This study aimed to investigate change patterns of aroma substances of Akebia trifoliata ssp. australis pulp during ripening，providing reference for fruit quality regulation and development and utilization of aroma substances of Akebia trifoliata ssp. australis.

Fruits at hard ripening （Y0），softening （R0），cracking （K0），and ripening （Y3） stages of the variety Yemutong Ⅰ of Akebia trifoliata ssp. australis were taken as test materials. Widely targeted metabolomic analysis and relative odor activity value （ROAV） analysis were performed，and KEGG metabolic pathway enrichment and sensory flavor were analyzed based on differential volatile metabolites.

A total of 448 volatile metabolites were detected in pulp of Yemutong Ⅰ at the four stages，with terpenoids and heterocyclic compounds being the most abundant. During the whole tree ripening process of Y0→R0→K0，the differential volatile metabolites were mainly up-regulated；the differential volatile metabolites were mainly down-regulated during the process of Y0→Y3 at room temperature. In Y0 vs R0，the significantly enriched pathway of differential volatile metabolites was biosynthesis of cofactor （P<0.05，the same below），while in Y0 vs K0 and Y0 vs Y3，the significantly different metabolic pathway was sesquiterpenoid and triterpenoid biosynthesis，followed by biosynthesis of cofactor. A total of 70 key odor components with ROAV > 1 were identified，among which benzyl mercaptan，3,6-nonadienal，5-ethyl-3-hydroxy-4-methyl-2（5H）-furanone，phenylethyl isovalerate，and other substances showed great influence on shaping pulp odor of Yemutong Ⅰ. ROAV analysis results showed that the odor characteristics of pulp at each ripening stage were relatively consistent：sweet odor type was dominant，with a contribution rate of 84.40%-89.89%，followed by spicy and floral odor types，with contribution rates of 2.89%-5.02% and 2.71%-3.35% respectively. Fruity and green odor types were the common sensory flavor characteristics annotated to the differential volatile metabolites across all comparison groups.

Pulp of Yemutong Ⅰ exhibits a complex odor type covering green，fruity，and sweet odors，forming a distinctive flavor characteri-zed by sweet and refreshing，tender and smooth，with rich fruity odor and a subtle hint of coconut substances. During the two ripening processes of tree-ripening and post-harvest ripening at room temperature，the overall pulp odor exhibits relatively minor changes. Therefore，fruits harvested at the softening stage are suitable for fresh consumption or short distance transportation，while those at the hard-ripening stage are more appropriate for storage and long distance transportation.

This study aimed to investigate overall structure，key components，and working parameters of 4GL-KC98.6 whole-stalk sugarcane harvester，providing reference for optimizing operation performance of the whole-stalk sugarcane harvester.

A special leaf stripping channel test platform was built，and different sugarcane varie-ties were selected to carry out systematic experiments to analyze the effects of sugarcane morphology and environmental humidity on leaf stripping of 4GL-KC98.6 whole-stalk sugarcane harvester and determine the optimal parameter interval of leaf stripping roller rotation speed. Based on the self-designed automatic profiling mechanism，an adaptive ground cutting system was constructed，and the automatic lifting control of the cutterhead was discussed. The working performance of 4GL-KC98.6 whole-stalk sugarcane harvester was evaluated by field experiment.

The physical morphology of sugarcane markedly affected the operation performance of the leaf stripping device. When harvesting sugarcane in upright state and bending state，the leaf stripping roller rotation speed was controlled at 600-800 r/min and 700-900 r/min respectively，which could maintain low impurity rates and loss rates，thus achieving good leaf stripping performance. Environmental humidity also affected leaf stripping performance. The leaf stripping roller rotation speed was controlled at 400-600 r/min under low humidity conditions and 800-1000 r/min under medium and high humidity conditions，which could keep low impurity rates and loss rates. Based on the optimal stubble height in the sugarcane-growing areas of Guangxi，the automatic control scheme for cutterhead lifting was set as follows：when the distance between the cutterhead and the ground was 1-3 cm，the height of the cutterhead remained unmoved；when the distance was < 1 cm，the height of cutterhead was raised；when the distance was > 3 cm，the height of cutterhead was lowered. The field experiment results showed that，for the 4GL-KC98.6 whole-stalk sugarcane harvester，the average impurity rate was 2.71%，the average stump breaking rate 6.34%，the average loss rate 2.98%，the qualified cane rate 94.10%，and the qualified cutting height rate 95.80%. The overall operation performance indicators of the machine met the requirements of JB/T 6275-2019 Sugarcane Combine Harvester. Compared with the conventional manual harvesting efficiency （1.0-1.5 t/d），the average harvesting efficiency of 4GL-KC98.6 whole-stalk sugarcane harvester was 5.31 t/h，and the daily harvesting capacity was equivalent to the workload of about 40 workers.

By controlling the key working parameters of leaf stripping process of 4GL-KC98.6 whole-stalk sugarcane harvester and formulating the automatic control scheme of cutterhead lifting，the impurity rate and loss rate of sugarcane harvesting process can be effectively controlled，and the quality and efficiency of sugarcane harvesting can be improved.

This study aimed to perform identification，subcellular localization，and expression analysis of the longan FLOE gene family members，explore the mechanism underlying the FLOE gene family during longan somatic embryogenesis and stress response，providing theoretical reference for molecular breeding of stress-tolerant longan.

Using the Arabidopsis thaliana FLOE family protein sequences as reference sequences，DlFLOE gene family members were identified from longan genome. Bioinformatic methods were employed to analyze their sequence characteri-stics. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR was utilized to analyze different early stages of somatic embryogenesis and expression patterns under hormones and abiotic stresses of DlFLOE gene family.

Three DlFLOE gene family members were identified and named DlFLOE1，DlFLOE2，and DlFLOE3 according to their positions on chromosomes. The number of amino acids encoded by DlFLOE family members ranged from 440 to 559，with relative molecular mass ranged from 48.36 to 61.25 kD，and theoretical isoelectric points of 5.51-6.16，indicating that they were all hydrophilic and unstable proteins. The DlFLOE2 protein located in the vacuole，while DlFLOE1 and DlFLOE3 proteins were located in nucleus. Phylogenetic analysis results showed that the DlFLOE3 gene clustered with the LITCHI022451.m1 gene of Litchi chinensis，indicating that the homologous genes of Sapindaceae were conserved. According to results of gene and protein structure analysis as well as collinearity analysis，the DlFLOE2 gene had five intron，and the rest genes contained two introns，with intron length showing difference between species；most members contained DUF1421 domain；a colli-near relationship was found between DlFLOE2 and DlFLOE3 genes，with the two genes located on different chromosomes and the Ka/Ks=0.261，suggesting that they had been under purifying selection during evolution. Promoter cis-element analysis and subcellular localization results showed that the promoters of DlFLOE family members contained elements responsive to light and drought stress；the DlFLOE1 gene had a strong positive response to high-concentration PEG and was located in nucleus，which was consistent with predictions from online software. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR detection results indicated that DlFLOE genes family members responded to different hormones and abiotic stress treatments，but their expression patterns varied.

The three FLOE gene family members identified from the longan genome exhibit functional differentiation and clear spatiotemporal specificity，showing important roles in stress response and hormone regulation for longan. The DlFLOE1 gene shows a strong positive response to high-concentration PEG，thus，it is suggested to be involved in drought-responsive pathways.

The study aimed to investigate the functions of SmGAD gene in Salix matsudana in response to waterlogging stress，provide theoretical basis and candidate target genes for elucidating willow waterlogging tolerance mechanism and breeding willows tolerant to waterlogging.

Using one-year-old willow branches as materials，bioinformatic tools were employed to analyze physicochemical properties，conserved domains，protein domains，hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity，and promoter cis-acting elements of the SmGAD protein，and a phylogenetic tree was constructed. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR （qRT-PCR） was used to detect the expression changes of SmGAD gene. The SmGAD gene was cloned，and the prokaryotic expression vector pET32a-SmGAD and silencing vector pYL156-SmGAD were constructed.Virus-induced gene silencing （VIGS） technology was used to silence SmGAD，and the gene function was verified through waterlogging treatment. Meanwhile，prokaryotic expression was performed to induce protein expression，and the changes in bacterial culture OD_{600 nm} under H₂O₂ stress were measured.

The coding sequence （CDS） of SmGAD gene in Salix matsudana was 1497 bp in full length，and SmGAD protein consisted of 498 amino acid residues，with a theoretical molecular mass of 56512.01 Da，a theoretical isoelectric point of 5.80，an aliphatic index of 90.80，an instability index of 35.82，and a grand average of hydropathicity hydrophobicity coefficient of -0.221. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the SmGAD protein shared high similarity with GAD homologous proteins in six species，including Camellia sinensis L.，Oryza sativa L.，Arabidopsis thaliana L.，and Gossypium hirsutum L. Promoter cis-acting element analysis showed that the promoter region of SmGAD gene contained methyl jasmonate -responsive elements，auxin-responsive elements，light-responsive elements，drought-responsive elements，prolamin-metabolism-responsive elements，and so on. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR analysis results revealed that the expression trends of SmGAD gene differed among various willow varieties after waterlogging treatment. VIGS experiment results showed that the silenced lines exhibited more severer leaf abscission and decay under waterlogging stress，with substantial peroxidative damage to cell membranes，along with poor root growth. Prokaryotic expression experiments demonstrated that the SmGAD protein played an important role in scavenging H₂O₂.

SmGAD gene，a positive regulatory factor in regulatory network of Salix matsudana in response to waterlogging and hypoxia stresses，can enhance plant resistance to waterlogging stress through mechanisms such as alleviating oxidative stress damage. Prokaryo-tic expression experiments confirm that the SmGAD protein can scavenge H₂O₂.

This study aimed to analyze the effects of different improvement measures on physicochemical properties and bacterial diversity of peach rhizosphere soil，providing theoretical basis for peach continuous crop obstacle alleviation and sustainable development of peach cultivation.

Replanted peach rhizosphere soil was used as the research object. Three treatments were established：deep tillage of original soil followed by rice rotation + natural grass （DR+NG），deep tillage of original soil followed by rice rotation + alfalfa grass （DR+PA），and deep tillage of original soil + natural grass （DT+NG）. Soil physicochemical property determination and high-throughput sequencing were used to analyze the composition and diversity of bacterial communities of rhizosphere soil in peach orchard under different improvement measures，and function prediction was performed.

The analysis results of soil physicochemical pro-perty showed that，compared with the DT+NG treatment，the DR+NG treatment significantly increased soil pH，alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen，and organic matter content （P<0.05，same below），and significantly decreased electrical conductivity and available potassium content. Compared with the DR+NG treatment，the DR+PA treatment significantly decreased soil pH，electrical conductivity，alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen content，and organic matter content while significantly increased available potassium content. Bacterial community analysis showed that，compared with the DT+NG treatment，the relative abundance of Bacteroidota，Crenarchaeota，Latescibacterota，NB1-j，and Nitrospirota significantly or extremely significantly （P<0.01） increased；compared with the DR+NG treatment，the relative abundance of Actinobacteriota，Desulfobacterota，Firmicutes，and Chloroflexi significantly or extremely significantly （P<0.01） increased. Soil microbial diversity showed significant differences among treatments. Compared with the DT+NG treatment，the ACE and Chao indexes under the DR+NG treatment increased by 7.30% and 6.90% respectively，the Simpson index extremely significantly increased by 44.09% （P<0.001），and the Shannon index extremely significantly decreased by 2.27% （P<0.001）；compared with the DR+NG treatment，the ACE，Chao，and Shannon indexes under the DR+PA treatment extremely significantly increased by 13.50%，13.30%，and 2.80% （P<0.001） respectively，and the Simpson index extremely significantly decreased by 25.68% （P<0.001）. Function prediction results showed that rice rotation and grass treatments significantly affected carbon and nitrogen cycling-related functions，and compared with the DT+NG treatment，relative abundance of nitrification function under the DR+NG treatment extremely significantly increased by 103.6% （P<0.01）；compared with the DR+NG treatment，relative abundance of chemoheterotrophy，aerobic chemoheterotrophy，and nitrogen fixation functions under the DR+PA treatment extremely significantly increased by 17.3%，22.0%，and 88.3% respectively （P<0.01）.

Deep tillage followed by rice rotation combined with alfalfa grass treatment can improve soil physicochemical properties and provide an ideal microbial environment for early peach growth. Compared with conventional natural grass and deep tillage alone，it shows better comprehensive improvement effects and can be applied in the renewal of old peach orchards.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of different plant Jiaosu nutrient solutions on yield and quality of Orah，providing reference for Orah production and fruit and vegetable waste valorization.

Diffe-rent plant Jiaosu nutrient solutions were uniformly sprayed on leaves of Orah trees at the fruit expansion-ripening stage. Plant Jiaosu nutrient solutions used on treatment A and treatment B were made from cull Orah fruits and discarded cabbage leaves，with an equal spray of purified water as the control treatment （CK）. Relative chlorophyll content （SPAD value），nitrogen content，phosphorus content，potassium content，amino acid content in leaves and fruits，fruit yield traits，and quality indicators under different treatments were determined. Correlation analysis was conducted on leaf indicators，fruit mass，and fruit quality indicators.

The two treatments of spraying plant Jiaosu nutrient solutions effectively increased the SPAD value of leaves，single fruit weight，and total amino acid contents in leaves and fruits，which were significantly higher than those of CK （P<0.05，the same below）；the treatment A exhibited better effects than treatment B. Spraying plant Jiaosu nutrient solutions significantly increased the nitrogen content of leaves，but had little effects on nitrogen content，phosphorus content，and potassium content in Orah fruits. Vitamin C content，soluble sugar contents，total sugar content，and sugar-acid ratio were positive indicators affecting fruit quality. The four indicators of treatment A were significantly higher than those of treatment B and CK；for treatment B，only the sugar-acid ratio was significantly higher than that of the CK，whereas the other three parameters showed no significant differences compared with CK （P>0.05）. In terms of the negative indicators affecting Orah fruit quality （total acid content and crude fiber content），treatment A had the lowest values of both indicators，which were significantly lower than CK. The correlation network diagram of indicators showed that spraying Jiaosu nutrient solutions might affect the yield and quality of Orah fruits indirectly by influencing SPAD value，nitrogen content，potassium content，and amino acid content of leaves.

Foliar spraying the two Jiaosu nutrient solutions increase yield and quality of Orah by influencing indicators such as chlorophyll content，amino acid content，and Jiaosu nutrient solutions prepared from fruits of the same plant species show better efficacy.

This study aimed to predict the potential suitable habitats of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. in China，clarify the correlation between climate change and its distribution，thereby providing a theoretical basis for its artificial cultivation，introduction，development，and utilization.

Based on the 62 distribution points of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. and 19 environmental factors，the maximum entropy model （MaxEnt） was used to predict its potential suitable habitats under current and future （2050s and 2090s） climate change scenarios （SSP1-2.6 and SSP5-8.5）. The actual suitable habitats were calculated through overlay analysis with land use types. Key environmental factors were screened based on their contribution rates and response curves. Based on changes in suitable habitat area and centroid migration，the chan-ging trends in potential suitable habitats of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. under future climate change were determined.

The current total suitable habitats of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. in China was 37.59 × 10⁴ km²，mainly distributed in Guangdong，Guangxi，Hainan，Fujian，Taiwan，and Yunnan. The area of lowly suitable habitat was 24.67 × 10⁴ km²，the area of moderately suitable habitat was 10.09 × 10⁴ km²，and the area of highly suitable habitat was 2.83 × 10⁴ km² respectively. Overlay analysis was performed on geographical layers of forestland and shrubland，which showed that the actual suitable habitats of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. was 21.56 × 10⁴ km². The four key environmental factors affecting the growth of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. was in the order of contribution rate as minimum temperature of coldest month （73.5%） > precipitation of driest month （9.7%） > annual precipitation （6.2%） > mean diurnal temperature range （4.0%），with minimum temperature of coldest month being the dominant environmental factor. Under the SSP1-2.6 scenario，the suitable habitats of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. generally showed an overall expanding trend. Under the SSP5-8.5 scenario，although the lowly suitable habitats continued to increase by the 2090s，the moderately and highly suitable habitats shrank sharply，resulting in a declining trend in the total suitable habitats. In addition，under the SSP1-2.6 scenario，the centroid of the suitable habitats of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. in China showed no obvious east-west migration but exhibited a continuous northward migration trend. Under the SSP5-8.5 scenario，the centroid of suitable habitats rapidly migrated westward and then remained relatively stable in longitude，while continuously migrating northward in latitude.

Under future climate change scenarios，the distribution trends and area changes of suitable habitats of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. in China will show different response patterns. The suitable habitats of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. in Guangdong and Guangxi will continue to increase under the low radiative forcing scenario but shrink severely under the high radiative forcing scenario. Therefore，meteorological monitoring and artificial intervention should be strengthened，and changes in crop varieties should be considered in a timely manner. The suitable habitats of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. in Fujian，Yunnan，and Guizhou will continue to increase. Planting trials should be conducted before introduction and cultivation in newly suitable habitats，while economic viability and feasibility should also be considered. The suitable habitats of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. in Hainan and Taiwan remain relatively stable，but attention should be paid to the decline in suitable habitat levels caused by climate change. Artificial intervention measures should be taken in a timely manner based on environmental factors and meteorological monitoring results to ensure the quality of medicinal materials.

This study aimed to clarify the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of carbon stocks in black soil regions and the influencing factors，and reveal how land use change affected carbon storage，so as to enrich carbon stock estimation methods and provide reference for formulating appropriate carbon sequestration policies.

Harbin City，a representative black soil region，was the study area. The land use data and multi-source spatial carbon density data in 2000，2010，and 2020 were employed to reveal the change pattern of carbon stock using time series analysis. The center of gravity migration model，exploratory spatial data analysis，and coldspot/hotspot spatial statistical method were used to characterize spatial differentiation. The geographical detector model was applied to identify the intensity and interaction of influencing factors for carbon stock in the study area.

From 2000 to 2020，cropland and forestland were the dominant land use types in the study area，with pronounced changes occurred，and the areas of land conversion were from cropland and forestland （only second to land conversion from water area），mainly into construction land and unused land. These land use changes shaped the spatiotemporal distribution of carbon stocks，which decreased overall from 6.92×10⁸ t in 2000 to 6.60×10⁸ t in 2020. The center of gravity of carbon stock under land use change shifted 548.61 m southeastward in the study area，with the most pronounced migration distance between 2010 and 2020，reaching 451.36 m. Carbon stock hotspot areas based on land use changes were concentrated and became increasingly expanded，while coldspot areas remained relatively scattered and shrank. Carbon stock under land use change in the study area was commonly influenced by natural environmental and socioeconomic factors，with elevation，land use intensity，distance from county center，and slope exhibiting strong explanatory power. Factor interactions were predominantly characterized by dual-factor enhancement，and interactions between natural and socioeconomic factors explained change in carbon stock more effectively than interactions among factors within a single category.

Between 2000 and 2020，carbon stock under land use change in the study area generally declines，and carbon stock loss is primarily due to the conversion of high-carbon-sink land use types （water areas and forestlands） into low-carbon-sink land use types （unused land，cropland，and construction land），indicating that human-driven land use change has become a key factor influencing carbon stock. Furthermore，carbon stock change shows clear spatial clustering，underscoring the scale-dependent impact of human activities on spatial reorganization of carbon pools. The interaction between natural constraints and human disturbances is a dual-engine dri-ving model for carbon stock change，with elevation，distance from county center，slope，and land use intensity as critical influencing factors of spatial differentiation. Accordingly，it is recommended that cropland retirement should be prioritized in high-risk areas identified by the slope-distance coupling model.