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Establishing an accurate air spring model is key and crucial for analyzing the vibration characteristics of air suspension electric buses. For the variation in the characteristics of air springs under different load, a comprehensive model of the air spring with dynamically adjustable parameters is proposed, considering the effect of rubber airbag force and changes in payload, taking a membranetype air spring as the research object. Key parameters of the rubber airbag are identified through mechanical experiments, and the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed model are verified. Based on the comprehensive air spring model, a 14seat, 21degreeoffreedom electric bus dynamics model is established. The model's validity is verified through simulation comparison with a CarSim model with identical parameters. Subsequently, the influence of air spring nonlinear characteristics, vehicle speed, road roughness, and passenger distribution on the dynamic performance of the electric bus system is analyzed. The study shows that the proposed comprehensive air spring model can dynamically adjust its parameters in response to variation in load and road excitation. The hysteretic mechanical characteristics of the air spring cannot be ignored. Compared with linear models, thermodynamic models without considering hysteresis, and equivalent air spring model, the comprehensive air spring model significantly reduces suspension deflection, with reduction of 22.95%, 42.13%, and 18.20%, respectively. Increase of vehicle speed, lower road quality, and uneven passenger distribution negatively affect the ride comfort of the electric bus, with discomfort increasing for passengers seated farther from the bus's center of gravity.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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