As a new ecological management model that integrates modern information technology, Smart Forestry and Grassland relies on intelligent sensors and information network systems to enable dynamic monitoring, precise management, scientific decision-making, and efficient utilization of forest and grassland resources. It has achieved significant results in enhancing resource utilization efficiency, strengthening biodiversity conservation, improving disaster prevention and recovery capabilities, and promoting the sustainable development of forestry and grassland sectors, and has gradually become an important technological pillar for China’s ecological civilization construction. However, systematic reports on the development of Smart Forestry and Grassland are currently scarce, which hinders further innovation and promotion of this model. Based on a systematic review of the development history of Smart Forestry and Grassland both domestically and internationally, combined with an analysis of its key technologies and scope of application, this paper points out that the development of Smart Forestry and Grassland in China still faces prominent issues such as insufficient automation, low levels of intelligence, and weak precision capabilities. To address these bottlenecks, this paper proposes future research priorities and development directions for China’s Smart Forestry and Grassland sector across three dimensions: automation, intelligence, and precision.

The investigation of photosynthetic traits and ecological service capabilities of Quercus species is crucial for their cultivation management and carbon sequestration assessment. In this study, five major Quercus plants in Beijing, including Quercus dentata Thunb., Quercus variabilis Blume, Quercus acutissima Carruth., Quercus mongolica Fisch. ex Ledeb. and Quercus aliena Blume were investigated. The diurnal variation of photosynthetic characteristics was measured using LI-6400XT portable photosynthmeter, and the ecological benefits of different Quercus pecies were estimated by combining their green quantity calculation model, carbon fixation, oxygen release and transpiration evaluation model. Our results showed that: 1）The diurnal variation of net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate of the five Quercus species exhibited a a distinct bimodal curve pattern, characterized by peaks and troughs. 2）The daily variation range of net photosynthetic rate was 1.05~12.20 μmol·m⁻²·s⁻¹, and the daily variation range of transpiration rate was 0.48~5.46 mmol·m⁻²·s⁻¹. The average daily rates of both were as follows: Q. dentata, Q. variabilis, Q. mongolica, Q. acutissima, Q. aliena. 3）According to the green mass of an individual plant with a diameter of 20 cm, the daily carbon sequestration and oxygen release were as follows: Q. mongolica, Q. variabilis, Q. dentata, Q. acutissima, Q. aliena. Regarding cooling and humidification benefits, the daily water release was ranked as follows: Q. dentata, Q. variabilis, Q. mongolica, Q. acutissima, Q. aliena. The order of daily heat absorption is: Q. mongolica, Q. dentata, Q. variabilis, Q. acutissima, Q. aliena. 4）Based on the current total area of 122 700 m² of the five major Quercus forest types in the Beijing region, the total ecological service capacity was estimated. The annual carbon sequestration amounts were 3.55 million tons, with annual oxygen release of 2.58 million tons. Annual water transpiration reaches 6.54 billion tons, while annual heat absorption totaled 1.756 × 10¹⁶ kJ. These findings provide a scientific basis for the selection and application of Quercus species in afforestation and greening initiatives in the Beijing region.

Neofusicoccum laricinum (Sawada) Y. Hattori & C. Nakash is a quarantine pest of imported plants and a forestry quarantine pest in China. It is also one of only two fungal plant pathogens listed in the Catalogue of Key Managed Invasive Alien Species. Developing rapid, accurate, and visual detection method is crucial for effective prevention and control of this disease. In this study, a method combining composite enzyme index amplification （CEEA） technique with lateral flow dipstick （LFD） technology was developed. Using specifically designed CEEA primer sets and probes for N. laricinum, followed by optimization of reaction conditions （39 ℃ for 15 minutes）, the method could specifically detect N. laricinum strains from diverse regions with a limit of detection (LOD) as low as 100.0 fg·µL⁻¹, the entire process to be completed in 30 minutes. This technology requires no expensive instruments and does not identify other fungi on Larch, demonstrating good applicability. With its high efficiency, speed, and sensitivity, this technology provides strong support for in-situ rapid detection and identification of pathogens in the forest, as well as for the early warning of disease.

Cinara bungeanae Zhang et Zhang is the primary piercing-sucking pest affecting Pinus bungeana Zucc. ex Endl, significantly compromising tree health and ornamental value. To facilitate rational pest management, this study evaluated the control efficacy of seven pesticides against Cinara bungeanae and assessed the safety of the three most effective compounds against five common natural enemy insects of piercing-sucking pests. Results indicated that 22% sulfoxaflor SC （30 000× dilution）, 17% flupyradifurone SL （3 000× dilution）, and 2% thiacloprid CS （1 500× dilution） exhibited high efficacy and rapid knockdown against Cinara bungeanae. However, these agents also exert measurable impacts on natural enemies; therefore, their application should be timed to avoid peak activity periods of beneficial insects such as lady beetles and lacewings. Afidopyropen DC （50 g·L⁻¹, 12 000× dilution） and 25% pymetrozine SC （6 000× dilution） demonstrated lower immediate efficacy but are suitable for integration with biological control strategies under low pest population densities. Matrine SL （1%, 600× dilution） and 22.4% spirotetramat SC （6 000× dilution） demonstrated suboptimal efficacy against the target pest and are not recommended for standalone use.

This study aimed to investigate the influence of environmental temperatures on the predation ability against Propylea japonica larvae and adults for Aphis sophoricola, and to identify the optimal temperature and instar for maximum pest suppression efficacy. Under controlled conditions of 20, 25 and 30 ℃, P. japonica and A. sophoricola were applied to quantify the predation rates of 1st to 4th instar larvae and adults on aphids at varying densities. Subsequently, the predation dynamics were analyzed by fitting the data to the Holling type II functional response model. At all tested temperatures, the functional response of P. japonica to aphid predation was conformed to fit assumption from the Holling type II model. At 25 ℃, the instantaneous attack rate of P. japonica （especially young larvae） was 2—5 times higher that at the other two temperatures, and the handling time was also shorter. At 30 ℃, P. japonica （especially old larvae and adults） exhibited the highest predation efficiency, and its theoretical daily maximum predation capacity was significantly higher than at other temperatures. At 20 ℃, the predation capacity and daily maximum predation were markedly reduced, which significantly inhibited predation efficiency. The 2nd instar larvae and adults are the optimal stages for P. japonica to exert the maximum control potential against A. sophoricola at 20 ℃ and 30 ℃, whereas the 3rd instar larvae are the optimal instar at 25 ℃. The 4th instar larvae and adults are the optimal instars and stages at 30 ℃. Overall, our study showed that pest control efficacy of P. japonica on A. sophoricola increased with its developmental maturity and reached its peak at higher ambient temperatures. In summary, this study provides a theoretical basis for releasing P. japonica in suitable life stages according to climatic conditions in field applications to achieve efficient aphid control.

The flower is one of the important ornamental organs of garden plants. The phenomenon of phyllody will lead to the partial or total transformation of flower organs into leaf-like structures, thus having high ornamental and research value. In order to explore the main causes and regulatory mechanisms of phyllody formation, this paper comprehensively analyzes the research progress at home and abroad and finds that the phenomenon of phyllody is mainly influenced by factors such as gene regulation, plant pathogens and external environment. The flower development process is closely related to the five types of genes （A, B, C, D and E） in the floral organ development model. This article focuses on reviewing the intrinsic molecular mechanism of the formation of phyllody. It is speculated that pathogens may induce organ alienation by inducing protein changes in plants. Environmental factors such as temperature and hormones may affect gene expression patterns through epigenetic modification, and form organs with leaf-like structures through multi-gene synergistic regulation. The study on the causes of phyllody is helpful to further analyze the process of flower development, so as to provide theoretical basis for the directional regulation of plant flower development and its molecular breeding.

Wind-induced damage to urban trees during extreme weather events poses severe challenges to ecological systems, socioeconomic stability, and public safety. This study integrates Computational Fluid Dynamics （CFD）, Ground Penetrating Radar （GPR）, Finite Element Analysis （FEA）, and a modified GALES model to propose a tree risk assessment framework combining non-destructive testing, wind field simulation, and mechanical stability assessment. By quantifying internal trunk structures and root system distributions using GPR non-destructive testing technology, combined with FEA, we proposed stability influencing factors to optimize the critical wind speed prediction model. Meanwhile, a rapid prediction model for urban micro-wind fields and wind directions was developed based on real-time meteorological data and campus geospatial information, enabling dynamic risk assessment of standing tree safety. The feasibility of this approach was validated using the Beijing Forestry University campus, a typical urban campus setting, as a case study. Results indicate that the parameterized individual tree model can accurately identify vulnerable parts of trees, thereby enhancing the accuracy of risk assessments. Tree morphological characteristics, soil parameters, and trunk defects combined with root distribution are significantly influenced by varying wind speeds and directions, which in turn affect trunk strength and root-soil anchorage capacity, ultimately impacting tree stability and safety. This research provides intuitive visualization of predictive outcomes, offering a data foundation and interdisciplinary theoretical basis for resilient urban tree management.

The mechanisms by which water, nitrogen, and their interaction affect leaf hydraulic traits of apple （Malus domestica Borkh.） remain unclear. In this study, Three-year-old 'Danxia' apple seedlings were subjected to a two-factor experiment with water and fertilizer manipulation to analyze the effects of drought, nitrogen application, and their interaction on leaf anatomical and hydraulic characteristics. The results showed that under well-watered conditions, the vessel diameter, vessel wall thickness, and vessel vulnerability index in leaf veins were significantly higher under medium and high nitrogen treatments than under low nitrogen treatment, whereas the vessel anti-collapse index was significantly lower under medium and high nitrogen than under low nitrogen. Under drought conditions, the vessel diameter, vessel wall thickness, vein-specific hydraulic conductivity, and vulnerability index were significantly lower under medium and high nitrogen than under low nitrogen, while the vessel anti-collapse index was significantly higher under medium and high nitrogen than under low nitrogen. These results indicate that the effects of nitrogen application on leaf hydraulic architecture and drought resistance of apple depend on water availability. Under well-watered conditions, nitrogen supply enhances leaf water transport efficiency and morphological water retention capacity. In contrast, under drought conditions, nitrogen application favors hydraulic safety but reduces morphological water retention capacity. Therefore, in apple nutrient management, nitrogen application should be controlled under drought stress to avoid reducing leaf drought resistance.

Pine wilt disease is a multi-component ecological disease system caused by infection with Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, spread by vector insects, and influenced by both environmental conditions and human activities. This disease causes devastating damage to pine forest resources, forest ecosystems, and regional socioeconomic systems. Trunk injection is an effective and safe technique for the prevention and control of pine wilt disease, among which the emamectin benzoate injectable formulation has shown significant effects due to its safety, high efficacy, and environmental friendliness. This paper systematically reviews the practical prevention and control efforts against pine wilt disease in China, elaborates on the mechanisms of action from the perspectives of trunk injection technology and the chemical properties of emamectin benzoate, summarizes the relevant formulation of emamectin benzoate injectables, and describes the control effects of both emamectin benzoate alone and its compound formulations in practical applications. Finally, prospects are discussed in terms of application strategies, formulation innovation, and the development of compound formulations of emamectin benzoate for the control of pine wilt disease, aiming to provide a reference for the management of pine wilt disease.

Nitrogen （N） is a key limiting nutrient for forest primary productivity and tree growth. Trees' N acquisition capacity largely determines resources competition and stress resilience, as well as their role in maintaining the stability of forest ecosystem. Recent research has shifted from focusing solely on root uptake to an integrative view that recognizes rhizosphere–microbial cooperation and subterranean nutrient networks. This review synthesizes pathways for inorganic and organic N uptake, elucidates the roles of root functional traits （e.g., fine-root morphology, specific root length, and lifespan）, mycorrhizal symbiosis, and root exudate regulation in N uptake, and examines the coupling between N uptake, carbon assimilation, growth and defense. Based on current evidence, we propose an integrated conceptual framework （N uptake–growth–reproduction–defense） and classify four representative strategy types of trees （high N uptake–fast growth, moderate N uptake–balanced strategy, low N uptake–high defense, microbial dependent N uptake–synergistic and mutualistic）. We further discuss implications for adaptive forest management via optimized N supply and microbial manipulation. Finally, we identify the key knowledge gaps in this field and outline future research directions, including cross–scale gene–metabolism–ecology coupling analyses, dynamic isotope tracing, and model–based predictions under multiple stress conditions. This review aims to provide theoretical references for understanding N–driven tree adaptive strategies and for forest health management.