Three newly recorded species of China, viz. Annulohypoxylon albidiscum, A. bahnphadengense, and A. spougei, are described and illustrated based on the morphological characters and molecular phylogeny. The specimens were collected from Hainan, China. The detailed morphological features descriptions and photographs were provided for each species. Maximum likelihood analysis and Bayesian inference were used to construct phylogeny trees based on ITS sequences. The three species were supported and confirmed by molecular data. The comparisons between the three Chinese records and holotype specimens were discussed. The specimens are deposited in the Fungarium of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (FCATAS).

The effect of bacterial wilt on the fertility of different textures of latosol in Hainan province (sand from Wencheng town, Wenchang city; loam from Dacheng town, Danzhou city; clay from Yongfa town, Chengmai county) was investigated. After the occurrence of bacterial wilt, the disease incidence, physicochemical indicators including pH, organic matter (OM), available nitrogen (AN), available phosphorus (AP), available potassium (AK), soil porosity (SP), bulk density (BD), mass water content (MWC) as well as enzyme activity indicators including catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), sucrase (SC), urease (UE) and acid phosphatase (ACP) of the soil inoculated with Ralstonia solanacearum and blank control were compared to analyze the effects of bacterial wilt on various fertility indicators. Spearman correlation analysis and redundancy analysis (RDA) were used to determine the significant indicators affected by bacterial wilt in different soil textures. The results showed that the disease incidence and severity disease index in clay were the highest among the three soil textures, while those of loam were the lowest. In the inoculation treatments, pH, AP, SP and POD of the three soil textures were lower than those of the control, while AN, AK, MWC and UE of clay inoculation treatment were higher than those of the clay control. CAT, ACP, MWC and BD of loam inoculation treatment were higher than those of the loam control. Spearman correlation analysis results showed that OM content, AP content, SP and POD of the three texture soils were negatively correlated with disease incidence; ACP, pH and disease incidence in WCS were significantly negatively correlated (P<0.05) with disease incidence; CAT and UE were significantly positively correlated (P<0.05) with disease incidence. In loam, pH, OM, POD and UE was significantly negatively correlated with disease incidence (P<0.05); while CAT and ACP were significantly positively correlated with disease incidence (P<0.05); SP and POD in clay were significantly negatively correlated with disease incidence (P<0.05); however, AK content in clay was significantly positively correlated with disease incidence (P<0.05). RDA results showed that the SP, OM content and AN content in the control and inoculation treatments were highly correlated with UE, while both SP and AK content in the control and inoculation treatments were highly correlated with ACP and CAT respectively. After the occurrence of bacterial wilt, most fertility indicators of control and inoculation treatment of sand and loam were lower than those in clay. However, soil fertility level was not a sufficient condition for bacterial wilt, but most soil fertility indicators were reduced due to the outbreak of bacterial wilt. The lower disease incidence and disease index of tomato bacterial wilt in sand than in clay may be due to the higher AP content. The reason why disease incidence and disease index of tomato bacterial wilt in loam is lower is perhaps that low pH conditions are unsuitable for the survival of bacterial wilt. Clay with the most severe bacterial wilt disease situation including pH, nitrogen level and mass water content was suitable for the growth and reproduction of bacterial wilt. The relative abundance of potential beneficial microbial communities in clay may also be lower than sand and loam. Therefore, the control measures of bacterial wilt in different soil textures should be adapted to local conditions. Meanwhile, the relevant conclusions of this study would provide a theoretical basis for establishing the control system of bacterial wilt in Hainan province in the future.

In order to explore the application of coffee protein in food processing, non-fat green coffee powder was used as the raw material. Different ultrasonic powers (0 W, 200 W, 400 W, 600 W and 800 W) effect of synergistic interaction with deep eutectic solvent method and alkali method on composition (SDS-PAGE), structural properties (particle size distribution, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, circular dichroism spectrum, fluorescence spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy) and functional properties (solubility, water absorption, oil absorption and emulsification) of coffee protein were studied. The average particle size of coffee protein (DES) extracted by deep eutectic solvent (12.30 μm) was significantly smaller than that of coffee protein (AEP) extracted by alkali method (113.67 μm). The solubility of DES was higher under acidic conditions, and the solubility of AEP was higher under alkaline conditions. DES had better water and oil absorption than AEP. After ultrasonic pretreatment, the results of coffee protein electrophoresis, Fourier infrared spectrum, circular dichroism spectrum and fluorescence spectroscopy showed that different ultrasonic power pretreatment did not cause significant changes in protein molecular weight distribution, but it affected the secondary and tertiary structure of proteins. The surface microstructure of DES showed that the surface structure was loose and porous, and the surface of AEP was tight and flat. After ultrasonic pretreatment, the microstructure of AEP became loose and porous, the texture became dispersed, and more irregular fragments were presented. The surface of DES changed slightly, and showed more small-particle porous disordered structure when treated at 400 W and 600 W for 15 min. The microstructure changes could affect the chemical and physical properties and functional properties of proteins. When the ultrasonic power was 400 W, the particle size of DES decreased significantly, and the particle size parameters D_[3,2] and D_[4,3] decreased from 10.50 μm, 30.43 μm to 7.89 μm and 11.27 μm, respectively. The solubility increased significantly, and the solubility increased from 47% and 71% to 75% and 81% respectively under acidic and alkaline conditions. In addition, ultrasonic pretreatment could improve the water absorption and emulsification activity of coffee protein, which are important functional properties of proteins in food applications. The results show that the modification of coffee protein by ultrasonic technology is effective, and this study could provide a theoretical basis for the application of coffee protein in food processing.

In order to find out the ratio of silicon and calcium fertilizer suitable for the cultivation of passion fruit in the low-heat valley area of Guizhou, this study took passion fruit Qinmi No. 9 as the test material. The experiment was conducted with 50 g of silicon fertilizer per plant before flowering, spraying calcium fertilizer about 10 days after flowering, spraying once every 15 days, spraying three times continuously, and the concentration of calcium fertilizer was 500 times, 1000 times and 1500 times. CK was used as the control group, which received no fertilizer application. The effects of different medium and micro fertilizers, as well as dosages, on the quality and related cell wall metabolism indexes of passion fruit were explored by applying silicon fertilizer to the soil and spraying calcium fertilizer during the flowering and fruiting periods. The aim was to screen for the best specialized silicon-calcium fertilizer formula. The aim is to provide a theoretical basis and practical guidance for improving the quality of passion fruit. The results showed that compared with the control, soil application of silicon fertilizer and spraying calcium fertilizer 1000 times combined application increased the single fruit weight, fruit hardness and fruit shape index of passion fruit. Additionally, they elevated the content of soluble solids (TSS) and vitamin C (Vc), while reducing the content of titratable acidity (TA). Furthermore, there was an increase in soluble sugar (SS) and soluble protein content (SP). Peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) activities were promoted. However, the activities of water-soluble pectin (WSP) content, cellulase (CX), polygalacturonase (PG), and pectin methylesterase (PME) decreased due to the increase in protopectin and cellulose in the peel, each index was significantly different from the control group. It shows that silicon-calcium fertilizer had the best effect on enhancing passion fruit quality and improving the mechanical strength, toughness and stability of peel. Compared to CK, the single fruit weight, fruit hardness, longitudinal diameter and transverse diameter increased by 11.15%, 27.18%, 6.23% and 3.29%, respectively. Moreover, the contents of TSS, Vc, SS and SP increased by 16.95%, 16.12%, 20.57% and 24.55%, respectively, while the content of TA decreased by 36.03%, and the activities of POD, SOD and CAT increased by 13.16%, 19.67% and 21.65%, respectively. The content of protopectin and cellulose in peel increased by 19.29% and 17.19%, respectively. Meanwhile, the content of WSP decreased by 10.63%, and the activities of CX, PG and PME decreased by 8.58%, 22.98% and 7.52%, respectively.

In order to obtain the structural mechanical property parameters of rubber bark and solve the problem that there is no reliable reference for accurate detection of rubber depth and accurate control of skin loss thickness in the research and development of mechanized rubber picking equipment, a test device for nonlinear mechanical property measurement of rubber bark based on PLC was designed to realize automatic continuous detection and data collection of rubber bark mechanical properties with high precision and low loss measurement of bark thickness. The mechanical properties of bark of 15-, 20- and 25-year-old rubber trees of Reyan 7-33-97 and PR107 were studied, and the mathematical model of piercing force with piercing depth was established. The experimental results showed that the performance of the device was stable, and the piercing force curves of different strains and different ages were similar, showing a high-low-high trend, and were highly correlated with the layered characteristics of the bark structure. Under the same age, the piercing force of two strains of Reyan 7-33-97 and PR107 was not significantly different, and the piercing force of older trees of the same strain was greater than that of younger trees. The maximum piercing force reached 48.5 N. The test device meets the requirement of detecting structural mechanical parameters of rubber bark and provides theoretical basis for the research and development of mechanized rubber harvesting equipment.

Shanlan upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) is an unique variety in Hainan, with excellent taste quality traits and rich nutrition. At the same time, it also has excellent stress resistance, such as disease resistance, drought resistance and heat resistance. However, thus far, the resistance of Shanlan upland rice to herbivores remains largely unknown. Thus, in this study, using TN1 and RHT as susceptible and resistant control varieties, respectively, the resistance of three Shanlan upland rice varieties, Shanlanchaihongmi, Shanlanjianshanlannuo and Shanlanyingmigaochan to BPH was evaluated, and their resistance mechanisms were analyzed. The results showed that at the seedling stage, the variety of Shanlanjianshannuo showed resistant to Nuaparvata lugens, brown planthopper BPH, whereas the other two varieties were susceptible to BPH. At the tillering stage, the resistance of the three rice cultivars to BPH was all significantly higher than that of TN1. The mechanism studies revealed that the thickness of the thick-walled tissue in the outer leaf sheaths and the level of cell wall components including lignin, pectin, cellulose and hemicellulose were significantly higher in the three Shanlan upland rice cultivars and the insect-resistant control cultivar RHT than the insect-susceptible control cultivar TN1. Moreover, the basal and BPH-induced levels of JA, JA-Ile, ABA and SA in the three Shanlan upland rice cultivars were significantly higher than those in TN1, and the content of ABA in Shanlanjianshanlannuo plants was the highest in all of the tested varieties. The results demonstrated that the thickness of the thick-walled tissue of the outer leaf sheaths of Shanlan upland rice and the rapid and strong responses of JA, ABA and SA signaling pathways to BPH infestation might be the major reasons why the BPH resistance is stronger in Shanlan upland rice cultivars than TN1.

Through the examination of the phenotypic traits of teak (Tectona grandis L. F.) seeds from diverse provenances and pedigrees, this study elucidated the genetic variability patterns of teak seeds and the mechanisms of response to environmental factor fluctuations, thereby fostering the conservation and genetic improvement of teak germplasm resources. Using seeds from 81 teak pedigrees representing 13 provenances across four provinces (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, and Yunnan) as the experimental material, five traits, namely seed length, width, length-width ratio, length-width product, and hundred-seed weight, were quantified. Significant differences (P<0.01) existed among the five phenotypic traits of teak seeds across provenances and pedigrees, with trait variation coefficients ranging from 10.27% to 23.88% among different pedigrees and from 4.21% to 20.32% among different provenances. Substantial correlations prevailed among various phenotypic traits, with varying degrees of influence on seed traits from different environmental factors. Latitude, altitude, and annual precipitation were the primary determinants affecting teak seed traits, followed by annual average temperature, while the impact of annual average relative humidity was relatively minor. Distinct seed traits also exhibited heterogeneous responses to environmental changes, with seed length, seed width, and length-width product being particularly sensitive to annual precipitation, whereas length-width ratio and hundred-seed weight manifested heightened sensitivity to latitude. Cluster analysis categorized the 13 provenances into three classes. Teak seeds manifest prolific phenotypic variation across provenances and pedigrees, with seed traits being influenced by various factors, including maternal inheritance and geographical climate. The research would provide a theoretical foundation and scientific basis for the conservation and utilization of diverse teak.

Pigeonpea is an important food and forage crop in the tropics. In order to dissect the physiological characteristics of pigeonpea under cold stress and its cold tolerance, eight seedlings of pigeonpea were tested and analyzed by 8 physiological indexes under 4 ℃ stress, and cold tolerance of pigeonpea were evaluated by subordinate function value method in this study. The results showed that with the prolongation explored to cold stress, REC, SS, MDA and Pro increased respectively, SOD and POD increased firstly and then decreased, and Chl showed a general trend of decline, and the variation of CAT activity was significant difference only in P₂ among the 8 accessions. The cold tolerance of the 8 accessions was in the order: Miandian>Danzhou>170306001>060302216>ICPL7086>Nan 02137>Guangxi>Qiongzhong. The content of Chl, SOD and POD activity were significantly correlated with cold tolerance of pigeonpea, which could be the reliable physiological indexes to evaluate the cold tolerance of pigeonpea.

Banana is an important economic crop in the subtropical region of China. The occurrence of banana Fusarium wilt has seriously hindered the development of banana industry in recent years. Biological control has attracted attention because of its green environmental protection and durable disease resistance. It’s very important to get the efficient biocontrol strains with different inhibition mechanisms on banana Fusarium wilt. In this study, four different types of biocontrol strains against banana Fusarium wilt which were obtained in the laboratory in the early stage were mutated by ultraviolet-nitrite compound mutagenesis, with the highest antimicrobial activity increased by 186.24% and the highest control effect increased by 46.54%. The disease prevention mechanism of the four mutants obtained was preliminarily investigated. The results showed that the strain Ba62v had the highest inhibition rate on the colony growth of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc), and could also induce the activity of SOD enzyme in banana seedlings. The strain Blz02v could promote the growth of banana seedlings and induce the activities of POD and SOD of banana seedlings. The strain Bc11v had the highest inhibition rate on the spore germination of Foc, and could induce the activities of PPO, CAT and SOD in banana seedlings. The strain Pt05v had the highest inhibition rate on the sporulation of Foc, and could induce the activities of POD, PPO and SOD in banana seedlings. The main action mechanisms of the four biocontrol mutants on Foc and hosts are different, and there is a potential for biocontrol of compound synergism, which would provide an important strain resource for the development and utilization of the disease-resistant compound fungicides in the future, and has a good application prospect.

Five shading levels (0, 30%, 50%, 70% and 90%) were set up to analyze the biomass distribution patterns, the differences in mineral element composition characteristics and nutrient accumulation of Ficus hirta Vahl (FH). The average plasticity index of the biomass indicators of FH was 0.81. The proportion of stem biomass was less affected by shading, while fruit biomass and its proportion were significantly affected. 90% shading level inhibited fruit production, while the 50% shading level exhibited the highest fruit biomass proportion. Shading increased nitrogen and potassium content in FH, while decreasing calcium and phosphorus. The calcium-to- phosphorus ratio ranged from 1.65 to 6.32, with lower ratios in fruits and higher ratios in leaves. Among trace elements, iron content was most affected by shading. 70% and 90% shading levels led to a more than 65% reduction in iron content compared to the control. The iron content was most affected by shading. Under shading, the crude protein content in FH leaves and fruits ranged from 13.91% to 16.82% and 12.22% to 16.46%, respectively. The average content of crude fiber in leaves and fruits was 13.73% and 17.33%, respectively. The ether extract content in FH fruit planted in the full light was the highest, at 13.30%. Shading significantly reduced the content of flavonoids in leaves, stems, and fruits of FH, but the polyphenol content in the leaves and fruits reached its highest under 30% shading rate. In conclusion, The production mainly based on seed harvesting for seedling breeding is not suitable for high shading cultivation. 50% shading level can be used to improve the fruiting rate. Shading altered the accumulation and composition ratio of nutrient in different plant parts. When used as feed material, environmental impact and nutrient ratio adjustments should be considered in FH cultivation. 30% shading rate is better for FH planting when using its leaves as materials for beverage production.