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Effects of loading rates and mine water immersion on the mechanical characteristics of coal under Brazilian test conditions
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Xiaobin Lia, Gan Fengb, *, Xu Wangc, d, Jianxiong Yangb, Yu Zhaoe, Guifeng Wangf, Mingli Xiaob, Chunyu Gaob, Huaizhong Liub
Rock Mechanics Bulletin | 2026, 5(2) : 100223
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Rock Mechanics Bulletin | 2026, 5(2): 100223
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Effects of loading rates and mine water immersion on the mechanical characteristics of coal under Brazilian test conditions
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Xiaobin Lia, Gan Fengb, *, Xu Wangc, d, Jianxiong Yangb, Yu Zhaoe, Guifeng Wangf, Mingli Xiaob, Chunyu Gaob, Huaizhong Liub
Affiliations
  • aState Key Laboratory of Water Resource Protection and Utilization in Coal Mining, National Institute of Low Carbon and Clean Energy, Beijing, 102209, China
  • bCollege of Water Resource & Hydropower, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
  • cChina Railway Chuanzang Science and Technology Innovation Center (Chengdu) Co., Ltd., Chengdu, 610213, China
  • dSichuan Tibet Railway Technology Innovation Center Co., Ltd., Chengdu, 610000, China
  • eCollege of Civil Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
  • fSchool of mines, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, China
Published: 2026-04-10 doi: 10.1016/j.rockmb.2025.100223
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The mechanical properties of coal pillars are crucial for evaluating the stability of underground water reservoirs in coal mines. This article examines the fracture mechanical behavior of coal in response to mine water immersion, layer direction, and loading rate. Eight types of specimens were studied, featuring inclination angles between the applied force and the bedding plane of 0°, 15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 75°, 90°, and the Divider type. The loading rates (V) tested were 0.005 kN/s, 0.02 kN/s, 0.05 kN/s, and 0.1 kN/s. The results indicated that after immersion in mine water for 30 days, the Brazilian splitting strength (BSS), splitting modulus (Em), and absorbed energy (Ua) of coal decreased by 51.35%, 52.37%, and 44.60%, respectively, compared to the non-immersion samples. The primary reason for this phenomenon is that the production rate of micropores and small pores resulting from mine water immersion surpasses their conversion rate to mesopores and macropores. This imbalance leads to the fragmentation of the internal structure of coal and the interconnection of pore fracture zones, thereby significantly weakening its bearing capacity. It has been observed that the relative proportions of failure mechanisms along and across the bedding plane directly influence the variations in coal mechanical properties at different θ values. Additionally, BSS, Em, and Ua of coal gradually increase with an increase in loading rate, which is due to the reduced duration of coal damage development and evolution, subsequently lowering the probability of activating weak structures.

Coal  /  Underground water reservoir  /  Mechanical characteristics  /  Loading rate  /  Brazilian splitting
Xiaobin Li, Gan Feng, Xu Wang, Jianxiong Yang, Yu Zhao, Guifeng Wang, Mingli Xiao, Chunyu Gao, Huaizhong Liu. Effects of loading rates and mine water immersion on the mechanical characteristics of coal under Brazilian test conditions[J]. Rock Mechanics Bulletin, 2026 , 5 (2) : 100223 - . DOI: 10.1016/j.rockmb.2025.100223
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  • National Natural Science Foundation of China(52374099; 52404109)
  • open fund of State Key Laboratory of Water Resource Protection and Utilization in Coal Mining(GJNY-21-41-01)
  • Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province, China(2025YFHZ0323)
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Year 2026 volume 5 Issue 2
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Article Info
doi: 10.1016/j.rockmb.2025.100223
  • Receive Date：2025-06-06
  • Online Date：2026-06-17
  • Published：2026-04-10
Article Data
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History
  • Received：2025-06-06
  • Revised：2025-06-23
  • Accepted：2025-07-05
Funding
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52374099; 52404109)
open fund of State Key Laboratory of Water Resource Protection and Utilization in Coal Mining(GJNY-21-41-01)
Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province, China(2025YFHZ0323)
Affiliations
    aState Key Laboratory of Water Resource Protection and Utilization in Coal Mining, National Institute of Low Carbon and Clean Energy, Beijing, 102209, China
    bCollege of Water Resource & Hydropower, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
    cChina Railway Chuanzang Science and Technology Innovation Center (Chengdu) Co., Ltd., Chengdu, 610213, China
    dSichuan Tibet Railway Technology Innovation Center Co., Ltd., Chengdu, 610000, China
    eCollege of Civil Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
    fSchool of mines, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, China

Corresponding:

* Corresponding author. E-mail address: (G. Feng).
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Citations
表12种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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