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Objective To investigate the characterization of potential pathogen and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) from some commercially raw fruit and vegetables in Beijing, 2024, and explore their potential food safety risks. Methods In this study, the characterization and potential risks of ARGs, mobile genetic elements (MGEs) and potential pathogens were described by the combining high-throughput quantitative polymerase chain reaction (HT-qPCR), 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing with bio-informatics and multivariate analysis. Results A total of 182 ARGs subtypes belonging to 9 antibiotic types and 9 MGEs subtypes were detected with the abundance of 6.08×103-1.57×108 copies/g and 3.77×104-3.50×108 copies/g, respectively. It was seen that the diversity and abundance of ARGs, MGEs and bacterial community in fruits were significantly lower than those in vegetables (P<0.05). Acinetobacter, Leuconostoc, Klebsiella, Stenotrophomonas and Serratia were the main potential pathogens, with Enterobacterales and Acinetobacter johnsonii as signature potential pathogens in solanaceous and leafy vegetables, respectively. MGEs and multiple ARGs were carried by the most of potential pathogens with multiple antibiotic resistance, whose transmission among them were mainly drove by the horizontal gene transfer of MGEs carrying ARGs (57.56%). Conclusion There are various and abundant ARGs and potential pathogens in raw vegetables and fruits in Beijing, 2024, with multiple antibiotic resistance, whose transmission among bacterium are mainly drove by the horizontal gene transfer of MGEs carrying ARGs, which can threaten human health. High attention shall be attached.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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