Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by fungal metabolism, widely found in grains,nuts, dairy products and other foodstuffs. They exhibit potent hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, immunotoxicity and carcinogenicity, posing serious threats to human health and food safety. Traditional detection methods such as high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS), while highly sensitive and accurate,are limited by expensive equipment, complex procedures and long processing times, making them unsuitable for rapid and on-site food safety testing. In recent years, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), a class of porous crystalline materials formed by the self-assembly of metal ions/clusters and organic ligands, have shown great potential in constructing novel biosensors due to their high specific surface area, tunable pore size, excellent stability and multifunctional modifiability.Particularly in the field of mycotoxin detection, MOFs-based sensors have achieved significant breakthroughs in sensitivity, selectivity and multiplex detection capabilities. This review systematically summarized the 2022–2025 research progress in MOF-based biosensors for mycotoxin detection. It elaborated on 3 key aspects: The types and structural characteristics of MOFs, detection mechanisms and signal transduction methods, and specific applications with representative case studies. Additionally, compared the advantages and limitations of different types of MOFs in mycotoxin detection. Finally, the review addressed current challenges in the practical application of MOFs-based sensors, including stability in complex matrices, feasibility of large-scale production, and universal strategies for simultaneous detection of multiple toxins. Future research directions were also proposed. This work aims to provide a reference for subsequent studies and applications of MOFs materials in food safety detection.