Guava leaf (Psidium guajava Linn.) is a common folk medicine in China. Modern pharmacological studies have confirmed its remarkable antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities, which has broad prospects in the development of natural antioxidants and hypoglycemic agents. The release of non-volatile active components of plants or herbs were greatly affected by extraction ways. The extraction effects on guava leaves of macerated extraction (ME), heat reflux extraction (HRE), ultrasound-assisted alcohol extraction (UAAE) and ultrasound-assisted deep eutectic solvents extraction (UADEE), microstructure were evaluated. The content of total saponins, total flavonoids, total phenols in the extract was respectively determined by vanillin-glacial acetic acid colorimetric method, NaNO₂-Al(NO₃)₃ colorimetric method and folin phenol method. The content of flavonoid components was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The metabolites were analyzed by liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometer (LC-MS). In vitro antioxidant activity and α-glycosidase inhibitory ability of the extract were also evaluated. In UADEE group, internal structure of guava leaves was most completely damaged, the content of total saponins, total flavonoids, total phenols and guaijaverin, avicularin, reynoutrin was respectively determined to be 79.28 mg/g, 80.51 mg/g, 120.52 mg/g,7.96 mg/g, 7.74 mg/g and 3.99 mg/g, which significantly higher than those of the other three groups (P<0.05). Flavonoids, triterpenoids and phenols accounted for 9.830%, 27.267% and 1.013% of all metabolites in the extract, respectively. The IC₅₀ value of scavenging 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals and inhibiting α-glycosidase in UADEE group was 45.18 μg/mL and 904.67 μg/mL, respectively, significantly superior than those of the other three groups (P<0.05). In summary, UADEE has the best effect on the extraction of active components in the extract, attributed to the mechanical and chemical effects of ultrasound and the polarity tunability and solubilization of solvents. The results would provide experimental basis for the efficient extraction of effective components from guava leaves and the development of processed products.

Endoclita vietnamensis Buchsbaum & Grehan, a newly discovered pest of dried Eucalyptus, is a typical example of native insect adaptation to an alien host. Adult larvae scatter the eggs on the ground below the forest, and the larvae live in the litter layer to the third stage after hatching, and then transfer the damage to the tree. Even in mixed forests, larvae can accurately locate the host, which leads to be assumed that the olfactory system of larvae is conducive to host selection. In addition, the olfactory system also plays an important role in the mating process of adult worms. Here, we studied the transcriptome of the head, chest and abdomen of the 5th instar, 12th instar and antennal antennae of the adult, and investigated the expression profile of olfactory proteins. A total of 66 olfactory proteins were identified,14 of which were newly identified, including three odor-binding proteins (OBPs), four odor receptors (ORs), one taste receptor (GRs), and six ionic receptors (IRs). The expression profiles showed that all OBPs, ORs and GRs were expressed to varying degrees in the three stages, except OR22 and OR25 which were not expressed in the head of the 5th instar larvae. The expression level of EsigOR23 was the highest among all olfactory proteins, and was significantly high in the head of 5th instar larvae. The expression of EsigGOBP9 in adult antennae was significantly higher than that in adults at 5 and 12 ages. This study would provide a molecular basis for further study of the chemical sensation of the E. vietnamensis. EsigOR23 and EsigGOBP9 have unique expression patterns, which may be important proteins affecting host selection in larvae and courtship behavior in adults, respectively, and deserve further exploration.

In order to investigate the genetic diversity of phenotypes and improve the utilization efficiency of different germplasm resources in Phalaenopsis, 76 germplasm resources of Phalaenopsis were investigated on the phenotype diversity by differential analysis, correlation analysis, principal component analysis and cluster analysis. The ornamental value of big-flower, medium-flower and small-flower cultivars were evaluated comprehensively. The results showed that plant height was the most significant difference among the cultivars, and the flower number per plant was the largest coefficient of variation. Most phenotypes showed significant or extremely significant positive correlation. Flower width and length were the main factors leading to the genetic diversity of phenotypes in Phalaenopsis. The 11 phenotypes were divided into three categories by the R-type cluster analysis, among which flower length and width were clustered firstly when the Euclidean distance was 1.1, indicating the highest degree of correlation between them. 76 germplasm resources could be divided into three categories by Q-type cluster analysis, big flower, medium flower and small flower cultivars. In the comprehensive evaluation of ornamental value, the big flower Baihuahonxin, Huanying and V3, the medium flower Chulian, Huangpao, Jixiang, Memphis, 79, Ama and the small flower Auspicious, Xiaomeihua, Christmas Tree, LL29 and Queen Beer obtained higher scores. The results would provide a reference for the efficient utilization of germplasm resources and parent selection of crossbreeding in Phalaenopsis.

Salt is a main factor limiting the utilization of saline land in coastal beach. Rice is the preferred food crop for the utilization of salinized land, and some rhizosphere microorganisms can improve the salt resistance of rice. In order to screen suitable rice varieties planted in salinized land, different rice varieties were selected to cultivate under NaCl stress during the whole growth period, and the diversity and structure of bacterial communities in rhizosphere soil were measured and analyzed by Illumina Miseq sequencing technology. The bacterial community diversity in the rhizosphere soil, the species richness of varieties B3 and B6 were significant higher than those of variety B1 in 0.6% NaCl treatments. The community structure, the dominant bacterial phyla were Chloroflexi, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria with relative abundance more than 10% of three varieties under different concentrations of NaCl treatments. There were differences in the bacterial community structure of rhizosphere soil, and the number and types of enriched species were also different in different rice varieties. Variety B6 enriched fourteen bacterial taxa branches under 0.6% NaCl treatments, such as Acidobacteriae, Nostocaceae Vicinamibacterales, Thermomicrobiales, KD4-96, etc. Therefore, B6 planted in salinized land of coastal mudflat is beneficial to the formation of dominant bacterial community in rhizosphere soil.

The study was aimed to explore the relationship between the root distribution at different growth angles and the ratooning ability in sugarcane, and to screen the iconic root indexes of strong ratooning in sugarcane. Three sugarcane varieties with different ratooning ability, Yunzhe 08-1609 (A), Yunzhe 05-51 (B), Yuetang 93-159 (C) and strong ratooning sugarcane germplasm Erianthus arundinaceus (D) and Saccharum spontaneum (E), were used as the materials. The root morphology of plant and ratoon crops was continuously measured under the conditions of conventional planting in field. The root biomass and quantity of sugarcane varieties with strong ratoon ability increased continuously during elongation stage of plant crop, and the highest was in the angle range 0°-30° from the vertical direction, followed by that of 30°-45°. The root biomass and numbers in ratoon crop were significantly higher than those in plant crop. The root biomass and numbers in varieties A and B were the highest in the angle range 30°-45°, and that in variety C was the highest in 45°-65°. The root biomass in E. arundinaceus and S. spontaneum was much higher than that in sugarcane varieties in both plant and ratoon crops, the root number in S. spontaneum was the largest while that in E. arundinaceus was close to that in sugarcane varieties. The root biomass of the two wild germplasm materials in plant crop was the highest in the angle range of 0°-30°, while in ratoon crop, the root number distribution in E. arundinaceus was similar at three angle ranges, and of whitch in S. spontaneum was similar in the ranges of 30°-45° and 45°-65°. The root number in variety A was the highest (46.43%) in the angle range of 0°-30° at late elongation stage of plant crop, followed by the range of 30°-45° (42.74%) at late elongation stage of ratoon crop. The root number proportion of S. spontaneum and E. arundinaceus was the highest in the range of 0°-30° at elongation stage of plant crop, followed by the range 45°-65° at elongation stage of ratoon crop. The top five indicators correlated with the ratooning ability were the root surface area, root volume, root length, root fresh weight, and root number within the angle range of 0°-30° to the vertical direction. For evaluating the ratooning ability of sugarcane, it is suggested to refer to the root index in the angle range of 0°-30° from the vertical direction in plant crop, and the root fresh weight could be used as a key index for preliminary screening of the ratooning ability. In addition, if there was no rhizomes, the ratooning ability can be predicted by the ratio of average single root weight in ratoon to that in plant crop.

CCCH-type zinc finger protein plays an important regulatory role in plant growth, development, and response to stress. In this study, a zinc finger protein gene MiZFP11 was isolated from macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia) variety JW and Guire No.1 by RT-PCR, and the structural characteristics and subcellular localization of its encoded protein was analyzed. Expression levels of MiZFP11 in drought and high temperature treatments and the tissues of macadamia were investigated by quantitative real-time PCR. RT-PCR cloning showed that a new gene MiZFP11 from macadamia was highly homologous to CCCH zinc finger protein genes, with GenBank registration number MT332641. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that MiZFP11 belonged to C3H13 subclass zinc finger protein with an LCCL domain at relatively conservative C-terminus. Analysis of protein basic properties indicated that MiZFP11 was an unstable hydrophilic protein without signal peptide and transmembrane segment, which was mainly phosphorylated with serine. Protein structure analysis showed that the secondary and tertiary structures of MiZFP11 were mainly composed of random coil,α-helix and extended strand. Transient expression of tobacco leaves and the confocal microscopy detection indicated that MiZFP11 was localized in the nucleus, which was consistent with the subcellular localization predicted results. qRT-PCR analysis showed that expression of MiZFP11 gene was highest in leaves of macadamia variety JW and Guire No.1, next was in roots, small flowers and small fruits, with the lowest in stems. Under drought stress for 1-36 hours, expression level of MiZFP11 gene in leaves increased with an “up-down-up-down” pattern in JW and an “up-down” pattern in Guire No.1. Under high temperature stress for 1-36 hours, expression level of MiZFP11 in leaves increased with “up-down” patterns in JW and Guire No.1, and expression level in JW was significantly higher than that of Guire No.1. Therefore, MiZFP11 was significantly expressed in different tissues of macadamia, and was significantly up-regulated under drought and high temperature stresses, which speculated that MiZFP11 gene plays an important role in the growth and development of macadamia tissues and the response to drought and high temperature stresses.

This paper reported the detailed morphological characteristics and the external genitalia of Allocarsidara malayensis, the COI sequence of A. malayensis was amplified and sequenced, its damages characteristic in the field were provided and potential suitable habitats in China was predicted. Based on 25 effective distribution points and 19 climate environmental factors, maximum entropy niche-based modeling (MaxEnt) combined with geographic information system (ArcGIS) was used to predict the potential suitable habitats for A. malayensis under historic climatic conditions. ROC curve analysis method was used to validate, knife-edge method was used to analyze the major environmental variables influencing the distribution of the A. malayensis. The potential suitable habitats of A. malayensis was mainly in the tropical areas near the equator of Southeast Asia, South Asia, Africa, South America and North America. In China, there was potential suitable habitats in Hainan, Guangxi, Guangdong, Fujian, Taiwan, Yunnan, Sichuan and Guizhou provinces for A. malayensis. The key environmental variables that had the greatest impact on the potential suitable habitats of A. malayensis were the precipitation of wettest month (Bio13) and precipitation of wettest quarter (Bio16). The investigation showed that A. malayensis had occurred in some durian gardens in Sanya and Baoting of Hainan, and the damage was serious in some of the gardens. The adults lay eggs in the unopened leaves at the shoot apex, and both adults and nymphs pierce the young leaf and suck the cell sap, that may cause leaves twisting, discoloration and small. Both adults and nymphs secrete honeydew, which induces sooty mould and reduces the photosynthesis. If no control measure applied, severe infestation may cause leaves drop in advance, stunted growth or even cause tree death. As the potential suitable habitats of A. malayensis was almost consistent with the durian planted region, in order to prevent the pest further spread to other regions, provide guarantee for the healthy development of durian industry in China, it is recommended to strengthen the monitoring of A. malayensis, study its biological characteristics and the population dynamics, which would provide a theoretical basis for further development of economical and efficient control strategy for A. malayensis.

The study was aimed to explore the mechanism of inhibiting the hygroscopic behavior of wheat gluten (WG) on pineapple powder, and provide theoretical guidance for the processing and storage of pineapple powder. The moisture sorption isotherms of four WG added amounts (0, 10%, 20% and 30%) of pineapple powder were determined by the gravimetric method. Seven classical mathematical models were used to fit the sorption experimental data. By comparison of the determination coefficients (R²) and the root mean square errors (RMSE) of the estimate, the model with the highest fitting degree was ascertained and its mathematical expression was determined. Then the safe storage moisture of pineapple powder was calculated. By the analysis of binding energy between water and materials, the relationship of equilibrium moisture content versus binding energy was plotted, and the effect of WG on moisture sorption isotherms properties of pineapple powder was explained from a thermodynamic perspective. In the process of moisture sorption at room temperature (25 ℃), the equilibrium moisture content increased with the increase of water activity (a_w), and higher the amount of WG would lead to smaller increase. At an a_w of 0.753, the equilibrium moisture content of the four samples was 0.2068, 0.1921, 0.1763 and 0.1530 g/g, respectively. The moisture sorption isotherm of pineapple powder belongs to type III isotherm, the Peleg model had the best fitting effect, followed by GAB, Henderson, Mod-BET and Oswin model, the fitting effect of Halsey and Smith model were poor. The R² fitted by Peleg model for all samples were above 0.995, and the RMSE between 0.0112-0.0137. The model fitting verification results showed that the predicted value of Peleg model had a high linear relationship with the experimental value, which could reflect the equilibrium moisture content of pineapple powder more accurately. According to the theory of food safety storage moisture, the relative safe moisture content of the four samples was 0.1421, 0.1308, 0.1168 and 0.1017 g/g, and the absolute safe moisture content was 0.0803, 0.0721, 0.0615 and 0.0501 g/g, respectively, by the above fitting model expression. In addition, the results of binding energy analysis showed that the binding energy of water and materials decreased with the increase of equilibrium moisture content, and the addition of WG could effectively reduce the binding energy, thus reducing the adsorption capacity of materials to water molecules. Under the equilibrium moisture content of 0.20 g/g, the binding energy of the material and water decreased by 0.0396 kJ/mol on average for every 10% increase of WG addition.

This study investigated the effects of exogenous abscisic acid (ABA), calcium chloride (CaCl₂), and salicylic acid (SA) on the growth and physiological characterisics of Camellia oleifera seedlings subjected to NaCl stress, aiming to provide theoretical basis for enhancing the resistance of tea oil plants. One-year-old C. oleifera seedlings were utilized, and the impact of varying concentrations of ABA, CaCl₂, and SA on growth parameters and related physiological indicators was assessed under NaCl stress. Under sole NaCl stress conditiongs, significant increase was observed in height growth, total dry weight, root-to-shoot ratio, soluble protein content, soluble sugar levels, membrane permeability, MDA, H₂O₂ content, as well as SOD and POD activities in C. oleifera seedlings. Furthermore, external application of different substances under NaCl stress enhanced height growth, total dry weight, soluble protein content, soluble sugar levels while reducing root-to-shoot ratio along with membrane permeability and MDA content in the seedlings. Comprehensive evaluation using membership function analysis indicated that treatment with 40 mmol/L CaCl₂ was most effective in mitigating NaCl-induced damage to C. oleifera seedlings; this was followed by treatments with 200 µmol/L SA and 100 µmol/L SA.

Dickeya fangzhongdai is one of the main pathogens causing the devastating disease (soft rot disease) of Orchidaceae. Pathogenic genes play a crucial role in the infection process. Dickeya fangzhongdai Onc5 was isolated from the diseased plant (Oncidium, Gower Ramsey) in Fujian province. Pathogenic gene play an important role in the interaction between pathogens and plants. The purpose of this study was to larify the molecular biological characteristics of D. fangzhongdai Onc5 vfmE gene and analysis its role in the infection process, so as to provide theretical basis for further reveal the pathogenic mechanism of D. fangzhongdai Onc5 vfmE gene in the infection process. Using the D. fangzhongdai Onc5 DNA as template, of vfmE gene was amplified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and its bioinformatics were analyzed. The expression of vfmE gene was analyzed during D. fangzhongdai Onc5 infecting Oncidium by quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR). The result showed that the ORF sequence of vfmE gene was 564 bp, encoding 187 amino acids with a molecular weight of 21.93 kDa and isoelectric point of 9.01 and a conserved AraC-superfamily domain. The vfmE protein was an unstable hydrophilic protein without signal peptide and transmembrane structure. The secondary structure of protein was mainly composed of α-helix (58.29%) and random coil (40.64%). Sequence similarity analysis revealed that the translated molecules showed high homology with other pathogens in the genus Dickeya (>86%). RT-qPCR analysis showed that vfmE gene was highly expressed continuously throughout the infection process of D. fangzhongdai Onc5, and the highest expression level was at 12 h. vfmE protein plays an important role in the infection of D. fangzhongdai Onc5. Research on the pathogeneisis-related gene vfmE in D. fangzhongdai Onc5 provide a theoretical basis for further research on the vfmE gene function and pathogenic regulation mechanism in Dickeya genus. Furthermore, such studies may be useful for finding new target to control plant soft rot disease.