强, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刘达玉, 孙鸿强, authorNote=

徐流芳(1999−)女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品加工与安全,E-mail:

李翔(1974−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品贮藏与加工,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
刘达玉(1964−),男,硕士,教授,研究方向:农产品贮藏与加工,E-mail:。
孙鸿强(1989−),男,硕士,高级工程师,研究方向:畜牧养殖业,E-mail:。
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Food Science, 2024, 45(11): 186−191., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320882055265764149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882033593795191, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=45, rfOrder=66, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=白庆祥. 蒸汽爆破制备猪骨汤工艺研究[D]. 无锡: 江南大学, 2023. [BAI Qingxiang. Study on preparation of pig bone soup by steam explosion[D]. Wuxi: Jiangnan University, 2023.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320882055337067318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882033593795191, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=45, rfOrder=67, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=BAI Qingxiang. 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注:各指标中不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),图2~图4、图7同。

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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882044863890140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882033593795191, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Evaluation of aroma characteristics of different bone soups, figureFileSmall=oWLhX6VkchGcJTzWO6RIDA==, figureFileBig=Kr9pRTCeRDtQzkUvumXSIA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882044935193309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882033593795191, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同骨汤香气特征评价, figureFileSmall=oWLhX6VkchGcJTzWO6RIDA==, figureFileBig=Kr9pRTCeRDtQzkUvumXSIA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882045019079390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882033593795191, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=OPLS-DA score chart (a), VIP value (b) and displacement retention chart (c) of volatile compounds in different bone broth samples, figureFileSmall=EnF9AjSVzoGDmd4pPrD1+w==, figureFileBig=i8g3hAtlLKt/CPoDm0rAdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882045086188255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882033593795191, language=CN, label=图9, caption=不同骨汤样品挥发性化合物含量的OPLS-DA得分图(a)、VIP值(b)及置换保留图(c), figureFileSmall=EnF9AjSVzoGDmd4pPrD1+w==, figureFileBig=i8g3hAtlLKt/CPoDm0rAdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882045161685728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882033593795191, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Correlation between main volatile compounds and electronic nose, figureFileSmall=CjFyM+31qVfE5N8eCr1ReA==, figureFileBig=GWUBkPBKWCNJNxXHhoI+KQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882045228794593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882033593795191, language=CN, label=图10, caption=主要挥发性化合物与电子鼻的相关性

注:*P≤0.05、**P≤0.01、***P≤0.001。

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Braised bone soup sensory scoring criteria

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标权重评分标准
0~45~89~1213~1617~20
香味20腥味重,无香味腥味较强,香味淡腥味一般,有香味腥味弱,香味一般无腥味,香味浓郁
味道20口感如同清水,鲜味被完全掩盖风味存在明显缺陷,刚好达到及格线,需要改进风味良好,达到可接受的标准,无明显重大缺陷,但缺乏亮点风味优秀,协调性好,有明显满足感味达到完美平衡,层次复杂,令人印象深刻,回味悠长
口感20无鲜味,口感差鲜味不明显,口感淡鲜味淡,口感一般鲜味明显,口感明显鲜味浓郁,口感好
色泽20颜色发暗,不透明浅灰色,不透明浅黄色,透明度差灰白色,半透明乳白色,透明清亮
总体满意度20无法接受可接受差可接受一般可接受较高可接受高
), ArticleFig(id=1320882045358818019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882033593795191, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

骨汤感官评分标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标权重评分标准
0~45~89~1213~1617~20
香味20腥味重,无香味腥味较强,香味淡腥味一般,有香味腥味弱,香味一般无腥味,香味浓郁
味道20口感如同清水,鲜味被完全掩盖风味存在明显缺陷,刚好达到及格线,需要改进风味良好,达到可接受的标准,无明显重大缺陷,但缺乏亮点风味优秀,协调性好,有明显满足感味达到完美平衡,层次复杂,令人印象深刻,回味悠长
口感20无鲜味,口感差鲜味不明显,口感淡鲜味淡,口感一般鲜味明显,口感明显鲜味浓郁,口感好
色泽20颜色发暗,不透明浅灰色,不透明浅黄色,透明度差灰白色,半透明乳白色,透明清亮
总体满意度20无法接受可接受差可接受一般可接受较高可接受高
), ArticleFig(id=1320882045425926884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882033593795191, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Box-Behnken factors and levels

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编码A料液比B炖煮温度(℃)C炖煮时间(h)
−11:3904
01:4955
11:51006
), ArticleFig(id=1320882045514007269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882033593795191, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

Box-Behnken因素和水平

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编码A料液比B炖煮温度(℃)C炖煮时间(h)
−11:3904
01:4955
11:51006
), ArticleFig(id=1320882045585310438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882033593795191, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Electronic nose chemical sensors and their main response substances

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
阵列序号传感器性能描述标准物质
(检测限(mg/kg))
1W1C芳香族成分甲苯(10)
2W5S对氮氧化物灵敏度大NO2(1)
3W3C对胺类、芳香成分灵敏苯(10)
4W6S对氢化物有选择性H2(0.1)
5W5C烷烃芳香成分丙烷(1)
6W1S对甲基类灵敏CH4(100)
7W1W对硫化物灵敏H2S(1)
8W2S对醇类、醛酮类灵敏CO (100)
9W2W对芳香成分、有机硫化物灵敏H2S(1)
10W3S对高浓度烷烃灵敏CH3 (10)
), ArticleFig(id=1320882045681779431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882033593795191, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

电子鼻化学传感器及其主要响应的物质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
阵列序号传感器性能描述标准物质
(检测限(mg/kg))
1W1C芳香族成分甲苯(10)
2W5S对氮氧化物灵敏度大NO2(1)
3W3C对胺类、芳香成分灵敏苯(10)
4W6S对氢化物有选择性H2(0.1)
5W5C烷烃芳香成分丙烷(1)
6W1S对甲基类灵敏CH4(100)
7W1W对硫化物灵敏H2S(1)
8W2S对醇类、醛酮类灵敏CO (100)
9W2W对芳香成分、有机硫化物灵敏H2S(1)
10W3S对高浓度烷烃灵敏CH3 (10)
), ArticleFig(id=1320882045761471208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882033593795191, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Box-Behnken response surface test results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验号ABCTNDR(%)感官评分
101153.1485.12
200066.5385.78
310162.5476.72
400067.2182.96
511058.3669.68
600065.7586.29
7−1−1041.4572.25
800064.3585.43
901−156.7373.16
101−1041.6272.22
110−1148.0772.59
12−11055.5775.25
13−10−155.5275.56
14−10157.1471.71
1500066.8284.56
1610−159.1764.48
170−1−131.8171.36
), ArticleFig(id=1320882045849551593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882033593795191, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

Box-Behnken响应面试验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验号ABCTNDR(%)感官评分
101153.1485.12
200066.5385.78
310162.5476.72
400067.2182.96
511058.3669.68
600065.7586.29
7−1−1041.4572.25
800064.3585.43
901−156.7373.16
101−1041.6272.22
110−1148.0772.59
12−11055.5775.25
13−10−155.5275.56
14−10157.1471.71
1500066.8284.56
1610−159.1764.48
170−1−131.8171.36
), ArticleFig(id=1320882045925049066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882033593795191, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Results of regression analysis of total nitrogen dissolution rate and sensory score regression

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方差来源TNDR感官评分
平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
模型1636.539181.8473.92< 0.0001***713.36979.2616.430.0006***
A18.03118.037.330.0303*17.02117.023.530.1024
B462.841462.84188.16< 0.0001***27.34127.345.670.0488*
C38.98138.9815.850.0053**58.21158.2112.070.0104*
AB1.7211.720.69770.43127.6717.671.590.2476
AC0.765610.76560.31130.594364.72164.7213.420.0080**
BC98.51198.5140.050.0004***28.78128.785.970.0446*
A²34.52134.5214.040.0072**272.651272.6556.520.0001***
B²827.451827.45336.39< 0.0001***89.37189.3718.530.0035**
C²92.06192.0637.430.0005***98.61198.6120.440.0027**
残差项17.2272.4633.7774.82
失拟项12.1034.033.150.1480不显著26.9538.985.280.0710不显著
纯误差5.1241.286.8141.70
总和1659.1816747.1316
), ArticleFig(id=1320882046021518059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882033593795191, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

TNDR和感官评价的回归分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方差来源TNDR感官评分
平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
模型1636.539181.8473.92< 0.0001***713.36979.2616.430.0006***
A18.03118.037.330.0303*17.02117.023.530.1024
B462.841462.84188.16< 0.0001***27.34127.345.670.0488*
C38.98138.9815.850.0053**58.21158.2112.070.0104*
AB1.7211.720.69770.43127.6717.671.590.2476
AC0.765610.76560.31130.594364.72164.7213.420.0080**
BC98.51198.5140.050.0004***28.78128.785.970.0446*
A²34.52134.5214.040.0072**272.651272.6556.520.0001***
B²827.451827.45336.39< 0.0001***89.37189.3718.530.0035**
C²92.06192.0637.430.0005***98.61198.6120.440.0027**
残差项17.2272.4633.7774.82
失拟项12.1034.033.150.1480不显著26.9538.985.280.0710不显著
纯误差5.1241.286.8141.70
总和1659.1816747.1316
), ArticleFig(id=1320882046206067436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882033593795191, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Different volatile compounds of bone broth

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序列种类VOCsCAS相对含量(%)
HHJGNGZG
1醛类癸醛112-31-20.36±0.030.38±0.030.43±0.070.29±0.10
2(2E)-2-辛烯醛2548-87-00.54±0.080.24±0.010.17±0.000.15±0.00
3月桂醛112-54-9−−0.13±0.00−
4香茅醛2385-77-50.02±0.00−−−
5(2E,4E)-癸-2,4-二醛25152-84-50.5±0.060.15±0.08−−
6间苯二甲醛626-19-70.07±0.000.03±0.000.03±0.00−
7苯甲醛100-52-70.56±0.050.16±0.080.15±0.080.62±0.00
8(2E)-2-癸烯醛3913-81-31.48±0.100.54±0.04−0.24±0.00
9橙花醛106-26-34.84±1.380.34±0.080.28±0.060.5±0.25
10己醛66-25-10.77±0.130.34±0.040.29±0.020.48±0.05
11辛醛124-13-00.47±0.080.30±0.020.28±0.100.28±0.07
12壬醛124-19-62.92±0.111.60±0.102.13±0.662.60±0.50
13(E)-壬-2-烯醛18829-56-60.70±0.090.27±0.040.17±0.000.22±0.06
14十五醛2765-11-9−0.07±0.04−0.12±0.00
152,4-癸二烯醛2363-88-4−0.23±0.00−−
16庚醛111-71-7−0.12±0.00−0.23±0.00
17柠檬醛5392-40-56.56±1.47−−−
1醇类己醇111-27-30.25±0.05−−−
21-(4-甲基苯基)乙醇536-50-50.13±0.000.09±0.01−−
3辛醇111-87-50.42±0.060.11±0.00−0.15±0.00
4α−萜品醇98-55-50.40±0.02−−−
5芳樟醇78-70-6−0.41±0.000.20±0.120.27±0.14
6十一醇112-42-5−0.12±0.000.11±0.000.07±0.04
7松油醇10482-56-1−−−0.08±0.00
8香叶醇106-24-10.78±0.00−−0.11±0.00
9桉树醇470-82-60.26±0.06−−−
10庚醇111-70-60.10±0.05−−−
1酯类丁酸丁酯109-21-70.17±0.14−−−
2甲酸芳樟酯115-99-10.42±0.00−−−
3乙酸香茅酯150-84-50.36±0.000.07±0.00−−
4己酸甲硫醇酯2432-77-1−−−0.02±0.00
5乙酸芳樟酯115-95-70.35±0.00−−−
6丙酸戊酯624-54-40.13±0.00−−−
1酮类甲基庚烯酮110-93-00.48±0.020.08±0.000.04±0.000.18±0.02
2甲基乙烯基酮78-94-4−−-−0.04±0.00
32-十一酮112-12-90.29±0.080.10±0.00−−
43-羟基-2-丁酮513-86-00.24±0.180.07±0.00−−
1烯烃类桧烯3387-41-51.48±0.18−−−
2α−松油烯99-86-50.08±0.040.09±0.000.01±0.00−
3(+)-柠檬烯5989-27-51.97±0.203.43±0.401.55±0.200.65±0.06
4β−芬兰烯555-10-26.06±0.402.58±0.23−0.34±0.17
5间伞花烃535-77-3−0.08±0.00−−
6邻伞花烃527-84-4−0.08±0.00−−
7月桂烯123-35-3−0.58±0.300.26±0.140.16±0.00
1其他类壬酸112-05-00.59±0.05−0.44±0.330.35±0.18
2十四烷629-59-4−−0.01±0.00−
3(+)-冰片507-70-00.30±0.15−−−
42-乙酰基噻唑24295-03-20.09±0.000.07±0.040.03±0.01−
52,5-二甲基吡嗪123-32-0−−0.19±0.00−
), ArticleFig(id=1320882046298342125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882033593795191, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

不同骨汤的挥发性化合物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序列种类VOCsCAS相对含量(%)
HHJGNGZG
1醛类癸醛112-31-20.36±0.030.38±0.030.43±0.070.29±0.10
2(2E)-2-辛烯醛2548-87-00.54±0.080.24±0.010.17±0.000.15±0.00
3月桂醛112-54-9−−0.13±0.00−
4香茅醛2385-77-50.02±0.00−−−
5(2E,4E)-癸-2,4-二醛25152-84-50.5±0.060.15±0.08−−
6间苯二甲醛626-19-70.07±0.000.03±0.000.03±0.00−
7苯甲醛100-52-70.56±0.050.16±0.080.15±0.080.62±0.00
8(2E)-2-癸烯醛3913-81-31.48±0.100.54±0.04−0.24±0.00
9橙花醛106-26-34.84±1.380.34±0.080.28±0.060.5±0.25
10己醛66-25-10.77±0.130.34±0.040.29±0.020.48±0.05
11辛醛124-13-00.47±0.080.30±0.020.28±0.100.28±0.07
12壬醛124-19-62.92±0.111.60±0.102.13±0.662.60±0.50
13(E)-壬-2-烯醛18829-56-60.70±0.090.27±0.040.17±0.000.22±0.06
14十五醛2765-11-9−0.07±0.04−0.12±0.00
152,4-癸二烯醛2363-88-4−0.23±0.00−−
16庚醛111-71-7−0.12±0.00−0.23±0.00
17柠檬醛5392-40-56.56±1.47−−−
1醇类己醇111-27-30.25±0.05−−−
21-(4-甲基苯基)乙醇536-50-50.13±0.000.09±0.01−−
3辛醇111-87-50.42±0.060.11±0.00−0.15±0.00
4α−萜品醇98-55-50.40±0.02−−−
5芳樟醇78-70-6−0.41±0.000.20±0.120.27±0.14
6十一醇112-42-5−0.12±0.000.11±0.000.07±0.04
7松油醇10482-56-1−−−0.08±0.00
8香叶醇106-24-10.78±0.00−−0.11±0.00
9桉树醇470-82-60.26±0.06−−−
10庚醇111-70-60.10±0.05−−−
1酯类丁酸丁酯109-21-70.17±0.14−−−
2甲酸芳樟酯115-99-10.42±0.00−−−
3乙酸香茅酯150-84-50.36±0.000.07±0.00−−
4己酸甲硫醇酯2432-77-1−−−0.02±0.00
5乙酸芳樟酯115-95-70.35±0.00−−−
6丙酸戊酯624-54-40.13±0.00−−−
1酮类甲基庚烯酮110-93-00.48±0.020.08±0.000.04±0.000.18±0.02
2甲基乙烯基酮78-94-4−−-−0.04±0.00
32-十一酮112-12-90.29±0.080.10±0.00−−
43-羟基-2-丁酮513-86-00.24±0.180.07±0.00−−
1烯烃类桧烯3387-41-51.48±0.18−−−
2α−松油烯99-86-50.08±0.040.09±0.000.01±0.00−
3(+)-柠檬烯5989-27-51.97±0.203.43±0.401.55±0.200.65±0.06
4β−芬兰烯555-10-26.06±0.402.58±0.23−0.34±0.17
5间伞花烃535-77-3−0.08±0.00−−
6邻伞花烃527-84-4−0.08±0.00−−
7月桂烯123-35-3−0.58±0.300.26±0.140.16±0.00
1其他类壬酸112-05-00.59±0.05−0.44±0.330.35±0.18
2十四烷629-59-4−−0.01±0.00−
3(+)-冰片507-70-00.30±0.15−−−
42-乙酰基噻唑24295-03-20.09±0.000.07±0.040.03±0.01−
52,5-二甲基吡嗪123-32-0−−0.19±0.00−
), ArticleFig(id=1320882046369645294, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882033593795191, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

ROAV of four different flavor substances of bone broth

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号种类VOCs阈值
(μg/kg)
ROAV气味描述
HHJGNGZG
1醛类癸醛2.9510.20.136.780.52柑橘香气
2(2E)-2-辛烯醛30.320.082.670.26脂肪气息
3香茅醛0.031.2−−−柠檬果香
4(2E,4E)-癸-2,4-二醛0.253.842.18−−鸡香和鸡油味
5苯甲醛0.751.440.259.334.31杏仁坚果香
6(2E)-2-癸烯醛0.2511.042.18−5.03花香
7己醛4.50.320.083.110.56青草气味
8辛醛0.32.81.0243.334.87茉莉花香
9壬醛1451.610013.6脂肪香
10十五醛1−0.07−0.63−
11庚醛3−0.03−0.4果香
12柠檬醛0.12100−−−柠檬果香
1醇类己醇0.005685.71−−−油脂味
2辛醇0.12585.720.8−6.22柑橘果香
3α−萜品醇1.20.6−−−丁香花香
4十一醇0.7−0.150.0080.53柑橘、凤梨果香
5香叶醇400.04−−0.01玫瑰花香
6庚醇0.005444.44−−−酒香
1酯类丁酸丁酯0.40.9−−−苹果香味
2乙酸香茅酯150.07−−杏子果香
3乙酸芳樟酯15−−−薰衣草香
1酮类甲基庚烯酮0.06812.35129.4114柑橘香气
22-十一酮0.005587.2718.55−−油脂香气
33-羟基-2-丁酮0.01434.294.86−−脂肪香气
1烯烃类桧烯0.982.82−−−花香
2α−松油烯0.081.51.285.75−柑橘果香气
3(+)-柠檬烯34−100−100柠檬果香气
4间伞花烃0.8−0.09−−−
1其他类壬酸90.09−2.330.2脂肪香
2十四烷1−−0.47−−
3(+)-冰片0.183.33−−−松树香
42-乙酰基噻唑0.0034022.67−−坚果果仁香气
52,5-二甲基吡嗪1.75−−5.14−巧克力、奶油脂肪香
), ArticleFig(id=1320882046436754159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882033593795191, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

四种不同骨汤风味物质ROAV

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号种类VOCs阈值
(μg/kg)
ROAV气味描述
HHJGNGZG
1醛类癸醛2.9510.20.136.780.52柑橘香气
2(2E)-2-辛烯醛30.320.082.670.26脂肪气息
3香茅醛0.031.2−−−柠檬果香
4(2E,4E)-癸-2,4-二醛0.253.842.18−−鸡香和鸡油味
5苯甲醛0.751.440.259.334.31杏仁坚果香
6(2E)-2-癸烯醛0.2511.042.18−5.03花香
7己醛4.50.320.083.110.56青草气味
8辛醛0.32.81.0243.334.87茉莉花香
9壬醛1451.610013.6脂肪香
10十五醛1−0.07−0.63−
11庚醛3−0.03−0.4果香
12柠檬醛0.12100−−−柠檬果香
1醇类己醇0.005685.71−−−油脂味
2辛醇0.12585.720.8−6.22柑橘果香
3α−萜品醇1.20.6−−−丁香花香
4十一醇0.7−0.150.0080.53柑橘、凤梨果香
5香叶醇400.04−−0.01玫瑰花香
6庚醇0.005444.44−−−酒香
1酯类丁酸丁酯0.40.9−−−苹果香味
2乙酸香茅酯150.07−−杏子果香
3乙酸芳樟酯15−−−薰衣草香
1酮类甲基庚烯酮0.06812.35129.4114柑橘香气
22-十一酮0.005587.2718.55−−油脂香气
33-羟基-2-丁酮0.01434.294.86−−脂肪香气
1烯烃类桧烯0.982.82−−−花香
2α−松油烯0.081.51.285.75−柑橘果香气
3(+)-柠檬烯34−100−100柠檬果香气
4间伞花烃0.8−0.09−−−
1其他类壬酸90.09−2.330.2脂肪香
2十四烷1−−0.47−−
3(+)-冰片0.183.33−−−松树香
42-乙酰基噻唑0.0034022.67−−坚果果仁香气
52,5-二甲基吡嗪1.75−−5.14−巧克力、奶油脂肪香
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不同骨类的骨汤炖煮工艺优化及挥发性风味分析
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徐流芳 1 , 李翔 1 , 刘达玉 1, * , 郑自立 1 , 马艺 1 , 戴雅 1 , 白婷 1 , 陈金凤 2 , 孙鸿强 3, *
食品工业科技 | 工艺技术 2026,47(1): 236-249
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食品工业科技 |工艺技术 2026 , 47 (1) : 236 -249
不同骨类的骨汤炖煮工艺优化及挥发性风味分析
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徐流芳1 , 李翔1 , 刘达玉1, * , 郑自立1, 马艺1, 戴雅1, 白婷1, 陈金凤2, 孙鸿强3, *
作者信息
  • 1成都大学食品与生物工程学院,肉类加工四川省重点实验室,四川成都 610106
  • 2四川省成都红灯笼食品有限公司,四川成都 611732
  • 3四川国投农牧业发展有限公司,四川阿坝州 624599
通讯作者:
刘达玉(1964−),男,硕士,教授,研究方向:农产品贮藏与加工,E-mail:。
孙鸿强(1989−),男,硕士,高级工程师,研究方向:畜牧养殖业,E-mail:。
作者简介:

徐流芳(1999−)女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品加工与安全,E-mail:

李翔(1974−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品贮藏与加工,E-mail:

Optimization of Simmering Process of Bone Broth from Different Bone Types and Analysis of Volatile Flavors
Liufang XU1 , Xiang LI1 , Dayu LIU1, * , Zili ZHENG1, Yi MA1, Ya DAI1, Ting BAI1, Jinfeng CHEN2, Hongqiang SUN3, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Meat Processing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610106, China
  • 2Sichuan Chengdu Hongdenglong Food Co., Ltd., Chengdu 611732, China
  • 3Sichuan Guotou Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Development Co., Ltd., Aba Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture 624599, China
出版时间: 2026-01-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024110258
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为了优化火锅汤料的骨汤炖煮工艺,以牛棒骨、猪棒骨和鸡棒骨为原料,对骨类比、料液比、炖煮时间和炖煮温度进行单因素分析。以骨汤的总氮溶出率(total nitrogen dissolution rate,TNDR)和感官评分为评价指标。利用Box-Behnken响应面对骨汤炖煮工艺进行优化,电子鼻和顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱质谱法(headspace solid-phase microextraction/gas chromatography-mass spectrometer,HS-SPME-GC-MS)检测,相对气味活度值(relative odor activity value,ROAV)结合定量描述分析法(quantitative descriptive analysis,QDA)进行风味分析,联合正交偏最小二乘判别分析(orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis,OPLS-DA)对不同原料的骨汤特征挥发性化合物(volatile organic compounds,VOCs)与电子鼻数据进行相关性分析。结果表明:当常压下,骨类比(牛骨:猪骨:鸡骨)为3:5:2、料液比1:4、炖煮时间5 h、炖煮温度96 ℃时,此条件下骨汤的TNDR最高为64.88%,感官评分最高为86.45分,骨汤颜色乳白、香味浓郁、口感醇厚。经电子鼻和HS-SPME-GC-MS分析,四种样品共检测出49种VOCs。混合骨汤中产出更多的苯类和胺类风味物质,同时增加了W1S、W1W、W2S和W2W的响应值,风味更加显著。具体分析ROAV≥1的关键VOCs有25种,四种样品共有3个关键VOCs为辛醛、壬醛、甲基庚烯酮。通过对骨汤风味贡献大的物质ROAV≥1且VIP≥1的12种特征VOCs与电子鼻信号相关联,发现它们之间有较强的相关性。本研究可为火锅汤料中骨汤的工业化风味优化及现代烹饪技术的创新应用提供依据。

骨汤  /  炖煮  /  总氮溶出率  /  电子鼻  /  HS-SPME-GC-MS

In order to optimize the simmering process of bone broth for hotpot soup, a single-factor experiments of bone ratio, material-liquid ratio, simmering time and simmering temperature was conducted using cow, pig and chicken bones as raw materials. The total nitrogen dissolution rate (TNDR) and sensory score of the bone broth were used as evaluation indexes. The Box-Behnken response surface methodology was employed to optimize the bone broth stewing process. Flavor analysis was conducted using an electronic nose and headspace solid-phase microextraction/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) detection, with relative odor activity value (ROAV) combined with quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) for flavor analysis, and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) to correlate characteristic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in bone broth from different raw materials with electronic nose data. The results showed that when the bone ratio (cow bone:pig bone:chicken bone) was 3:5:2, the material-liquid ratio was 1:4, the simmering time was 5 h, and the simmering temperature was 96 ℃ at atmospheric pressure, the TNDR of the bone broth under these conditions was the highest of 64.88%, and the organoleptic score was the highest of 86.45 points, and the bone broth was milky in color, with a strong fragrance and a mellow texture. Analyzed by electronic nose and HS-SPME-GC-MS, a total of 49 VOCs were detected in the four samples. The mixed bone broth yielded more benzene and amine flavor substances, and also increased the response values of W1S, W1W, W2S, and W2W, with a more significant flavor. There were 25 key VOCs specifically analyzed for ROAV≥1. A total of three key VOCs for the four samples were octanal, nonanal, and 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one. A strong correlation was found between the electronic nose signals and the 12 characteristic VOCs that had high flavor contributions (ROAV≥1 and VIP≥1). This study can provide a basis for the industrial flavor optimization of bone broth in hotpot soup and the innovative application of modern cooking technology.

bone soup  /  braising  /  TNDR  /  electronic nose  /  HS-SPME-GC-MS
徐流芳, 李翔, 刘达玉, 郑自立, 马艺, 戴雅, 白婷, 陈金凤, 孙鸿强. 不同骨类的骨汤炖煮工艺优化及挥发性风味分析. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (1) : 236 -249 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024110258
Liufang XU, Xiang LI, Dayu LIU, Zili ZHENG, Yi MA, Ya DAI, Ting BAI, Jinfeng CHEN, Hongqiang SUN. Optimization of Simmering Process of Bone Broth from Different Bone Types and Analysis of Volatile Flavors[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (1) : 236 -249 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024110258
四川作为畜禽养殖大省,其中生猪产量435万吨(占肉类产量75%),牛产量23万吨(占肉类产量4%),家禽产量83万吨(占肉类产量14.6%)[1]。畜禽的骨骼重量约占上述总产量的20 %[2],产生大量畜骨类副产物[3]。畜骨主要由钙和蛋白质组成的多孔网状以及管内的骨髓共同构成,富含骨胶原、氨基酸、维生素等人体所必需的营养成分[4−5],对促进骨骼健康、改善皮肤状况、增强免疫系统功能等方面具有积极作用[6]。我国对畜骨的有效利用率仅有15%[7],为促进畜骨高值化利用,利用畜骨进行精加工研发,可极大降低原料成本,提高畜骨附加值。
在健康饮食、文化自信、国际化及创新菜品驱动下,火锅作为中餐第一品牌,2023年中国火锅收入五千亿元,而川渝火锅占了全国火锅66%的份额[8]。火锅作为以汤为底的美食,其独特的风味和营养价值深受消费者喜爱,汤底的风味决定了火锅出餐的风味品质[9]。骨汤是火锅汤底风味的关键[10]。它通过熬煮使骨头中的营养物质(如氨基酸)分解并溶出,这些易于被人体消化吸收的成分[11],共同构成了骨汤独特的风味与营养。在炖煮过程中,畜骨中的氨基酸等呈鲜物质会释放到汤底中[12],使汤底更加醇香浓厚,还会增加留香时间,赋予火锅更加浓郁的香味和醇厚的口感[13]。目前关于火锅骨汤的研究鲜见报道,市场上有少量单一骨汤类产品[14],对于混合骨汤的研究开发很少。
为提升火锅骨汤料的炖煮工艺,本实验以牛骨、猪骨、鸡骨为原料,采用单因素和Box-Behnken试验,选用总氮溶出率(total nitrogen dissolution rate,TNDR)和感官评分进行评价,对影响骨汤品质的料液比、炖煮温度和炖煮时间进行优化。结合电子鼻和HS-SPME-GC-MS进行检测分析,采用QDA对不同骨汤进行香气特征评价,采用OPLS-DA分析特征香气。旨在开发一款具有特色风味的火锅汤料的骨汤汤底产品并推动骨类副产物利用。
牛棒骨、猪棒骨、鸡棒骨(需剔除棒骨表面肉) 由四川国投农牧业发展有限公司阿坝州若尔盖县达扎寺镇养殖场提供;生姜、大葱 购自农贸市场;乙醇、浓硫酸、硫酸钾、氢氧化钠、亚甲基蓝、硼酸、硫酸铜、甲基红(均为分析纯) 天津市科密欧化学试剂有限公司。
BST-130锯骨机 冰仕特江苏有限公司;KND-04A全自动凯氏定氮仪 闽测仪器设备(厦门)有限公司;HH-2数显恒温水浴锅 南北仪器有限公司;101-1S鼓风干燥箱 金河源科技有限公司;PEN3电子鼻 德国Airsense公司;1290超高效液相色谱仪、8890-7000D GC-MS、DB-5MS色谱柱(30 m×0.25 mm×0.25 μm)、萃取头120 μm DVB/CWR/PDMS 美国安捷伦科技有限公司。
根据不同的骨类比例称取畜骨重量,称取好的畜骨用锯骨机进行碎骨处理,碎骨尺寸约2~5 cm,将破碎的骨头漂洗2 h,去除血水,再添加1%生姜片和1%大葱段,预煮10 min,去除浮沫。再进行炖煮熬制,将炖煮好的火锅汤料的骨汤冷却至45~55 ℃后进行过滤,去除固体杂质,密封装袋。
根据单一骨原料炖煮对骨汤品质的影响,将实验所用的牛骨、猪骨、鸡骨按照不同混合比例炖煮,共分成6组,分别为组1(1:0:0)、组2(0:1:0)、组3(5:3:2)、组4(4:4:2)、组5(3:5:2)、组6(2:6:2)。
参考余亚琴等[15]的方法,并作修改。由感官评分小组的10名18~28岁(5个女生,5个男生)食品专业学生对火锅汤料的骨汤进行感官评分,依照火锅汤料感官评分标准表进行评价,见表1。
按照GB 5009.5-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中蛋白质的测定》的测定方法[16],选用全自动凯氏定氮仪分别测定火锅汤料的骨汤和不同比例骨块原料中的总氮含量。TNDR的计算公式如下:
$ {\mathrm{T}\mathrm{D}\mathrm{N}\mathrm{R}({\text{%}})=\dfrac{\mathrm{骨}\mathrm{汤}\mathrm{中}\mathrm{总}\mathrm{氮}\mathrm{含}\mathrm{量}(\mathrm{m}\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{m}\mathrm{L})\times \mathrm{骨}\mathrm{汤}\mathrm{体}\mathrm{积}(\mathrm{m}\mathrm{L})}{\mathrm{原}\mathrm{料}\mathrm{骨}\mathrm{总}\mathrm{氮}\mathrm{含}\mathrm{量}(\mathrm{m}\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{g})\times \mathrm{原}\mathrm{料}\mathrm{骨}\mathrm{质}\mathrm{量}(\mathrm{g})}\times 100 }$
根据6组混合骨原料比例炖煮对骨汤品质的影响,在预实验的基础上,确定混合骨比例,选取料液比、炖煮温度和炖煮时间进行单因素实验。在混合骨比例、猪棒骨、鸡棒骨、牛棒骨的重量和生姜、大葱基础配方不变的情况下,分别研究A料液比(1:1、1:2、1:3、1:4、1:5)、B炖煮温度(80、85、90、95、100 ℃)和C炖煮时间(2、3、4、5、6 h)对火锅汤料的骨汤品质的影响,以料液比1:4、炖煮温度95 ℃、炖煮时间4 h为固定工艺参数。所有处理组均用总氮溶出率和感官评分为判定标准,筛选出各因素较适宜的水平。
使用Design-Expert 13中的Box-Behnken对火锅汤料的骨汤炖煮工艺进行3因素3水平响应面设计(表2),以TDNR和感官评分为响应值。
所测骨汤为响应面优化并验证后的最佳条件下炖煮的四种不同骨汤,分别为猪骨:牛骨:鸡骨为5:3:2比例的混合骨汤(HH)、鸡骨汤(JG)、牛骨汤(NG)、猪骨汤(ZG)。电子鼻测定参考王琳琳等[17]的方法稍作修改,测定取2 mL的骨汤样品置于20 mL的样品瓶中密封,放在60 ℃水浴锅内预热15 min后进行测定。数据采集时间120 s,时间延迟3 min,选取60~70 s时数据。表3为电子鼻化学传感器及其主要响应的物质。
样品前处理:精确称取3 g样品放进容量为15 mL的顶空瓶,将瓶盖盖在顶空瓶密封。60 ℃水浴平衡5 min,顶空萃取55 min,上机250 ℃解析5 min。
色谱条件:GC载气He,GC流速0.8 mL/min,GC分流模式不分流,GC升温程序:40 ℃保持3 min;5 ℃/min升温至90 ℃;10 ℃/min升温至230 ℃,保持7 min,汽化室温度250 ℃。
质谱条件:MS电离电子能量70 eV,灯丝发射电流200 μA,电子轰击(EI)离子源温度200 ℃,接口温度250 ℃,检测器电压1000 V,扫描质子范围35~350 amu。
定性定量方法:样品中未知化合物经GC/MS软件鉴定,并与NIST20质谱库匹配,只报道相似度大于85%的物质。峰面积归一化法确定样品中各香气成分的相对含量[17],计算公式如下:
$ {\mathrm{X}}=\frac{{\mathrm{m}}}{{\mathrm{n}}}\times 100 $
式中:X为相对含量,%;m为单组分物质的峰面积;n为总峰面积。
参考李翔等[18]方法进行修改,采用ROAV分析关键风味物质,以评价各骨类组分对骨汤整体风味贡献程度。用检测出的化合物相对含量与对应化合物的香气阈值的比值表示。骨汤样品风味贡献最大物质的ROAV为100,其他物质ROAV值按照公式(3)计算:
$ {\mathrm{ROAV}}({\text{%}})=\frac{{{\mathrm{C}}}_{{\mathrm{i}}}}{{{\mathrm{C}}}_{{\mathrm{max}}}}\times \frac{{{\mathrm{T}}}_{{\mathrm{max}}}}{{{\mathrm{T}}}_{{\mathrm{i}}}}\times 100$
式中:Ci为各风味物质的相对含量,%;Cmax为风味贡献最大物质的相对含量,%;Tmax为风味贡献最大物质的香气阈值,mg/kg;Ti为各风味物质的香气阈值,mg/kg。ROAV值越大说明对样品风味的贡献越大。
数据来源均为3次平行实验并计算平均值。采用Excel 数据整理,SPSS 26.0进行显著性分析、Design-Expert 13进行响应面试验设计、Origin 2021软件作柱状图、韦恩图和雷达图、SIMCA 14.1软件用于OPLS-DA的分析处理。
TNDR指在特定条件下,固体样品中的总氮以可溶性形式释放出来的比率。在骨汤的制作过程中,TNDR可以反映出骨汤中溶解的蛋白质和氨基酸含量,这些成分是骨汤营养价值的重要组成部分。由图1可知,组2为全猪骨时,骨汤的TNDR最高,感官评分也相对较高,是较好的骨汤组别,但缺少火锅汤料的骨汤独特的牛骨香气。组1为全牛骨时,由于牛棒骨相比较于猪棒骨和鸡棒骨,其腥味较大,用其炖煮的骨汤不易被接受,感官表现差[19],同时,可能是牛棒骨的质地坚硬,呈味物质需要长时间或特殊工艺炖煮才能转移到骨汤中,限制了牛骨中的蛋白质的溶出,因此组1的TNDR较其他骨类而言较低,使其感官风味偏低[20]。也可能是由于牛棒骨中含有酸类化合物,例如异丁酸和己酸,会使人感到异味[21]。经过实验对TNDR和感官评分进行分析,结果得出,组5牛骨:猪骨:鸡骨为3:5:2时,感官评分最高,TNDR较高,且以此骨块比例炖煮出的骨汤特色牛骨风味明显,符合火锅汤料的骨汤标准。因此选取猪骨:牛骨:鸡骨为5:3:2进行后续实验。
由图2,料液比在1:1到1:4之间时,TNDR呈上升趋势。同时,感官评分随着液体比例的提高先上升后下降,在料液比1:4时,感官评分达到最高,且与其他组之间具有显著性差异(P<0.05)。可能是由于随着液体比例的增加骨汤颜色乳白色增强、灰白色降低、适口度增强、腥味降低且具有火锅汤料的骨汤独特的牛棒骨香味,但料液比达到一定比例后,含氮物质溶出已达到平衡,骨汤的香味口感被稀释,感官评分随之下降。因不同骨类含有的脂肪量不同[22],牛棒骨中的脂肪含量约为12%~20%[23],猪棒骨中的脂肪含量约为15%~22%[24],鸡棒骨中的脂肪含量约为13.44%[25],所以骨汤感官评分的升高也可能是因为不同畜骨中营养物质的浸提作用,料液比直接影响原料中营养物质及风味成分的浸提效率,过高或过低的料液比都可能导致脂肪酸浓度不平衡,在高温炖煮过程中,不适当的料液比可能会导致脂肪酸发生热降解,产生不良风味物质。当料液比适中时会促进营养物质的释放包括多种脂肪酸发生裂解和降解,从而生成酯类、炔烃和烷烃,这些物质被鉴定为有助于形成骨汤良好的风味[26]。综上,选取料液比1:4进行后续实验。
由图3可知,随着炖煮温度的升高,骨汤的TNDR也增加,炖煮温度为95 ℃时感官评分最高。可能是由于不同畜骨中胶原蛋白含量不同[27]。加热温度增加,胶原蛋白的结构会被改变,溶解程度和变性程度增加,使骨汤中总氮含量上升[28]。经过骨汤中蛋白质和脂肪长时间炖煮后的分解与乳化作用,使骨汤颜色呈现乳白色[29],感官评分也随之增加。但炖煮温度的持续升高,可能会使赋予骨汤“鲜味”的游离氨基酸等风味物质被过度分解或挥发[30],甚至产生不良风味,从而导致骨汤的感官评分下降。综上,选取炖煮温度95 ℃进行后续实验。
由图4可知,随着炖煮时间增加,骨汤的TNDR也逐渐增大,炖煮时间2、3和4 h间的TNDR数据具有统计学差异(P<0.05)。同时,骨汤的TNDR在炖煮4 h后趋于稳定。可能是由于随着炖煮时间的延长,畜骨中蛋白质热变性和溶解的速率增加,使水溶性降解产物溶于骨汤中,促使骨汤中TNDR增加[31]。在5组数据中,骨汤的感官评分在4 h时达到最高。这可能是由于能量的持续输入,分解了热聚集体分子之间的相互作用,导致蛋白质分离,蛋白质解离成小分子的肽[32]。小分子的肽有利于骨汤味觉表达,增加其感官评分[33]。当炖煮5 h后,感官评分开始下降,可能是炖煮时间过长加速脂肪氧化,产生不良风味,使蛋白质发生变性,其结构发生变化[34],呈味物质受到破坏,骨汤会变得过于油腻,维生素损失,影响口感,使感官评分降低。但是炖煮5 h后TNDR比炖煮4 h有所增加,综上,选取炖煮时间5 h进行后续实验。
根据单因素的实验结果,使用Design-Expert 8.0.6中的Box-Behnken进行试验设计。以TNDR(Y1)和感官评分(Y2)为响应值,料液比(A)、炖煮温度(B)和炖煮时间(C)为自变量,进行3因素3水平试验。试验设计与结果见表4。
利用Design-Expert 13软件,对以料液比、炖煮温度和炖煮时间3因素进行的实验数据进行多元回归拟合,得到回归方程:
TNDR:Y1=66.13+1.50A+7.61B+2.21C+0.6550AB+0.4375AC−4.96BC−2.86A2−14.02B2−4.68C2。
感官评分:Y2=85.00−1.46A+1.85B+2.70C−1.38AB+4.02AC+2.68BC−8.05A2−4.61B2−4.84C2。
方差分析见表5,TNDR回归模型P<0.0001,表明该模型高度显著。失拟项P=0.1480>0.05,说明模型失拟项不显著,模型的决定系数R2=0.9896、R2Adj=0.9762,模型与实际数据拟合程度良好。根据F值和P值可知,A呈显著影响(P<0.05);C和A2呈极显著影响(P<0.01);B、BC、B2和C2呈高度显著影响(P<0.001)。由F值可知,各因素影响骨汤TNDR的次序为:B>C>A,即炖煮温度>炖煮时间>料液比。
感官评分回归模型P<0.001,表明该模型高度显著。失拟项P=0.0710>0.05,说明模型失拟项不显著,模型的决定系数R2=0.9548、R2Adj=0.8967,模型与实际数据拟合程度良好。根据F值和P值可知,B、C和BC呈显著影响(P<0.05);AC、B2和C2呈极显著影响(P<0.01);A2呈高度显著影响(P<0.001)。由F值可知,各因素影响骨汤感官评分的次序为:C>B>A,即炖煮时间>炖煮温度>料液比。
由图5(a、b、c)可知,B和C对TNDR的影响曲线图坡度增加,说明B和C对骨汤中TNDR的交互作用极显著,对骨汤中TNDR影响较大。而A和C的曲面图坡度较为平缓,说明这两因素对TNDR的交互作用影响不显著,对骨汤中TNDR的影响较小。与表5结果相同。
由图5(d、e、f)可知,A和C、B和C对感官评分的影响曲线图坡度大,说明A和C、B和C对骨汤的感官评分的交互作用非常显著,对骨汤的感官评分影响很大。而A和B的曲面图坡度小,表示这两因素对感官评分的交互作用影响不明显,对感官评分的影响较小。与表5结果相同。
通过Design-Expert 13软件分析,得出火锅汤料的骨汤的最佳炖煮工艺为:料液比1:4.017,炖煮温度96.213 ℃,炖煮时间5.263 h。在此条件下火锅汤料的骨汤中的TNDR为67.122%,感官评分为85.712。结合实际工艺设置的可行性,按照最佳炖煮工艺为料液比1:4,炖煮温度96 ℃,炖煮时间5 h。以此工艺条件开展3次实验对其验证,其TNDR为64.88%,感官评分为86.45,预测值与实验值具有很高的相关度,表明模型拟合度较好,基于该响应面模型的分析优化有效可行。
通过电子鼻传感器气味强度值作风味雷达图6(a),可知不同原料炖煮的骨汤的响应值差异较大、风味差异明显。NG在W1C和W3C的响应值均大于其他骨类所炖煮的骨汤,但在W1S、W1W、W2S和W2W的响应值均小于其他骨类所炖煮的骨汤。而HH相较于JG和ZG在W1C和W3C的响应值更大,HH可产出更多的苯类和胺类风味物质,同时与NG相比,增加了W1S、W1W、W2S和W2W的响应值,使其拥有更多的挥发性物质、风味更加突出。
样品的香气整体信息可以用主成分分析[35],把电子鼻的传感器响应值进行处理进而得到四种骨汤样品的差异性。为探究四种不同原材料骨汤的整体香气差异,本研究采用主成分分析(PCA)对电子鼻传感器响应值进行了降维处理。PCA结果(图6b)显示,第一主成分(PC1)与第二主成分(PC2)的累积贡献率远大于70%,表明该二维散点图能够较好地反映原始数据的有效信息。在图中,代表四种骨汤的样本点组均实现了完全分离,且组内平行样聚集紧密,这清晰地表明:电子鼻能够有效捕获不同骨汤的挥发性指纹信息,四种骨汤的气味特征存在显著差异,足以被可靠地区分。HH比NG、JG、ZG沿PC1轴的分散情况较大,推测可能不同原材料中,风味物质(如脂肪含量、脂肪酸组成)的差异最大,这可能是PC1分离的原因。在PC2所代表的风味维度上,样品间存在次要但关键的差异。PC2可能捕获了除PC1主要因素之外的其他风味信息,比如某些特定的氨基酸或硫化物,还有化学差异,也是造成风味差异的最主要因素。而沿PC2轴的分离则揭示了次要差异,如美拉德反应产物的不同。该结果为不同原材料骨汤具有独特的风味轮廓提供了直观的证据。
利用HS-SPME-GC-MS联用对4种不同骨汤样品的VOCs成分和相对含量进行分析,得到总离子流色谱图见图7(a),相对含量结果见表6,4个不同骨汤样品共检测出49种VOCs,包括醛类17种,醇类10种,酯类6种,酮类4种,烯烃类7种,以及其他风味物质5种。
根据图7(b)韦恩图可以看到不同骨汤VOCs的交集情况,四个骨汤样品中共有物质有10个,包括癸醛、(2E)-2-辛烯醛、苯甲醛、橙花醛、己醛、辛醛、壬醛、(E)-壬-2-烯醛、(+)-柠檬烯、甲基庚烯酮。HH样品检测出35个VOCs,JG样品检测出29个VOCs,ZG样品检测出23个VOCs,NG样品检测出20个VOCs。根据数量排列HH>JG>ZG>NG,表明HH中VOCs较多。HH中醛类化合物相对于NG和ZG分别增加了3种、2种,醇类化合物相对JG、NG和ZG增加了3种、5种、2种,酯类化合物相对JG、NG和ZG增加了4种、5种、4种,酮类化合物相对于NG和ZG增加了2种、1种,烯烃类化合物相对于NG和ZG都增加了1种(图7c)。HH、JG、NG和ZG四种样品的VOCs相对含量的差异也十分显著,醛类是相对含量最高的化合物类型,相对含量分别为19.73%、4.52%、3.72%和4.83%;醇类相对含量分别为1.74%、0.3%、0.24%和0.46%;酯类相对含量分别为1.19%、0.73%、0.02%和0.22%;酮类相对含量分别为1.01%、0.14%、0.01%和0.2%;烯烃类相对含量分别为9.58%、6.72%、1.83%和1.04%;其他类相对含量分别为0.97%、0.07%、0.47%和0.35%(图7d)。
骨类中的物质经过炖煮溶于汤中,形成呈味分子,这些分子随后与味蕾上的受体结合,从而被感知为特定风味[36]。在熬制骨汤中,蛋白质会发生热变性分解为小分子多肽,小分子多肽再次水解生成游离氨基酸[37]。骨汤中VOCs主要是由美拉德反应、糖、氨基酸及脂肪的热氧化反应等产生[38], 由于脂肪的水解和氧化程度不断加深,产生大量醛类、醇类和酮类化合物。骨汤的主要风味化合物是醛类[39],醛类具有脂肪类香气[40],是肉类香气重要成分。四个样品共检测出醛类17种,其中HH醛类有13种,相对于NG和ZG种类增加,可能是猪骨、牛骨和鸡骨含有不同的营养成分和风味前体物质,在炖煮的过程中,成分相互作用,生成更多醛类物质。比JG少一种可能是由于猪骨与牛骨的蛋白质和脂肪含量高于鸡骨,影响醛类物质的生成。不饱和脂肪酸在高温下容易发生氧化反应,不同骨头中脂肪酸的种类和含量不同,可能导致氧化产物差异。由表6可知,HH中醛类成分相对含量比单一骨汤中的醛类物质相对含量高。醛类物质具有较低的阈值,意味着在很低浓度时也能被人类的嗅觉感知到,赋予HH独特的香气。壬醛(油脂香)在HH、JG、NG、ZG中相对含量分别达2.92%、1.60%、2.13%、2.60%;柠檬醛(柠檬香)仅在HH中检出,相对含量为6.56%;己醛(青草香)在HH中相对含量最高(0.77%),是ZG(0.48%)的1.6倍。数据表明,猪骨、牛骨与鸡骨混合的HH可能因脂肪氧化程度更高,产生更多醛类物质,赋予其更浓郁的脂肪香气。
醇类物质丰富,主要来源于脂肪的氧化降解,赋予骨汤较浓郁的香味,醇类物质在后续热加工中极易被氧化成醛类或酮类物质[41]。四个样品共检测10种醇类物质,其中HH中辛醇(0.42%)、香叶醇(0.78%)相对含量显著高于其他样品(表6),可能通过氧化生成醛类(如辛醛)增强香气层次。香叶醇还具有一定的抗氧化应激、抗炎症反应等生物活性,这些特性使得香叶醇在骨汤中不仅能够提升风味和口感,还可以对人体健康产生积极影响。
酯类是一类重要的感官活性化合物,是由脂肪酸的降解和裂解产生的[42],酯类物质本身不是主要营养成分,但它们可以作为其他营养物质的载体或辅助成分存在。酯类物质在口腔中能够与唾液等液体发生相互作用,形成细腻的口感体验。适量的酯类物质可以使骨汤口感更加丰富、醇厚。然而,过量的酯类物质可能会带来油腻感或过于浓郁的口感,影响整体风味。但酯类作为风味协调剂也是必不可少的。四个样品共检测出6种酯类,HH检测到5种酯类(总含量1.43%),如丁酸丁酯(0.17%),可能缓解醛类的刺激性气味,提升口感圆润度。
酮类物质主要由脂肪分解和醇类氧化生成,酮类物质的交互作用在骨汤形成独特风味的过程中发挥了巨大的作用,有助于骨汤的风味和芳香特性[43]。甲基庚烯酮(柑橘香)为共有物质,HH中相对含量(0.48%)为ZG(0.18%)的2.7倍,可能通过美拉德反应强化果香调性。
烃类物质来源于香辛料挥发物质,是香辛料中脂肪酸烷氧化自由基断裂的产物。四个样品检测到有7种烯烃类物质。HH中β-芬兰烯(松香,6.06%)、(+)-柠檬烯(柑橘香,1.97%)、桧烯(松香,1.48%)相对含量突出,推测来源于香辛料的挥发物,贡献清新香气。其他一些VOCs也对骨汤起到增香、增味的作用,具有清香风味,对整体风味有一定的贡献。
试验检测出的挥发性物质种类较多,并非每种物质对骨汤的关键风味都起到突出贡献作用,香气对风味的贡献大小取决于其含量高低及阈值大小[44]。采用ROAV分析关键性香气。 ROAV值越大的物质对样品总体风味的贡献也越大。ROAV≥1的物质是所分析样品的关键风味化合物,0.1≤ROAV<1的物质对样品的总体风味具有重要的修饰作用。
如表7,ROAV≥1的关键VOCs有25种,四个骨汤样品共有3个关键香气成分是辛醛、壬醛、甲基庚烯酮,呈现出花果香、脂肪香气。HH骨汤ROAV≥1的物质有20种,其中醛类8种,醇类3种,酯类2种,酮类3种,烯烃类2种和其他物质2种。JG和NG样品中ROAV≥1的物质有10种,ZG样品ROAV≥1的物质有7种。其中,对HH风味影响最大的是柠檬醛ROAV为100,它是一种天然香料,带有浓郁的柠檬香气。癸醛、香茅醛、(2E,4E)-癸-2,4-二醛、苯甲醛、(2E)-2-癸烯醛、辛醛、壬醛均ROAV≥1,呈现果香、花香、脂肪、焦糖杏仁香。HH中柠檬醛大量产生可能是因为骨头中的脂肪逐渐释放出来并发生氧化反应,生成包括醛类在内的多种挥发性化合物。柠檬醛作为一种特定的醛类物质,可能在这一过程中由某些特定的脂肪或脂肪酸通过氧化途径产生。美拉德反应是氨基酸与还原糖之间发生的非酶促褐变反应,也会产生包括醛类在内的多种风味化合物,在炖煮过程中骨头中的蛋白质会分解氨基酸,这些氨基酸与骨头中的微量糖分发生美拉德反应,进一步增加了柠檬醛类物质含量。JG和ZG中(+)-柠檬烯的ROAV最大,可能是因为鸡骨和猪骨中天然含有一定量的脂肪和挥发性化合物,这些成分在炖煮过程中可能会释放出包括(+)-柠檬烯在内的多种香气物质。也有研究表明,不同压力炖煮的骨汤挥发性风味化合物的含量也不相同[45]。NG中壬醛的ROAV最大,可能是因为牛骨在炖煮过程中脂肪会释放发生氧化反应,生成包括壬醛在内的多种挥发性化合物。壬醛作为油酸的氧化产物,也是卤制类牛肉的代表性风味物质之一。牛骨中的蛋白质与糖分发生美拉德反应,这一过程会生成包括壬醛在内的多种挥发性风味化合物。壬醛本身具有油脂和柑橘般的气味,它能与其他风味物质产生协同效应,从而显著提升骨汤风味的复杂性与浓郁度。
实验主要通过GC-MS得到不同骨汤的VOCs,根据表7中ROAV≥1的主要香气物质的香气特征描述,主要表现为花香、果香、脂肪香、坚果香、酒香、松木香、青草气,对不同骨汤的香气特征进行定量描述性分析(quantitative descriptive analysis,QDA),结果见图8,雷达图的差异一定程度上反映了不同骨料炖煮后的风味差异。HH结合了三种不同骨类的营养物质,当这些骨头混合炖煮时,各种脂肪香气相互作用,可能产生更丰富的香气,因此各种香气强度都有增加。此外,混合骨汤中的脂肪含量相对较高,这也是其香气浓郁的重要原因。HH在炖煮过程中物质分解并发生化学反应产生庚醇、2-乙酰基噻唑、(+)-冰片等溶于汤中,从而赋予了骨汤新的香气。香气雷达图表明HH中特征香气挥发性化合物较多,对火锅的骨汤风味贡献显著。
OPLS-DA可以提取VOCs中的有效信息并体现不同样品香气组成间的差异情况,在香气特征中广泛应用,适用于解释数量较多的情况,为进一步分析不同骨汤样品的VOCs的香气成分影响,采用OPLS-DA对骨汤样品VOCs进行分析[45]。如图9(a)所示,HH分布在一、四象限,JG、ZG和NG分布在二、三象限,区别较明显,HH的横坐标可以看出组间差距,纵坐标可以看出组内的差距,表明其具有独特的风味轮廓,结合ROAV数据发现,HH的风味物质均显著多于其他组别。这些香气物质的独特性与更优的感官接受度高度相关,表明HH的挥发性香气物质构成,可能共同贡献了其更佳的风味品质。根据图9(c),模型累积解释率R2X为0.728,整体预测能力Q2为0.229,表明该模型具有较好的解释能力。为进一步检验模型,置换检验200次中R2和Q2的截距分别为0.13和-0.476,如图9(c)所示,Q2截距<0,并且模型Q2回归线与横坐标交叉,且交于y轴负半轴,说明该模型不存在过拟合。进一步对NG和HH差异性挥发性物质进行变量投影重要性(variable importance in projection,VIP)分析。VIP作为衡量OPLS-DA模型变量的权重程度,能够代表各处理之间分类判别的影响度和解释力[45]。VIP值越大对模型分类的贡献就越大,从图9(b)VIP≥1的VOCs中筛选得到19种特征VOCs,分别是(E)-壬-2-烯醛、2-乙酰基噻唑、(+)-柠檬烯、癸醛、辛醛、壬醛、芳樟醇、α-萜品醇、月桂烯、(2E)-2-癸烯醛、己醇、(2E)-2-辛烯醛、己醛、β-芬兰烯、柠檬醛、6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮、桧烯、辛醇、2-十一酮。不同原料骨在长时间的炖煮过程中,不同的骨头中的蛋白质会分解成不同的氨基酸。这些氨基酸与糖分发生美拉德反应,会生成各种挥发性物质。根据筛选出的19种VIP≥1的关键风味化合物,深入分析其构效关系:萜烯类是赋予HH特征风味的标志性组分,而醛类则是由不同骨类在热反应中协同生成,奠定了火锅汤料的基底风味。这些关键差异性物质,尤其是醛类在NG与HH炖煮体系中的动态演变,是造成二者最终风味显著分化的决定性因素。
通过GC-MS和电子鼻分析发现HH与单一JG、NG、ZG存在显著差异,筛选出ROAV≥1且VIP≥1的12种关键VOCs与电子鼻信号相关联。热图显示了电子鼻传感器与GC-MS的检测值相关情况,如图10所示。
关键VOCs与传感器的正向关联包括,醛类物质:癸醛、己醛、辛醛、壬醛与传感器W1C(芳香烃敏感)、W5S(氮氧化物敏感)、W3C(氨类敏感)呈正相关,表明这些醛类对脂肪香气的贡献可通过电子鼻快速识别。(2E)-2-癸烯醛、柠檬醛与W2S(醇类、醛酮类敏感)正相关,表示其柑橘香和果香的协同效应。己醇与W2S呈正相关,可能反映其在脂肪氧化中的中间作用。
负相关性中,(+)-柠檬烯与2-乙酰基噻唑:与W1W(硫化物敏感)、W3S(烷烃敏感)负相关,推测因炖煮过程中醛类挥发掩盖了萜烯类香气,导致传感器对背景干扰敏感度降低。
核心风味物质筛选综合相关系数前3位的化合物为壬醛、辛醛、己醛,其与10个传感器均存在较强的相关性。其中壬醛对W5C(烷烃、极性化合物)的影响最大,印证其作为关键油脂香成分的地位。此外,尽管柠檬醛在综合排名中未在前3位,但其与W2S传感器表现出极强的特异性相关,与其高挥发性的物理特征高度一致,说明电子鼻能有效捕捉此类关键香气化合物的信号。
电子鼻信号可有效表征骨汤关键风味物质的变化,混合骨汤(HH)中醛类与萜烯类的动态平衡是区别于单一骨汤的核心特征,进一步验证骨头类型对风味组成的决定性作用。
本实验通过比较不同原料骨,筛选确定骨类比例作为火锅汤料的最优骨类比,并采用单因素及响应面优化骨汤炖煮工艺。骨块比例为牛棒骨:猪棒骨:鸡棒骨为3:5:2、料液比1:4、炖煮时间5 h、炖煮温度96 ℃,在常压下炖煮。在此工艺下,火锅汤料的骨汤中TNDR为64.88%,感官评分为86.45分,按照此工艺条件炖煮出的骨汤风味最佳。和单一的鸡骨、猪骨、牛骨炖煮的骨汤相比,按照骨类比炖煮后风味化合物种类增加,相对含量显著提高。HS-SPME-GC-MS共检测出49种VOCs,对4个样品的挥发性化合物相对含量与种类进行分析,发现HH挥发性化合物质较多,ROAV≥1的化合物有20种,主要是柠檬醛、2-十一酮、己醇等物质。JG的主要挥发性化合物为(+)-柠檬烯、2-乙酰基噻唑、2-十一酮等物质。NG的主要挥发性化合物为壬醛、辛醛、甲基庚烯酮等物质。ZG的主要挥发性化合物为(+)-柠檬烯、甲基庚烯酮、壬醛等物质。4个样品共有3个关键VOCs是辛醛、壬醛、甲基庚烯酮。通过ROAV值分析发现,HH样品中含有的关键挥发性风味化合物种类更多,且其相对含量与ROAV值均较高,表明其对整体风味的贡献更为显著。这一结果表明,按照特定骨类比例炖煮的HH,在关键风味物质的组成上展现出更优的复杂性与强度。总体来说,HH相对于单一骨类炖煮的骨汤在各方面均有所改善,因此对改善火锅汤料的骨汤风味起到了积极作用,可为火锅汤料的骨汤的工业化生产提供一定的参考依据。

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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024110258
  • 接收时间:2024-11-20
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-01-01
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    1成都大学食品与生物工程学院,肉类加工四川省重点实验室,四川成都 610106
    2四川省成都红灯笼食品有限公司,四川成都 611732
    3四川国投农牧业发展有限公司,四川阿坝州 624599

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刘达玉(1964−),男,硕士,教授,研究方向:农产品贮藏与加工,E-mail:。
孙鸿强(1989−),男,硕士,高级工程师,研究方向:畜牧养殖业,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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