Full
Outline
To analyze the pollution characteristics of titanium dioxide (TiO2) in commercially available edible mushrooms in Shenzhen from 2019 to 2023 and assess the human intake health risks.
From 2019 to 2023, the study collected 228 samples of commercially available edible fungi from Shenzhen, including Agaricus bisporus, Pleurotus eryngii and Flammulina velutipes. The content level of TiO2 in the samples was determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), while the content level and particle size of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) were analyzed using single particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (SP-ICP-MS). Based on these analyses, the pollution characteristics were explored, and the target hazard quotients (THQ) were used to assess the human health risks caused by TiO2 exposure from commercially available edible fungi.
The content of TiO2 in different types of edible mushrooms varied significantly. The mean TiO2 content in Agaricus bisporus was 47.23 mg/kg with a detection rate of 83.33%, which was higher than that in Pleurotus eryngii (0.37 mg/kg, 23.33%) and Flammulina velutipes (0.32 mg/kg, 10.00%). The TiO2 content in Agaricus bisporus fluctuated significantly interannually, with the average value reaching a peak of 59.86 mg/kg in 2021. Additionally, the average size of TiO2NPs in Agaricus bisporus was greater than 100 nm, and there was a significant positive correlation between the concentration and size of nanoparticles. Health risk assessment showed that THQ for both adults and children were less than 1, with the risk for children approximately 1.8–1.9 times that for adults. Agaricus bisporus contributed prominently to the risk.
The health risk of TiO2 exposure from commercially available edible mushrooms in Shenzhen is at a low level. However, it is necessary to pay close attention to the potential impacts of TiO2 content fluctuations on the health risks of consumers, especially the children group.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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