The high-yield variety XX 048 was used as the maternal parent, and the asexual offspring of F₁ excellent single plants through open pollination and hybridization was obtained to select a new variety of cassava with good plant type, high yield, high starch, and wide adaptability. After a series of systematic breeding procedures such as sowing and seedling cultivation, field transplantation, single plant selection, single row experiment, line ratio experiment, regional experiment, and production experiment, a new cassava variety Gui 1505 with high yield, high starch, low hydrogen cyanide, and strong adaptability for both fresh food and processing was developed. The variety is an upright plant type, with mature stem outer skin being gray white and inner skin being green. The tubers are distributed irregularly and concentrated, with a cylindrical conical shape. The outer skin of the tubers is light brown, the inner skin is light red, and the flesh of the tubers is white. The average fresh potato yield of Gui 1505 in regional and production trials reached 46.68 t/hm² and 49.69 t/hm², respectively, both higher than the control NZ199. The starch content of the root tuber was more than 29.05%. The average hydrogen cyanide content in fresh potatoes was 20-30 mg/kg, which is lower than the control. The field identification result of mite resistance is moderate. It is suitable for planting in major cassava producing areas such as Guangxi, Guangdong, and Yunnan. This study provides new germplasm resources for China to achieve high-quality cassava production, which is of great significance for promoting potato farmers' income and enterprise efficiency.

Manganese (Mn) is a crucial element influencing the performance of natural rubber. This study investigated the effects of different fertilization strategies on Mn content in soil, rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.) roots and leaves, latex and raw rubber, and the subsequent impact on rubber properties in rubber plantations. The aim was to provide theoretical insights for optimizing rubber tree fertilization and enhancing natural rubber properties. Field experiments were conducted from 2022 to 2023 in a RY 73397 variety rubber plantation. Quantitative fertilization was applied to individual rubber trees using a composite approach involving hole application and tapping panel. The control group received no fertilizer treatment (CK), while five different fertilization treatments were implemented: 2 kg sodium silicate (T₁), 0.5% zinc molybdate fertilizer (T₂), 5 kg biochar (T₃), 5 kg biochar+0.5% zinc molybdate fertilizer (T₄) and 5 kg biochar+0.5% zinc molybdate fertilizer+2 kg sodium silicate (T₅). Samples were collected during various months of latex production period to determine dry rubber yield, Mn content in various samples (soil, roots, leaves, latex, raw rubber), and rubber properties under different fertilization strategies, analyzing their effects on Mn content and rubber properties within the soil-rubber tree system. The rubber yield from different treatments ranged from 44.96 g to 62.90 g. Treatments T₁, T₃, T₄ and T₅ increased soil pH value, and effectively transformed bioavailable forms of Mn into less available forms for rubber trees in soil, with treatment T₅ being most effective. Treatment T₅ also significantly reduced Mn content in rubber tree roots. The application of T₄ and T₅ treatments significantly reduced Mn content in latex. Treatment T₁ was effective in enhancing the plasticity retention, while treatments T₂, T₃, T₄ and T₅ were capable of improving the initial plasticity of raw rubber. Treatments T₄ and T₅ significantly increased the Mooney viscosity. Following the implementation of T₂, T₃, T₄ and T₅ treatments, the initial plasticity, plasticity retention, and Mooney viscosity of natural rubber all complied with the General Specifications for Natural Rubber Used in Aircraft Tires. The number-average molecular weight and weight-average molecular weight of raw rubber under different treatments ranged from 35.25×10⁴ to 39.57×10⁴ and from 161.84×10⁴ to 167.32×10⁴, respectively, while also decreasing the molecular weight distribution. To summary, the combined application of biochar, sodium silicate, and zinc-molybdenum fertilizers can enhance soil conditions, affecting the yield of rubber trees and the manganese (Mn) content in both latex and raw rubber, which in turn influences the properties of raw rubber. Based on this study, the T₅ treatment (5 kg biochar+0.5% zinc molybdate fertilizer+2 kg sodium silicate per individual tree) is recommended for comprehensive enhancement of dry rubber yield and rubber properties.

The study was aimed to explore the relationship between the root distribution at different growth angles and the ratooning ability in sugarcane, and to screen the iconic root indexes of strong ratooning in sugarcane. Three sugarcane varieties with different ratooning ability, Yunzhe 08-1609 (A), Yunzhe 05-51 (B), Yuetang 93-159 (C) and strong ratooning sugarcane germplasm Erianthus arundinaceus (D) and Saccharum spontaneum (E), were used as the materials. The root morphology of plant and ratoon crops was continuously measured under the conditions of conventional planting in field. The root biomass and quantity of sugarcane varieties with strong ratoon ability increased continuously during elongation stage of plant crop, and the highest was in the angle range 0°-30° from the vertical direction, followed by that of 30°-45°. The root biomass and numbers in ratoon crop were significantly higher than those in plant crop. The root biomass and numbers in varieties A and B were the highest in the angle range 30°-45°, and that in variety C was the highest in 45°-65°. The root biomass in E. arundinaceus and S. spontaneum was much higher than that in sugarcane varieties in both plant and ratoon crops, the root number in S. spontaneum was the largest while that in E. arundinaceus was close to that in sugarcane varieties. The root biomass of the two wild germplasm materials in plant crop was the highest in the angle range of 0°-30°, while in ratoon crop, the root number distribution in E. arundinaceus was similar at three angle ranges, and of whitch in S. spontaneum was similar in the ranges of 30°-45° and 45°-65°. The root number in variety A was the highest (46.43%) in the angle range of 0°-30° at late elongation stage of plant crop, followed by the range of 30°-45° (42.74%) at late elongation stage of ratoon crop. The root number proportion of S. spontaneum and E. arundinaceus was the highest in the range of 0°-30° at elongation stage of plant crop, followed by the range 45°-65° at elongation stage of ratoon crop. The top five indicators correlated with the ratooning ability were the root surface area, root volume, root length, root fresh weight, and root number within the angle range of 0°-30° to the vertical direction. For evaluating the ratooning ability of sugarcane, it is suggested to refer to the root index in the angle range of 0°-30° from the vertical direction in plant crop, and the root fresh weight could be used as a key index for preliminary screening of the ratooning ability. In addition, if there was no rhizomes, the ratooning ability can be predicted by the ratio of average single root weight in ratoon to that in plant crop.

The study was aimed to study the effects of potassium fulvic acid (FA-K) and endophytic agents (single/combined) on the growth of sugarcane of Yuncane 08-1609 under the condition of halving the amount of conventional chemical fertilizers and to provide a reference for the subsequent research on high-efficiency organic compound bacterial fertilizer for increasing yield and weight loss in the sugar cane industry. The effects of endophytic agents on the growth of sugarcane seedlings and the growth-promoting effects of different fertilization formula treatment [conventional fertilizer application rate (F₁), 50% conventional fertilizer application rate + potassium fulvic acid (F₂)] and endophytic agent treatment on the growth of sugarcane seedlings and the interaction were investigated through soaking seed germination test and pot experiment. The “B9+YC89” compound agent could significantly promote the growth of sugarcane seedlings, compared with F₁, F₂ fertilization formula and endophytic agent could significantly improve agronomic traits, photosynthetic and physiological indexes of sugarcane seedlings, and F₂ treatment could significantly increase stem diameter, fresh dry weight, +1 leaf area, root activity, photosynthetic index, soluble protein and soluble sugar content, and glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthase (GS and GOGAT) activities of sugarcane plants. F₂“B9+YC89” treatment had the most significant effects on +1 leaf length, +1 leaf area, number of main stem leaves, dry weight, root activity, photosynthesis, soluble matter content and two enzyme activities. In summary, in sugarcane production, the use of “B9+YC89” compound microbial agent soaking and germination can promote the germination of sugarcane seedlings. Under the condition of 50% conventional chemical fertilizer, potassium fulvic acid further promoted the seedling growth of Yuncane 08-1609 compared with conventional chemical fertilizer treatment, and the combined application of potassium fulvic acid and “B9+YC89” compound microbial agent could effectively promote the seedling growth of Yuncane 08-1609. The study are conducive to promoting the development of weight loss and efficiency increase in sugarcane industry, and provide ideas for new cultivation and planting technologies.

The study was aimed to select suitable substrate formulations for seedling of Hainan cherry tomato rootstocks. Variety Haiqiezhen No.1 was used, and fermented cow dung, coconut husk, and commercial seedling substrate were made into eight substrate formulations according to different volume ratios, and commercial seedling substrate was used as the control (CK). The physicochemical properties of different seedling substrates and the effects on the growth and physiological characteristics of rootstock seedlings were investigated. The bulk density and aeration porosity of the seedling substrates with coconut busk and cow dung were lower than that of CK, while the total porosity, water-holding porosity, pH and EC were higher than that of CK. The nutrient contents of the treatments were basically higher than that of CK, and the differences reached a highly significant level. The emergence rate of each treatment was more than 90%, which was highly significantly higher than that of CK (except T₈). With the prolongation of seedling growth period, the plant height and stem diameter also increased, and there were large differences among different treatments. T₂ and T₄ were better than other treatments. Fresh and dry weight of the whole plant, above-ground and below-ground dry weights, and strong seedling index also increased with the addition of coconut busk and cow dung (except T₅ and T₆). The best treatment was T₄, and the strong seedling index reached 0.106, which was significantly higher than that of CK, and improved 36.05% compared with that of CK. Different seedling substrates had little effect on the main root length of seedlings, which could promote the increase of average root diameter, root surface area and root volume, but the root vigour was extremely significantly lower than that of CK. The comprehensive evaluation of principal components was T₄>T₃>T₂>T₆>T₇>T₅>T₈>T₁>CK. In summary, T₄ had optimum formula on Haiqiezhen No.1.

Sweet potato is often base fertilized with nitrogen and no further dressing nitrogen fertilizer is needed. It is important to develop and screen slow-releasing nitrogen fertilizers that could meet the nitrogen requirements of sweet potato at different growth stages in order to promote yield and reduce nitrogen rate. A greenhouse pot experiment using variety Sushu 16 was conducted to analyze the effects of different slow-releasing nitrogen fertilizers (urea formaldehyde, sulfur-coated urea, urea formaldehyde resin, urea combined with nitrification inhibitors) on leaf photosynthesis, above-ground and underground biomass and nitrogen content, nitrogen use efficiency, and soil mineral nitrogen (nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen) content at different growth stages of sweet potato (seedling stage, vine burying stage, bulking stage, and harvest stage). Compared with the control, the sulfur-coated urea and oxamide controlled-release nitrogen fertilizers increased the biomass of sweet potato roots by 96.79% and 103.59%, respectively, significantly higher than that of the urea-formaldehyde and urea combined with nitrification inhibitor treatments (P<0.05). In addition, the photosynthesis rate of sweet potato throughout the entire growth period was significantly higher in the sulfur-coated urea treatment than that of unfertilized control, which is beneficial to improving the biomass of sweet potato roots. The nitrogen releasing of sulfur-coated urea and oxamide was less in the seedling and closure period and more in the swelling period and harvest period. The sum of ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen was 1.24-1.60 times that of urea-formaldehyde and urea combined with nitrification inhibitor, and the nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate increased by 1.17-1.80 times. In conclusion, sulfur-coated urea and urea formaldehyde are more suitable for the one-time application of nitrogen fertilizer in sweet potato production. The study results could provide scientific basis for nutrient management and nitrogen fertilizer reduction and yield enhancement in sweet potato production.

This study investigated the effects of exogenous abscisic acid (ABA), calcium chloride (CaCl₂), and salicylic acid (SA) on the growth and physiological characterisics of Camellia oleifera seedlings subjected to NaCl stress, aiming to provide theoretical basis for enhancing the resistance of tea oil plants. One-year-old C. oleifera seedlings were utilized, and the impact of varying concentrations of ABA, CaCl₂, and SA on growth parameters and related physiological indicators was assessed under NaCl stress. Under sole NaCl stress conditiongs, significant increase was observed in height growth, total dry weight, root-to-shoot ratio, soluble protein content, soluble sugar levels, membrane permeability, MDA, H₂O₂ content, as well as SOD and POD activities in C. oleifera seedlings. Furthermore, external application of different substances under NaCl stress enhanced height growth, total dry weight, soluble protein content, soluble sugar levels while reducing root-to-shoot ratio along with membrane permeability and MDA content in the seedlings. Comprehensive evaluation using membership function analysis indicated that treatment with 40 mmol/L CaCl₂ was most effective in mitigating NaCl-induced damage to C. oleifera seedlings; this was followed by treatments with 200 µmol/L SA and 100 µmol/L SA.

Guava leaf (Psidium guajava Linn.) is a common folk medicine in China. Modern pharmacological studies have confirmed its remarkable antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities, which has broad prospects in the development of natural antioxidants and hypoglycemic agents. The release of non-volatile active components of plants or herbs were greatly affected by extraction ways. The extraction effects on guava leaves of macerated extraction (ME), heat reflux extraction (HRE), ultrasound-assisted alcohol extraction (UAAE) and ultrasound-assisted deep eutectic solvents extraction (UADEE), microstructure were evaluated. The content of total saponins, total flavonoids, total phenols in the extract was respectively determined by vanillin-glacial acetic acid colorimetric method, NaNO₂-Al(NO₃)₃ colorimetric method and folin phenol method. The content of flavonoid components was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The metabolites were analyzed by liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometer (LC-MS). In vitro antioxidant activity and α-glycosidase inhibitory ability of the extract were also evaluated. In UADEE group, internal structure of guava leaves was most completely damaged, the content of total saponins, total flavonoids, total phenols and guaijaverin, avicularin, reynoutrin was respectively determined to be 79.28 mg/g, 80.51 mg/g, 120.52 mg/g,7.96 mg/g, 7.74 mg/g and 3.99 mg/g, which significantly higher than those of the other three groups (P<0.05). Flavonoids, triterpenoids and phenols accounted for 9.830%, 27.267% and 1.013% of all metabolites in the extract, respectively. The IC₅₀ value of scavenging 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals and inhibiting α-glycosidase in UADEE group was 45.18 μg/mL and 904.67 μg/mL, respectively, significantly superior than those of the other three groups (P<0.05). In summary, UADEE has the best effect on the extraction of active components in the extract, attributed to the mechanical and chemical effects of ultrasound and the polarity tunability and solubilization of solvents. The results would provide experimental basis for the efficient extraction of effective components from guava leaves and the development of processed products.

The study was aimed to explore the mechanism of inhibiting the hygroscopic behavior of wheat gluten (WG) on pineapple powder, and provide theoretical guidance for the processing and storage of pineapple powder. The moisture sorption isotherms of four WG added amounts (0, 10%, 20% and 30%) of pineapple powder were determined by the gravimetric method. Seven classical mathematical models were used to fit the sorption experimental data. By comparison of the determination coefficients (R²) and the root mean square errors (RMSE) of the estimate, the model with the highest fitting degree was ascertained and its mathematical expression was determined. Then the safe storage moisture of pineapple powder was calculated. By the analysis of binding energy between water and materials, the relationship of equilibrium moisture content versus binding energy was plotted, and the effect of WG on moisture sorption isotherms properties of pineapple powder was explained from a thermodynamic perspective. In the process of moisture sorption at room temperature (25 ℃), the equilibrium moisture content increased with the increase of water activity (a_w), and higher the amount of WG would lead to smaller increase. At an a_w of 0.753, the equilibrium moisture content of the four samples was 0.2068, 0.1921, 0.1763 and 0.1530 g/g, respectively. The moisture sorption isotherm of pineapple powder belongs to type III isotherm, the Peleg model had the best fitting effect, followed by GAB, Henderson, Mod-BET and Oswin model, the fitting effect of Halsey and Smith model were poor. The R² fitted by Peleg model for all samples were above 0.995, and the RMSE between 0.0112-0.0137. The model fitting verification results showed that the predicted value of Peleg model had a high linear relationship with the experimental value, which could reflect the equilibrium moisture content of pineapple powder more accurately. According to the theory of food safety storage moisture, the relative safe moisture content of the four samples was 0.1421, 0.1308, 0.1168 and 0.1017 g/g, and the absolute safe moisture content was 0.0803, 0.0721, 0.0615 and 0.0501 g/g, respectively, by the above fitting model expression. In addition, the results of binding energy analysis showed that the binding energy of water and materials decreased with the increase of equilibrium moisture content, and the addition of WG could effectively reduce the binding energy, thus reducing the adsorption capacity of materials to water molecules. Under the equilibrium moisture content of 0.20 g/g, the binding energy of the material and water decreased by 0.0396 kJ/mol on average for every 10% increase of WG addition.

This paper reported the detailed morphological characteristics and the external genitalia of Allocarsidara malayensis, the COI sequence of A. malayensis was amplified and sequenced, its damages characteristic in the field were provided and potential suitable habitats in China was predicted. Based on 25 effective distribution points and 19 climate environmental factors, maximum entropy niche-based modeling (MaxEnt) combined with geographic information system (ArcGIS) was used to predict the potential suitable habitats for A. malayensis under historic climatic conditions. ROC curve analysis method was used to validate, knife-edge method was used to analyze the major environmental variables influencing the distribution of the A. malayensis. The potential suitable habitats of A. malayensis was mainly in the tropical areas near the equator of Southeast Asia, South Asia, Africa, South America and North America. In China, there was potential suitable habitats in Hainan, Guangxi, Guangdong, Fujian, Taiwan, Yunnan, Sichuan and Guizhou provinces for A. malayensis. The key environmental variables that had the greatest impact on the potential suitable habitats of A. malayensis were the precipitation of wettest month (Bio13) and precipitation of wettest quarter (Bio16). The investigation showed that A. malayensis had occurred in some durian gardens in Sanya and Baoting of Hainan, and the damage was serious in some of the gardens. The adults lay eggs in the unopened leaves at the shoot apex, and both adults and nymphs pierce the young leaf and suck the cell sap, that may cause leaves twisting, discoloration and small. Both adults and nymphs secrete honeydew, which induces sooty mould and reduces the photosynthesis. If no control measure applied, severe infestation may cause leaves drop in advance, stunted growth or even cause tree death. As the potential suitable habitats of A. malayensis was almost consistent with the durian planted region, in order to prevent the pest further spread to other regions, provide guarantee for the healthy development of durian industry in China, it is recommended to strengthen the monitoring of A. malayensis, study its biological characteristics and the population dynamics, which would provide a theoretical basis for further development of economical and efficient control strategy for A. malayensis.