Article(id=1151881494823269111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1151881493552394994, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250218002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1739808000000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752559549289, onlineDateStr=2025-07-15, pubDate=1748102400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752559549289, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-15, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752559549289, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752559549289, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1151881493552394994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='324', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752559548986, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756202008453, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1167159075906265916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1151881493552394994, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1167159075906265917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1151881493552394994, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=151, endPage=164, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1151923894916575917, articleId=1151881494823269111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Overview of food thermal processing contaminants and the application of metabolomics in understanding their toxic mechanisms, columnId=1151895322692776479, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Analysis and Monitoring of Toxic and Harmful Substances in Food, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Food thermal processing is a crucial method for transforming raw materials into edible products suitable for long-term storage. However, while this process enhances the taste and extends the shelf life of food, it can also generate a range of chemical contaminants, including acrylamide, heterocyclic amines, furan, advanced glycation end-products, chloropropanols, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitrosamines. These contaminants are believed to have carcinogenic, mutagenic and other toxic effects on human health. Metabolomics, as an emerging field of omics science, analyzes alterations in small molecules within cells and organisms to identify key metabolites and their associated pathways, thus providing valuable insights into the toxic mechanisms of food processing contaminants. This review first summarized the major contaminants produced during food thermal processing and their toxicological characteristics. It then discussed in detail the progress made in metabolomics in investigating the effects of these contaminants on the metabolic profiles of organisms and their associated toxic mechanisms. Additionally, the review addressed current challenges in metabolomics research, such as the complexity of metabolic products from food processing contaminants, difficulties in data analysis, and the lack of standardized experimental and analytical methods. Finally, the review highlights the future prospects of metabolomics in enhancing food safety assessments and identifying potential health risks, particularly through technological innovations and artificial intelligence to advance this field.

, correspAuthors=Yu ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ying-Yu HUANG, Yu ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1151923898347516687, articleId=1151881494823269111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=食品热加工污染物概述及代谢组学在其毒性机制研究中的应用进展, columnId=1151923892102197877, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=专题:食品中有毒有害物质分析与监测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

食品热加工是将原料转化为可食用、适宜长期保存的食品的重要方法。然而, 这一过程在改善食品口感和延长保质期的同时, 也可能生成一系列化学危害物, 包括丙烯酰胺、杂环胺、呋喃、晚期糖基化终产物、氯丙醇、多环芳烃和亚硝胺等, 这些污染物被认为可能对人体健康产生致癌、诱变及其他毒性作用。代谢组学作为一项新兴的组学科学, 通过分析细胞和生物体中小分子代谢物的变化, 识别关键代谢产物及其变化通路, 能够有效揭示食品热加工污染物的毒性机制。本文首先概述了食品热加工过程中产生的主要污染物及其毒性特征, 随后详细探讨了代谢组学在研究这些污染物对生物体内代谢谱图的影响及其毒性机制中的应用进展。同时, 本文讨论了当前代谢组学研究中面临的挑战, 如污染物的代谢产物复杂、数据处理难度大以及缺乏标准化的实验和分析方法。最后, 提出了未来代谢组学研究在优化食品安全评估和潜在健康危害识别中的前景, 尤其是借助技术创新和人工智能手段来推动这一领域的深入发展。

, correspAuthors=章宇, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 章宇(1980—), 男, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为食品化学安全与风险评估。E-mail:
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黄颖玉(1999—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为食品加工来源污染物危害及暴露评估。E-mail:

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Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2022, 70(32): 10031-10043., articleTitle=Modulation of disordered bile acid homeostasis and hepatic tight junctions using salidroside against hepatocyte apoptosis in furan-induced mice, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1167158638444556673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881494823269111, awardId=2023YFF1105304, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFF1105304), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1167158636502593849, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881494823269111, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1167158636510982458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881494823269111, companyId=1167158636502593849, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1167158636531953979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881494823269111, companyId=1167158636502593849, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=浙江大学生物系统工程与食品科学学院, 杭州 310058)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1167158638054486387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881494823269111, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Workflow and applications of metabolomics technical analysis, figureFileSmall=TNzAaFRHdZndD4OL8mcBsg==, figureFileBig=7aQ+MXLHIggs74agHYhaoA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167158638104818038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881494823269111, language=CN, label=图1, caption=代谢组学技术分析流程及应用, figureFileSmall=TNzAaFRHdZndD4OL8mcBsg==, figureFileBig=7aQ+MXLHIggs74agHYhaoA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167158638163538297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881494823269111, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Application of metabolomics in the toxicity mechanism research of food thermal processing contaminants

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污染物 毒性 实验对象 实验样品 应用技术 参考文献
AA 代谢紊乱 大鼠 海马、皮层、肾脏血清、心脏、肝脏和肾脏脂肪 GC-MS [76]
代谢紊乱 大鼠 血清、尿液 GC-TOF/MS [77]
代谢紊乱 大鼠 粪便 HPLC-MS/MS [80]
代谢紊乱 小鼠 血清 UPLC-QE-MS [81]
代谢紊乱 大鼠 血清 GC-TOF/MS [82]
细胞毒性 细胞 人骨肉瘤细胞系(U2OS) LC-Q-Orbitrap-MS [78]
细胞毒性 细胞 酵母细胞(Saccharomyces cerevisiae) UPLC-Q/TOF MS [79]
神经毒性 小鼠 大脑 LC-MS [85]
认知障碍 大鼠 GC-TOF-MS [83]
心脏毒性 大鼠
人群
尿液 UPLC-Q-Orbitrap-HRMS [137]
心脏毒性 大鼠 尿液 UPLC-Q-Orbitrap-HRMS [88]
心脏毒性 大鼠 血清 UPLC-Q-Orbitrap-HRMS [87]
心脏毒性 大鼠 血清 1H NMR和PVP辅助的DOSY [86]
心脏毒性 斑马鱼 胚胎 UPLC-Q-Orbitrap-HRMS [89]
心脏毒性 斑马鱼
小鼠
大鼠
心脏 UPLC-Q-Orbitrap-HRMS [90]
肝毒性 大鼠 肝脏 UPLC-MS [91]
肝毒性 大鼠 肝脏 UPLC-Q-Orbitrap-HRMS [92]
肝毒性 大鼠 肝脏 UPLC-QE-MS [93]
肾毒性 大鼠 肾脏 UPLC-Q-Extractive MS [94]
HAs 代谢紊乱 大鼠 尿液 UPLC-HRMS [28]
代谢紊乱 大鼠 尿液 LC-MS/MS [95]
肾脏、肝脏和肠道功能障碍 大鼠 血清、尿液 GC-TOF-MS [29]
结肠损伤 大鼠 结肠 LC-MS/MS [98]
结肠损伤 大鼠 粪便 LC-MS/MS [97]
结肠损伤 大鼠 结肠 UPLC-MS/MS [96]
结肠损伤 大鼠 粪便 UPLC-QE Orbitrap/MS [99]
氯丙醇和缩水甘油 代谢紊乱 大鼠 心脏、肾脏血清和骨骼肌 UPLC-MS/MS [104]
代谢紊乱 大鼠
人类
尿液 UPLC-MS/MS [100]
代谢紊乱 小鼠 血清 UPLC-QE-MS [103]
代谢紊乱 大鼠 血浆、尿液、粪便 UPLC-QTOF-MS [102]
肾毒性 大鼠 尿液 1H NMR [105]
肾毒性 大鼠 尿液 UPLC-Q-Orbitrap-HRMS [101]
生殖毒性 小鼠 卵巢 UPLC-QE-MS [106]
呋喃 肝毒性 小鼠 肝脏 UPLC-QTOF-MS [107]
肝毒性 小鼠 肝脏 GC-MS [108]
肝毒性 小鼠 血清 LC-MS/MS [138]
肾毒性 小鼠 AFADESI-MSI [110]
肾毒性 小鼠 血清、肾脏 UPLC-QTOF-MS [109]
AGEs 代谢紊乱 大鼠 尿液 UPLC-QTOF-MS [112]
代谢紊乱 细胞 人肾小管上皮细胞(HK-2) GC-MS/MS [113]
代谢紊乱 人类 尿液 LC-MS/MS [114]
细胞损伤 细胞 人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVECs) UPLC-Q-TOF/MS [118]
肠消化不良 小鼠 粪便 GC-TOF-MS [116]
肠道菌群 小鼠 粪便 LC-MS/MS [117]
糖尿病 小鼠 血浆 UPLC-MS/MS [119]
糖尿病 大鼠 血清、尿液 GC-TOF-MS [120]
糖尿病相关的认知功能障碍 大鼠 GC-TOF-MS [121]
PAHs 代谢紊乱 人群 尿液 LC-MS/MS [122]
代谢紊乱 细胞 酵母细胞 GC/MS [123]
代谢紊乱 人群(儿童青少年) 血清 UPLC-QTOF [129]
亚急性效应 人群 血清 HPLC-QTOF-MS [124]
焦虑样行为 小鼠 UPLC-MS; DESI-MS [125]
肠道菌群 肠道菌群 肠道菌群 GC-MS [126]
肺毒性 小鼠 UPLC-MS [127]
肺毒性 小鼠 尿液 UPLC-Orbitrap-MS [128]
肾毒性 人群 血清 UPLC-Triple TOF-MS [130]
肝毒性 细胞 肝细胞 UPLC-QTOF-MS [131]
NAs或 N-亚硝基化合物 代谢紊乱 人体 肠道菌群 LC-MS/MS [133]
代谢紊乱 大鼠 血清、尿液 NMR [132]
食管炎症 小鼠 血清、尿液 UPLC-MS/MS [134]
食管鳞状细胞癌 大鼠 血清 LC-MS/MS [135]
致癌作用 大鼠 血液、粪便 UPLC-HRMS [136]
), ArticleFig(id=1167158638280978812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881494823269111, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

代谢组学在食品热加工污染物毒性机制研究中的应用

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
污染物 毒性 实验对象 实验样品 应用技术 参考文献
AA 代谢紊乱 大鼠 海马、皮层、肾脏血清、心脏、肝脏和肾脏脂肪 GC-MS [76]
代谢紊乱 大鼠 血清、尿液 GC-TOF/MS [77]
代谢紊乱 大鼠 粪便 HPLC-MS/MS [80]
代谢紊乱 小鼠 血清 UPLC-QE-MS [81]
代谢紊乱 大鼠 血清 GC-TOF/MS [82]
细胞毒性 细胞 人骨肉瘤细胞系(U2OS) LC-Q-Orbitrap-MS [78]
细胞毒性 细胞 酵母细胞(Saccharomyces cerevisiae) UPLC-Q/TOF MS [79]
神经毒性 小鼠 大脑 LC-MS [85]
认知障碍 大鼠 GC-TOF-MS [83]
心脏毒性 大鼠
人群
尿液 UPLC-Q-Orbitrap-HRMS [137]
心脏毒性 大鼠 尿液 UPLC-Q-Orbitrap-HRMS [88]
心脏毒性 大鼠 血清 UPLC-Q-Orbitrap-HRMS [87]
心脏毒性 大鼠 血清 1H NMR和PVP辅助的DOSY [86]
心脏毒性 斑马鱼 胚胎 UPLC-Q-Orbitrap-HRMS [89]
心脏毒性 斑马鱼
小鼠
大鼠
心脏 UPLC-Q-Orbitrap-HRMS [90]
肝毒性 大鼠 肝脏 UPLC-MS [91]
肝毒性 大鼠 肝脏 UPLC-Q-Orbitrap-HRMS [92]
肝毒性 大鼠 肝脏 UPLC-QE-MS [93]
肾毒性 大鼠 肾脏 UPLC-Q-Extractive MS [94]
HAs 代谢紊乱 大鼠 尿液 UPLC-HRMS [28]
代谢紊乱 大鼠 尿液 LC-MS/MS [95]
肾脏、肝脏和肠道功能障碍 大鼠 血清、尿液 GC-TOF-MS [29]
结肠损伤 大鼠 结肠 LC-MS/MS [98]
结肠损伤 大鼠 粪便 LC-MS/MS [97]
结肠损伤 大鼠 结肠 UPLC-MS/MS [96]
结肠损伤 大鼠 粪便 UPLC-QE Orbitrap/MS [99]
氯丙醇和缩水甘油 代谢紊乱 大鼠 心脏、肾脏血清和骨骼肌 UPLC-MS/MS [104]
代谢紊乱 大鼠
人类
尿液 UPLC-MS/MS [100]
代谢紊乱 小鼠 血清 UPLC-QE-MS [103]
代谢紊乱 大鼠 血浆、尿液、粪便 UPLC-QTOF-MS [102]
肾毒性 大鼠 尿液 1H NMR [105]
肾毒性 大鼠 尿液 UPLC-Q-Orbitrap-HRMS [101]
生殖毒性 小鼠 卵巢 UPLC-QE-MS [106]
呋喃 肝毒性 小鼠 肝脏 UPLC-QTOF-MS [107]
肝毒性 小鼠 肝脏 GC-MS [108]
肝毒性 小鼠 血清 LC-MS/MS [138]
肾毒性 小鼠 AFADESI-MSI [110]
肾毒性 小鼠 血清、肾脏 UPLC-QTOF-MS [109]
AGEs 代谢紊乱 大鼠 尿液 UPLC-QTOF-MS [112]
代谢紊乱 细胞 人肾小管上皮细胞(HK-2) GC-MS/MS [113]
代谢紊乱 人类 尿液 LC-MS/MS [114]
细胞损伤 细胞 人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVECs) UPLC-Q-TOF/MS [118]
肠消化不良 小鼠 粪便 GC-TOF-MS [116]
肠道菌群 小鼠 粪便 LC-MS/MS [117]
糖尿病 小鼠 血浆 UPLC-MS/MS [119]
糖尿病 大鼠 血清、尿液 GC-TOF-MS [120]
糖尿病相关的认知功能障碍 大鼠 GC-TOF-MS [121]
PAHs 代谢紊乱 人群 尿液 LC-MS/MS [122]
代谢紊乱 细胞 酵母细胞 GC/MS [123]
代谢紊乱 人群(儿童青少年) 血清 UPLC-QTOF [129]
亚急性效应 人群 血清 HPLC-QTOF-MS [124]
焦虑样行为 小鼠 UPLC-MS; DESI-MS [125]
肠道菌群 肠道菌群 肠道菌群 GC-MS [126]
肺毒性 小鼠 UPLC-MS [127]
肺毒性 小鼠 尿液 UPLC-Orbitrap-MS [128]
肾毒性 人群 血清 UPLC-Triple TOF-MS [130]
肝毒性 细胞 肝细胞 UPLC-QTOF-MS [131]
NAs或 N-亚硝基化合物 代谢紊乱 人体 肠道菌群 LC-MS/MS [133]
代谢紊乱 大鼠 血清、尿液 NMR [132]
食管炎症 小鼠 血清、尿液 UPLC-MS/MS [134]
食管鳞状细胞癌 大鼠 血清 LC-MS/MS [135]
致癌作用 大鼠 血液、粪便 UPLC-HRMS [136]
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食品热加工污染物概述及代谢组学在其毒性机制研究中的应用进展
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黄颖玉 , 章宇 *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 专题:食品中有毒有害物质分析与监测 2025,16(10): 151-164
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 专题:食品中有毒有害物质分析与监测 2025, 16(10): 151-164
食品热加工污染物概述及代谢组学在其毒性机制研究中的应用进展
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黄颖玉 , 章宇*
作者信息
  • 浙江大学生物系统工程与食品科学学院, 杭州 310058
  • 黄颖玉(1999—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为食品加工来源污染物危害及暴露评估。E-mail:

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* 章宇(1980—), 男, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为食品化学安全与风险评估。E-mail:
Overview of food thermal processing contaminants and the application of metabolomics in understanding their toxic mechanisms
Ying-Yu HUANG , Yu ZHANG*
Affiliations
  • College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
出版时间: 2025-05-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250218002
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食品热加工是将原料转化为可食用、适宜长期保存的食品的重要方法。然而, 这一过程在改善食品口感和延长保质期的同时, 也可能生成一系列化学危害物, 包括丙烯酰胺、杂环胺、呋喃、晚期糖基化终产物、氯丙醇、多环芳烃和亚硝胺等, 这些污染物被认为可能对人体健康产生致癌、诱变及其他毒性作用。代谢组学作为一项新兴的组学科学, 通过分析细胞和生物体中小分子代谢物的变化, 识别关键代谢产物及其变化通路, 能够有效揭示食品热加工污染物的毒性机制。本文首先概述了食品热加工过程中产生的主要污染物及其毒性特征, 随后详细探讨了代谢组学在研究这些污染物对生物体内代谢谱图的影响及其毒性机制中的应用进展。同时, 本文讨论了当前代谢组学研究中面临的挑战, 如污染物的代谢产物复杂、数据处理难度大以及缺乏标准化的实验和分析方法。最后, 提出了未来代谢组学研究在优化食品安全评估和潜在健康危害识别中的前景, 尤其是借助技术创新和人工智能手段来推动这一领域的深入发展。

代谢组学  /  食品热加工污染物  /  毒性机制

Food thermal processing is a crucial method for transforming raw materials into edible products suitable for long-term storage. However, while this process enhances the taste and extends the shelf life of food, it can also generate a range of chemical contaminants, including acrylamide, heterocyclic amines, furan, advanced glycation end-products, chloropropanols, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitrosamines. These contaminants are believed to have carcinogenic, mutagenic and other toxic effects on human health. Metabolomics, as an emerging field of omics science, analyzes alterations in small molecules within cells and organisms to identify key metabolites and their associated pathways, thus providing valuable insights into the toxic mechanisms of food processing contaminants. This review first summarized the major contaminants produced during food thermal processing and their toxicological characteristics. It then discussed in detail the progress made in metabolomics in investigating the effects of these contaminants on the metabolic profiles of organisms and their associated toxic mechanisms. Additionally, the review addressed current challenges in metabolomics research, such as the complexity of metabolic products from food processing contaminants, difficulties in data analysis, and the lack of standardized experimental and analytical methods. Finally, the review highlights the future prospects of metabolomics in enhancing food safety assessments and identifying potential health risks, particularly through technological innovations and artificial intelligence to advance this field.

metabolomics  /  food thermal processing contaminants  /  toxicity mechanisms
黄颖玉, 章宇. 食品热加工污染物概述及代谢组学在其毒性机制研究中的应用进展. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (10) : 151 -164 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250218002
Ying-Yu HUANG, Yu ZHANG. Overview of food thermal processing contaminants and the application of metabolomics in understanding their toxic mechanisms[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (10) : 151 -164 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250218002
食品加工将未加工的农产品转化为更适合保存的可食用、安全和营养食品。热加工是食品加工中最重要的方法之一, 食品热加工是指通过加热方法改变食品的物理和化学特性, 以提高食品的风味、质感和消化性[1]。常见的热加工方式包括传统烘焙、蒸煮、煎炸和微波加热等。然而, 热加工虽然能够产生理想的香气、颜色和风味, 但也会诱发美拉德反应等化学反应, 导致丙烯酰胺(acrylamide, AA)、杂环胺(heterocyclic amines, HAs)、呋喃(Furan)、晚期糖基化终产物(advanced glycation end products, AGEs)、多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAHs)、亚硝胺(nitrosamines, NAs)和氯丙醇类化合物等潜在有害物质的生成[2]。这些化学物质虽然在一定程度上影响食品的感官特性, 但它们具有致癌和诱变作用, 对人类健康构成威胁。如在美拉德反应后期形成的化合物AGEs, 最常见的如羧甲基赖氨酸(carboxymethyl lysine, CML), 与各种退行性疾病相关[3]。5-羟甲基-2-糠醛(5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde, 5-HMF)是在加工食品的热处理过程中形成的过程污染物之一, 被认为在细菌和人类细胞中诱导遗传毒性和诱变作用, 并促进大鼠结肠癌[4]。这些潜在的有害物质的生成, 促使我们迫切需要深入研究其毒性机制及对人体健康的具体影响。
传统的毒性研究方法, 如动物实验、体外细胞培养和标准化的化学分析方法, 虽然能够揭示一些基本的毒性作用, 但由于食品热加工过程中产生的污染物种类繁多且其代谢产物复杂, 这些方法往往难以全面、准确地捕捉其在生物体内的真实效应。组学科学是对参与生物体发育和维持的不同分子的研究, 包括基因(基因组学)、蛋白质(蛋白质组学)、脂质(脂质组学)及其代谢物(代谢组学)[5-6]。作为生物科学的一个新兴领域, 代谢组学专注于特定系统或生物体在特定时间点的小分子代谢物变化的高灵敏度分析及相互作用[7], 能够提供更为精确的分子层次的视角, 为解析这些污染物的毒性机制提供强有力的支持, 逐渐成为研究食品热加工污染物毒性机制的关键工具。代谢物的整体变化直接反映了细胞、组织、器官和生物体内的基础生化活动, 有助于鉴定某些疾病的生物标志物、研究毒性机制和探索未知的代谢途径。目前, 代谢组学作为食品科学中稳健、高效和灵敏的分析工具的潜力已经得到广泛认可, 并应用于两个主要研究领域: 关于食品对人类健康影响的研究以及关于食品加工和转化的研究[6,8]。在现代食品分析中, 基于质谱(mass spectrometry, MS)或核磁共振(nuclear magnetic resonance, NMR)的代谢组学优于标准方法, 已成为研究食品热加工污染物的毒性机制的重要技术。代谢物的变化用于研究食品热加工污染物诱导的毒性和体内潜在的代谢途径[9]。此外, 代谢组学也广泛应用于检测和定量病原体、环境污染物、禁用的外部化合物和天然毒素[10-11]
本文针对代谢组学技术在食品热加工污染物毒性机制研究中的应用进行了综述, 揭示了食品热加工污染物对生物体内代谢谱图的干扰及其与毒性机制的关联。为理解这些污染物对人类健康的潜在风险提供了重要的科学依据。
2002年瑞典研究小组首次在多种热处理富含碳水化合物的食品中发现AA, 其浓度显著高于其他已知食品致癌物[12]。AA主要通过美拉德反应在食品中生成, 该反应包括3个主要步骤: (1)游离氨基组与还原糖的缩合, 形成丙烯醛; (2)在高温高压下氨基酸的降解, 生成醛类和氨; (3)形成AA[13]。AA的生成还包括其他途径, 如天冬氨酸与还原糖的反应[14]。AA在多种烹调和煎炸的富含碳水化合物的食品中被检测到, 特别是薯片、面包、脆饼、早餐谷物和咖啡[15]。国际癌症研究机构(International Agency for Research on Cancer, IARC)与世界卫生组织(World Health Organization, WHO)于1994年声明AA是可能的人类致癌物, 基于其在啮齿动物中的致癌性和对人类的神经毒性[16]。AA还可导致生殖毒性、乳腺纤维腺瘤[17]以及妊娠期发育受损[18]。此外, AA对免疫系统也有毒性效应, 雌性大鼠暴露后脾脏和胸腺缩小, 自然杀伤细胞数量减少[19]。在体内, AA可通过细胞色素P450酶CYP2E1 (cytochrome P450 2E1, CYP2E1)被氧化为甘油胺, 甘油胺与DNA反应形成加合物, 导致基因毒性和致癌[20-21]
HAs是一类具有突变原性和致癌性的化合物, 主要在高温加工富含蛋白质的食物, 通过葡萄糖、肌酸/肌酐与其他游离氨基酸之间的相互反应生成[22-23], 这一过程与人类癌症的发生与发展密切相关[24]。2-氨基-1-甲基-6-苯基咪唑[5-b]吡啶(2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[5-b]pyridine, PhIP)是烹饪肉类和鱼类中最常见的HAs之一, 且已被IARC归类为2B类致癌物[25]。已有研究表明, PhIP的生成伴随着活性氧的产生[26], 并可诱导DNA加合物的形成, 进而对蛋白质和DNA造成氧化损伤[24,27]。此外, 2-氨基-3,8-二甲基咪唑[5-f]喹啉(2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo [5-f]quinoline, MeIQx)和非IQ型HAs也已成为广泛关注的研究对象, 相关研究进一步揭示了这些化合物在致癌机制中的潜在作用[28-29]
氯丙醇类化合物[如3-氯-1,2-丙二醇(3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol, 3-MCPD)]是食品中的常见污染物, 主要在温度超过150 °C的热加工过程中生成[30]。它们通常来源于水解植物蛋白, 该蛋白质是通过盐酸水解食用油提取过程中的蛋白质副产品(如大豆粕、菜籽粕和玉米面筋)制得的[31]。盐酸与残留甘油和脂质反应, 形成3-MCPD及其异构体[如2-氯-1,2-丙二醇(2-monochloropropane-1,2-diol, 2-MCPD)、1,3-二氯丙烷(1,3-dichloropropane, 1,3-DCP)、2,3-二氯丙烷(2,3-dichloropropane, 2,3-DCP)等]。3-MCPD的生成机制涉及甘油或酰基甘油与氯离子在低水活性环境中的反应。尽管烘焙产品中的3-MCPD含量较低, 但由于面包的高消费量及其在烤制过程中继续生成, 面包成为3-MCPD的重要膳食来源[32]。3-MCPD对大鼠和小鼠肾脏有毒性效应, 且具有体外突变活性[33]。IARC已将1,3-DCP和3-MCPD归类为可能对人类致癌的物质(2B类)[34]
呋喃在许多热加工食品中普遍存在, 如咖啡、罐头食品、瓶装食品和谷物等, 生成可能与其能由碳水化合物、氨基酸、抗坏血酸、多不饱和脂肪酸(polyunsaturated fatty acids, PUFAs)和类胡萝卜素等前体物质反应有关[35]。呋喃的生成途径包括碳水化合物和氨基酸的热降解、美拉德反应, 以及抗坏血酸、PUFAs和类胡萝卜素的热氧化反应[36-38]。加工条件如食品成分、加工温度、氧化环境和pH等也会影响其生成[39]。动物研究表明, 呋喃具有多种毒理效应, 包括肝毒性、肾毒性、生殖毒性、发育毒性, 以及致癌性和基因毒性[40]。IARC已将呋喃列为可能对人类致癌的物质(2B类)[41]。呋喃在体内被CYP2E1代谢为主要产物——顺-2-丁烯-1,4-二醛[(Z)-2-butene-1,4-dial, BDA], 该物质被认为是呋喃引发毒性的中间体[42]。目前, BDA与谷胱甘肽(glutathione, GSH)、氨基酸或生物胺结合的尿代谢物被提议为潜在的暴露生物标志物, 但尚未有公认的呋喃生物标志物。
AGEs也称为糖毒素, 是通过还原糖与蛋白质、脂类或核酸的氨基基团发生非酶促反应——美拉德反应生成的[43]。AGEs主要通过高温加工食品生成, 可存在于自由态、肽结合态或蛋白结合态[44]。在西方饮食中, AGEs的摄入量较高, 长期过量摄入与糖尿病及其并发症、肾脏损伤等密切相关[43,45]。小鼠研究显示, AGEs主要影响肾脏等器官[46], 并促进糖尿病中的慢性应激和低度炎症反应的形成[47]。氧化应激是糖尿病早期发展的关键因素, 能够加速内源性AGEs的形成, 损害器官并促进糖尿病并发症的发生[48]。AGEs的代表物包括CML、羧乙基赖氨酸、吡咯烷和五氮杂环等, 长期暴露于过量AGEs与糖尿病、心血管疾病、高血压及肾病的发病机制密切相关[49]
PAHs是一类由有机物不完全燃烧生成的化合物, 主要包括苯并[a]芘(benzo[a]pyrene, BaP)等16种被美国环保局列为优先控制的污染物[50-51]。它们主要来源于食品加工过程中高温加热, 特别是在烤肉、熏制和油炸等过程中。PAHs的形成机制包括Frenklach、Badger-Howard和HACA, 目前这些机制仍在不断研究中[52]。PAHs是亲脂性化合物, 可被生物体迅速积累。因此, PAHs已在环境和食物中被广泛检测到, 随后导致它们在人体血液、胎盘和其他组织、器官或体液中积累[53-55]。PAHs已被确定为致癌、致突变和致畸化合物, 具有神经毒性、免疫毒性以及遗传和发育毒性[56-58]
NAs是一类重要的致癌和致突变化合物, 已被证明与胃癌、结直肠癌和食管癌等多种疾病相关[59]。人类主要通过食用超过130 ℃高温加工的食物(如海洋鱼类、香肠、腌制肉类、啤酒等)暴露于NAs[60]。其生成过程通常通过亚硝化反应, 由亚硝酸盐或氮氧化物与含氮物质反应而成。NAs在肝脏的代谢能力较强, 但食管对特定NAs的代谢能力更强[61]。NAs已被IARC分类为可能对人类致癌的2B类[如N-丁基亚硝胺(N-nitrosodi-n-butylamine, NDBA)、N-丙基亚硝胺(N-nitrosodipropylamine, NDPA)]和2A类[如N-甲基亚硝胺(N-nitrosodimethylamine, NDMA)、N-乙基亚硝胺(N-nitrosodiethylamine, NDEA)]致癌物[62]。因此, 严格控制NAs的生成和检测, 尤其是在肉类加工和饮食中, 对于减少相关疾病的风险至关重要[63]
代谢组学的研究方法主要包括靶向策略和非靶向策略。靶向策略基于预设假设, 集中于一组已知化合物, 通常能够进行定量分析, 但其适用范围较为有限[64-66]。相比之下, 非靶向策略更具探索性, 涉及对更广泛分子的分析, 可以识别新的代谢物并生成假设[66-67]。非靶向分析方法可以进一步细分为指纹图谱分析和定量分析两种类型。指纹图谱分析旨在通过统计处理识别样品中存在的多种化合物, 无需对其进行详细鉴定和定量, 从而快速获取样品的代谢特征[10,68]。而定量分析则侧重于特定代谢物的识别和定量, 通常依赖于数据库或软件工具进行数据处理。代谢组学研究所产生的大量数据需要有效的统计工具来降低数据的复杂性, 常采用的统计方法包括多变量分析等[8]。在代谢组学数据分析过程中, 常用的技术平台包括NMR和高分辨率质谱法(high-resolution mass spectrometry, HRMS)。NMR技术以其高质量和非侵入性特点, 广泛应用于靶向研究, 但其灵敏度和分辨率存在一定的限制[69-70]。相比之下, 液相色谱-质谱法(liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, LC-MS)和气相色谱-质谱法(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, GC-MS)具有更高的灵敏度和快速检测能力, 尤其适用于非靶向代谢组学研究[69-71]。质谱技术具有较好的自动化能力和优秀的分离能力, 但在应用过程中仍需解决代谢物数据库不足、样品损失、分离度和选择性差等问题[66]。代谢组学技术分析流程及应用如图1所示。
在食品热加工污染物的代谢组学分析中, 选择合适的数据分析方法至关重要, 这些代谢物的识别与定量对于揭示食品质量与安全性具有关键作用。代谢物分析常用的技术如GC-MS适用于检测挥发性小分子污染物, LC-MS则适合较大或极性物质的分析[69]。同时, 质谱联用技术(mass spectrometry-mass spectrometry, MS/MS)能实现高通量的定量分析, 进一步提高分析精度。虽然NMR在食品代谢组学中应用较少, 但其在某些复杂食品矩阵中的结构信息提供上仍具有重要价值。在数据处理方面, 预处理是代谢组学分析中的关键步骤。常见方法包括去噪声与峰识别(如使用XCMS、MZmine等工具)、基准化与归一化, 以及缺失值填充与异常值检测等, 这些步骤能够有效减少实验误差与干扰, 确保数据的可靠性与可比性[72]。多元统计分析方法, 如主成分分析(principal component analysis, PCA), 偏最小二乘法(partial least squares-discriminant analysis, PLS-DA)和正交偏最小二乘法判别分析(orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis, OPLS-DA)能够帮助降维并识别代谢物之间的模式, 进而揭示热加工污染物的生物标志物[73]。PCA是一种直观的降维技术, 用于揭示数据中最重要的变量和样本间的差异, 适合探索不同处理组之间的全局差异。但它只能提供数据的总体分布, 无法揭示变量间的因果关系, 且对异常值和数据分布较为敏感。PLS-DA通过监督学习区分不同实验组的代谢物差异, 并能揭示潜在的生物标志物, 适用于多变量分析, 但要求较高的数据前处理, 且在样本量较小的情况下容易过拟合。与PLS-DA相比, OPLS-DA通过将数据的方差分为与类别相关的部分和无关的部分, 从而减少了噪声的影响, 增强了模型的解释性和可预测性, 特别适合在复杂的代谢组学数据中寻找显著的生物标志物。典型相关分析(canonical correlation analysis, CCA)有助于揭示代谢物与环境因素之间的关系, 但其要求较大的样本量, 并假设数据存在线性关系, 因此对异常值敏感, 数据清洗至关重要[74]
代谢物的鉴定通常依赖于HRMS数据, 并通过与标准化数据库(如HMDB、METLIN)比对, 确保其准确性与可靠性。此外, 显著差异代谢物的筛选是关键步骤, 通常通过t检验、ANOVA分析、倍数变化Fold Change值(FC)和Q值(FDR)来筛选具有统计学意义的代谢物。基于OPLS-DA模型的变量投影重要性值(variable importance in projection, VIP)也常用于评估代谢物的重要性, VIP值较高的代谢物通常与处理组间差异显著相关, 是潜在的生物标志物。代谢物网络分析与通路富集分析在揭示食品热加工污染物的作用机制中起着重要作用。常用的分析工具包括MetaboAnalyst、Ingenuity Pathway Analysis、KEGG和Reactome[75]。这些工具帮助研究人员深入探索污染物对代谢通路的影响机制, 揭示污染物对细胞生物学过程(如氧化应激、DNA损伤、炎症反应等)的影响, 为毒性评估提供科学依据。此外, Metabolomics Workbench为代谢组学数据提供存储、共享与分析服务, 支持多种分析功能, 帮助研究者有效管理和分析代谢数据。通过综合使用这些工具, 研究人员能够更全面、深入地解析热加工污染物对生物体的潜在毒害作用及其机制。
AA引发代谢紊乱。ZHAO等[76]基于GC-MS代谢组学技术, 发现AA显著影响海马、皮层和肾脏的代谢, 扰乱了与氨基酸、脂肪酸、嘌呤及能量代谢相关的14条代谢通路[77]。数据分析通过Agilent MassHunter软件进行预处理, SIMCA-P 14.0软件进行PCA、PLS-DA和OPLS-DA分析, VIP>1.0的代谢物被视为潜在生物标志物。路径分析通过MetaboAnalyst和KEGG数据库揭示了与AA引起的代谢紊乱相关的通路。SONG等[78]基于液相色谱-四极杆-Orbitrap质谱法(liquid chromatography-quadrupole-orbitrap- mass spectrometry, LC-Q-Orbitrap-MS), 应用MetaboAnalyst 进行PCA、PLS-DA分析, 以200次随机置换检验验证模型可靠性, 并通过层次聚类分析和KEGG代谢通路分析探讨了潜在的代谢途径。结果表明AA通过诱导代谢失衡, 显著引发细胞毒性反应, 显著抑制人骨肉瘤细胞系U2OS细胞的糖酵解和糖异生途径, 同时干扰酵母细胞氧化还原平衡和能量代谢等多条代谢通路[79]。此外, AA的暴露也影响肠道菌群, 进一步干扰胆汁酸的代谢[80]。CHEN等[81]采用超高效液相色谱-四极杆-电子倍增质谱技术(ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-orbitrap mass spectrometry, UPLC-QE-MS), 结合ProteoWizard和自编R包进行数据处理, SIMCA软件用于PCA和OPLS-DA分析。研究发现猕猴桃多糖通过调节氨基酸和胆汁酸代谢通路, 改善小鼠因AA引起的代谢紊乱, 潜在代谢物和通路通过多个数据库(如HMDB、PubChem、KEGG和MetaboAnalyst)进一步分析。QUAN等[82]基于气相色谱-飞行时间质谱技术(gas chromatography-time of flight mass spectrometry, GC-TOF/MS), 采用SIMCA-P 14.0进行PLS-DA分析, 结合VIP值和t检验筛选显著差异代谢物(VIP值>1.5且P<0.05), 并通过受试者工作特征曲线(receiver operating characteristic curve, ROC Curve)分析评估代谢物的预测能力。结果显示, 联合暴露于美拉德反应产物(AA、CML和哈曼)显著降低了SD大鼠的胰岛素敏感性, 增加了氧化应激水平, MetaboAnalyst v.4.0通路分析显示这些变化与精氨酸生物合成途径的干扰、富马酸代谢异常及三羧酸循环(tricarboxylic acid cycle, TCA)功能受损密切相关。
AA引发神经毒性。AA暴露引发的代谢改变有助于理解其神经损伤机制。QUAN等[83]通过GC-TOF-MS技术发现慢性AA暴露导致大脑氧化损伤和代谢紊乱, 关键代谢物如谷氨酸、柠檬酸和丙酮酸的变化表明糖、氨基酸及能量代谢途径的显著改变。数据分析使用SIMCA-P 14.0软件进行PLS-DA分析, 通过置换检验验证模型稳定性, 筛选VIP值>1.0且P<0.05的代谢物为显著差异代谢物。代谢通路分析通过Metaboanalyst 5.0软件进行, 揭示了AA暴露的代谢影响。在职业暴露于AA的研究中, 植物鞘氨醇、4E, 15Z-胆红素IXa和色氨酸被鉴定为具有最高敏感性和选择性的生物标志物, 这些代谢物的变化与肝功能异常及中枢神经系统症状密切相关[84]。基于LC-MS数据, 结合PCA分析和KEGG通路分析, 研究表明迷迭香酸在缓解AA诱导的神经毒性方面具有显著的预防作用[85]
AA引发心脏毒性。研究表明, AA通过影响能量代谢、氨基酸代谢及细胞凋亡等多条信号通路, 导致心脏功能障碍。AA对氨基酸代谢的干扰与心脏毒性之间存在紧密关联[86-87]。基于NMR数据, 结合PCA和OPLS-DA分析筛选出差异代谢物(P<0.05, VIP值≥1)。KEGG通路分析显示, AA暴露显著改变了大鼠血清中的代谢谱, 特别是在谷氨酸、GSH及TCA代谢通路中表现尤为突出[86]。ZHU等[88]基于超高效液相色谱-四极杆-Orbitrap高分辨率质谱法(ultra performance liquid chromatography-Quadrupole-Orbitrap-HRMS, UPLC-Q-orbitrap-HRMS)分析大鼠尿液, 使用SIMCA 14.1软件进行PCA和OPLS-DA分析。通过HMDB、mzCloud-Advanced质谱数据库、MetaboAnalyst和KEGG等在线数据库, 识别出N-乙酰-S-(2-氨基-2-羟基乙基)-L-半胱氨酸亚砜等生物标志物, 这些标志物揭示了AA暴露对能量代谢和氨基酸代谢的影响。在斑马鱼胚胎模型中, WANG等[89]通过研究代谢通路发现, AA的暴露抑制了牛磺酸的合成, 导致心脏发育缺陷。此外, 结合细胞, 斑马鱼、小鼠和大鼠4种模型的研究, 揭示了AA通过抑制NOTCH1-PI3K/AKT信号通路, 诱导心肌细胞凋亡, 造成心脏能量代谢紊乱和线粒体损伤, 从而加重心脏功能损伤[90]
AA引发肝肾毒性。AA的肝毒性机制主要通过干扰脂质代谢和氧化应激通路实现。研究表明, AA处理会显著降低GSH和烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, NADP)水平, 同时增加牛磺脱氧胆酸的含量[91]。WU等[92]使用Progenesis QI和EZinfo软件对UPLC-MS数据进行分析, 并通过PCA和PLS-DA评估组间差异, 采用7折交叉验证和200次随机置换测试验证模型可靠性。基于VIP值>1.0和P<0.05筛选潜在生物标志物, 并通过HMDB数据库进行鉴定。代谢通路富集分析采用MetaboAnalyst 4.0, 结合HMDB和KEGG数据库分析相关通路网络。结果显示, AA的剂量依赖性暴露影响GSH结合和巯基酸加合物的生成, 调节AA转化率和毒性。AA代谢物与GSH S-转移酶及CYP2E1的结合显著, 靶向这些酶可能减轻AA的毒性。LI等[93]识别出32种与AA相关的内源性生物标志物及4种暴露生物标志物, 为评估AA诱导的肝损伤提供了重要参考。研究还发现, 磷脂酰胆碱的补充能够降低CYP2E1的表达, 减轻氧化应激并稳定GSH含量。此外, 槲皮素也可以显著缓解AA引起的肾损伤, 增强抗氧化防御及调节磷脂、能量和氨基酸代谢[94]
HAs引发代谢紊乱。ZHU等[28]采用化学同位素标记的超高效液相色谱-高分辨率质谱法(ultra performance liquid chromatography-HRMS, UPLC-HRMS), 对大鼠尿液进行了非靶向代谢组学分析, 数据处理采用Compound Discoverer软件, 代谢物匹配通过mzCloud-Advanced质谱数据库、HMDB、MetaboAnalyst和KEGG数据库进行。结合PCA和OPLS-DA分析筛选差异代谢物, 发现PhIP和MeIQx的联合暴露显著干扰了组氨酸、精氨酸、色氨酸和嘧啶等代谢途径。此外, 组胺、蛋氨酸、丙氨酸及4-胍基丁酸可能作为潜在的生物标志物, 指示HAs诱导的早期肿瘤发生的迹象。另一项针对β-咔啉HAs的研究中, 通过PLS-DA分析, 筛选VIP值>1.0且P<0.05的代谢物。最终, 筛选出的差异代谢物(包括倍数变化和P)被导入MetaboAnalyst 5.0进行热图分析和代谢通路分析[29]。结果表明, 哈曼暴露显著影响了大鼠的氨基酸、碳水化合物及肠道微生物代谢, 进一步导致肾脏和肝脏功能的受损, 并伴随血清中天冬氨酸氨基转移酶和尿素值的升高。针对PhIP的代谢组学检测还发现了一种新型的甲基化尿中PhIP代谢物, 这提示甲基化代谢物在PhIP的代谢过程中可能发挥重要作用[95]。这一发现为进一步探讨其在致癌物代谢中的重要性提供了新的依据。
HAs引发结肠损伤。在短期暴露的研究中, ZHANG等[96]使用UPLC-MS定量分析大肠组织中的100种代谢物, 通过层次聚类分析和Z-score观察代谢物变化, KEGG通路分析使用超几何分布计算P, 并通过BH方法修正。最终结果显示PhIP导致血清甘油三酯显著减少, 干扰与线粒体电子传递链及能量代谢相关的基因表达, 导致能量代谢通路紊乱。ZHAO等[97]基于液相色谱-串联质谱(liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, LC-MS/MS)方法, 使用OSI-SMMS软件进行峰值注释, 并进行PLS-DA和OPLS-DA分析。通过交叉验证和200次置换检验验证模型, 筛选出VIP值(VIP≥1)和t检验(P≤0.05)显著的差异代谢物。研究发现, PhIP暴露不仅破坏了肠道菌群的组成, 还显著抑制了脂质代谢功能, 影响了甘油磷脂和亚油酸的代谢。进一步的研究发现PhIP可诱发Wistar大鼠结肠的氧化损伤和DNA损伤, 显著干扰色氨酸及多条氨基酸代谢途径(β-丙氨酸、缬氨酸、亮氨酸和异亮氨酸的降解), 同时影响GSH代谢, 反映出其在诱导结肠疾病中的潜在角色[98]。研究发现葡萄籽提取物能够缓解PhIP诱导的结肠损伤。其通过调节脂质代谢途径, 维持肠道菌群的稳态[99]
氯丙醇类化合物和甘油酯类化合物可引发代谢紊乱。JIA等[100]利用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(ultra performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry, UPLC-MS/MS), 使用Xcalibur 4.1进行数据采集与质谱控制, Compound Discoverer 2.1用于数据处理、代谢物筛选和注释。研究中, 最终在大鼠和人类尿液中检测到新型尿代谢物异构体2,3-二羟基丙基巯基尿嘧啶酸, 该物质特异性反映了缩水甘油的暴露, 显示出作为缩水甘油生物标志物的潜力。进一步的分析使用SIMCA软件进行PCA和OPLS-DA分析, 并结合HMDB和mzCloud数据库进行代谢物鉴定, 同时使用KEGG和MetaboAnalyst进行通路分析。结果表明, 缩水甘油暴露导致TCA和糖酵解途径中关键代谢物(如柠檬酸盐)上调, 而3-MCPD则显著下调这些代谢物。L-半胱氨酸、脯氨酸和精氨酸在两种污染物的作用下显著降低, 表明这些氨基酸在氯丙醇类化合物和甘油酯类化合物引发的代谢干扰中可能起到重要作用[101]。杨普煜[102]在大鼠尿液、血液、粪便中共筛选出高半胱氨酸、4-庚酮、乙酰苯丙氨酸等11种潜在的生物标志物。通过对小鼠的90 d亚慢性研究, WANG等[103]评估了氧化三酰甘油衍生物、醛类和3-氯-1,2-丙二醇酯(3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters, 3-MCPDE)对生物标志物的影响。结果显示, 联合暴露显著降低了总胆红素和直接胆红素的水平, 并且尿酸水平较单一暴露组有所减少。联合污染物的暴露对嘌呤和嘧啶代谢的影响有所缓解, 但却加重了色氨酸代谢中L-色氨酸及其代谢产物的变化。这些结果为综合评估食品中多种联合毒物的毒性和相互作用提供了新视角。
氯丙醇类化合物与甘油酯类引发肾毒性和生殖毒性。CAYER[104]总结了不同研究中采用代谢组学手段, 分析不同组织(心脏、肾脏、血清、骨骼肌)中PUFAs代谢物的变化, 发现2-MCPD处理组的心脏中n-3 PUFA衍生的氧脂素显著减少, 血清中由脂氧合酶产生的氧脂素也有所下降, 而在肾脏和骨骼肌中未观察到明显变化。此外, 氧化磷脂和异丙烯的水平在所有处理组中均无显著变化, 表明氧化应激在2-MCPD的致毒机制中可能不是主要因素。另一项研究通过NMR技术[105], 采用PCA和PLS-DA对尿液样本的代谢谱进行分析, 使用Simca-P软件进行NMR数据分析、统计评估及通路分析, 发现3-MCPD引起的生化扰动表现出显著的时间和剂量依赖性, 3-MCPD显著影响与甘氨酸、丝氨酸、苏氨酸及牛磺酸代谢相关的代谢物, 导致肾毒性。此外, 利用小鼠模型进行的代谢组学分析[106]显示3-MCPD可导致生殖毒性, 其暴露导致线粒体功能障碍和活性氧生成显著增加, 影响亚铁离子和脂质的氧化水平, 激活了转化生长因子-β信号通路, 引发卵巢炎症。此外, 半胱天冬酶通路的激活也加剧了颗粒细胞的凋亡, 导致卵母细胞的发育潜力下降。
呋喃及其衍生物引发肝毒性。基于非靶向超高效液相色谱-四极杆-飞行时间质谱法(ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry, UPLC-QTOF-MS)的研究[107]通过PCA和热图进行模式判别分析, 选择VIP值>1的潜在变量作为生物标志物, 并筛选P<0.05和FC值>2的代谢物。最终鉴定出38种呋喃诱导的生物标志物, 并使用MetaboAnalyst 4.0软件进行代谢通路分析。结果显示, 呋喃通过改变胆汁酸代谢、脂肪酸代谢等关键生物途径, 导致肝细胞损伤。此外, 沙棘苷在呋喃诱导的小鼠肝损伤模型中表现出保护作用, 能够调节肠道屏障功能并改善胆汁酸稳态, 从而减轻呋喃引起的肝损伤。此外, 2-甲基呋喃作为呋喃的一种烷基化衍生物, 显示出显著的肝毒性。HU等[108]利用GC-MS非靶向代谢组学, 通过SIMCA 14.1进行多变量统计分析, 依据VIP值>1.0和Mann-Whitney U检验的P<0.05筛选差异代谢物, 并使用Metaboanalyst 4.0进行代谢通路分析。结果表明, 2-甲基呋喃暴露导致小鼠肝脏代谢发生显著变化, 尤其是在脂肪酸代谢和氨基酸代谢等关键路径上。
呋喃及其衍生物引发肾毒性。研究发现, 呋喃糖通过引发氧化应激并激活铁死亡通路对小鼠肾脏造成损伤。LI等[109]基于UPLC-QTOF-MS代谢组学分析, 使用Progenesis QI进行数据处理和代谢物鉴定, R包进行Wilcoxon检验筛选差异代谢物, 并计算FDR (FDR<0.05)。采用OPLS-DA进行多变量分析, VIP值通过Progenesis QI的EZinfo 3.0计算。结果显示, 呋喃糖处理使小鼠肾脏中的磷脂酰乙醇胺显著下调, 提示呋喃糖可能通过破坏脂质代谢和膜稳定性导致肾细胞损伤。此外, 5-HMF作为呋喃类衍生物之一, 其肾毒性机制也得到研究。江海燕等[110]使用空气动力辅助解吸电喷雾离子化质谱成像(air flow-assisted desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging, AFADESI-MSI)技术, 使用SIMCA-P 15.0进行多变量分析, 筛选差异离子(VIP值>1, P<0.05, FC值>2或<0.5)。根据潜在标志物的分子质量在METLIN、HMDB、Mass Bank和Lipid Maps数据库中进行鉴定, 并使用Metabo Analyst 5.0中进行通路分析, 结果表明5-HMF引发的肾脏毒性与嘌呤代谢、谷氨酸代谢及TCA循环的紊乱密切相关, 且长链脂肪酸和磷脂的上调可能与脂肪酸氧化及脂质代谢破坏相关。这些发现为进一步揭示呋喃类物质的毒性机制提供了重要线索, 并可能为毒性评估提供新的生物标志物。尽管5-HMF在肝肾毒性方面表现出潜在的风险, 但在某些病理状态下, 5-HMF也展示了有益作用, 如ZHANG等[111]结合代谢组学和网络药理学方法发现5-HMF在化疗诱导的血虚综合征大鼠模型中具有明显的治疗作用。
AGEs引发代谢紊乱。ZHOU等[112]通过UPLC-QTOF-MS技术对大鼠尿液进行代谢组学分析, 采用方差分析-同时成分分析进行数据分析, 并通过自动缩放归一化, 使用1000次置换检验验证模型。通过PLS-DA筛选差异特征, 未知化合物通过HMDB、METLINE和mzCloud数据库进行检索, 并通过标准物质确认。研究发现, 脱脂奶粉与热处理脱脂奶粉间有25种代谢物表现出显著差异, 其中19种代谢物可能来源于赖氨酸和精氨酸的AGEs及杂环化合物。GONG等[113]探讨了从黑木耳中提取的多糖AAP-2S在CML诱导的HK-2细胞模型中对糖基化的抑制作用, 表明AAP-2S可能通过某种机制减轻AGEs的生成。TAGLIAMONTE等[114]则揭示了CML在食品加工过程中经过肠道微生物的代谢转化, 通过亲水相互作用LC-MS/MS技术分析46名健康受试者的尿样, 发现CML及其代谢物的浓度与饮食密切相关。具体而言, 肉类摄入量与尿中CML及其代谢物的排泄呈负相关, 而植物与动物蛋白的摄入比例则与尿中CML及其代谢物呈正相关。BERDUN等[115]使用MassHunter Mass Profiler Professional软件和Metaboanalyst平台进行非靶向代谢组学分析, 并通过CPDB平台对低AGE饮食干预影响的代谢通路进行分析。已鉴定的代谢物通过超几何检验与 Homo sapiens代谢通路进行比对, 筛选出P<0.01且至少有两个分子重叠的通路进行富集分析。研究结果表明, 低AGEs饮食显著影响了血液代谢组和脂质组的组成, 涉及166种代谢分子和91种脂质, 揭示低AGEs摄入影响了神经酰胺类、醚脂类和甘油磷脂的代谢途径。这些代谢改变与衰老、胰岛素抵抗及肥胖密切相关, 提示低AGEs饮食对延缓衰老相关疾病可能具有潜在的干预价值。研究还表明, AGEs对宿主健康和肠道微生物群有显著影响。QU等[116]使用GC-TOF-MS进行粪便代谢组学分析, 采用LECO Chroma TOF4.3X软件和LECO-Fiehn Rtx5数据库进行数据处理, 包括峰提取、基线过滤、峰对齐和峰识别。数据通过总峰强度进行归一化, 并进行单变量和多变量分析。最终, 1016个峰的数据被导入SIMCA14.1软件进行PCA和OPLS-DA分析, 并通过200次置换检验验证模型的有效性。代谢物筛选标准为VIP值>1.0和P<0.05, 并通过KEGG数据库和MetaboAnalyst进行通路分析。结果显示, 高AGEs组小鼠肠道微生物多样性下降, 幽门螺旋杆菌水平显著升高, 且57种代谢物发生变化, 特别是蛋白质发酵产物对甲基苯酚和腐胺浓度增加。此外, WU等[117]探讨了AGEs对宿主肠道微生物的影响, 发现高AGEs膳食改变了肠道微生物组组成, 拟杆菌属和副拟杆菌属被认为是潜在的AGEs利用菌, 与宿主脂质及碳水化合物的代谢途径显著干扰相关, 最终影响宿主的代谢稳态。最后, 刘俊超等[118]探讨了摩罗尼苷对AGEs诱导的人脐静脉内皮细胞损伤的保护作用。
AGEs与糖尿病。WU等[119]基于UPLC-MS/MS技术, 使用Compound Discoverer 3.0进行数据处理, 包括峰对齐、定量分析和分子式预测。通过mzCloud和ChemSpider数据库进行定性分析, 并应用PCA和PLSDA多变量统计方法分析代谢物。数据分析使用R、Python和CentOS软件, 面积归一化处理非正态分布数据。研究发现, 高AGEs膳食显著抑制小鼠碳水化合物代谢, 促进脂质合成, 导致高血糖和胰岛素抵抗, 并引发肾脏趋化因子CCL3 (C-C motif chemokine ligand 3, CCL3)和 CXC3L1 (C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 3, CXC3L1) mRNA表达的上调, 提示AGEs可能在糖尿病的炎症反应中发挥作用。QUAN等[120]使用SIMCA-P 14.0软件对GC-TOF-MS数据进行多变量统计分析, 采用PCA和PLS-DA模型, 验证模型的有效性并通过置换检验确保模型的可靠性, R2值和Q2值>0.5表明模型具有良好的预测能力。选择VIP值>1.0且P<0.05的代谢物作为显著差异代谢物。通过MetaboAnalyst 4.0进行代谢物的通路分析。研究表明, 外源性CML暴露导致糖尿病模型大鼠血清和尿液中氨基马醇酸、β-丙氨酸和D-丝氨酸等多种代谢物显著变化。这些变化与柠檬酸循环及氨基酸和碳水化合物代谢的干扰密切相关, 提示CML可能加速糖尿病及并发症的发展, 如糖尿病脑病和视网膜病。此外, HUANG等[121]专注于CML对糖尿病相关认知功能障碍的影响, 发现CML摄入显著加重糖尿病GK大鼠的认知障碍, 伴随氧化应激水平的上升和神经炎症的加剧。CML还影响了TCA和谷氨酸-谷氨酰胺/γ-氨基丁酸循环等多个代谢通路, 导致关键中间代谢物如丙酮酸和谷氨酸的显著变化。这些发现表明, CML通过影响脑能量代谢和神经递质稳态, 可能在认知功能障碍中发挥毒性作用。
PAHs引发代谢紊乱。WANG等[122]基于LC-MS/MS技术, 通过Kolmogorov-Smirnov正态性检验对尿液中的PAH代谢物进行log转换, 以获得正态分布。使用皮尔逊相关分析计算9种PAH代谢物之间的相关性。采用SIMCA-P软件进行PCA和OPLS-DA分析。通过方差分析比较组间差异, 并采用逻辑回归和线性回归分析PAH暴露与代谢结果的剂量反应关系。最终发现与氨基酸、嘌呤、脂质和葡萄糖醛酸代谢相关的代谢物显著变化, 1-羟基菲和十二碳二烯基肉碱被提议作为PAH暴露的生物标志物。BATISTA等[123]研究了BaP对氨基酸代谢的干扰, 确定了甘氨酸、丝氨酸和苯丙氨酸等作为潜在的毒性生物标志物。在北京高PAHs暴露环境中开展的研究还发现, 暴露主要干扰了氧化稳态相关和酶诱导去抑制反应的两大独立代谢模块, 对健康年轻人的代谢状态构成潜在威胁[124]。LI等[125] 结合UPLC-MS的靶向和非靶向代谢组学分析, 以及基于DESI MS的空间分辨代谢组学分析, 采用MetaboAnalyst 6.0进行数据处理。代谢物和脂质的峰面积经过归一化和log10转化后, 使用火山图和Student’s t检验比较对照组与暴露组的差异。PCA用于评估脂质代谢变化, 筛选标准为: |log2(FC)|值>0.25, FDR调整后的P<0.05, ROC曲线下的面积>0.80。通路富集分析基于KEGG数据库, 至少包含2种代谢物。研究发现BaP暴露导致小鼠大脑代谢改变, 尤其是溶血磷脂酸和溶血磷酰脂丝氨酸的减少, 可能与焦虑样行为及神经毒性相关。此外, DEFOIS等[126]利用多种组学技术发现, BaP虽然未显著改变微生物群结构, 但可引发其代谢活动的剂量依赖性变化, 涉及维生素与辅因子代谢、DNA修复等关键通路的转录水平上调。
PAHs引发肺、肝、肾毒性。近期研究[127]通过UPLC-MS/MS代谢组学技术, 使用MassLynx软件进行峰值整合、校准和定量分析。使用iMAP软件进行统计分析, 包括PCA、单变量分析、路径分析及OPLS-DA。研究揭示了PAHs及其衍生物引发肺毒性的机制, 特别是BaP显著降低实验动物体内的脂肪酸、碳水化合物和类固醇水平, 影响线粒体功能、脂质代谢及免疫相关通路。而鼠乳杆菌(Lactobacillus murinus)的补充能激活芳香烃受体, 提高吲哚丙烯酸和吲哚醛水平, 促进Th17细胞(T-helper 17 cells, Th17)/调节性T细胞(regulatory T cells, Treg)平衡恢复, 缓解肺部炎症[128]。针对处于污染区域的儿童和青少年, 识别出与PAHs和重金属相关的潜在代谢物, 包括次黄嘌呤单磷酸和肉碱, 提示嘌呤代谢可能是健康问题的潜在机制[129]。在一项包含130名参与者的尿液和血清分析研究中[130], 采用UPLC-Triple TOF-MS技术结合中间相遇方法识别PAHs-金属混合物暴露与肾功能损伤的中介生物标志物。数据处理后共识别1127个代谢物, 并通过PLS-DA分析筛选出366个显著差异代谢物。KEGG数据库富集分析后, 筛选出188个内源性代谢物, 并通过ANCOVA和GLM分析与肾功能相关的代谢物。重叠代谢物映射到生物化学通路中, 发现1-羟基萘和铜的共同暴露与肾功能减退呈剂量依赖性关系, 主要影响苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸和色氨酸的代谢。此外, 氯化PAHs如6-氯苯并[a]芘(6-chlorobenzo [a]pyrene, 6-Cl-B[a]P)展现出更强的细胞毒性和代谢干扰作用, 尤其在低浓度条件下, 对线粒体电子传递链的抑制显著降低了脂肪酸β氧化能力[131]
NAs引发代谢紊乱。近年来, 代谢组学在揭示NAs及其衍生N-亚硝基化合物暴露的毒性机制方面发挥了重要作用。JI等[132]基于NMR技术研究了环境浓度NAs引起的代谢紊乱。使用Mest Renova对血清和尿液样本的NMR谱图进行基线和相位校正, 并通过HMDB和Chenomx NMR Suite数据库确认代谢物的NMR共振。经过标准化和Pareto缩放后, 在MATLAB中获取尿液样本的代谢物浓度。使用SIMCA-P 14.1软件进行PCA和PLS-DA分析样本分布和组别趋势。对血清数据进行OPLS-DA分析, 去除类内不相关变量, 并通过响应置换检验验证模型可靠性。根据变量重要性(VIP)和相关系数(r)筛选特定代谢物, 尿液样本中的代谢物浓度通过t检验(P<0.05)进行比较。使用MetaboAnalyst 3.0进行代谢通路分析, 筛选出显著扰动的代谢通路(PIV值>0.1, P<0.05)。最终发现雄性和雌性大鼠血清样本中分别存在2条和8条显著受干扰的代谢通路, 且雌性大鼠尿液中甘氨酸、丝氨酸和苏氨酸代谢受到显著影响, 代谢紊乱与肠道微生物群变化相关。FARAG等[133]则研究了饮食毒物与肠道微生物群的相互作用, 利用液相色谱/电喷雾离子源-串联质谱法(liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry, LC/ESI-MS/MS)技术发现, 当绿茶与NAs及肠道微生物组共同孵育时, 显著阻止了绿茶与NAs孵育时相关代谢物(如表儿茶素、槲皮素及其醌产物)的形成, 揭示了肠道微生物群在这一相互作用中的关键作用。
NAs引发食管炎症及致癌作用。ZHANG等[134]研究了NAs对食管炎症及致癌作用的影响。LC-MS/MS原始数据通过XCMS平台处理, 进行保留时间校正和峰值提取, 去除缺失值和QC标准差过高的数据。数据归一化后, 使用SIMCA-P软件进行PCA、OPLS-DA分析, 并通过置换检验评估模型。通过VIP>1且P<0.05筛选差异代谢物, 利用HMDB数据库进行结构验证。差异代谢物的通路富集分析通过MetaboAnalyst 5.0基于KEGG数据库进行。研究发现, NAs显著影响脂肪酸代谢, 促进脂肪酸分解与β-氧化, 并提高尿液中炎症相关的脂肪酸生物标志物, 提示其潜在的致癌作用。ZHAO等[135]探讨了N-亚硝基甲基苄胺诱导食管鳞状细胞癌过程中血清代谢的变化, 发现烟酸、烟酰胺和色氨酸代谢异常是其诱导的食管上皮恶性转化的重要因素。最后, WANG等[136]结合代谢组学和高通量测序研究了低剂量砷与N-甲基-N’-硝基-N-亚硝基胍联合暴露对大鼠的影响。通过PERMANOVA分析中的Adonis方法比较组间差异, 并根据VIP值>1筛选代谢物差异, 使用t检验(P<0.05)进一步筛选。单变量分析评估|log2(FC)|值>0.5的差异。使用HMDB数据库进行代谢物鉴定匹配, KEGG数据库进行通路分析。研究结果表明, 联合暴露显著加剧了胃组织损伤和肠道微生物群干扰, 促进了致癌信号通路的激活。代谢组学在食品热加工污染物毒性机制研究中的应用总结见表1
代谢组学作为一种强大的高通量技术工具, 在食品热加工污染物毒性机制研究中展现出巨大的应用潜力。通过精确地分析代谢物的变化, 代谢组学能够揭示热加工过程中生成的污染物(如AA、HAs、呋喃、AGEs、氯丙醇等)对人体代谢的影响, 识别关键代谢产物及其变化通路, 进而阐明这些污染物的毒性作用机制, 为评估食品安全与潜在健康危害提供科学依据。然而, 尽管代谢组学技术在这一领域取得了一定的进展, 仍面临一系列挑战。首先, 热加工污染物的代谢产物种类繁多, 且其代谢过程涉及复杂的生物化学反应, 这使得数据解析和结果解读变得更加困难。此外, 现有的高通量分析技术成本较高, 这限制了其在大规模食品安全监控中的应用。其次, 由于样本基质效应、低浓度污染物的高灵敏度分析要求以及代谢物谱的复杂性, 代谢组学在这一领域的应用仍然面临不少技术瓶颈。为解决这些问题, 未来的研究应着眼于采用更先进的分析技术, 如HRMS和MSI等, 以提高分析的灵敏度和分辨率。此外, 借助人工智能和机器学习技术来优化数据处理流程, 并推动分析方法的标准化建设, 能够大幅提升数据的可靠性和可比性, 为代谢组学在食品安全中的应用奠定基础。
展望未来, 代谢组学将在以下几个方面发挥更加重要的作用。首先是多组学融合。代谢组学与基因组学、转录组学、蛋白质组学等领域的深度融合, 将推动构建多维度的数据分析平台, 为全面解析食品热加工污染物对生物体的综合影响提供全新视角。通过与基因表达分析的结合, 代谢组学可揭示污染物在基因层面的调控机制, 进一步理解代谢物变化背后的分子机制, 并为代谢调控网络的构建提供数据支持。其次是个体化食品安全研究。随着代谢组学技术的不断发展, 未来能够依据个体的代谢特征提供个性化的食品安全评估。考虑到不同人群在代谢上的个体差异, 代谢组学可以为不同群体提供量身定制的风险评估、营养干预以及防护建议, 从而推动个性化营养学的发展, 并为食品中的潜在毒性物质的风险管理提供新的方法。再次是实时监测与污染物预警。借助先进的传感器技术和实时监测设备, 代谢组学有望在食品加工和消费过程中实现污染物代谢产物的实时监测。这将为食品生产、加工及流通过程中的污染物监控与预警提供新的工具, 推动食品安全管理从事后检测转向预防性管理。实时监控系统的建立不仅能有效追踪污染物的变化, 还能在污染物超标前提供及时预警, 从而减少食品安全风险。总的来说, 随着新技术的不断进步和跨学科合作的深入, 代谢组学将在污染物的早期检测、毒性评估及风险管理中发挥越来越重要的作用, 为确保全球食品安全和公众健康做出重要贡献。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFF1105304)
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2025年第16卷第10期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250218002
  • 接收时间:2025-02-18
  • 首发时间:2025-07-15
  • 出版时间:2025-05-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-18
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国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFF1105304)
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    浙江大学生物系统工程与食品科学学院, 杭州 310058

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* 章宇(1980—), 男, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为食品化学安全与风险评估。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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