Article(id=1320889905216078198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320889471592149951, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024110167, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1731600000000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792854294351, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1771084800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792854294351, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792854294351, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792854294351, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320889471592149951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='524', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771084800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792854190967, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792854190967, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=184, endPage=194, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320889905425793399, articleId=1320889905216078198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effects of Solid-state Fermentation by Aspergillus niger on Nutritional Quality and Functional Properties of Mung Bean, columnId=1261336275769016441, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Bioengineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the effects of microbial solid-state fermentation on the multi-dimensional quality of mung beans, whole seeds were fermented with Aspergillus niger (fermentation temperature 26.5 ℃, inoculum concentration 8 mL/100 g). Changes in the nutritional composition, bioactive substances, antioxidant capacity of mung bean, as well as the physicochemical and digestive properties of mung bean powder during fermentation were analyzed. The results indicated that during solid-state fermentation, the levels of nutrients and bioactive substances in mung beans significantly increased (P<0.05). On day 10 of fermentation, the concentrations of protein, essential amino acids, and soluble dietary fiber were 1.13, 1.06, and 2.65 times those in unfermented mung beans, respectively. The contents of γ-aminobutyric acid, free polyphenols, and free flavonoids were 3.29, 3.42, and 1.81 times higher than those in unfermented mung beans, respectively. Additionally, with the increase in phenolic compounds, the antioxidant capacity of the alcohol extract was significantly enhanced (P<0.05). Compared to unfermented mung bean powder, the fermented mung bean powder exhibited a looser structure, higher solubility, and increased water and oil holding capacities. Rheological analysis showed a decrease in the viscoelasticity and an increase in the fluidity of the fermented mung bean powder. The anti-digestive properties of mung bean powder were enhanced after fermentation. On day 10 of fermentation, the proportion of resistant starch was 21.16%, and the eGI value was 39.99. This study demonstrated that solid-state fermentation with Aspergillus niger can improve the nutritional quality of mung beans, enhance the physicochemical and functional properties of mung bean powder. The findings are expected to provide a theoretical basis for the comprehensive processing and utilization of mung beans and the development of high-quality mung bean fermented foods.

, authors=Lijuan LIU1, Shilin LIU2, Shuangjing LANG1, Lidong WANG1, 3, *, authorsList=Lijuan LIU, Shilin LIU, Shuangjing LANG, Lidong WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Lidong WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320889908600881543, articleId=1320889905216078198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=黑曲霉固态发酵对绿豆营养品质及功能特性的影响, columnId=1261336277547401341, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=生物工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究微生物固态发酵对绿豆多维品质的影响,采用黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)对全籽粒绿豆进行固态发酵(发酵温度26.5 ℃、接菌量8 mL/100 g),分析发酵过程中绿豆营养成分、生物活性物质与抗氧化能力变化,以及绿豆粉理化与消化特性变化。结果表明:固态发酵期间,绿豆营养成分及生物活性物质含量显著升高(P<0.05),在发酵第10 d,蛋白质、必需氨基酸、可溶性膳食纤维含量为未发酵绿豆的1.13、1.06、2.65倍;γ-氨基丁酸、游离多酚、游离黄酮含量为未发酵绿豆的3.29、3.42、1.81倍,且随着酚类物质浓度升高,醇提物抗氧化能力显著增强(P<0.05)。与未发酵绿豆粉相比,发酵绿豆粉结构更加松散,具有较高溶解度、持水和持油能力;流变特性分析发现发酵后绿豆粉糊粘弹性下降、流动性升高;发酵后绿豆粉抗消化能力增强,在发酵第10 d,抗性淀粉占比最高为21.16%,eGI值为39.99。本研究表明黑曲霉固态发酵能够提高绿豆营养品质,改善绿豆粉理化与功能特性。本研究以期为绿豆综合加工利用及开发高品质绿豆发酵食品提供理论依据。

, authors=刘丽娟1, 刘诗琳2, 郎双静1, 王立东1, 3, *, authorsList=刘丽娟, 刘诗琳, 郎双静, 王立东, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王立东, authorNote=

刘丽娟(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:粮食、油脂及植物蛋白工程,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
王立东(1978−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:谷物健康食品的研究与开发及淀粉资源的深度加工与利用,E-mail:。
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刘丽娟(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:粮食、油脂及植物蛋白工程,E-mail:

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刘丽娟(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:粮食、油脂及植物蛋白工程,E-mail:

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Fuzhou: Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 2012., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320889923129950738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889905216078198, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=49, rfOrder=74, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=吕庆云, 陈款, 江蕾, 等. 低eGI值复合挤压米成型工艺、理化特性及风味[J]. 现代食品科技, 2024, 40(10): 14−25. [LÜ Q Y, CHEN K, JIANG L, et al. Process, physicochemical properties and flavor of low eGI composite extruded rice[J]. Modern Food Science and Technology, 2024, 40(10): 14−25.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320889923222225427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889905216078198, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=49, rfOrder=75, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LÜ Q Y, CHEN K, JIANG L, et al. Process, physicochemical properties and flavor of low eGI composite extruded rice[J]. 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注:不同小写字母表示数据差异显著,P<0.05;图2~图3、图5~图6同。

, figureFileSmall=2NGaYBVGPf/Dhd9eeicyDg==, figureFileBig=ekX919A7RsXy9igEnGmAnQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889912497390002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889905216078198, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Content changes of free polyphenols and free flavonoids during SSF, figureFileSmall=86RTo4NKp/ij+UN27Ike4w==, figureFileBig=2ehVJHyWbFqewEh5dRSeVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889912572887475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889905216078198, language=CN, label=图2, caption=SSF期间游离多酚、游离黄酮含量变化, figureFileSmall=86RTo4NKp/ij+UN27Ike4w==, figureFileBig=2ehVJHyWbFqewEh5dRSeVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889912648384948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889905216078198, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Changes of DPPH·clearance rate (A), ABTS+·clearance rate (B), iron ion reducing power (C) of mung bean polyphenol extract during SSF, figureFileSmall=CGx/X4PrqBCJQFGUmff5bA==, figureFileBig=ocJ++Df24yVPMXbTquOCxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889912728076725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889905216078198, language=CN, label=图3, caption=固态发酵期间绿豆醇提取液DPPH·清除能力(A)、ABTS+·清除能力(B)、铁离子还原力(C)变化, figureFileSmall=CGx/X4PrqBCJQFGUmff5bA==, figureFileBig=ocJ++Df24yVPMXbTquOCxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889912795185590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889905216078198, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Appearance (A, B) and microstructure (C, D) of UFM and FM10 mung bean powder, figureFileSmall=rf6w9JxXvBSTnOTqjveb0g==, figureFileBig=+U+7oKCDe94QHQVwEIFV0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889912858100151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889905216078198, language=CN, label=图4, caption=UFM与FM10绿豆粉的表观(A、B)和微观结构图(C、D), figureFileSmall=rf6w9JxXvBSTnOTqjveb0g==, figureFileBig=+U+7oKCDe94QHQVwEIFV0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889912929403320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889905216078198, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Changes of solubility (A) and dilatancy (B) of mung bean powder during SSF, figureFileSmall=QGIbBkYbfL2JYktccUiVZA==, figureFileBig=bvd42jxfNqHkgeAM0f5U4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889912996512185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889905216078198, language=CN, label=图5, caption=固态发酵期间绿豆粉溶解度(A)、膨胀力(B)的变化, figureFileSmall=QGIbBkYbfL2JYktccUiVZA==, figureFileBig=bvd42jxfNqHkgeAM0f5U4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889913067815354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889905216078198, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Changes of water and oil holding power of mung bean powder during SSF, figureFileSmall=o9C1SQfCUcY/UJPTDIlgEw==, figureFileBig=+AvbFS8PvZT5J4n8MI7bWQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889913155895739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889905216078198, language=CN, label=图6, caption=固态发酵期间绿豆粉持水、持油力的变化, figureFileSmall=o9C1SQfCUcY/UJPTDIlgEw==, figureFileBig=+AvbFS8PvZT5J4n8MI7bWQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889913231393212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889905216078198, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Apparent viscosity (A), G' (B), and G'' (C) of mung bean flour paste during SSF, figureFileSmall=TaRRNe1YTF2aqTqSD2s08g==, figureFileBig=NUUrluIuhJc6rQdIONCzkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889913457885629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889905216078198, language=CN, label=图7, caption=固态发酵期间绿豆粉糊的表观黏度(A)、G'(B)与G''(C), figureFileSmall=TaRRNe1YTF2aqTqSD2s08g==, figureFileBig=NUUrluIuhJc6rQdIONCzkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889913524994494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889905216078198, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Changes of nutrient content of mung bean during SSF

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
发酵时间(d)直链淀粉(g/100 g)支链淀粉(g/100 g)蛋白质(g/100 g)脂肪(g/100 g)可溶性膳食纤维(g/100 g)不溶性膳食纤维(g/100 g)
011.23±0.80a39.21±1.23a26.12±0.53bc1.12±0.09a2.96±0.49d6.48±0.21e
210.00±0.76a37.99±1.26a25.61±0.66c1.01±0.11a4.35±0.42cd7.98±0.45d
48.95±0.81a33.71±1.10b26.57±0.52bc0.94±0.10a5.46±0.54bc9.84±0.46c
68.42±0.88a33.48±1.09b27.51±0.41b0.86±0.13a6.67±0.55ab10.93±0.33b
88.95±0.91a30.13±0.99c28.23±0.49ab0.85±0.15a7.54±0.41a11.26±0.38a
108.77±0.81a29.30±1.12c29.74±0.61a0.87±0.12a7.87±0.56a11.50±0.34a
), ArticleFig(id=1320889913864733119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889905216078198, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

SSF期间绿豆营养成分含量变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
发酵时间(d)直链淀粉(g/100 g)支链淀粉(g/100 g)蛋白质(g/100 g)脂肪(g/100 g)可溶性膳食纤维(g/100 g)不溶性膳食纤维(g/100 g)
011.23±0.80a39.21±1.23a26.12±0.53bc1.12±0.09a2.96±0.49d6.48±0.21e
210.00±0.76a37.99±1.26a25.61±0.66c1.01±0.11a4.35±0.42cd7.98±0.45d
48.95±0.81a33.71±1.10b26.57±0.52bc0.94±0.10a5.46±0.54bc9.84±0.46c
68.42±0.88a33.48±1.09b27.51±0.41b0.86±0.13a6.67±0.55ab10.93±0.33b
88.95±0.91a30.13±0.99c28.23±0.49ab0.85±0.15a7.54±0.41a11.26±0.38a
108.77±0.81a29.30±1.12c29.74±0.61a0.87±0.12a7.87±0.56a11.50±0.34a
), ArticleFig(id=1320889913940230592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889905216078198, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Changes of mung bean related enzyme activity during SSF

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
发酵时间
(d)
α-淀粉酶
(U/g)
蛋白酶
(U/g)
脂肪酶
(U/g)
纤维素酶
(U/g)
038.97±5.36e23.65±3.28c6.18±1.72c96.35±24.99d
2103.68±6.57d132.87±5.42b19.97±1.57b379.12±36.82c
4129.14±4.29c136.55±4.75b20.43±1.89b453.23±22.34c
6153.22±5.82b142.16±4.41b24.86±2.24ab586.37±25.61b
8178.31±7.70a163.82±5.47a31.23±1.78a735.64±38.76a
10181.53±6.26a159.30±4.99a30.10±1.81a792.78±55.19a
), ArticleFig(id=1320889914003145153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889905216078198, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

发酵期间绿豆相关酶活性变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
发酵时间
(d)
α-淀粉酶
(U/g)
蛋白酶
(U/g)
脂肪酶
(U/g)
纤维素酶
(U/g)
038.97±5.36e23.65±3.28c6.18±1.72c96.35±24.99d
2103.68±6.57d132.87±5.42b19.97±1.57b379.12±36.82c
4129.14±4.29c136.55±4.75b20.43±1.89b453.23±22.34c
6153.22±5.82b142.16±4.41b24.86±2.24ab586.37±25.61b
8178.31±7.70a163.82±5.47a31.23±1.78a735.64±38.76a
10181.53±6.26a159.30±4.99a30.10±1.81a792.78±55.19a
), ArticleFig(id=1320889914070254018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889905216078198, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Changes of amino acid content in mung bean protein before and after fermentation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨基酸分类氨基酸组成(g/100 g)UFMFM10
必需氨基酸
(EAA)
苏氨酸(Thr)0.65±0.02b0.69±0.01a
胱氨酸(Cys)0.13±0.01b0.22±0.01a
缬氨酸(Val)1.16±0.03b1.27±0.02a
蛋氨酸(Met)0.22±0.01a0.21±0.01a
异亮氨酸(IIe)0.9±0.02b0.99±0.02a
亮氨酸(Leu)1.77±0.03a1.78±0.03a
酪氨酸(Tyr)0.45±0.01b0.57±0.01a
苯丙氨酸(Phe)1.04±0.02a1.05±0.01a
赖氨酸(Lys)1.48±0.02a1.51±.0.03a
组氨酸(His)0.59±0.01a0.61±0.01a
总必需氨基酸8.39±0.03b8.9±0.04a
非必需氨基酸
(NEAA)
天冬氨酸(Asp)2.42±0.03a2.38±0.02b
丝氨酸(Ser)0.81±0.03a0.83±0.01a
谷氨酸(Glu)3.63±0.02a3.35±0.03b
甘氨酸(Gly)0.71±0.01b0.76±0.01a
丙氨酸(Ala)0.99±0.02a1.01±0.02a
精氨酸(Arg)1.41±0.03b1.47±0.02a
脯氨酸(Pro)0.96±0.01a0.96±0.02a
总非必需氨基酸10.93±0.02a10.76±0.03b
总氨基酸含量19.32±0.02b19.66±0.03a
EAA/TAA(%)
EAA/NEAA(%)
43.42±1.26b45.26±1.24a
76.76±5.81b82.71±4.39a
), ArticleFig(id=1320889914145751491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889905216078198, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

发酵前后绿豆蛋白中氨基酸含量变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨基酸分类氨基酸组成(g/100 g)UFMFM10
必需氨基酸
(EAA)
苏氨酸(Thr)0.65±0.02b0.69±0.01a
胱氨酸(Cys)0.13±0.01b0.22±0.01a
缬氨酸(Val)1.16±0.03b1.27±0.02a
蛋氨酸(Met)0.22±0.01a0.21±0.01a
异亮氨酸(IIe)0.9±0.02b0.99±0.02a
亮氨酸(Leu)1.77±0.03a1.78±0.03a
酪氨酸(Tyr)0.45±0.01b0.57±0.01a
苯丙氨酸(Phe)1.04±0.02a1.05±0.01a
赖氨酸(Lys)1.48±0.02a1.51±.0.03a
组氨酸(His)0.59±0.01a0.61±0.01a
总必需氨基酸8.39±0.03b8.9±0.04a
非必需氨基酸
(NEAA)
天冬氨酸(Asp)2.42±0.03a2.38±0.02b
丝氨酸(Ser)0.81±0.03a0.83±0.01a
谷氨酸(Glu)3.63±0.02a3.35±0.03b
甘氨酸(Gly)0.71±0.01b0.76±0.01a
丙氨酸(Ala)0.99±0.02a1.01±0.02a
精氨酸(Arg)1.41±0.03b1.47±0.02a
脯氨酸(Pro)0.96±0.01a0.96±0.02a
总非必需氨基酸10.93±0.02a10.76±0.03b
总氨基酸含量19.32±0.02b19.66±0.03a
EAA/TAA(%)
EAA/NEAA(%)
43.42±1.26b45.26±1.24a
76.76±5.81b82.71±4.39a
), ArticleFig(id=1320889914300940740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889905216078198, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Correlation between free phenol content and antioxidant activity of alcohol extract

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目相关系数r
DPPH·清除能力ABTS+·清除能力铁离子还原力
游离多酚含量0.913**0.906**0.960**
游离黄酮含量0.994**0.989**0.984**
), ArticleFig(id=1320889914359660997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889905216078198, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

游离酚含量与醇提液抗氧化活性的相关性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目相关系数r
DPPH·清除能力ABTS+·清除能力铁离子还原力
游离多酚含量0.913**0.906**0.960**
游离黄酮含量0.994**0.989**0.984**
), ArticleFig(id=1320889914430964166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889905216078198, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Changes of RDS, SDS, RS content and eGI value of mung bean during SSF

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
发酵时间RDS(%)SDS(%)RS(%)eGI值
072.51±2.58a18.44±1.14b9.05±1.22c40.09±0.01a
271.99±2.31a20.21±1.40ab7.80±0.99c40.07±0.01a
473.90±1.86a22.49±1.68ab3.62±1.05d40.05±0.01ab
668.77±1.36b24.50±1.83a6.74±1.17cd40.04±0.01ab
862.09±1.13c20.96±1.26b16.95±0.97b40.02±0.01bc
1059.18±1.11d19.66±1.34b21.16±1.54a39.99±0.01c
), ArticleFig(id=1320889914498073031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889905216078198, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

固态发酵期间绿豆的RDS、SDS、RS含量及eGI值变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
发酵时间RDS(%)SDS(%)RS(%)eGI值
072.51±2.58a18.44±1.14b9.05±1.22c40.09±0.01a
271.99±2.31a20.21±1.40ab7.80±0.99c40.07±0.01a
473.90±1.86a22.49±1.68ab3.62±1.05d40.05±0.01ab
668.77±1.36b24.50±1.83a6.74±1.17cd40.04±0.01ab
862.09±1.13c20.96±1.26b16.95±0.97b40.02±0.01bc
1059.18±1.11d19.66±1.34b21.16±1.54a39.99±0.01c
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黑曲霉固态发酵对绿豆营养品质及功能特性的影响
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刘丽娟 1 , 刘诗琳 2 , 郎双静 1 , 王立东 1, 3, *
食品工业科技 | 生物工程 2026,47(4): 184-194
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食品工业科技 |生物工程 2026 , 47 (4) : 184 -194
黑曲霉固态发酵对绿豆营养品质及功能特性的影响
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刘丽娟1 , 刘诗琳2, 郎双静1, 王立东1, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1黑龙江八一农垦大学食品学院,黑龙江大庆 163319
  • 2湖州学院生命健康学院,浙江湖州 313000
  • 3黑龙江省八一农垦大学国家杂粮工程技术中心,黑龙江大庆 163319
通讯作者:
王立东(1978−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:谷物健康食品的研究与开发及淀粉资源的深度加工与利用,E-mail:。
作者简介:

刘丽娟(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:粮食、油脂及植物蛋白工程,E-mail:

Effects of Solid-state Fermentation by Aspergillus niger on Nutritional Quality and Functional Properties of Mung Bean
Lijuan LIU1 , Shilin LIU2, Shuangjing LANG1, Lidong WANG1, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Science, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
  • 2College of Life Sciences and Health, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China
  • 3Department of National Coarse Cereals Engineering Research Center, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
出版时间: 2026-02-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024110167
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为探究微生物固态发酵对绿豆多维品质的影响,采用黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)对全籽粒绿豆进行固态发酵(发酵温度26.5 ℃、接菌量8 mL/100 g),分析发酵过程中绿豆营养成分、生物活性物质与抗氧化能力变化,以及绿豆粉理化与消化特性变化。结果表明:固态发酵期间,绿豆营养成分及生物活性物质含量显著升高(P<0.05),在发酵第10 d,蛋白质、必需氨基酸、可溶性膳食纤维含量为未发酵绿豆的1.13、1.06、2.65倍;γ-氨基丁酸、游离多酚、游离黄酮含量为未发酵绿豆的3.29、3.42、1.81倍,且随着酚类物质浓度升高,醇提物抗氧化能力显著增强(P<0.05)。与未发酵绿豆粉相比,发酵绿豆粉结构更加松散,具有较高溶解度、持水和持油能力;流变特性分析发现发酵后绿豆粉糊粘弹性下降、流动性升高;发酵后绿豆粉抗消化能力增强,在发酵第10 d,抗性淀粉占比最高为21.16%,eGI值为39.99。本研究表明黑曲霉固态发酵能够提高绿豆营养品质,改善绿豆粉理化与功能特性。本研究以期为绿豆综合加工利用及开发高品质绿豆发酵食品提供理论依据。

绿豆  /  黑曲霉  /  固态发酵  /  营养品质  /  功能特性

To investigate the effects of microbial solid-state fermentation on the multi-dimensional quality of mung beans, whole seeds were fermented with Aspergillus niger (fermentation temperature 26.5 ℃, inoculum concentration 8 mL/100 g). Changes in the nutritional composition, bioactive substances, antioxidant capacity of mung bean, as well as the physicochemical and digestive properties of mung bean powder during fermentation were analyzed. The results indicated that during solid-state fermentation, the levels of nutrients and bioactive substances in mung beans significantly increased (P<0.05). On day 10 of fermentation, the concentrations of protein, essential amino acids, and soluble dietary fiber were 1.13, 1.06, and 2.65 times those in unfermented mung beans, respectively. The contents of γ-aminobutyric acid, free polyphenols, and free flavonoids were 3.29, 3.42, and 1.81 times higher than those in unfermented mung beans, respectively. Additionally, with the increase in phenolic compounds, the antioxidant capacity of the alcohol extract was significantly enhanced (P<0.05). Compared to unfermented mung bean powder, the fermented mung bean powder exhibited a looser structure, higher solubility, and increased water and oil holding capacities. Rheological analysis showed a decrease in the viscoelasticity and an increase in the fluidity of the fermented mung bean powder. The anti-digestive properties of mung bean powder were enhanced after fermentation. On day 10 of fermentation, the proportion of resistant starch was 21.16%, and the eGI value was 39.99. This study demonstrated that solid-state fermentation with Aspergillus niger can improve the nutritional quality of mung beans, enhance the physicochemical and functional properties of mung bean powder. The findings are expected to provide a theoretical basis for the comprehensive processing and utilization of mung beans and the development of high-quality mung bean fermented foods.

mung bean  /  Aspergillus niger  /  solid-state fermentation  /  nutritional quality  /  functional characteristics
刘丽娟, 刘诗琳, 郎双静, 王立东. 黑曲霉固态发酵对绿豆营养品质及功能特性的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (4) : 184 -194 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024110167
Lijuan LIU, Shilin LIU, Shuangjing LANG, Lidong WANG. Effects of Solid-state Fermentation by Aspergillus niger on Nutritional Quality and Functional Properties of Mung Bean[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (4) : 184 -194 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024110167
绿豆(Vigna radiata L.),作为一年生直立草本植物,在世界广泛种植。绿豆作为重要食用豆类和功能性食品,富含淀粉、蛋白质、膳食纤维、多酚、多糖、黄酮等多种营养功能成分,使其具有抗氧化、抗肿瘤、消暑、解毒、降血脂、降血压等功效[1]。绿豆中膳食纤维60%~70%为不溶性膳食纤维,导致绿豆在食品加工过程中熟化困难、口感较差,且大部分多酚类化合物也以不溶性形式存在,多数与纤维素、木质素、阿拉伯木聚糖、结构蛋白等物质通过共价键结合,使其难以被人体吸收利用[2]。目前,为改善绿豆食用品质,提高生物利用度,常用浸泡、蒸煮、超声、发芽或去除种皮等处理方法[3],但其存在效率低、加工成本高、营养损失大等缺点。因此,选择一种经济、高效的加工方法是必要的。
固态发酵(Solid-State Fermentation,SSF)作为一种传统微生物发酵方法,具有发酵工艺简单、耗能成本低、发酵产物易提取、环境污染小等优点,被广泛用于谷物及其副产物加工中[4]。有研究表明,微生物固态发酵杂粮、杂豆可提升其营养成分的生物可及性,改善营养结构及功能特性。 Gautheron等[5]采用米曲霉发酵蚕豆粉,发现蛋白质、脂肪含量分别增加20%、40%,蚕豆粉颗粒尺寸减小,保水性提高,表明固态发酵是提高蚕豆粉营养品质及功能特性的有效手段。崔善华等[6]采用酵母菌与枯草芽孢杆菌发酵海红米,发现可溶性膳食纤维提高16.59%,吸收焓值降低,表面粗糙,表明固态发酵能够改善海红米的理化及品质特性。此外,选择适宜菌种是SSF工艺的关键因素,常用于固态发酵的菌种包括:乳酸菌、酵母菌、霉菌,在先前的研究中,采用不同类型菌种对绿豆进行固态发酵,发现霉菌是提高绿豆酚类物质的优势菌种。而黑曲霉作为一种好氧型丝状真菌,是美国药品监督管理局认证为食品用酶的安全菌株,产纤维素酶、淀粉酶、蛋白酶能力突出,具有产酶量大、不产毒素、繁殖能力强等特点[7]。Pilar等[8]采用黑曲霉和米曲霉固态发酵高粱,发现黑曲霉固态发酵可有效释放高粱酚类化合物、提高其营养物质利用度。已有研究表明黑曲霉产酶机制为诱导表达机制,即黑曲霉通过识别不同基质,进行诱导表达形成不同酶系[9]。然而,许多研究多因黑曲霉产纤维素酶量大的特点而将其用于饲料发酵[10],不能充分发挥黑曲霉诱导产酶的作用,且目前利用黑曲霉固态发酵绿豆的研究较少,微生物发酵法多用于制作绿豆食品[11](绿豆酸奶、绿豆酒、绿豆面包)或提取绿豆单一营养成分[12](绿豆多肽、绿豆多酚),综合利用产品较少。
因此,本研究以黑曲霉为发酵菌剂,采用适宜发酵条件对绿豆进行固态发酵处理。在发酵过程中,通过对绿豆的营养成分、生物活性物质含量与抗氧化能力以及绿豆粉的结构和理化性质进行测定,获得绿豆在发酵过程中营养品质及功能特性的变化,以期为绿豆综合加工利用及高品质绿豆发酵食品开发提供理论依据。
绿豆 黑龙江仓天然生态农业有限公司;黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger,CGMCC 3.3928) 中国普通微生物菌种保藏中心;查氏琼脂(Czapek’s Agar) 分析纯,青岛高科技工业园海博生物技术有限公司;支链淀粉试剂盒、直链淀粉试剂盒、α-淀粉酶试剂盒、蛋白酶试剂盒、纤维素酶试剂盒、脂肪酶试剂盒、DPPH自由基清除能力试剂盒、ABTS+自由基清除能力试剂盒、FRAP还原能力试剂盒 北京索莱宝科技有限公司;葡萄糖标准品(≥98%)、γ-氨基丁酸标准品(≥98%)、没食子酸标准品(≥98%)、芦丁标准品(≥98%) 分析纯,上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司;石油醚、苯酚、次氯酸钠 分析纯,辽宁泉瑞试剂有限公司。
SN-VD-650超净操作台 上海尚普仪器设备有限公司;HWS-250S精密恒温恒湿培养箱 天津市莱伯特瑞仪器设备有限公司;DHG-9146A电热恒温鼓风干燥箱 上海精宏实验设备有限公司;LA8080氨基酸自动分析仪 日本株式会社日立高新技术科学;RE-3000B旋转蒸发器 郑州市亚荣仪器有限公司;KQ-250E超声波清洗器 昆山市超声仪器有限公司;HAAKE MARS 60流变仪 赛默飞世尔科技公司。
将黑曲霉冻干粉接种于Czapek’s Agar固体斜面培养基,28 ℃培养5~6 d,完成菌种活化,传代1次~2次后使用。活化好的黑曲霉转接至Czapek’s Agar固体斜面培养基进行扩培,28 ℃下培养至长出成熟孢子,洗脱液反复冲洗黑色孢子,制成孢子悬浮液。稀释涂布平板法测定活菌数,无菌水适当稀释制成含有1×108 CFU/mL孢子的黑曲霉种子液备用。
绿豆清洗后加入1:3纯净水于25 ℃下浸泡12 h,去除无皮、破损、虫食的籽粒,称取50 g湿基绿豆装入250 mL灭菌的带塞锥形瓶中,沸水浴8 min,放于超净操作台紫外灭菌30 min,等待放凉。
参考实验前期固态发酵条件优化结果[13],采用黑曲霉固态发酵绿豆,具体步骤为:将灭菌后装有绿豆的锥形瓶中接入8 mL/100 g浓度为1×108 CFU/mL的黑曲霉种子液,充分混匀,设置培养温度26.5 ℃、培养湿度80%,进行固态发酵;在发酵0、2、4、6、8、10 d取样,样品名称为UFM、FM2、FM4、FM6、FM8、FM10,发酵完成后121 ℃高压灭菌10 min,置于45 ℃烘箱烘干至恒重,粉碎过80目筛,冰箱4 ℃保存备用。
采用直链淀粉、支链淀粉试剂盒测定固态发酵期间绿豆直、支链淀粉含量;蛋白质含量测定参考GB 5009.5-2016食品中蛋白质的测定方法进行测定[14];粗脂肪含量测定参考GB/T 5009.6-2003食品中脂肪的测定方法进行测定[15];参照刘金阁等[16]的方法测定可溶性膳食纤维(Soluble Dietary Fiber,SDF)、不溶性膳食纤维(Insoluble Dietary Fiber,IDF)含量。采用α-淀粉酶、蛋白酶、纤维素酶、脂肪酶试剂盒对相关酶活性进行测定。
参照Wu等[17]的方法采用全自动氨基酸分析仪检测发酵前后样品中水解氨基酸含量变化。称取适量样品,在水解管中加入5 mL盐酸溶液,放入电热鼓风恒温箱水解22 h。将水解液过滤,用蒸馏水定容至10 mL。吸取0.05 mL滤液加入15 mL试管中,氮气吹干,用0.02 mol/L盐酸溶液定容至2 mL,过0.22 μm微孔滤膜,上机测定。各氨基酸含量计算公式如下:
$\rm X(g/100\;g)=\frac{(C-{C}_{0})\times V\times N}{\text{m}\times 10000} $
式中:X表示各氨基酸含量,g/100 g;C表示各氨基酸浓度值,mg/L;C0表示空白对照中各氨基酸浓度值,mg/L;V表示定容体积,mL;N表示稀释倍数;m表示称样量,g。
γ-氨基丁酸(γ-Aminobutyric Acid,GABA)含量参考Tan等[18]的方法。称取1 g绿豆粉,加50 mL水,超声提取2 h,4000 r/min离心10 min,取上清液1 mL加入0.4 mL硼酸缓冲液、2 mL 4%苯酚、0.8 mL 9%次氯酸钠,沸水浴加热10 min,立即放入冰水浴,颜色由黄色变为蓝绿色后,加入2 mL 60%乙醇混匀,645 nm波长测定样品吸光度。以GABA浓度为横坐标,吸光度为纵坐标绘制标准曲线,回归方程为y=1.2329x−0.0036(R2=0.9957)。
醇提液:准确称取5 g样品,加入50 mL 80%无水乙醇,超声提取2 h,4000 r/min离心20 min,取上清液,沉淀重复提取2次,合并上清液,蒸发浓缩后,无水乙醇定容至15 mL。冰箱−20 ℃保存备用。参考Xie等[19]的方法测定游离多酚、游离黄酮含量。
多酚含量测定:采用福林酚比色法以没食子酸质量浓度为横坐标,吸光度为纵坐标绘制标准曲线,回归方程为y=0.0091x+0.0153(R2=0.9984),绿豆多酚提取液稀释8倍后按照标准曲线的方法测定吸光度。
黄酮含量测定:以芦丁质量浓度为横坐标,吸光度为纵坐标绘制标准曲线,回归方程为y=0.7972x+0.0574(R2=0.9969),提取液稀释8倍后按标准曲线的方法测定吸光度。
采用北京索莱宝科技有限公司所提供的DPPH自由基清除能力试剂盒、ABTS+自由基清除能力试剂盒、FRAP还原能力试剂盒对1.2.7中提取的醇提液直接进行抗氧化能力测定。
参照Xu等[20]的方法稍作修改,将发酵前后绿豆粉进行肉眼观察拍照,验证其外观变化。使用喷涂机将样品进行喷金处理,加速电压10.0 kV、放大倍数10000倍的条件下观察样品微观结构,拍摄样品颗粒形貌。
参照Li等[21]的方法稍加修改,准确称取0.5 g样品,加入8 mL蒸馏水,80 ℃水浴振荡30 min,4000 r/min离心20 min后,取上清液105 ℃烘箱烘干至恒重,计算公式如下:
$ \text{S}({\mathrm{g/g}})=\frac{{\text{m}}_{2}}{{\text{m}}_{1}} $
$ \text{P}({\mathrm{g/g}})=\frac{{\text{m}}_{3}}{{\text{m}}_{1}} $
式中:S表示溶解度,g/g;P表示膨胀力,g/g;m1表示样品质量,g;m2表示上清液烘干后残余物质量,g;m3表示去除上清液后凝胶质量,g。
参照Sobowale等[22]的方法稍加修改,准确称取0.2 g样品于10 mL离心管,加入5 mL蒸馏水/葵花菜籽油,37 ℃振荡1 h,4000 r/min离心20 min后,弃上清液,沉底称重。计算公式如下:
$ \text{W}({\mathrm{g/g}})=\frac{{\text{m}}_{1}-\text{m}}{\text{m}} $
式中:W表示持水/持油能力,g/g;m表示样品质量,g;m1表示吸水/油后样品总质量,g。
参照王平[23]的方法稍作修改,准确称取5 g样品,加入35 mL蒸馏水,沸水浴3 min,玻璃棒不断搅拌成糊状。静态流变测试:样品静置5 min,设置剪切速率由1~100 s−1递增,记录表观粘度随剪切速率增加的变化;动态流变:样品静置5 min,设置应变幅度1%,在0.1~10 Hz进行频率扫描,记录储能模量G'、损耗模量G''随频率的变化。
参照路乐乐等[24]的方法测定绿豆在消化过程中葡萄糖含量。以葡萄糖为标准品绘制标准曲线,回归方程为:y=2.8017x−0.0018(R2=0.9984)。以淀粉水解率为横坐标,消化时间为纵坐标,绘制水解曲线。快消化淀粉(rapidly digestible starch,RDS)、慢消化淀粉(slowly digestible starch,SDS)、抗性淀粉(resistant starch,RS)、预估血糖生成指数(expected glycemic index,eGI)公式如下:
$\begin{split} &\text{RDS}(\text{%})=\frac{({\text{G}}_{\text{20}}-{\text{F}}_{\text{G}})\times \text{0}\text{.9}}{\text{TS}}\times \text{100}\\ &\text{SDS}(\text{%})=\frac{({\text{G}}_{\text{120}}-{\text{G}}_{\text{20}})\times \text{0}\text{.9}}{\text{TS}}\times \text{100}\\ &\text{RS}(\text{%})=\frac{(\text{TS}-\text{RDS}-\text{SDS})\times \text{0}\text{.9}}{\text{TS}}\times \text{100}\\ &\text{HI}=\frac{{\text{AUC}}_{\text{s}}}{{\text{AUC}}_{\text{r}}}\\ &\text{eGI}=\text{39}\text{.71}+\text{0}\text{.594}\times \text{HI}\end{split} $
式中:RDS表示快消化淀粉含量,%;G20表示消化20 min时葡萄糖含量,g;FG表示游离葡萄糖含量,g;TS表示淀粉总量,g;SDS表示慢消化淀粉含量,%;G120表示消化120 min时葡萄糖含量,g;RS表示抗性淀粉含量,%;HI表示淀粉水解指数;AUCs表示0~180 min水解曲线下面积;AUCr表示白面包0~180 min水解曲线下面积;eGI表示预估血糖指数。
使用IBM SPSS Statistics 27软件进行数据ANOVA显著性分析,使用Origin 2021、Excel进行数据统计分析及图表绘制,Duncan’s多重检验(P<0.05)进行显著性分析,每组试验进行3次重复试验,试验结果用“平均值±标准偏差”表示。
固态发酵期间绿豆营养成分含量及相关酶活性变化分别见表1、表2。由表1可知,随发酵时间的延长,绿豆中支链淀粉含量显著降低(P<0.05),在第10 d最低为29.30 g/100 g,而直链淀粉变化不显著。同时在发酵的0~8 d,α-淀粉酶活性显著升高(P<0.05),发酵第10 d保持稳定,α-淀粉酶能够切断淀粉、糖原和相关多糖中糖链内部的α-1,4糖苷键以产生小分子糖[25]。因此,导致淀粉含量变化的原因可能是无定形区支链淀粉更易被微生物产生的淀粉酶水解,使其分解为小分子葡萄糖或部分直链淀粉,小分子葡萄糖进一步被微生物消耗利用,导致支链淀粉含量下降,直链淀粉含量增加[26]。然而测定发现直链淀粉含量变化不显著,这可能是由部分直链淀粉同样被微生物酶分解利用所致。Li等[27]研究发现支链淀粉的部分分支结构在发酵过程中被乳酸菌产生的酶水解,长链分支减少,使糙米质地变软、食用品质提高。
绿豆蛋白质含量随发酵时间的延长呈先下降后上升趋势,在第10 d达到最高为29.74 g/100 g,为UFM的1.13倍。蛋白酶活性在发酵0~2 d显著升高(P<0.05),2~6 d上升缓慢,第8 d迅速上升。在发酵的0~2 d蛋白质含量降低,一方面可能是因为微生物产生的蛋白酶将蛋白质分解为小分子多肽和氨基酸,被微生物消耗利用,另一方面可能是因为绿豆自身进行萌发消耗了部分蛋白质;在发酵的2~10 d,蛋白质含量显著升高(P<0.05),这可能是因为微生物在发酵过程中产生大量菌体蛋白和少量含氮非蛋白物质,使可测得的蛋白质含量增多[28]。Li等[29]研究发现发酵豆粉中总蛋白含量增加14.45%,这是因为微生物产生大量菌体蛋白,且部分蛋白可能由脂肪转化而来。然而在发酵的2~8 d蛋白质含量与蛋白酶活性变化不一致,这是因为此时微生物产生的蛋白质含量远远大于被蛋白酶水解的蛋白质。
绿豆脂肪含量随发酵时间的延长呈下降趋势,但变化不显著,在发酵第8 d最低为0.85 g/100 g。而通过对酶活性的测定发现,在发酵的0~8 d脂肪酶活性呈显著上升趋势(P<0.05)。因此,脂肪含量变化不显著一方面可能是因为随着发酵时间的延长绿豆中其他营养物质被微生物产生的水解酶分解而被消耗利用,导致脂肪含量所占全物质比例增加;另一方面微生物在发酵过程中不断产生脂肪酶,脂肪酶将脂肪分解为小分子的脂肪酸和甘油,使脂肪含量下降[30]。有研究发现,脂类物质被水解后能与发酵豆类中的醇类物质结合,形成独特风味[31]。脂肪的水解在一定程度上能够提高绿豆的食用品质。
膳食纤维对人类肠道健康具有积极影响,其具有的功能特性大多与SDF含量成正比。在发酵0~8 d,SDF、IDF含量显著升高(P<0.05),8 d后两者含量变化不显著。在发酵第10 d,SDF(7.87 g/100 g)、IDF(11.50 mg/g)含量达到最高,分别为UFM的2.65、1.92倍。且随发酵时间的延长纤维素酶活性的变化趋势与SDF含量一致。因此SDF、IDF含量升高可能是因为一方面微生物消耗其他营养物质,使SDF、IDF含量占比增加,另一方面微生物产生的纤维素酶破坏木质素、半纤维素等的化学键,使部分IDF长链分解而转化为小分子SDF[32];然而也有研究发现,微生物在发酵过程中可能利用发酵底物合成非纤维素多糖、低聚糖和β-葡聚糖等物质,而导致SDF含量增加[33],这与王璐瑶等[34]的研究结果一致。
固态发酵前后绿豆粉中氨基酸组成及含量如表3所示。根据FAO/WHO推荐的理想蛋白质模式,质量较好的蛋白质中必需氨基酸占氨基酸总量比值(EAA/TAA)应为40%以上,必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸比值(EAA/NEAA)应为60%以上。FM10组的EAA/TAA与EAA/NEAA分别为45.26%、82.71%,显著高于UFM组(P<0.05),说明发酵后绿豆具有更理想的氨基酸配比。具体分析发现,与UFM组相比,FM10组必需氨基酸中苏氨酸、胱氨酸、缬氨酸、异亮氨酸、酪氨酸含量显著提高(P<0.05),分别为UFM组的1.06、1.69、1.09、1.10、1.27倍。非必需氨基酸中甘氨酸、精氨酸含量显著升高(P<0.05),分别为UFM的1.07、1.04倍,天冬氨酸、谷氨酸显著下降。刘慧菊等[35]研究发现蚕豆粉经黑曲霉发酵后,其多数氨基酸含量显著增加(P<0.05),包括胱氨酸、缬氨酸、异亮氨酸、酪氨酸、精氨酸等,而甘氨酸、苏氨酸下降,本研究结果与之类似。发酵后氨基酸含量发生变化一方面可能是因为微生物在发酵过程中利用碳源通过不同代谢途径合成氨基酸,例如:缬氨酸、异亮氨酸含量增加可能是因为微生物利用碳源经过三羧酸循环中丙酮酸途径合成缬氨酸、异亮氨酸,酪氨酸则可能是由微生物利用碳源经过莽草酸代谢途径合成的[36];另一方面可能是因为微生物在发酵过程中产生转氨酶通过催化氨基酸的氨基转移从而调控氨基酸的合成与降解途径,例如:天冬氨酸、谷氨酸含量下降就可能是因为微生物产生的转氨酶将天冬氨酸、谷氨酸转化为α-酮戊二酸,而重新参与三羧酸循环当中[37]。
GABA作为一种非蛋白氨基酸,是一种抑制性神经递质,具有降血压、镇痛安神、增强记忆力、增强脏器功能等作用[18]。在固态发酵期间绿豆中GABA含量变化如图1所示,在发酵的0~8 d,绿豆中GABA含量呈显著升高趋势(P<0.05),发酵8 d后GABA含量变化不显著,在发酵第8 d最高为6.86 mg/g,为UFM的3.41倍。Tan等[18]的研究发现,酵母菌与乳酸菌共发酵可显著提高泡菜的GABA含量,最高可达6.57 g/L,本研究结果与之一致。GABA含量增加的原因可能是因为一方面在发酵过程中微生物能够利用碳源经过三羧酸循环途径与多胺降解途径合成GABA,另一方面微生物能够产生谷氨酸脱羧酶催化谷氨酸脱羧合成GABA[38],这与上文2.2对氨基酸分析中谷氨酸含量下降的结果相符合。发酵后期GABA含量变化不显著,这可能是因为微生物生长代谢所需的营养物质被消耗殆尽,黑曲霉的产酶能力受到抑制,导致GABA含量不再上升。
固态发酵期间游离多酚、游离黄酮变化如图2所示。由图2可知,随发酵时间的延长,游离多酚含量显著上升(P<0.05),在发酵第10 d最高为17.56 mg/g,为未发酵绿豆的3.42倍;游离黄酮含量在发酵的0~8 d显著上升(P<0.05),发酵第8 d达最高,6.89 mg/g,为UFM的1.88倍。徐莉娜等[39]的研究发现,采用双孢蘑菇发酵燕麦、藜麦、大豆后总酚含量显著提高(P<0.05),分别为未发酵组的2.09、1.97、1.24倍,本研究结果与之一致。游离酚含量的增加一方面可能是因为微生物在发酵过程中产生多种水解酶,使与淀粉、蛋白质、纤维素等结合的酚类物质得到释放,从而提高游离酚含量[19],该推测与2.1中对酶活性的测定结果一致,即发酵后α-淀粉酶、蛋白酶、纤维素酶、脂肪酶活性均显著升高;另一方面可能是因为微生物在发酵过程中能够产生相应的酶调节植物莽草酸、苯丙氨酸等代谢和生物合成途径,从而富集酚类物质[40]。Jiang等[41]采用藜麦和黑大麦与克森乳杆菌共发酵,发酵后总多酚和类黄酮含量显著提高(P<0.05),分析发现21种多酚类代谢物质的富集主要参与黄酮、类黄酮、花青素等生物合成。
SSF期间绿豆醇提液抗氧化能力变化如图3所示。在发酵0~8 d,DPPH·清除能力与ABTS+·清除能力显著升高(P<0.05),在发酵第8 d达到最高分别为5.90 μmol VC/g、4.85 μmol VC/g,分别为UFM的2.67、2.57倍。铁离子还原力随发酵时间的延长显著升高(P<0.05),在第10 d最高为44.75 μmol FeSO4/g,为UFM的2.59倍。同样,Chen等[42]采用米根霉固态发酵大豆可显著提高其抗氧化能力,且具有时间依赖性,在发酵第5 d,DPPH·清除率、ABTS+·清除率、OH−·清除率分别为未发酵的2.25、2.28、3.83倍,本研究结果与之一致。对游离酚含量与醇提液抗氧化能力进行相关性分析(表4)发现,游离多酚与游离黄酮均与DPPH·清除力、ABTS+·清除能力、铁离子还原力呈极显著相关(P<0.01),表明在发酵过程中绿豆抗氧化能力的提高主要归因于酚类物质的增加,且游离黄酮含量与抗氧化能力的相关系数均大于游离多酚,这可能是因为黄酮类物质具有更强的抗氧化能力。同样,Chen等[43]研究发现,采用冠突散囊菌固态发酵可显著提高大豆的抗氧化能力(P<0.05),并分析得出发酵过程中酚类物质和异黄酮苷元含量是提高大豆抗氧化能力的主要原因。然而,也有研究表明抗氧化能力的提升可能与发酵过程中蛋白质被蛋白酶水解后产生的活性肽和氨基酸有关[28]。
固态发酵前后绿豆粉表观与电镜变化如图4所示。由图4A、图4B可知,UFM颜色为灰白色,FM10颜色变为棕黄色,具有菌丝体香味,且豆腥味减少。同样,Xu等[20]采用短小芽孢杆菌发酵蚕豆粉发现,发酵后蚕豆粉由绿色变为深褐色,并具有淡淡的醇香味。FM10颜色变深一方面可能是因为发酵过程中微生物产生多种水解酶将淀粉、蛋白质分别降解为小分子的单糖和氨基酸,两者发生美拉德反应生成棕色的大分子物质;另一方面可能是微生物产生的各种水解酶使花青素等具有颜色的酚类物质溶出,而导致颜色变化[44]。由图4C、图4D可知,UFM与FM10的微观结构表现出明显差异。UFM形体结构完整,表面光滑;FM10结构松散,表面粗糙,出现不规则孔洞。这可能是因为微生物在发酵过程中分泌多种胞外酶,淀粉、纤维素等大分子物质被分解,破坏了绿豆粉颗粒完整的细胞结构[45]。这种变化使发酵绿豆粉具有细腻的质地与独特的发酵香味,提高了绿豆粉的食用品质。
SSF期间绿豆粉溶解度、膨胀力变化分别见图5A、图5B。由图5可知,经黑曲霉固态发酵后绿豆粉溶解度显著升高(P<0.05),随发酵时间的延长呈先下降后上升趋势,第8 d达到最高为0.431 g/g,为UFM的1.57倍。发酵前期溶解度下降,是由于微生物利用可溶性的小分子物质进行自身生长代谢,导致可溶性物质占全物质的比例下降;发酵6 d后溶解度显著升高,这可能是因为微生物在发酵过程中产生的多种水解酶将绿豆中淀粉、蛋白质、膳食纤维等不溶性大分子物质水解为可溶性小分子物质。与UFM相比,发酵后绿豆粉膨胀力均显著降低(P<0.05),同样与绿豆中大分子物质被微生物水解和破坏有关。这与Xu等[20]的研究一致,即发酵后鹰嘴豆粉溶解度提高、膨胀力降低,这可能与在发酵过程中部分蛋白变性、淀粉破坏以及微生物产生的水解酶类有关。
在食品开发中,食品配料的持水、持油力是基本质量参数之一。黑曲霉固态发酵期间绿豆粉持水、持油力变化如图6所示。由图6可知,固态发酵后绿豆粉持水力、持油力得到显著提升(P<0.05)。随着发酵时间的延长,持水力呈先上升后下降趋势,在发酵第6 d最高为1.85 g/g,为UFM的1.86倍。持油力在发酵第2 d显著上升(P<0.05),而2~10 d变化不显著。持水、持油力增加的原因可能与营养物质的水解有关。Sobowale等[22]的研究发现,发酵高粱粉的持水力(1.64%~1.83%)、持油力(1.57%~1.70%)升高,这可能是因为在发酵过程中微生物产生蛋白酶将部分蛋白质肽键断裂,暴露出更多极性基团,增加蛋白质的亲水性与油滴吸附能力。然而,也有研究发现,固态发酵能够使细胞壁结构变得疏松多孔,大量孔隙增加了原料与水、油的接触面积,从而增加其持水、持油力[30],这与上文2.6中观察到绿豆粉表面出现大量孔洞的分析结果相符合。在发酵8~10 d持水力下降,可能是因为此时具有多个羟基的大分子糖链及疏水性的氨基酸残基被微生物分解[22],导致亲水基团减少、持水力下降。
在静态流变中黏度决定了粉体在各应用中的增稠能力,在动态流变中储能模量(G')、损耗模量(G'')分别反映物质的弹性、黏性。固态发酵期间绿豆粉流变特性变化如图7所示。由图7A可知绿豆粉表观黏度随剪切速率的增大而减小,后趋于稳定,这表明绿豆粉存在剪切稀化现象,绿豆粉糊属于假速性流体[46]。与未发酵绿豆粉相比,发酵后剪切稀化程度降低,表观粘度随发酵时间的延长呈显著下降趋势(P<0.05)。由图7B、图7C可知,在发酵的0~6 d,绿豆粉糊G'、G''随振荡频率的增加呈上升趋势,且G'均大于G'',说明此时绿豆粉糊能够呈现弱凝胶性[46]。但随着发酵时间的延长,G'、G''呈显著下降趋势(P<0.05),即频率依赖性逐渐下降,这表明发酵降低了绿豆粉的凝胶强度和硬度。导致这种变化的原因一方面可能是发酵促进了淀粉链间的非共价键结合,提高淀粉糊凝胶网络中链间缔合的缠结点,使淀粉链在剪切应力下不易重新取向,从而使粉体的粘度下降[23];另一方面可能与发酵过程中部分营养成分含量下降有关。熊港萍[47]研究发现发酵后糙米粉体系的流动性增强,这可能与发酵过程中支链淀粉含量减少、淀粉结构发生变化有关;赖翠霞[48]研究发现,发酵后大米粉的G'、G''显著降低,并表明蛋白质含量对凝胶网络的粘弹性影响较大。
与其他营养物质相比,绿豆中淀粉含量最高,约占绿豆全籽粒的50%~60%,淀粉的消化特性影响着绿豆食品的功能特性。固态发酵期间绿豆的RDS、SDS、RS含量变化及eGI值如表5所示。在发酵的0~4 d RDS含量变化不显著,这可能是因为部分RDS被微生物消耗或部分SDS转化为RDS。在发酵4~10 d RDS含量显著下降(P<0.05),这可能是因为在发酵过程中大量RDS优先被微生物产生的淀粉酶分解进而被消耗利用;随着发酵时间的延长,SDS含量整体呈先上升后下降趋势,在发酵第6 d达到最高为24.50%,这是因为在发酵前期微生物产生的淀粉酶将RS分解为更易消化的RDS,而后期RDS又被微生物酶进一步分解。RS含量在发酵的0~4 d逐渐降低,此时RS含量下降与RDS上升原因一致,而在发酵的4~10 d,RS含量显著升高(P<0.05),发酵第10 d达到最高为21.16%,这可能是因为此时大量酚类物质、蛋白质、脂质溶出与部分淀粉分子结合,形成V型结构的复合物,导致RS含量增加[47]。杨爽等[26]采用蛹虫草固态发酵玉米粉,在发酵第5 d SDS与RS显著增加,分别为未发酵玉米粉的1.83、1.41倍,本研究结果与之类似。eGI是衡量食物影响餐后血糖水平的关键指标,在人体中低eGI值食物释放葡萄糖更缓慢,胰岛素响应更平和。GI值小于55的食物被认定为低GI食品[49],随着发酵时间的延长,绿豆粉eGI值逐渐降低,在发酵第10 d最低达39.99,说明发酵绿豆粉为低eGI食品。
本研究利用黑曲霉固态发酵绿豆。结果发现,在固态发酵过程中,除淀粉含量下降外,绿豆中主要营养成分及生物活性物质均有显著提高(P<0.05),在发酵第10 d,蛋白质、必需氨基酸、可溶性膳食纤维分别为未发酵绿豆的1.13、1.06、2.65倍,γ-氨基丁酸、游离多酚、游离黄酮含量分别为未发酵绿豆的3.29、3.42、1.81倍;且随着醇提液中酚类物质含量的增加,其抗氧化能力显著增强(P<0.05),DPPH·清除率、ABTS+·清除率、铁离子还原力分别为未发酵绿豆粉的2.67、2.57、2.59倍;表明黑曲霉固态发酵可改善绿豆营养结构,提高营养成分、活性物质的生物可及性及抗氧化能力。与未发酵绿豆相比,发酵绿豆粉颜色变深,微观颗粒结构更加松散,溶解度、持水力、持油力升高,流变特性分析发现,随着发酵时间的延长绿豆粉的表观粘度、储模能量、损耗模量显著降低(P<0.05),表明发酵绿豆粉粉质细腻、颗粒均匀、流动性强,具有良好的食用品质;发酵后绿豆粉中SDS、RS含量升高,在发酵第10 d,SDS、RS占比分别为19.66%、21.16%,此时eGI值为39.99,表明发酵绿豆粉具有更高的抗消化能力,属于低eGI食品,适合糖尿病患者食用。总之,黑曲霉固态发酵是提高绿豆综合品质的有效处理方法。然而,目前还尚不清楚粉体、块状等不同绿豆发酵基料对发酵绿豆粉品质的影响,及乳酸菌、酵母菌等不同常用安全菌种对绿豆综合品质的影响,因此,未来还需进行不同菌种对不同绿豆基料发酵的研究。

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2026年第47卷第4期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024110167
  • 接收时间:2024-11-15
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-02-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-15
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    1黑龙江八一农垦大学食品学院,黑龙江大庆 163319
    2湖州学院生命健康学院,浙江湖州 313000
    3黑龙江省八一农垦大学国家杂粮工程技术中心,黑龙江大庆 163319

通讯作者:

王立东(1978−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:谷物健康食品的研究与开发及淀粉资源的深度加工与利用,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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