Enzymes， as biological catalysts， have garnered significant interest due to their exceptional efficiency and specificity. However， the fragility of natural enzymes under varying temperature and pH conditions significantly restricts their broader utilization. In the past few years， noteworthy advancements have been achieved in creating biomimetic enzyme systems. Scientists have effectively designed artificial enzyme-mimicking systems that exhibit outstanding performance through the integration of various components， including small molecule compounds， deoxyribonucleic acid， and nanomaterials. These systems not only exhibit remarkable catalytic efficiency but also offer considerable benefits， such as adjustable activity， simplicity in modification， and enhanced stability and reusability. Nanomachines， as a new type of enzyme analogues， specifically refer to nanomaterials with enzyme-like catalytic functions. They have played a significant role in the development of biomimetic enzyme systems. Since the first report in 2007 that iron oxide nanoparticles have peroxidase （POD） mimicking activity， hundreds of nanomaterials have been confirmed to have catalytic activities similar to those of natural enzymes such as POD and oxidase （OXD）. These novel enzyme analogues not only exhibit a wide range of enzyme-like activities and structural similarity to natural enzymes， but also possess unique nanomaterial characteristics， making their catalytic activities controllable and stable. As effective substitutes for natural enzymes， nanomachines have been widely applied in fields such as biosensing， medical treatment， and environmental remediation. While every cutting-edge technology presents certain limitations， nanozymes are not an exception. They encounter notable challenges， especially concerning substrate selectivity， which is essential for effective targeted catalysis and widespread applicability. To address the aforementioned imitation， researchers have been investigating effective approaches to improve the catalytic selectivity of nanozymes. Primarily， two methods are utilized to achieve selective bioanalysis based on nanozyme catalysis： the first method involves merging nanozymes with biological recognition factors （such as natural enzymes， antibodies， DNA strands， and aptamers）， while the second focuses on developing nanozymes that possess intrinsic catalytic specificity through techniques like structure-mimetic design， surface modifications， or molecular imprinting. Incorporating external biological recognition elements can undermine both the stability and cost-effectiveness of nanozymes. Additionally， the methods available for the effective conjugation of nanozymes with biological components are still in their infancy. The creation of structure-mimetic nanozymes tends to be intricate and requires meticulous regulation. In contrast， a straightforward and accessible method for generating substrate recognition sites on nanozymes is the application of molecular imprinting technology （MIT）. MIT replicates interactions between enzyme substrates or antibody-antigen pairs to fabricate a cavity that is precisely shaped and sized for a particular template molecule， thus facilitating accurate molecular recognition. Due to its exceptional specificity， stability， and reproducibility， MIT is widely utilized in various fields such as biosensing， medical diagnostics， pharmaceutical assessment， sample preparation， and fluorescent detection. Moreover， the inherent advantages of molecularly imprinted polymers （MIPs）， such as their economical nature， exceptional selectivity， remarkable thermochemical resilience， and the removal of the need for biologically derived techniques， have rendered molecular imprinting a feasible strategy for mimicking the roles of natural enzymes. Natural enzymes exhibit substrate specificity primarily due to the three-dimensional structure of their active sites. These active sites are meticulously shaped to ensure a perfect match with the spatial configuration of the intended substrate. Following this concept， molecular imprinting nanoenzymes cleverly integrate molecular imprinting techniques with the properties of nanoenzymes， allowing biomimetic catalysts to retain catalytic selectivity while also demonstrating remarkable substrate specificity. This paper first summarizes the fundamental characteristics of nanozymes， then elaborates on the conventional preparation processes for molecularly imprinted nanozymes， and thoroughly explores the impact of molecular imprinting on the catalytic performance of nanozymes. Through an analysis of typical cases， the latest research advancements in molecularly imprinted nanozymes biosensing field are introduced. Finally， this paper discusses the challenges encountered and future development directions in this area， aiming to provide theoretical references and practical guidance for the application of molecular imprinting and nanozymes in biosensing.

Cardiovascular diseases （CVDs） are among the leading cause of global morbidity and mortality. Due to their high prevalence and often asymptomatic progression， there is a pressing need for diagnostic tools that enable the early， accurate， and accessible detection of them. Acute coronary syndrome （ACS）， as a common and severe CVDs with high morbidity and mortality rates， has attracted considerable scientific interest. Various methods have been developed to detect ACS rapidly and accurately. Traditional diagnostic methods relying on antibody-based assays are effective. However， they face significant limitations， including high production costs， poor stability under varying environmental conditions， batch-to-batch variability， and cross-reactivity leading to false positives. These challenges have motivated the search for robust， cost-effective alternatives capable of detecting biomarkers with high sensitivity and specificity. Molecularly imprinted polymers （MIPs） have emerged as a promising alternative solution， offering antibody-like molecular recognition capabilities， superior stability， lower production costs， and resistance to harsh environmental conditions. This review systematically examines the latest advancements in MIP-based sensors for ACS biomarker detection in the last fifteen years， including imprinting strategies for key ACS biomarkers， sensor development and integration， and current challenges along with future perspectives. The first section focuses on the molecular imprinting techniques for essential ACS biomarkers， such as cardiac troponin （cTnI/cTnT）， myoglobin （Myo）， and creatine kinase （CK）. It compares whole-protein imprinting with epitope imprinting， highlighting the advantages of the latter in reducing template costs and enhancing binding specificity. Epitope imprinting using short peptide sequences has demonstrated femtomolar detection limits while overcoming challenges associated with large protein templates， such as structural denaturation and difficult template removal. The review also explores innovative approaches like dummy template imprinting， where structurally similar but cheaper molecules are used to create MIPs for high-cost biomarkers， achieving comparable specificity and sensitivity. The second section discusses the integration of MIPs with advanced biosensing platforms. Electrochemical sensors， using MIP-modified electrodes， have achieved remarkable sensitivity and rapid response times， making them suitable for point-of-care testing （POCT）. Optical sensors， particularly those based on surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and surface plasmon resonance， enable label-free， real-time detection with ultra-low detection limits. The review also addresses the integration of MIPs with microfluidic technology， where miniaturized devices facilitate automated， high-throughput biomarker analysis. Examples include paper-based microfluidic sensors that combine capillary action with MIP-SERs tags for multiplexed detection， achieving low detection limits without complex instrumentation. Despite these advancements， the review identifies key challenges hindering widespread clinical adoption of the MIP’s based ACS sensor. Although the sensitivity and specificity of MIPs are impressive， they still lag behind those of monoclonal antibodies in some applications， particularly for low-abundance biomarkers. Reproducibility issues arise from variations in polymerization conditions and template removal efficiency. Commercialization barriers include the lack of standardized production protocols and regulatory frameworks for MIP-based diagnostics. The review proposes several strategic directions to address these limitations. Computational modeling and machine learning could optimize monomer selection and polymerization conditions to enhance MIP’s performance. The development of hybrid systems combining MIPs with nanomaterials may further improve sensitivity and signal transduction. Multidisciplinary collaborations among chemists， engineers， and clinicians will be essential to translate laboratory innovations into commercially viable diagnostic tools. Additionally， the integration of MIPs with artificial intelligence machine learning algorithms could support the development of personalized diagnosis and treatment strategies. These future perspectives are likely to have a significant impact on the early diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. In conclusion， MIP-based sensors represent a promising direction in ACS diagnostics， offering a unique combination of affordability， stability， and precision. By addressing current technical and translational challenges， MIP technology has the potential to revolutionize early disease detection， particularly in resource-limited areas. This review not only summarizes a decade of research progress but also provides a plan for future developments that could make personalized， decentralized cardiovascular diagnostics a widespread reality.

In recent years， molecularly imprinted polymers have shown considerable promise in analytical detection and early diagnosis of diseases due to their high selectivity and specificity. Nevertheless， the practical implementation of these methods is still restricted by several intrinsic limitations associated with traditional synthesis approaches， including a strong reliance on organic solvents， poor recognition efficiency in aqueous media， and low adsorption capacity. To overcome these challenges， this study presents an innovative strategy that integrates superhydrophilic resin with graphene aerogel （GA）， resulting in successful fabrication of a superhydrophilic molecularly imprinted resin-GA composite （HMIR-GA） via surface in situ polymerization in water. The resulting HMIR-GA exhibited a significantly enhanced adsorption capacity and improved recognition performance in aqueous environments towards tumor biomarker. Characterization of the HMIR-GA was performed using Fourier transform infrared （FT-IR） spectroscopy， scanning electron microscopy （SEM）， nitrogen adsorption-desorption analysis， and contact angle measurements. FT-IR spectra revealed that the broad peak at 3 400 cm^-1 can be ascribed to the formation of –OH associations. The absorption peak at 1 724 cm^-1 corresponds to the stretching vibration peak of C=O on the surface of graphene oxide （GO）. The absorption peaks at 1 602 cm^-1 and 1 462 cm^-1 are assigned to the C=C stretching vibration peaks of resorcinol. During the reaction process， due to the reduction effect of ammonia water， the C=O on graphene oxide is reduced. The characteristic peak at 1 069 cm^-1 is induced by the stretching vibration of C-O-C， representing the formation by the reaction between resorcinol and hexamethylenetetramine. These characteristic peaks clearly demonstrate that the HMIR have been successfully incorporated into the graphene aerogel. The FT-IR results confirm the successful synthesis of HMIR-GA. SEM reveals that the surface of graphene oxide exhibits a wrinkled lamellar structure. In contrast， the fabricated HMIR-GA and superhydrophilic molecularly non-imprinted resin-GA composite （HNIR-GA） display a loose and porous architecture， indicating that the synthesized HMIR has been successfully grown onto the graphene aerogel. The porous structure is conducive to the rapid adsorption of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid （5-HIAA）， which is beneficial for enhancing the performance of relevant applications. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller （BET） specific surface areas of HMIR-GA and HNIR-GA are 95.1 m²/g and 44.5 m²/g， respectively. The pore volumes are 0.31 cm³/g and 0.20 cm³/g， respectively. In comparison with HNIR-GA， HMIR-GA possesses a larger specific surface area and pore volume， which is conducive to enhancing its adsorption capacity for 5-HIAA. To evaluate the hydrophilicity of HMIR-GA and HNIR-GA， contact angle measurements were performed. The results showed that when water droplets were placed on the surfaces of these two materials， they rapidly spread and fully wetted the surfaces within 0.07 s， indicating that HMIR-GA and HNIR-GA exhibited superior hydrophilic properties. This enhanced hydrophilicity facilitates the effective adsorption and extraction of the tumor biomarker 5-HIAA from urine samples. Static and competitive adsorption experiments revealed that HMIR-GA has a strong affinity for 5-HIAA. The evaluation of adsorption kinetics was carried out by employing both the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models， indicating a better fit with the pseudo-second-order model （R²=0.999 3）， suggesting that chemisorption is the dominant mechanism. Furthermore， equilibrium adsorption data were analyzed using the following models—Langmuir， Freundlich， Temkin， and Dubinin-Radushkevich （D-R）. The best fit was achieved with the Freundlich isotherm model （R²≥0.985 2）， indicating multilayer adsorption on heterogeneous surfaces. A highly sensitive method for precise determination of 5-HIAA was established by employing HMIR-GA as a pipette tip solid-phase extraction adsorbent coupled with high performance liquid chromatography. The calibration curve exhibited excellent linearity across the mass concentration range of 0.02–40.0 μg/mL （r=0.999 8）. The limits of detection （LOD） and quantification （LOQ） were 3.7 ng/mL and 12.3 ng/mL， respectively， based on signal-to-noise ratios of 3 and 10. Method accuracy was verified through recovery tests at spiked mass concentrations of 0.1， 1.0， and 10.0 μg/mL， yielding recoveries between 75.7% and 92.5% with relative standard deviations （RSDs） below 3.4%. Precision assessments via intra-day and inter-day tests yielded RSDs of 2.9% and 4.1%， respectively （n=6）. Finally， the developed method was applied for the determination of 5-HIAA levels in real urine samples. This work not only provides a robust and environmentally friendly strategy for the fabrication of functionalized molecularly imprinted polymers but also shows great promise for clinical applications， offering crucial technical support for early diagnosis of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors.

Circulating tumor cells （CTC） have emerged as crucial mediators in the metastatic cascade， offering invaluable insights as real-time liquid biomarkers for cancer progression， prognosis， and treatment response. Their exceptionally low concentration in peripheral blood， which typically ranges from a handful to a few dozen cells per milliliter amidst billions of background blood cells， poses formidable challenges for isolation and molecular characterization. Despite this， the efficient and specific capture of CTC holds tremendous potential for revolutionizing early cancer detection， dynamic monitoring of therapeutic efficacy， and guiding personalized treatment strategies. Currently， the primary technologies for CTC enrichment fall into two categories： immunoaffinity-based methods that employ antibodies targeting epithelial surface markers such as epithelial cell adhesion molecule （EpCAM）， and label-free approaches that leverage physical properties including cell size， deformability， and density， exemplified by membrane filtration and centrifugal techniques. However， these conventional methods are hampered by several inherent limitations， including high operational costs， dependence on highly variable surface antigen expression， insufficient capture specificity leading to low purity， and significant interference from heterogeneous blood components such as leukocytes and platelets. Consequently， there is an urgent and growing need to develop novel functional materials and platforms that offer enhanced selectivity， robust stability in physiological conditions， excellent biocompatibility， and improved clinical applicability for the effective isolation and analysis of CTC. In this study， we innovatively integrate cell imprinting technology with a rational amino acid-based affinity strategy to develop a tryptophan-histidine-arginine （WHR） tripeptide-functionalized cell-imprinted hydrogel for highly efficient and selective capture of CTC. The design leverages the unique properties of mesoporous silica nanoparticles （MSN） as carriers， which are first synthesized and then surface-modified with epoxy groups via silane coupling agents. The WHR tripeptide is subsequently grafted onto the MSN surface through a ring-opening reaction， yielding the WHR@SiO₂ composite material. This material demonstrates strong and specific binding affinity toward sialic acid （Neu5Ac） and sialylated glycopeptides （SGP）， which are overexpressed on the surface of many cancer cells. Building on this molecular recognition capability， a three-dimensional cell-imprinted hydrogel is fabricated using poly（ethylene glycol） dimethacrylate （PEGDMA） as the cross-linking backbone via free radical polymerization. The hydrogel is molded against SMMC-7721 template cells to create cavities that complement the target cells in size， shape， and surface topology， thereby enhancing capture efficiency through both physical and biochemical matching. Experimental results demonstrate that the WHR-modified hydrogel achieves a remarkable capture efficiency of up to 94% for SMMC-7721 cells， significantly outperforming hydrogels modified with individual amino acids such as tryptophan， histidine， or arginine alone. The system also exhibits excellent hemocompatibility， with minimal adsorption of human serum albumin （HSA）， below 5%， indicating superior anti-fouling properties in biological environments. In vitro cytotoxicity assessments confirm high biocompatibility， with cell viability exceeding 90% after 48 h of co-culture. Further characterization through scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and atomic force microscopy （AFM） reveals well-defined surface imprints that mirror the morphology of template cells， confirming the successful integration of topographical cues. The synergy between the physical structure of the imprinted cavities and the biochemical affinity of the WHR tripeptide is identified as the key factor contributing to the high capture performance， even at low cell concentrations （as few as 100 cells/mL）. In conclusion， this work presents a robust and efficient platform for CTC capture that combines cell imprinting for morphological recognition with WHR-mediated affinity for sialylated glycoproteins. The hydrogel demonstrates high selectivity， stability， and biocompatibility， offering a promising tool for clinical applications in liquid biopsy and early cancer detection. The modular design of the system also allows for adaptation to other cancer types by altering the peptide sequence or template cells， highlighting its broad potential in cancer research and diagnostics.

Ribavirin （RBV） is a broad-spectrum antiviral drug. It is widely used to treat various viral infections. However， its entry into water bodies can cause serious harm to both the ecological environment and human health. Thus， there is an urgent need for a simple and efficient method to detect RBV for detection purposes. In this study， a two-dimensional ZIF material （ZIF-L） served as the matrix， RBV as the template molecule， and 3-aminophenylboronic acid （APBA） as the functional monomer， using its self-polymerization ability to form a molecularly imprinted layer on the surface of ZIF-L. Imprinted cavities were created using a MeOH-HAc （1∶1， volume ratio） eluent to disrupt the interaction between RBV and APBA， yielding ZIF-L-based boronate affinity molecularly imprinted polymers （ZIF@B-MIPs）. Non-imprinted materials （ZIF@B-NIPs） were prepared identically without RBV. ZIF@B-MIPs features dynamic recognition sites formed through pH-responsive boronate ester bonds. This enabled synergistic recognition based on the template molecule’s “shape memory” and “chemical bonding”. Scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy （FT-IR） were employed to characterize the morphology and functional groups of the material. Notably， new FT-IR peaks emerged for ZIF@B-MIPs at 1 381 cm^-1 （B-O vibration） versus ZIF-L， confirming APBA polymerization. This indicates that the polymerization of APBA onto the surface of ZIF-L was successful. The synthesis and adsorption conditions were optimized. The results showed that， with a ZIF-L dosage of 100 mg， the optimal amount of the self-polymerizing reagent APBA was 100 mg. A self-polymerization time of 5 h was sufficient to form an appropriately thick imprinted layer. At pH 8.5， the stability of the polymer network was maintained while the imprinting effect and mass transfer efficiency were maximized. The post-elution re-adsorption capacity retention rate reached 96.8%， balancing elution efficiency with structural integrity. A RBV mass concentration of 60 mg/L was selected for the experimental requirements. After optimization， the saturation adsorption capacity of ZIF@B-MIPs for RBV reached 21.43 mg/g. The imprinting factor （IF） was 5.32. The material’s performance was assessed through adsorption and reusability experiments. The results indicated that the material possesses good specificity and selective recognition ability. It also exhibits a rapid adsorption rate and good reusability. The adsorption experiment results showed that the adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second-order model （R²=0.995 3）. Adsorption equilibrium was achieved within 15 min. The adsorption process of RBV by the adsorbent involves chemisorption. The Langmuir isotherm adsorption model （R²=0.982 5） fitted the experimental data better. This indicates that the adsorption of RBV by ZIF@B-MIPs likely involves monolayer adsorption. In mixed solutions of RBV and three interfering substances （lamivudine，uridine，inosine） with mass concentration ratios of 1∶1 and 1∶10， the adsorption capacity of RBV by ZIF@B-MIPs remained high. The interfering substances had minimal impact on the adsorption performance. The reusability experiment results showed that the material retained 93.6% of its initial adsorption capacity after six adsorption-desorption cycles. The reproducibility of ZIF@B-MIPs was investigated using six batches of adsorbents. The adsorption capacity for RBV ranged from 19.41 to 20.73 mg/g. This indicates that the material also possesses good reproducibility. In the detection of actual environmental water samples， the method exhibited excellent applicability. The recoveries of RBV in environmental water samples at three spiked levels （30， 50， 60 mg/L） were 83.8%-94.5% （RSD<2.1%）. The detection system constructed in conjunction with high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） demonstrated a good linear relationship in the range of 0.05 to 100 mg/L （R²=0.991 6）. The limit of detection was 0.038 mg/L （S/N=3）， and limit of quantification was 0.081 mg/L （S/N=10）. The ZIF@B-MIPs-HPLC technology was successfully applied to the efficient adsorption， enrichment， and detection of RBV in drinking water sources. It holds potential for applications in the fields of human health and environmental protection. This technology offers a new strategy for the rapid detection of trace antiviral drugs in environmental samples.

Disease biomarkers play important roles in modern medicine， enabling early disease diagnosis， precise subtyping， prognostic evaluation， and targeted therapy. Conventional biorecognition elements， such as antibodies and aptamers， offer high specificity but suffer from inherent limitations， including high production costs， instability in complex biological matrices， and significant batch-to-batch variation. Collectively， these constraints restrict their scalability and versatility for high-throughput， cost-effective， and multi-scenario clinical applications. Molecularly imprinted polymers （MIPs）， prepared via molecular imprinting technology （MIT）， have emerged as highly robust and promising synthetic receptors. During their formation， functional monomers assemble around a target molecule， and highly specific binding sites are formed after polymerization and template removal. MIPs exhibit a unique combination of advantages， ranging from cost-effectiveness to high selectivity， as well as high affinity comparable to natural counterparts， and outstanding physicochemical stability under harsh conditions. Driven by their highly flexible and customizable design capabilities， MIP development has witnessed remarkable advancements in recent years. These polymers are suitable for analyzing different types of disease biomarkers， ranging from proteins， peptides， and saccharides to complex biological entities such as whole cells and extracellular vesicles. Moreover， MIPs can be functionally engineered to integrate signal transduction or stimuli-responsive features， facilitating the creation of intelligent biomedical platforms. This review systematically summarizes the progress in applying MIT for disease diagnostics and therapeutics. It first elaborates on diverse imprinting techniques specifically tailored for different biomarker classes， including proteins， peptides， saccharides， cells， and extracellular vesicles. Subsequently， the article provides a comprehensive overview of their applications in diagnostics， encompassing biosensing， bioimaging， and bioseparation， as well as therapeutic applications， including drug delivery， photothermal and photodynamic therapy， biotoxin removal， and cell behavior regulation. Additionally， critical challenges hindering clinical translation are discussed， such as biocompatibility， long-term toxicity， high large-scale manufacturing costs， and the lack of standardized clinical validation protocols. Finally， promising future directions are outlined， emphasizing the development of biodegradable materials， integration with artificial intelligence， and adoption of green synthesis strategies. These synergistic approaches are expected to stimulate innovation， enabling the safe， reliable， and scalable translation of MIPs into real-world biomedical and clinical applications. In summary， MIPs represent a versatile， robust， and economically viable alternative to conventional biorecognition elements. Their customizable nature， combined with functional engineering capabilities， positions MIPs as a promising technology in disease diagnosis and therapy. Future efforts focusing on clinical translation， sustainability， and intelligent platform integration are likely to accelerate their adoption across diverse biomedical fields.

Cell imprinting technology， as a key technique in the field of cell-specific recognition， has become an important cornerstone of modern biomedical research. It relies on its precise recognition capability for biomarkers such as cell surface antigens and receptors. This technology is not only widely applied in basic fields， including disease marker detection and research on cell function and behavioral mechanisms， but also plays a crucial role in frontier applications like rare cell isolation and targeted drug development. It continuously promotes the innovative development of life science research. Although significant progress has been made in this technology， it still faces several urgent challenges. These specifically include optimization of the imprinting process （to enhance anti-interference ability and fidelity） and development of new methods adapted to complex biological environments. In response to these issues， researchers have achieved breakthrough progress in multiple fields through innovative material design and process optimization recently. First， in rare cell capture， this technology has significantly improved the separation efficiency of key rare cells in complex samples， providing an efficient solution for early cancer diagnosis and blood disease research. Second， in the field of cell culture， its unique imprinted surface can precisely regulate the expression of cell adhesion proteins to optimize the in vitro culture microenvironment. Finally， in biosensing， sensors developed based on this technology have demonstrated excellent sensitivity and specificity， opening up new avenues for disease monitoring. This paper systematically reviews the research status and development trends of cell imprinting technology， deeply analyzes its technical bottlenecks and breakthrough directions. The aim is to provide a comprehensive theoretical reference for related research and further promote the innovative application and leapfrog development of this technology in the biomedical field.

Biomembranes are selective barriers and communication interfaces between intracellular and extracellular environments. They are crucial for signal transduction， energy transfer， and material exchange. Composed of lipids， proteins， glycans， and other components， biomembranes are central platforms for cell recognition and communication. Their specific recognition and binding abilities show great potential in early disease diagnosis， targeted drug delivery， environmental monitoring， and more. Molecularly imprinted polymer （MIP） has emerged as a robust tool for recognizing and binding biomolecules on biomembranes. This article summarizes recent technological advancements in MIP for biomembrane-associated lipids， proteins， and glycans. Lipids are a key part of biomembranes， crucial for maintaining membrane fluidity and stability. In lipid imprinting， lipid bilayers serve as templates. Functional monomers interact with lipid molecules and， upon polymerization， form a polymeric shell on the bilayer. Template removal leaves behind complementary binding sites. This strategy has been exploited to fabricate lipid-imprinted nanoparticles for drug delivery. These nanoparticles selectively recognize lipid components on cell membranes， thereby enabling targeted drug delivery. Proteins constitute another critical class of biomembrane components and execute diverse functions. Protein-imprinted MIPs selectively recognize membrane proteins such as cell-surface receptors， bacterial outer-membrane proteins， and viral capsid proteins. This enables precise identification and binding of specific proteins， which is useful in disease diagnosis and drug development. MIP can detect specific membrane protein biomarkers on cancer cells， allowing for early cancer detection and monitoring. Glycans also play a key role in biomembranes， particularly in cell recognition and immune responses. Carbohydrate-imprinted MIPs recognize specific glycan structures for use in disease diagnosis and therapy. Cancer cells have different glycan structures on their membranes compared to normal cells. These abnormal glycans serve as biomarkers for early cancer detection and monitoring. The article also emphasizes the potential of MIP in various applications. In disease diagnosis， MIP can develop biosensors for fast and accurate detection of disease biomarkers， enabling early treatment. In drug delivery， MIP can create targeted systems that deliver drugs directly to diseased cells， minimizing off-target effects and enhancing therapeutic efficacy. In cell imaging， MIP can specifically label cells or biomolecules， providing detailed images of cellular processes and aiding in understanding disease mechanisms. In biosensing， MIP can serve as efficient recognition elements to construct biosensors for detecting specific biomarkers in biological samples. The specific binding sites formed by molecular imprinting technology enable MIP-based biosensors to detect target molecules with high sensitivity and selectivity， providing a powerful tool for early disease diagnosis and real-time monitoring. However， the development of MIP still faces challenges， including complex synthetic procedures， incomplete template removal， limited scalability， and the need for performance optimization. The synthesis process is complex， requiring precise control of parameters like functional monomers， cross-linkers， and initiators. Incomplete template removal compromises binding affinity and selectivity. Scaling-up while maintaining batch-to-batch reproducibility is challenging， and the binding capacity， selectivity， and stability of MIPs must be optimized for each application. For glycan imprinting， monosaccharide templates have low specificity， glycan chain templates are difficult to synthesize and purify， and there is a lack of efficient O-glycan cleavage tools. To break through the bottleneck， the study improves template removal efficiency， synthetic optimization and structural controllability through controllable free radical/photo-initiated polymerization， magnetic material integration， microfluidics， artificial intelligence， machine learning and 3D printing； meanwhile， virtual templates， glycopeptide substitution templates， and solid-phase imprinting strategies are used to solve the scarcity of glycan templates. In addition， optimization of biocompatible materials， surface modification to reduce toxicity， and combination with computer simulation and automated preparation can accelerate clinical translation. In conclusion， MIP technology is highly promising for biomembrane research with broad applications in disease diagnosis， drug delivery， cell imaging， and extracellular vesicle enrichment. With continued development and optimization， MIP are expected to play an increasingly important role in biomedical and life sciences， offering more powerful tools and solutions for disease diagnosis， treatment， and monitoring.

Molecular imprinting technology （MIT） simulates the specific recognition mechanism between antibodies and antigens， and can construct separation media with specific recognition performance， demonstrating unique advantages in the fields of separation， purification， and trace detection in complex sample matrices. Molecularly imprinted polymers （MIPs）， the core of MIT， form three-dimensional imprinting cavities matching the spatial structure and chemical properties of the target substance via three key steps： template self-assembly with functional monomer， cross-linking polymerization， and template elution. The prepared MIPs present highly selective extraction and recognition of the target substance. However， traditional MIT faces critical challenges in material preparation and application. During MIPs synthesis， due to the randomness of polymerization reactions， the resulting MIPs often have uneven distribution of imprinting sites and lack molecular orientation. This not only reduces the mechanical performance of MIPs， but also affects their specific recognition performance. In addition， incomplete removal of template molecules severely reduces the number of effective imprinting sites and may interfere with the accuracy of subsequent detection results. In the pre-treatment application of MIPs adsorbents， the mass transfer rate of the target substance in the sample solution is slow， which prolongs the adsorption equilibrium time of MIPs on it. In the sensor detection based on MIPs， there are inherent issues such as fluorescence quenching and insufficient signal amplification， which further limit the detection sensitivity. These challenges significantly limit the application of MIT in fields like environmental monitoring， biomedical diagnostics， and food safety analysis. In recent years， the cross fusion of electric field assisted technology and MIT has provided innovative strategies to solve the above-mentioned problems. During MIPs preparation， an external electric field can be applied to provide electrophoretic driving force to assist in regulating the directional self-assembly of functional monomers and template molecules. This can promote the ordered arrangement of imprinting sites at the micro level of MIPs prepared， achieving material uniformity of MIPs. For template molecule elution， applying an electric field can provide electrostatic repulsion between MIPs and template molecules. This can effectively weaken the inter-molecular forces between MIPs and template molecules， facilitate the diffusion of template molecules into the desorption solution， reduce the residual template molecules， and avoid the detection of “false positives”. During the sample pretreatment process， electrophoretic force significantly enhances the mass transfer rate of the target substance， prompting it to aggregate around the MIPs adsorbent and achieve the purpose of pre-concentration. This can not only shorten the adsorption equilibrium time of MIPs for target substances， achieve rapid enrichment， but also effectively drive away interfering substances with opposite electrical properties， improving the selective extraction performance of MIPs for target substances. In the detection and analysis stages， the signal enhancement effect induced by the electric field can significantly improve the response sensitivity of the sensor. Combining with electrochemical and fluorescence detection methods， ultra sensitive detection of the target substance can be achieved. Moreover， MIP-based sensors can be integrated with microfluidic technology to achieve rapid detection and analysis of trace samples， greatly expanding the practicality of MIPs in on-site detection and analysis applications. The present review systematically elaborates the mechanism of electric field in the three key links of MIPs preparation， sample pretreatment and detection analysis. At the same time， it summarizes the application prospects of electric field assisted MIT in environmental monitoring， biomedical， food safety and other fields. In addition， the future development direction of electric field assisted MITs is proposed.

The synergistic enhancement of catalytic activity and selectivity constitutes a critical challenge in modern heterogeneous catalysis， which directly influences target product yield， reaction energy efficiency， and process economics. Molecular imprinting technology （MIT） has demonstrated exceptional potential in overcoming this limitation by enabling the rational design of molecularly imprinted catalysts （MICs） with high activity， superior selectivity， and favorable thermal stability. These advanced catalysts combine biomimetic recognition with heterogeneous catalysis， wherein precisely engineered imprinted cavities integrate two key structural features， including catalytically active sites with tailored electronic properties and molecular imprinting cavities with specific structure. These imprinted cavities endow MIC exhibit exceptional molecular recognition capabilities， enabling selective binding to substrates， intermediates， and products via reversible covalent bonds， electrostatic interactions， hydrogen bonding， and other noncovalent forces. This precise recognition facilitates the mediation of specific reaction pathways， ensuring high-selectivity synthesis of target compounds. The preparation of MIC typically involves three sequential steps： template molecule assembly， template configuration fixation， and template molecule elution. In the template assembly stage， reversible interactions are commonly employed to drive the self-assembly of template molecules （target-structured molecules） with functional monomers， forming stable imprinted complexes. For template configuration fixation， cross-linking polymerization or surface engineering techniques are predominantly utilized to immobilize the assembled structure， ensuring the preservation of cavity geometry after template removal. Subsequent elution of the template molecules generates imprinted cavities on the MIC surface. By optimizing template assembly methodologies and fixation strategies based on application-specific requirements， both the cavity structure and catalytic binding modes can be precisely modulated， thereby enhancing catalytic activity and selectivity for tailored catalyst design. Additionally， the introduction of precious metals （e.g.， Rh， Ru， Au， Ag） and non-precious metals （e.g.， Fe） as catalytic active sites further augments MIC performance. Despite the promising application potential of MICs in chemical synthesis， their preparation and characterization remain challenged by several key limitations， like the sub-nanostructured imprinted cavities hindering detailed structural elucidation of binding sites， template molecules encapsulation within the polymer matrix during cross-linking resulting in incomplete elution， quantitative analysis of metal species in polymer-based MICs lacking standardized methodologies. To address these challenges and guide design of high-performance MICs， researchers have integrated advanced characterization techniques to comprehensively evaluate MIC structure， including morphology， elemental composition， active site distribution， chemical bonding information， and metal coordination environments. Currently， MICs exhibit tremendous application potential in the synthesis of various fine chemical products， but related review articles focusing on MIC are relatively scarce. This review focuses on the applications of MIT in thermal catalysis， systematically discussing its fundamental principles， theoretical foundations， and historical development. Next， various typical synthetic strategies for MICs， including bulk， suspension， precipitation， and surface imprinting polymerization are summarized. Then series of key characterization methods， such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FT-IR）， elemental analysis （EA）， and high-resolution mass spectrometry （HRMS） are described to analyze the structure of MICs. Moreover， different types of MICs （noble metal， non-noble metal， and metal free MICs） are used in catalytic reactions， including hydrolysis， oxidation， reduction， coupling， and polymerization. In addition， the photo-/electrocatalysis， artificial enzyme design， sensing， and adsorption/separation are also discussed as emerging applications of MIT. Finally， the research challenges and future directions are proposed in this field.