Article(id=1320882314524082973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320882022160126288, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024110118, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1731340800000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852484589, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1767196800000, pubDateStr=2026-01-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852484589, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852484589, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852484589, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320882022160126288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='498', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1767196800000', pubDateStr='2026-01-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852414884, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852414884, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=453, endPage=460, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320882314712826654, articleId=1320882314524082973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Fruit and Vegetable Extracellular Vesicles: Biological Activity and Function as Delivery Carriers, columnId=1261343851327906245, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Fruit and vegetable extracellular vesicles (EVs) refer to all nanoscale membrane vesicles derived from fruit and vegetable tissues. Unlike other EVs, those from fruits and vegetables originate from commonly consumed foods, making them not only cost-effective and readily available but also inherently safer. To date, there have been no reports of adverse reactions associated with their use. More than ten types of EVs from common fruits and vegetables have been identified, many of which have demonstrated antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities. Additionally, some fruit and vegetable EVs have been found to regulate intestinal function, promote wound healing, and exhibit immunosuppressive effects. Due to their excellent biocompatibility and low immunogenicity, these EVs are also promising candidates for delivery systems. This paper reviews the latest research advancements on EVs derived from fruits and vegetables, with a particular focus on their roles in biological activity and delivery vehicles. The goal is to support and provide reference for further research in this emerging field.

, authors=Luyun CAI1, 2, Yuchuan BIAN1, 3, Ran XU1, 2, *, authorsList=Luyun CAI, Yuchuan BIAN, Ran XU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ran XU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320882316658983713, articleId=1320882314524082973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=果蔬细胞外囊泡:生物活性和载体功能, columnId=1261343852603031688, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=专题综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

果蔬细胞外囊泡(EVs)是从果蔬组织中获得的所有纳米级膜囊泡的统称。相对于其它EVs,果蔬EVs源于日常食用的果蔬,不仅成本低,获取相对容易,而且在安全性方面具有先天优势,尚无不良反应的报道。目前已有十余种常见果蔬的EVs被获取,其中许多果蔬EVs被证明具备抗氧化、抗炎、抗癌的生物活性,部分果蔬EVs被认为具有调节肠道功能、创伤愈合、免疫抑制等功效。而且果蔬EVs具有良好的生物相容性和低免疫原性,是递送载体的良好选择。本文综述了果蔬EVs的相关研究进展,重点整理了不同果蔬来源EVs在生物活性和递送载体方面的研究,以期为果蔬EVs的相关研究提供支持和借鉴。

, authors=蔡路昀1, 2, 卞钰川1, 3, 徐冉1, 2, *, authorsList=蔡路昀, 卞钰川, 徐冉, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=徐冉, authorNote=

蔡路昀(1981−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品营养与健康,功能食品,E-mail:

卞钰川(2000−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品营养与加工工程,E-mail:

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徐冉(1990−),女,博士,助理研究员,研究方向:海洋资源开发与高价值利用,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=4/wY3yzspxa3/8zcOq+s6w==, magXml=nBLlGozGgbTIZx88yzpjGw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=hreLeieW6Cg6E3V5LiF1iQ==, pdfFileSize=1127524, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=3n//GtnI2pgRtwRWqJnDDw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=7+7uX0AgBI4ttCQ8RUSHVw==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320882317174883116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882314524082973, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=cailuyun@zju.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320882317258769199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882314524082973, authorId=1320882317174883116, language=EN, stringName=Luyun CAI, firstName=Luyun, middleName=null, lastName=CAI, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1Ningbo Global Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315000, China
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Biological activity of fruit and vegetable EVs

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生物活性EVs来源研究发现相应疾病参考文献
抗氧化草莓防止H2O2诱导的MSCs氧化应激[24]
蓝莓改善鱼藤酮诱导的HepG2细胞和HFD B6小鼠的氧化应激非酒精性脂肪肝[26]
胡萝卜抑制心肌成肌细胞和人神经母细胞瘤细胞中ROS形成和细胞凋亡心肌梗死和帕金森综合征[27]
抗炎柑橘改变几个炎症相关关键基因的表达[29]
柠檬抵抗LPS诱导的小鼠/原代人巨噬细胞炎症[30]
苹果通过M2巨噬细胞产生MiRNA146介导抗炎活性[31]
改变真皮成纤维细胞细胞外基质的产生[32]
生姜下调NF-κβ、IL-6、IL-8和TNF-α来对抗LPS诱导的炎症反应[33]
大蒜缓解葡聚糖硫酸钠诱导的小鼠结肠炎炎症性肠病[34]
降低HFD喂养C57BL/6小鼠的eWAT炎症反应炎症性肥胖[35]
通过巨噬细胞-肝细胞串话改善NAFLD非酒精性脂肪肝[37]
改善LPS/D-GalN诱导的小鼠肝损伤急性肝衰竭[38]
抗癌柠檬抑制p53失活的CRC细胞的生长结直肠癌[39]
生姜诱导TNBC细胞凋亡,阻滞细胞周期,抑制细胞迁移三阴乳腺癌[40]
西兰花miR167a靶向IRS1诱导PAAD细胞凋亡胰腺癌[41]
调节肠道功能柑橘逆转了HFHSD小鼠的肠道变化肥胖相关肠道并发症[42]
苹果通过下调RARα调控ASBT/SLC10A2的表达胆汁淤积和慢性便秘[43]
改变Caco-2细胞中转运蛋白mRNA的表达[44]
大蒜缓解葡聚糖硫酸钠诱导的小鼠结肠炎炎症性肠病[34]
预防结石柠檬有效缓解大鼠肾结石进展肾结石[45]
创伤愈合葡萄柚增加HaCaT细胞的活力和迁移能力,减少ROS的产生;增加HUVEC细胞的成管能力[46]
调节胎盘功能西瓜通过改变肠道分泌促进滋养层细胞迁移和融合胎儿生长受限[47]
毛发生长大蒜通过Wnt-1、β-catenin、VEGF、PDGF、TGF-β1诱导大鼠毛发生长[48]
软骨再生番茄提高细胞活力,诱导hASCs分化为软骨细胞,软骨标志物ACAN、SOX9、COMP和重要蛋白COL2、COLXI增加关节软骨缺损[49]
免疫抑制芹菜抑制活化的T淋巴细胞和PBMC细胞免疫疾病[50]
预防胰岛素抵抗生姜抑制HFD小鼠肠道上皮细胞Foxα2的表达肥胖和糖尿病[51]
), ArticleFig(id=1320882319154594634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882314524082973, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

果蔬细胞外囊泡的生物活性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生物活性EVs来源研究发现相应疾病参考文献
抗氧化草莓防止H2O2诱导的MSCs氧化应激[24]
蓝莓改善鱼藤酮诱导的HepG2细胞和HFD B6小鼠的氧化应激非酒精性脂肪肝[26]
胡萝卜抑制心肌成肌细胞和人神经母细胞瘤细胞中ROS形成和细胞凋亡心肌梗死和帕金森综合征[27]
抗炎柑橘改变几个炎症相关关键基因的表达[29]
柠檬抵抗LPS诱导的小鼠/原代人巨噬细胞炎症[30]
苹果通过M2巨噬细胞产生MiRNA146介导抗炎活性[31]
改变真皮成纤维细胞细胞外基质的产生[32]
生姜下调NF-κβ、IL-6、IL-8和TNF-α来对抗LPS诱导的炎症反应[33]
大蒜缓解葡聚糖硫酸钠诱导的小鼠结肠炎炎症性肠病[34]
降低HFD喂养C57BL/6小鼠的eWAT炎症反应炎症性肥胖[35]
通过巨噬细胞-肝细胞串话改善NAFLD非酒精性脂肪肝[37]
改善LPS/D-GalN诱导的小鼠肝损伤急性肝衰竭[38]
抗癌柠檬抑制p53失活的CRC细胞的生长结直肠癌[39]
生姜诱导TNBC细胞凋亡,阻滞细胞周期,抑制细胞迁移三阴乳腺癌[40]
西兰花miR167a靶向IRS1诱导PAAD细胞凋亡胰腺癌[41]
调节肠道功能柑橘逆转了HFHSD小鼠的肠道变化肥胖相关肠道并发症[42]
苹果通过下调RARα调控ASBT/SLC10A2的表达胆汁淤积和慢性便秘[43]
改变Caco-2细胞中转运蛋白mRNA的表达[44]
大蒜缓解葡聚糖硫酸钠诱导的小鼠结肠炎炎症性肠病[34]
预防结石柠檬有效缓解大鼠肾结石进展肾结石[45]
创伤愈合葡萄柚增加HaCaT细胞的活力和迁移能力,减少ROS的产生;增加HUVEC细胞的成管能力[46]
调节胎盘功能西瓜通过改变肠道分泌促进滋养层细胞迁移和融合胎儿生长受限[47]
毛发生长大蒜通过Wnt-1、β-catenin、VEGF、PDGF、TGF-β1诱导大鼠毛发生长[48]
软骨再生番茄提高细胞活力,诱导hASCs分化为软骨细胞,软骨标志物ACAN、SOX9、COMP和重要蛋白COL2、COLXI增加关节软骨缺损[49]
免疫抑制芹菜抑制活化的T淋巴细胞和PBMC细胞免疫疾病[50]
预防胰岛素抵抗生姜抑制HFD小鼠肠道上皮细胞Foxα2的表达肥胖和糖尿病[51]
), ArticleFig(id=1320882319238480715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882314524082973, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Delivery function of fruit and vegetable EVs

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
EVs来源负载物装载方法实验结果参考文献
柑橘SARS-CoV-2 mRNA疫苗阳离子相互作用和可控渗透压
冲击联合配载
小鼠口服和滴鼻给药可激发特异性IgA产生[54]
DexP用于治疗IgAN电穿孔抑制体外淋巴细胞刺激,减轻IgAN小鼠模型
肾脏病理损伤:EVs-DEXP > DexP
[55]
猕猴桃siSTAT3用于治疗NSCLC直接孵育表现出优异的稳定性、高特异性和良好的细胞毒性[56]
索拉非尼,用于治疗HCC超声被HepG2细胞摄取,抑制4T1细胞增殖,抑制肿瘤生长,改善SFB的副作用[57]
柠檬肝素-cRGD;阿霉素EDC和NHS催化;孵育有效克服DOX耐药的卵巢癌多药耐药性[58]
葡萄柚BSA和HSP70蛋白超声高效递送BSA和HSP70至人外周血单个
核细胞和结肠癌细胞
[59]
递送siRNAs到HaCaT细胞孵育成功递送到HaCaT细胞并基因抑制[60]
适配体疏水性插入;点击化学携适配体EVs成功靶向hCMEC/D3细胞[63]
生姜LMSN@ GE 递送INF,用于治疗IBD超声INF抑制TNF-α在结肠固有层的分布[65]
EV-Pd-Pt,用于抗感染EDC和NHS催化EV-Pd-Pt在感染部位蓄积,无免疫清除作用[66]
西兰花PLGA包裹的虾青素超声载药量6.824%;抗癌活性:AST@PLGA>AST[67]
microRNAs直接孵育西兰花EVs可有效负载外源性miRNA[68]
), ArticleFig(id=1320882320878453580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882314524082973, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

果蔬细胞外囊泡的递送功能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
EVs来源负载物装载方法实验结果参考文献
柑橘SARS-CoV-2 mRNA疫苗阳离子相互作用和可控渗透压
冲击联合配载
小鼠口服和滴鼻给药可激发特异性IgA产生[54]
DexP用于治疗IgAN电穿孔抑制体外淋巴细胞刺激,减轻IgAN小鼠模型
肾脏病理损伤:EVs-DEXP > DexP
[55]
猕猴桃siSTAT3用于治疗NSCLC直接孵育表现出优异的稳定性、高特异性和良好的细胞毒性[56]
索拉非尼,用于治疗HCC超声被HepG2细胞摄取,抑制4T1细胞增殖,抑制肿瘤生长,改善SFB的副作用[57]
柠檬肝素-cRGD;阿霉素EDC和NHS催化;孵育有效克服DOX耐药的卵巢癌多药耐药性[58]
葡萄柚BSA和HSP70蛋白超声高效递送BSA和HSP70至人外周血单个
核细胞和结肠癌细胞
[59]
递送siRNAs到HaCaT细胞孵育成功递送到HaCaT细胞并基因抑制[60]
适配体疏水性插入;点击化学携适配体EVs成功靶向hCMEC/D3细胞[63]
生姜LMSN@ GE 递送INF,用于治疗IBD超声INF抑制TNF-α在结肠固有层的分布[65]
EV-Pd-Pt,用于抗感染EDC和NHS催化EV-Pd-Pt在感染部位蓄积,无免疫清除作用[66]
西兰花PLGA包裹的虾青素超声载药量6.824%;抗癌活性:AST@PLGA>AST[67]
microRNAs直接孵育西兰花EVs可有效负载外源性miRNA[68]
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果蔬细胞外囊泡:生物活性和载体功能
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蔡路昀 1, 2 , 卞钰川 1, 3 , 徐冉 1, 2, *
食品工业科技 | 专题综述 2026,47(1): 453-460
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食品工业科技 |专题综述 2026 , 47 (1) : 453 -460
果蔬细胞外囊泡:生物活性和载体功能
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蔡路昀1, 2 , 卞钰川1, 3 , 徐冉1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1浙江大学宁波国际科创中心,浙江宁波 315000
  • 2浙江大学生物系统工程与食品科学学院,浙江杭州 310058
  • 3浙江万里学院生物与环境学院,浙江宁波 315100
通讯作者:
徐冉(1990−),女,博士,助理研究员,研究方向:海洋资源开发与高价值利用,E-mail:。
作者简介:

蔡路昀(1981−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品营养与健康,功能食品,E-mail:

卞钰川(2000−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品营养与加工工程,E-mail:

Fruit and Vegetable Extracellular Vesicles: Biological Activity and Function as Delivery Carriers
Luyun CAI1, 2 , Yuchuan BIAN1, 3 , Ran XU1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Ningbo Global Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315000, China
  • 2College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
  • 3College of Biology and Environment, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, C hina
出版时间: 2026-01-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024110118
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果蔬细胞外囊泡(EVs)是从果蔬组织中获得的所有纳米级膜囊泡的统称。相对于其它EVs,果蔬EVs源于日常食用的果蔬,不仅成本低,获取相对容易,而且在安全性方面具有先天优势,尚无不良反应的报道。目前已有十余种常见果蔬的EVs被获取,其中许多果蔬EVs被证明具备抗氧化、抗炎、抗癌的生物活性,部分果蔬EVs被认为具有调节肠道功能、创伤愈合、免疫抑制等功效。而且果蔬EVs具有良好的生物相容性和低免疫原性,是递送载体的良好选择。本文综述了果蔬EVs的相关研究进展,重点整理了不同果蔬来源EVs在生物活性和递送载体方面的研究,以期为果蔬EVs的相关研究提供支持和借鉴。

细胞外囊泡  /  生物活性  /  功能  /  载体  /  果蔬

Fruit and vegetable extracellular vesicles (EVs) refer to all nanoscale membrane vesicles derived from fruit and vegetable tissues. Unlike other EVs, those from fruits and vegetables originate from commonly consumed foods, making them not only cost-effective and readily available but also inherently safer. To date, there have been no reports of adverse reactions associated with their use. More than ten types of EVs from common fruits and vegetables have been identified, many of which have demonstrated antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities. Additionally, some fruit and vegetable EVs have been found to regulate intestinal function, promote wound healing, and exhibit immunosuppressive effects. Due to their excellent biocompatibility and low immunogenicity, these EVs are also promising candidates for delivery systems. This paper reviews the latest research advancements on EVs derived from fruits and vegetables, with a particular focus on their roles in biological activity and delivery vehicles. The goal is to support and provide reference for further research in this emerging field.

extracellular vesicles  /  biological activity  /  function  /  carrier  /  fruit and vegetable
蔡路昀, 卞钰川, 徐冉. 果蔬细胞外囊泡:生物活性和载体功能. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (1) : 453 -460 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024110118
Luyun CAI, Yuchuan BIAN, Ran XU. Fruit and Vegetable Extracellular Vesicles: Biological Activity and Function as Delivery Carriers[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (1) : 453 -460 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024110118
细胞外囊泡(extracellular vesicle,EVs)是由不同种类的细胞主动释放到细胞外基质的多种纳米级膜囊泡的统称[1]。它广泛地存在于各种体液和细胞上清中,含有大量核酸、蛋白质等生物活性成分,在细胞间和种间交流中起着信息和物质传递的作用[2]。由于其具备运输生物活性分子的能力以及低毒性的特点,EVs被广泛用于食药传递系统,其在胃肠道的理化稳定性使EVs成为口服制剂的理想载体。EVs的发现可以追溯到20世纪中期,当时科学家在凝血因子的研究中发现了小囊泡,且在1967年Peter Wolf通过电子显微镜获得了EVs形态[1]。自2010年代以来,科学家逐渐了解EVs的生物学特性,基于其在疾病诊断治疗、功能性食品开发等众多领域的应用潜力,EVs引起了科研工作者的广泛兴趣[3−5]。
长期以来,哺乳动物来源的EVs被广泛研究和应用,EVs已被确认广泛存在于哺乳动物细胞和内部环境中,而且哺乳动物来源EVs具备良好的生物活性和相容性。然而,哺乳动物EVs的产量较低,生产时间长,且难以获得高质量的EVs。此外,动物来源的EVs可能会激活免疫反应导致产生副作用[6]。相比之下,植物源细胞外囊泡(extracellular vesicles derived from plants,PDEVs)免疫原性低,能通过生物屏障,材料成本较低且可以大量获得[7]。科学家相继从柑橘、苹果、大蒜、生姜等多种果蔬中获取EVs,通过对理化性质的表征和生理功能的评价,发现果蔬来源的EVs具有多种独特的生物活性,同时具备作为递送载体的潜在功能,而且目前尚未发现不良影响的报道,展现出果蔬源EVs广阔的应用前景[8−10]。本文在概述PDEVs的基础上,重点整理了不同果蔬来源EVs在生物活性和递送载体方面的相关研究,以期对果蔬EVs的相关研究提供帮助。
EVs主要被分为三类:外泌体、微泡和凋亡小体,分类依据为EVs的大小、生物发生和生化组成。外泌体(exosomes,Exs)是细胞内体途径起源的囊泡,直径约30~150 nm,密度约1.13~1.19 g/mL,主要通过内吞体向内凹陷形成的多泡体(multivesicular bodies,MVBs)与细胞膜融合释放;微泡(microvesicles,MVs)直径约50~1000 nm,主要通过细胞膜出芽生成;凋亡小体(apoptoticvesicles,AVs)直径约1000~5000 nm,密度约1.16~1.28 g/mL,是细胞程序性死亡后期释放的囊泡[2,7,9]。与哺乳动物类似,植物来源的EVs是一种被脂质膜包裹的小囊泡,它可以运输生物活性分子,如核酸、蛋白质、维生素、抗氧化分子和代谢物等。由于缺乏对植物源EVs的认知,很难使用哺乳动物EVs的标准对植物源EVs进行分类。对于植物而言,从植物组织中获得的所有囊泡成分,包括纳米囊泡、纳米颗粒等,均可称之为PDEVs[6,11]。
PDEVs已知有3种可能的形成途径:多囊泡体(multivesicular bodies,MVBs)途径、胞外阳性细胞器(exocyst positive organelles,EXPO)途径和液泡途径[1−2,6]。已有研究表明,植物细胞中MVBs可与质膜融合,释放被包被的腔内囊泡,从而释放EVs,这一过程与哺乳动物外泌体分泌过程相似。这些植物源EVs的标记物TET8,它与人类外泌体标记物CD68同源。EXPO是一种特殊的双膜细胞器,类似于自噬小体,可以与质膜融合产生EVs,这是植物特有的非传统囊泡分泌形式。这种植物源EVs大小在200~500 nm,特征是存在胞吐复合物EXO70E2[12]。此外,PDEVs还可能来源于液泡。研究发现,在一定条件下,拟南芥的液泡会与细胞膜融合,向细胞外释放一些蛋白。穿过细胞壁是植物细胞释放PDEVs的关键之一。细胞壁上的空隙小于PDEVs的大小,通过细胞壁的动态变化和细胞质中的降解酶,使PDEVs得以通过细胞壁,PDEVs还可以从球形转化为管状来穿过细胞壁[6,13]。图1为植物源细胞外囊泡的发生和组成示意图。
尽管缺乏标准化的分离纯化方法,PDEVs已经可以从植物的根、叶、种子和果实等多个部位大量获取。为获得纯度较高的PDEVs,多使用超速离心法初步获得样品后再进一步纯化。其中,超速离心联合密度梯度离心法可以获得高纯度的PDEVs,被广泛应用于人参、生姜等PDEVs的提取[1]。此外,沉淀法、尺寸排阻色谱法、滤膜法、免疫亲和捕获技术等,也被应用于PDEVs的分离纯化[2−3,14−15]。传统的分离方法大多产量低、成本高、操作复杂,为了更加经济高效地生产果蔬EVs,许多研究者优化了分离纯化方法,例如Stec等[16]使用超滤预浓缩配合尺寸排阻色谱从柠檬汁中提取EVs,Yang等[17]结合电泳技术与300 kDa截断透析袋替代超离提取柠檬EVs,Suresh等[18]通过降低pH改良PEG沉淀法提高生姜EVs的回收率,Abraham等[19]通过高压均质生产黄瓜EVs等。
国际细胞外囊泡协会规定,EVs的鉴定需包括表面标志蛋白、形态和粒径分析3个方面[1]。HSP70和TET8等蛋白标记物的鉴定是鉴定特异性PDEVs的首选方法。然而,由于缺少CD63、CD81、CD9等标志蛋白,PDEVs的鉴定主要为形态和粒径分布[1,7]。透射电镜检测(TEM)常用于观察PDEVs形态,PDEVs具有明显膜结构的茶托或杯状囊泡,是检测外泌体的重要标准。
在植物细胞中,EVs是多种生物活性物质储存和运输的保护室,参与植物与微生物共生、免疫调节、细胞壁形成等多种生命活动[2,12−13,20]。番茄根来源的EVs含有一些参与植物-微生物相互作用的蛋白质,这些蛋白质通过EVs进行种间信息交流,参与植物-微生物共生体系[21]。此外,这些EVs也参与植物的免疫调节,其对多种真菌孢子地萌发有着显著的抑制作用,表现出抗菌活性。研究发现,这些番茄根源EVs含有多种参与植物防御的蛋白,表明EVs可能是植物天然免疫系统的组成成分[21]。柑橘来源的EVs能显著抑制柑橘果实上意大利青霉的菌丝生长,保护柑橘果实免受病原物的侵染,这种抑菌机制与EVs中的miRNA有关[22]。此外,PDEVs还参与细胞壁的形成,例如抑制囊泡转运会导致木栓层的积累受到抑制,表明EVs参与植物细胞壁木栓质的积累过程[23]。
PDEVs含有一些特定的核酸、蛋白质等生物活性成分,这些生物活性成分被认为发挥有益的作用[8−9]。目前,药用植物来源的EVs的研究更多,然而与之相比果蔬EVs的安全性更高,而且果蔬EVs获取相对容易,功能也较为多样[1]。已有研究表明,许多果蔬EVs具备抗炎、抗癌和抗氧化等生物活性,部分果蔬EVs被证明可用于提高细胞活力,改善肠道功能等[9],表1整理了十几种果蔬来源EVs生物活性方面的相关研究。
抗氧化活性物质可以帮助降低炎症反应,抵抗自由基对细胞的损害。草莓、蓝莓、胡萝卜等是常见的富含抗氧化剂的果蔬,实验表明,从草莓、蓝莓、胡萝卜中提取的EVs同样具有抗氧化活性。草莓EVs处理的人间充质干细胞可剂量依赖性地阻止氧化应激,Perut等[24]认为这可能是因为草莓EVs中含有维生素C,同时有报道称草莓EVs中存在酚类和黄酮[25],维生素C、类黄酮和酚类物质均是草莓所富含的抗氧化剂。蓝莓EVs同样表现出明显的抗氧化活性。蓝莓EVs能够提高双氧水处理的Hep G2细胞的细胞活力,还可以改善鱼藤酮诱导HepG2细胞和高脂饮食喂养C57BL/6小鼠的氧化应激,被认为可以通过减轻线粒体氧化应激来改善非酒精性脂肪性肝等[26]。Kim等[27−28]曾分离得到具有抗氧化功能的胡萝卜来源的EVs,能够抑制体外ROS生成和细胞凋亡。EVs作为天然的抗氧化剂添加到食品中,不仅可以起到食品保鲜的作用,还可以增加食品的营养价值,开发功能性食品。可见,草莓、蓝莓和胡萝卜等来源的EVs,在食品领域具有广泛的应用前景。
抗炎活性是EVs常见的生物活性之一,具备抗炎活性的EVs可以用于改善肠道健康、辅佐疾病治疗等。已有实验表明,许多果蔬来源的EVs具备抗炎活性,如柑橘、柠檬、苹果,以及药食两用的生姜、大蒜等。目前柑橘、柠檬、苹果源EVs的相关研究中,发挥抗炎活性的途径各有不同。柑橘EVs[29]通过增加紧密连接OCLN蛋白来限制炎症刺激并恢复功能屏障表现抗炎活性,柠檬EVs[30]通过抑制ERK1-2/NF-κB信号通路发挥抗炎作用,苹果EVs[31−32]主要由M2型巨噬细胞产生的miRNA146介导抗炎活性。作为药食两用植物,生姜和大蒜来源的EVs有着更加深入的研究。Yin等[33]研究发现,生姜EVs通过下调NF-κB、IL-6、IL-8和TNF-α的表达对抗炎症,并猜测生姜EVs的抗炎活性可能与miRNA有关。而大蒜EVs的抗炎作用,涉及TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB通路下调[34],巨噬细胞转化[35],肠/脑轴和肠道菌群调节[34,36]等多个方面。已有实验表明,炎症相关的肠炎、肥胖和肝病等问题,大蒜EVs可以起到一定缓解或改善的作用[37−38]。
一些果蔬EVs可以用于预防或缓解癌症,具有抗癌活性。例如柠檬、生姜、西兰花来源的EVs分别可以用于结直肠癌、三阴性乳腺癌、胰腺癌的治疗。p53失活结直肠癌会激活巨噬细胞胞饮作用促进摄取柠檬EVs,而柠檬EVs能抑制结直肠癌细胞的生长,该机制能预防p53失活结直肠癌的发生[39]。生姜EVs可用于治疗三阴性乳腺癌,Anusha等[40]研究发现生姜EVs浓度依赖地抑制癌细胞活性、诱导癌细胞凋亡,还会引起癌细胞周期阻滞、迁移和集落形成延迟。西兰花EVs可用于胰腺癌治疗,而且富砷西兰花来源的EVs具有更好的抗胰腺癌作用,生物信息学显示这是因为西兰花EVs中miR167a的表达量增加[41]。
柑橘、苹果和大蒜来源的EVs可以调节肠道功能。适量食用柑橘可以促进肠道健康,预防肠道疾病的发生,柑橘来源的EVs也被证明可以用于肠道功能调节。Emmanuelle等[42]用柑橘EVs逆转了饮食诱导的肠道改变,从而保护肠道和肝脏免受与高糖高脂相关的脂肪过载的影响,并认为柑橘EVs可以加速肥胖患者减肥期间肠道功能的恢复。苹果EVs可以预防和缓解胆汁淤积和慢性便秘[43],苹果EVs通过RARα的下调间接介导对ASBT的抑制,OATP2B1在内的几种转运蛋白表达和活性也因苹果EVs降低,从而改善肠道功能[44]。
果蔬EVs的生物活性呈现多样化,除了抗氧化、抗炎、抗癌活性,部分果蔬EVs还具有独特的功效。例如柠檬EVs可以预防肾结石[45],葡萄柚EVs可以促进伤口愈合[46],西瓜EVs可以影响人类胎盘功能[47],大蒜EVs可以促进毛发生长[48],番茄EVs可用于软骨再生[49],芹菜EVs可用作免疫抑制剂[50],生姜EVs可以用于肥胖和糖尿病[51]。其中,通过外源EVs预防肾结石尚未发现其它相关报道,口服柠檬EVs能有效缓解大鼠肾结石进展[45],柠檬EVs会在肾小管细胞富集,使草酸钙的结晶不稳定,并抑制肾小管细胞内质网应激,从而抑制结石生成。西瓜EVs改变肠道分泌影响人类胎盘功能更是植物EVs影响人类胎盘功能的首次报道,此前宏营养素和微量营养素并不能解释母亲高果蔬饮食降低胎儿生长受限,西瓜EVs会被人肠道上皮细胞主动内化并改变肠道分泌组,对滋养层细胞的行为和蛋白质组造成影响,从而调节人类胎盘功能[47]。这些研究,表明果蔬来源的EVs具有独特的生物活性,展现出果蔬源EVs广阔的应用前景。
许多生物活性物质存在水溶性差、容易被人体清除和生物可溶性差等缺点,需要载体递送。和传统的合成载体相比,从细胞中释放的EVs在递送方面更有优势,因为它良好的生物相容性和生物分布,以及低免疫反应[9]。动物来源EVs载体受到高昂成本和复杂工艺的限制,其稳定性也较低,与之结构相似的PDEVs安全性好、稳定性高、易于获取,是递送载体的新选择[6]。PDEVs多从可食用植物中分离获得,即便口服后也能稳定存在,在体内外均表现出较高的生物相容性。由于脂质双分子层的保护作用,PDEVs在一定温度和pH下可以保持稳定[7]。PDEVs能够抵御恶劣的胃肠道环境并可以跨过生物屏障,使其在口服递送载体中表现出巨大的潜力[9,13]。其中,果蔬EVs来源于日常食用的水果蔬菜,不仅成本低,可塑性好,而且在安全性方面具有先天优势,它们通常具有良好的生物相容性和低免疫原性,是递送载体的良好选择。然而果蔬EVs的来源丰富,不同果蔬来源EVs在稳定性、载药能力、生产成本和效率,以及生物活性等方面各有不同,需要选择合适来源的EVs作为递送载体。表2整理了几种不同果蔬来源EVs在递送载体方面的相关研究。
柑橘来源的EVs是一种优良的载体,可用作生物活性物质的异质性递送运输,生物信息学显示柑橘EVs具有数百种可能与囊泡运输有关的蛋白质同源物[52],这充分说明了柑橘EVs作为外源递送载体的潜力和价值。目前已有使用柑橘EVs递送mRNA分子[53−54]和地塞米松[55]等的报道,通过柑橘EVs的递送,生物活性物质可通过口服、鼻滴和肌肉注射等多途径发挥作用,黏膜吸收效果良好,且室温下可以稳定储存[53−55]。目前已有Pomatto等[54]用柑橘EVs作为SARS-CoV-2 S1蛋白亚基mRNA口服疫苗的载体的应用,可见柑橘EVs是递送载体的优良选择,展现出广阔的应用前景。
猕猴桃EVs可用于递送siRNA、索拉非尼等生物活性物质,siRNA受到电荷相关毒性、强免疫原性、靶向性差等的限制,而索拉非尼存在水溶性差、胃肠环境恶劣和脱靶效应,口服生物利用度低等的问题,两者均可通过猕猴桃EVs实现有效递送[56−57]。通过猕猴桃EVs的递送,siRNA的稳定性和特异性提高,并降低了siRNA的细胞毒性,索拉菲尼的生物利用度得到有效改善,并实现在肝脏靶向积蓄并被靶细胞摄取,降低了副作用[56−57]。
经cRGD靶向修饰的柠檬源EVs可用于靶向递送阿霉素,能从多种途径进入细胞,有效克服了肿瘤细胞耐药性,具备靶向性和强杀伤作用。cRGD修饰柠檬EVs载阿霉素对阿霉素耐药的卵巢癌表现出优异的抗增殖能力,并保证了在体内有效克服卵巢癌多药耐药,这是由于其多样化的内吞能力可有效耗散细胞内能量,同时减少下游ATP的生成,从而导致药物外排显著减少[58]。此外,柠檬EVs本就具备抗癌活性,能抑制结直肠癌细胞的生长[39]。研究表明,柠檬EVs是用作克服肿瘤细胞耐药递送载体的优良选择。
葡萄柚EVs具有无毒、稳定性高、产率高等特点,被许多科学家认为是良好的递送载体,已有葡萄柚EVs递送外源蛋白、siRNA、阿霉素等多种生物活性物质的报道[59−63]。葡萄柚EVs作为递送载体的使用,实现高效的传递,显著改善了人类细胞对外源蛋白的摄取[59],实现了siRNA的细胞内传递和基因抑制效应[60],显著增强阿霉素等的生物活性[62]。相对于番茄等其它来源的EVs,葡萄柚EVs拥有更好的装载和靶向能力,以及更高的常量[61]。此外,葡萄柚EVs还适宜于进行表面可功能化修饰,Kyunghwan等[63]曾将葡萄柚EVs疏水插入脂质体和点击化学连接适配体,成功开发出一种新型的靶向递送载体。上述优势表明,葡萄柚EVs是递送载体的优良选择。
生姜EVs有着良好的负载能力,有研究表明生姜EVs在一定浓度范围内能被小肠吸收,而且生姜EVs的负载能力一定程度上随着化合物脂溶性地增加而增加,这些研究表明生姜EVs具备作为递送载体的价值和潜力[64]。目前,生姜EVs常被用于组成仿生纳米复合物,Mao等[65]报道了姜源EVs与无机骨架组成的(LMSN@GE)显著提高了单抗的功效,Qiao等[66]将生姜EVs与电动力学Pd-Pt纳米颗粒结合提出一种仿生纳米平台(EV-Pd-Pt),可保证负载物的寿命和扩散距离,且靶向富集效果良好。研究表明,生姜EVs用作仿生纳米复合物,胃肠道稳定性好、靶向给药效果好、上皮通透性高,具有广阔的应用前景。
西兰花EVs可以有效地被分离和表征,可作为目前缺乏具有标准化、可重复、低成本、能大规模生产等特性EVs的补充,适合作为递送生物活性物质的载体,目前已有西兰花EVs递送虾青素、miRNA的相关研究[67−68]。西兰花作为虾青素的载体,可以有效解决虾青素的难溶解、不稳定、生物利用度低等问题,通过乳化溶剂挥发配合水浴超声装载虾青素的西兰花EVs,能在4 ℃下稳定保存14 d,表现出更为显著的抗氧化和抗癌活性[67]。西兰花EVs能有效递送miRNA并保护其不被降解,其负载外源性miRNA的效果优良,表明西兰花EVs具有作为miRNA载体的潜力[68]。实验表明,西兰花EVs递送生物活性物质是有效可行的。
除了生姜和西兰花,其它一些蔬菜来源的EVs也同样适合作为递送生物活性物质的载体,例如黄瓜[19]、甘蓝[69]、番茄[70]、芹菜[71]等来源的EVs。已有甘蓝EVs可以成功装载生物活性物质并转运到人体细胞的报道[69],黄瓜EVs[19]作为载体能显著提高亲脂性原料药的皮肤渗透效果,而番茄、葡萄、柑橘来源的EVs可以作为载体参与富含多酚饮料的制作[70]。姜黄素是一种具有多种生理活性的多酚,通常具有较低的水溶性、稳定性和生物可及性,黄瓜EVs和番茄EVs负载姜黄素均能有效解决这些问题。芹菜EVs作为新一代递送载体具有明显的优势,其具备低毒性和更好的耐受性,较其它一些PDEVs表现出更高的细胞摄取效率,目前已有芹菜EVs负载阿霉素的相关研究[71]。
果蔬EVs中柑橘、柠檬、苹果等来源的EVs的研究略为广泛,已发现具有多种生物活性,所涉及抗炎、抗癌、调节肠道功能等功效。然而相较于药食两用的生姜、大蒜,大多果蔬EVs的研究依旧较为局限。部分果蔬EVs的活性与其来源相关,草莓、蓝莓、胡萝卜富含抗氧化成分,提取的EVs同样具备抗氧化活性。同样,食用苹果对肠道有益,苹果源EVs也可以调节肠道功能;孕妇服食西瓜可以预防胎儿成长受限,西瓜EVs也具有调节胎盘的功效。这种果蔬源EVs活性与其来源的关联,或许可以在一定程度上指导果蔬EVs的研究。果蔬EVs是良好的天然递送载体,其负载物已涉及蛋白质、RNA、阿霉素、姜黄素等多种生物活性物质,一些研究表明部分果蔬EVs还具备表面可功能化修饰、高细胞摄取效率等优势。果蔬EVs的潜力还未能充分挖掘,可以预见,随着相关研究地不断扩展和深入,果蔬EVs必将得到广泛的应用。

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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024110118
  • 接收时间:2024-11-12
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-01-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-12
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    1浙江大学宁波国际科创中心,浙江宁波 315000
    2浙江大学生物系统工程与食品科学学院,浙江杭州 310058
    3浙江万里学院生物与环境学院,浙江宁波 315100

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徐冉(1990−),女,博士,助理研究员,研究方向:海洋资源开发与高价值利用,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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属
Genus
种数
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species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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