This study presents a fast method that can model the pressure depletion around hydraulically fractured wells accurately. The Gaussian Pressure-Transient (GPT) method has infinite resolution, because no discrete-grid computations are required − the method solves the pressure field using closed-form solutions. After extensive testing on field cases and calibration against other (independent) solutionmethods, it appeared that the pressure interference of multiple fractures represented by pressure transients − in the early phases of pressure advance − behaves according to the traditional superposition-method. However, when pressure interference advances, the traditional superposition method gives increasingly unrealistic and inaccurate results. Therefore, the traditional superposition method typically used for steady-state, needs adjustment when applied to transient systems, modeled here with Gaussian pressure-diffusion probability-density functions. The new solutions are valid for the advance of pressure changes both in the early and late stages of the well-life. A second new insight presented here is that the superposition of multiple fractures using Gaussian solutions (together with pressure-gradient computations and application of Darcy's) can accurately forecast the future production rate and cumulative production of the well over the economic well-life, accounting for the impact of fracture-spacing changes. The new method is validated by history-matching of our Gaussian forecasts using real well-data to constrain specific reservoir properties (hydraulic diffusivity) and completion parameters (fracture half-lengths), and then was benchmarked against independent simulations with CMG-IMEX.
| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |