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Objective To investigate the contamination of fusarium and alternaria toxins in wheat and wheat flour in Shaanxi Province. Methods A total of 140 samples of wheat and wheat flour were randomly collected in circulation of 9 cities from 2022 to 2024. Deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-AcDON), 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-AcDON), nivalenol (NIV), zearalenone (ZEN), tenuazonic acid (TeA), alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME) and tentoxin (TEN) were determined by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Results The fusarium and alternaria toxins were detected in wheat and wheat flour. The detection rates of DON, 3-AcDON, 15-AcDON, NIV, ZEN, TeA, TEN, AME in wheat were 83.3% (50/60), 5.00% (3/60), 10.0% (6/60), 11.6% (7/60), 8.33% (5/60), 100% (60/60), 100% (60/60) and 98.3% (59/60), respectively. The detection rates of DON, TeA, TEN, AME in wheat flour were 87.5% (70/80), 96.2% (77/80), 88.7% (71/80) and 63.7% (51/80), respectively. A strong positive correlation between DON and 15-AcDON content was demonstrated in the positive samples, so was between TeA and TEN content. The DON dietary exposure was 959.8 ng/(kg·bw·d), which was less than the corresponding tolerable daily intake value. The TeA, TEN, AME dietary exposures were 159.2, 18.1 and 2.30 ng/(kg·bw·d), which were below the corresponding threshold of toxicological concern values in wheat flour. Conclusion Wheat and wheat flour in Shaanxi Province are generally contaminated with fusarium and alternaria toxins from 2022 to 2024, with the highest detection rates of TeA and TEN, following by DON. The fusarium and alternaria toxins exposure risk of wheat flour are within an acceptable risk range.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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