This study aimed to investigate overall structure，key components，and working parameters of 4GL-KC98.6 whole-stalk sugarcane harvester，providing reference for optimizing operation performance of the whole-stalk sugarcane harvester.

A special leaf stripping channel test platform was built，and different sugarcane varie-ties were selected to carry out systematic experiments to analyze the effects of sugarcane morphology and environmental humidity on leaf stripping of 4GL-KC98.6 whole-stalk sugarcane harvester and determine the optimal parameter interval of leaf stripping roller rotation speed. Based on the self-designed automatic profiling mechanism，an adaptive ground cutting system was constructed，and the automatic lifting control of the cutterhead was discussed. The working performance of 4GL-KC98.6 whole-stalk sugarcane harvester was evaluated by field experiment.

The physical morphology of sugarcane markedly affected the operation performance of the leaf stripping device. When harvesting sugarcane in upright state and bending state，the leaf stripping roller rotation speed was controlled at 600-800 r/min and 700-900 r/min respectively，which could maintain low impurity rates and loss rates，thus achieving good leaf stripping performance. Environmental humidity also affected leaf stripping performance. The leaf stripping roller rotation speed was controlled at 400-600 r/min under low humidity conditions and 800-1000 r/min under medium and high humidity conditions，which could keep low impurity rates and loss rates. Based on the optimal stubble height in the sugarcane-growing areas of Guangxi，the automatic control scheme for cutterhead lifting was set as follows：when the distance between the cutterhead and the ground was 1-3 cm，the height of the cutterhead remained unmoved；when the distance was < 1 cm，the height of cutterhead was raised；when the distance was > 3 cm，the height of cutterhead was lowered. The field experiment results showed that，for the 4GL-KC98.6 whole-stalk sugarcane harvester，the average impurity rate was 2.71%，the average stump breaking rate 6.34%，the average loss rate 2.98%，the qualified cane rate 94.10%，and the qualified cutting height rate 95.80%. The overall operation performance indicators of the machine met the requirements of JB/T 6275-2019 Sugarcane Combine Harvester. Compared with the conventional manual harvesting efficiency （1.0-1.5 t/d），the average harvesting efficiency of 4GL-KC98.6 whole-stalk sugarcane harvester was 5.31 t/h，and the daily harvesting capacity was equivalent to the workload of about 40 workers.

By controlling the key working parameters of leaf stripping process of 4GL-KC98.6 whole-stalk sugarcane harvester and formulating the automatic control scheme of cutterhead lifting，the impurity rate and loss rate of sugarcane harvesting process can be effectively controlled，and the quality and efficiency of sugarcane harvesting can be improved.

This study aimed to perform prokaryotic expression，purification，and subcellular localization of the lipid transfer protein （OsLTPL108） of rice grain shape regulation，providing theoretical reference for elucidating its biological functions and its molecular mechanism of grain shape regulation.

The OsLTPL108 gene coding sequence （CDS） was obtained from the UniProt database，and primers were designed for PCR amplification. The amplification product was detected by electrophoresis and sequencing. Bioinformatic software were used to predict the physicochemical properties，transmembrane domains，signal peptides，hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity，and subcellular localization of the encoded protein. The OsLTPL108 gene was ligated into pGEX-2T to construct the prokaryotic expression vector pGEX-2T-OsLTPL108，which was then transformed into Escherichia coli BL21-CodonPlus（DE3）-RIPL for induced expression. The purified target protein was verified by immunoblotting. Concurrently，the subcellular localization vector pRHV-OsLTPL108-cGFP was constructed and transformed into rice protoplasts to observe its subcellular localization.

Using cDNA of rice variety Dingxiang B as the template，the amplified OsLTPL108 gene was 477 bp in length and the sequence was completely consistent with japonica rice whose accession number was LOC_Os03g14654 from the RGAP database. The OsLTPL108 gene encoded 158 amino acid residues，with its relative protein molecular mass of 15.66 kD，and a theoretical isoelectric point of 8.7；amino acids 1-30 of N-terminal contained a transmembrane domain，and amino acids 31-158 constituted a soluble domain. Amino acids 1-24 of N-terminal formed a typical signal peptide sequence，suggesting the protein was a secretory one. The core region of OsLTPL108 protein （amino acids 30-120） harbored a complete non-specific LTP family domain （Pfam accession number of PF14368） composed of eight highly conserved cysteine residues. After the prokaryotic expression vector pGEX-2T-OsLTPL108 was transformed into the prokaryotic expression system，low temperature overnight induction at 18 °C with 0.1 mmol/L IPTG resulted in a high expression of OsLTPL108 protein. A GST-OsLTPL108 protein fusion protein with a molecular mass of approximately 39.64 kD was successfully obtained，showing single bands without obvious non-specific bands. Protein mass spectrometry identified three specific peptides matching OsLTPL108 protein，confirming that the sequence of exogenously expressed and purified protein OsLTPL108 was correct. After the subcellular localization vector pRHV-OsLTPL108-cGFP was transformed into rice protoplasts，the green fluorescence signal of the OsLTPL108-EGFP fusion protein displayed a reticular pattern and completely overlapped with the red fluorescence signal OsHLP1-mCherry of endoplasmic reticulum-localized protein，proving that the protein localized to the endoplasmic reticulum in rice protoplasts.

OsLTPL108 is a secretory protein. By utilizing the solubility-enhancing GST tag，highly pure soluble fusion protein can be obtained from the prokaryotic expression system，which can be used for subsequent protein antibody preparation. The OsLTPL108 protein localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum of rice cells，and as the endoplasmic reticulum is the main site of plant lipid synthesis，OsLTPL108 is speculated to function in lipid transport.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of different plant Jiaosu nutrient solutions on yield and quality of Orah，providing reference for Orah production and fruit and vegetable waste valorization.

Diffe-rent plant Jiaosu nutrient solutions were uniformly sprayed on leaves of Orah trees at the fruit expansion-ripening stage. Plant Jiaosu nutrient solutions used on treatment A and treatment B were made from cull Orah fruits and discarded cabbage leaves，with an equal spray of purified water as the control treatment （CK）. Relative chlorophyll content （SPAD value），nitrogen content，phosphorus content，potassium content，amino acid content in leaves and fruits，fruit yield traits，and quality indicators under different treatments were determined. Correlation analysis was conducted on leaf indicators，fruit mass，and fruit quality indicators.

The two treatments of spraying plant Jiaosu nutrient solutions effectively increased the SPAD value of leaves，single fruit weight，and total amino acid contents in leaves and fruits，which were significantly higher than those of CK （P<0.05，the same below）；the treatment A exhibited better effects than treatment B. Spraying plant Jiaosu nutrient solutions significantly increased the nitrogen content of leaves，but had little effects on nitrogen content，phosphorus content，and potassium content in Orah fruits. Vitamin C content，soluble sugar contents，total sugar content，and sugar-acid ratio were positive indicators affecting fruit quality. The four indicators of treatment A were significantly higher than those of treatment B and CK；for treatment B，only the sugar-acid ratio was significantly higher than that of the CK，whereas the other three parameters showed no significant differences compared with CK （P>0.05）. In terms of the negative indicators affecting Orah fruit quality （total acid content and crude fiber content），treatment A had the lowest values of both indicators，which were significantly lower than CK. The correlation network diagram of indicators showed that spraying Jiaosu nutrient solutions might affect the yield and quality of Orah fruits indirectly by influencing SPAD value，nitrogen content，potassium content，and amino acid content of leaves.

Foliar spraying the two Jiaosu nutrient solutions increase yield and quality of Orah by influencing indicators such as chlorophyll content，amino acid content，and Jiaosu nutrient solutions prepared from fruits of the same plant species show better efficacy.

This study aimed to analyze the effects of different improvement measures on physicochemical properties and bacterial diversity of peach rhizosphere soil，providing theoretical basis for peach continuous crop obstacle alleviation and sustainable development of peach cultivation.

Replanted peach rhizosphere soil was used as the research object. Three treatments were established：deep tillage of original soil followed by rice rotation + natural grass （DR+NG），deep tillage of original soil followed by rice rotation + alfalfa grass （DR+PA），and deep tillage of original soil + natural grass （DT+NG）. Soil physicochemical property determination and high-throughput sequencing were used to analyze the composition and diversity of bacterial communities of rhizosphere soil in peach orchard under different improvement measures，and function prediction was performed.

The analysis results of soil physicochemical pro-perty showed that，compared with the DT+NG treatment，the DR+NG treatment significantly increased soil pH，alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen，and organic matter content （P<0.05，same below），and significantly decreased electrical conductivity and available potassium content. Compared with the DR+NG treatment，the DR+PA treatment significantly decreased soil pH，electrical conductivity，alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen content，and organic matter content while significantly increased available potassium content. Bacterial community analysis showed that，compared with the DT+NG treatment，the relative abundance of Bacteroidota，Crenarchaeota，Latescibacterota，NB1-j，and Nitrospirota significantly or extremely significantly （P<0.01） increased；compared with the DR+NG treatment，the relative abundance of Actinobacteriota，Desulfobacterota，Firmicutes，and Chloroflexi significantly or extremely significantly （P<0.01） increased. Soil microbial diversity showed significant differences among treatments. Compared with the DT+NG treatment，the ACE and Chao indexes under the DR+NG treatment increased by 7.30% and 6.90% respectively，the Simpson index extremely significantly increased by 44.09% （P<0.001），and the Shannon index extremely significantly decreased by 2.27% （P<0.001）；compared with the DR+NG treatment，the ACE，Chao，and Shannon indexes under the DR+PA treatment extremely significantly increased by 13.50%，13.30%，and 2.80% （P<0.001） respectively，and the Simpson index extremely significantly decreased by 25.68% （P<0.001）. Function prediction results showed that rice rotation and grass treatments significantly affected carbon and nitrogen cycling-related functions，and compared with the DT+NG treatment，relative abundance of nitrification function under the DR+NG treatment extremely significantly increased by 103.6% （P<0.01）；compared with the DR+NG treatment，relative abundance of chemoheterotrophy，aerobic chemoheterotrophy，and nitrogen fixation functions under the DR+PA treatment extremely significantly increased by 17.3%，22.0%，and 88.3% respectively （P<0.01）.

Deep tillage followed by rice rotation combined with alfalfa grass treatment can improve soil physicochemical properties and provide an ideal microbial environment for early peach growth. Compared with conventional natural grass and deep tillage alone，it shows better comprehensive improvement effects and can be applied in the renewal of old peach orchards.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of different ultrasound-combined pretreatments on the microwave drying efficiency and dried product quality of star anise，identify the optimal pretreatment method and its underlying mechanism，and thereby provide reference for the green，efficient，and energy-saving drying processing of star anise.

Fresh star anise was subjected to three pretreatments as raw materials：ultrasound （US），ultrasound combined with steam blanching （US-SB），and ultrasound combined with freeze-thaw treatment （US-FT），with samples directly subjected to microwave drying without pretreatment served as the control （CK）. Effects of the three pretreatments on the microwave drying characteristics，physicochemical quality，and antioxidant activity of star anise were systematically analyzed，and the underlying mechanisms were further elucidated through microstructural observation and low-field nuclear magnetic resonance analysis.

All three pretreatments disrupted the cellular structure of star anise and increased the number of water-migration pathways. Compared with the CK group ［drying time of 261.67 min and specific energy consumption of 14.60 （kW·h）/kg］，the drying times of the US，US-SB，and US-FT groups were reduced by 8.92%，46.50%，and 32.48% respectively，while their specific energy consumptions decreased by 13.08%，50.00%，and 33.56% respectively. The US-SB group exhibited the highest drying efficiency. However，polyphenol oxidase （PPO） activity was almost completely inactivated，resulting in no significant difference in the redness value （a^*） of dried product compared with the CK group （P>0.05，the same below）. Moreover，its volatile oil content （6.59%），shikimic acid content （8.20%），and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl （DPPH） radical scavenging rate （53.95%） were significantly lower than those of the CK group （P<0.05，the same below）. PPO activity in the US and US-FT groups was significantly higher than that in the CK group，and the a^* values significantly increased by 15.74% and 15.64% compared with CK group respectively，demonstrating a brighter red color；the DPPH radical scavenging rates increased significantly by 22.28% and 25.53% compared with CK group respectively；no significant differences in volatile oil or shikimic acid contents were observed between these two groups and the CK group. The volume shrinkage rate of US-FT group （41.88%） showed no significant difference with the CK group，whereas those of the US （45.78%） and US-SB （54.18%） groups were significantly increased. Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance analysis showed that the US and US-FT pretreatments increased the free water peak area and promoted water migration，whereas the US-SB pretreatment reduced free water and increased immobilized water. Correlation analysis revealed that a^* had an extremely significant positive correlation with the DPPH radical scavenging rate （P<0.01，the same below），while the volume shrinkage rate showed extremely significant negative correlations with volatile oil content，shikimic acid content，and DPPH radical scavenging rate.

Consi-dering both drying efficiency and product quality，ultrasound combined with freeze-thaw pretreatment exhibits the best overall performance，which can shorten drying time，reduce energy consumption，improve star anise color，effectively retain volatile oil，shikimic acid，and antioxidant activity，without increasing volume shrinkage ratio. This technology provides a feasible approach for the green drying and processing of star anise.

The study aimed to investigate the functions of SmGAD gene in Salix matsudana in response to waterlogging stress，provide theoretical basis and candidate target genes for elucidating willow waterlogging tolerance mechanism and breeding willows tolerant to waterlogging.

Using one-year-old willow branches as materials，bioinformatic tools were employed to analyze physicochemical properties，conserved domains，protein domains，hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity，and promoter cis-acting elements of the SmGAD protein，and a phylogenetic tree was constructed. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR （qRT-PCR） was used to detect the expression changes of SmGAD gene. The SmGAD gene was cloned，and the prokaryotic expression vector pET32a-SmGAD and silencing vector pYL156-SmGAD were constructed.Virus-induced gene silencing （VIGS） technology was used to silence SmGAD，and the gene function was verified through waterlogging treatment. Meanwhile，prokaryotic expression was performed to induce protein expression，and the changes in bacterial culture OD_{600 nm} under H₂O₂ stress were measured.

The coding sequence （CDS） of SmGAD gene in Salix matsudana was 1497 bp in full length，and SmGAD protein consisted of 498 amino acid residues，with a theoretical molecular mass of 56512.01 Da，a theoretical isoelectric point of 5.80，an aliphatic index of 90.80，an instability index of 35.82，and a grand average of hydropathicity hydrophobicity coefficient of -0.221. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the SmGAD protein shared high similarity with GAD homologous proteins in six species，including Camellia sinensis L.，Oryza sativa L.，Arabidopsis thaliana L.，and Gossypium hirsutum L. Promoter cis-acting element analysis showed that the promoter region of SmGAD gene contained methyl jasmonate -responsive elements，auxin-responsive elements，light-responsive elements，drought-responsive elements，prolamin-metabolism-responsive elements，and so on. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR analysis results revealed that the expression trends of SmGAD gene differed among various willow varieties after waterlogging treatment. VIGS experiment results showed that the silenced lines exhibited more severer leaf abscission and decay under waterlogging stress，with substantial peroxidative damage to cell membranes，along with poor root growth. Prokaryotic expression experiments demonstrated that the SmGAD protein played an important role in scavenging H₂O₂.

SmGAD gene，a positive regulatory factor in regulatory network of Salix matsudana in response to waterlogging and hypoxia stresses，can enhance plant resistance to waterlogging stress through mechanisms such as alleviating oxidative stress damage. Prokaryo-tic expression experiments confirm that the SmGAD protein can scavenge H₂O₂.

This study aimed to analyze the genetic diversity of phenotypic traits of tea germplasm resources from Jiuwan Mountain，Guangxi，providing theoretical reference for tea origin and evolution studies，superior gene mining，and germplasm innovative utilization and conservation.

A total of 120 tea germplasm resources from Jiuwan Mountain，Guangxi were taken as research materials. A total of 19 phenotypic traits of them （including 13 qualitative traits and six quantitative traits） such as tree architecture and leaf morphology were determined，and genetic variation analysis，correlation analysis，principal component analysis，and cluster analysis were performed to systematically evaluate the major phenotypic traits and their genetic diversity.

Most tea germplasm resources from Jiuwan Mountain，Guangxi，were shrubs （61.67%） and semi-arbors （35.00%）；semi-spreading type accounted for the largest proportion （45.00%），followed by erect type （30.00%） and spreading type （25.00%）. Leaf insertion angle was mainly flat type （70.00%）. Leaf color was dominated by green （74.17%），followed by light green （19.16%）. Leaf apexes were mainly acuminate （38.33%） and acute （36.67%）. Leaf bases were mostly cuneate （74.17%）. Leaf blades were mainly flat （57.50%） and involute （39.17%）. Leaf surfaces were mainly slightly convex （38.34%） and relatively smooth （30.00%）. Leaf margins were mainly flat （87.50%）. Leaf texture was relatively soft or brittle （each accounting for 34.17%）. Leaf serration density were mostly moderately （55.84%） and intensely （38.33%） dense；leaf serration depth was moderate （58.33%） or shallow （25.00%）；leaf serration sharpness was mainly sharp （47.50%） or moderately sharp （45.83%）. The average Shannon-Wiener diversity index （H'） of 13 qualitative traits was 1.31，with coefficients of variation ranging from 25.01% to 45.07%. The average H' of six quantitative traits was 2.03，and the coefficients of variation ranged from 13.83% to 38.63%. Correlation analysis showed that 11 pairs of traits had extremely significant positive correlations，nine pairs had significant positive correlations，10 pairs had extremely significant negative correlations，and 10 pairs had significant negative correlations. Principal component analysis extracted the first seven principal components with a cumulative contribution rate of 67.29%，and five superior germplasms with high comprehensive scores for leaves were screened according to principal component scores. Cluster analysis showed that the 120 germplasm resources were divided into seven groups at a Euclidean distance of 5.38：Group Ⅰ and Group Ⅱ had more germplasms，making up 75.83% of all materials；LZ099 and LZ110 in Group Ⅴ，along with LZ034 and LZ081 in Group Ⅲ，could serve as vital materials for tea breeding for their good characteristics such as big leaves and double buds.

Phenotypic traits of tea germplasm resources from Jiuwan Mountain，Guangxi show rich genetic diversity，with great development potential for breeding new distinctive tea varieties and innovative utilization of germplasm. Rare group conservation and exploration and utilization of core germplasms should be strengthened.

This study aimed to investigate the response characteristics of liver metabolism of Gymnocypris przewalskii under salt stress，so as to provide theoretical basis for enhancing environmental adaptability of Gymnocypris przewalskii after artificial proliferation and release and improving resource contribution rate.

Untargeted liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry （LC-MS/MS） was employed to profile the liver metabolomic changes in juvenile Gymnocypris przewalskii exposed to different salinity （10‰，15‰，and 20‰），with individuals under 5‰ salinity stress as control group. Multivariate statistical methods were applied to screen differential metabolites and identify key metabolic pathways.

The survival rate statistics showed that juvenile Gymnocypris przewalskii maintained a survival rate ≥ 96% within 48 h of 5‰，10‰，and 15‰ salinity stresses，exhibiting robust tolerance，whereas all individuals died within 48 h of 20‰ salinity stress，suggesting that this salinity exceeded their tolerance limit. Principal component analysis （PCA） revealed that a clear separation in metabolic profiles between each salinity stress group and control group，with the separation degree of samples at the first and the second principal components intensifying as salinity increased. Within the tolerable salinity range （10‰-15‰），the metabolic pathways included biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids，glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism，glycerophospholipid metabolism，choline metabolism in cancer，pyruvate metabolism，vitamin B6 metabolism，propanoate metabolism，and arginine and proline metabolism in liver of Gymnocypris przewalskii were significantly enriched （P<0.05，same below）. Under 20‰ salinity stress，the pathways included protein digestion and absorption，aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis，central carbon metabolism in cancer，biotin metabolism，carbon metabolism，pyruvate metabolism，and nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism significantly enriched.

Gymnocypris przewalskii exhibits a clear metabolic threshold dependence in response to salt stress. Within the tolerable salinity，the organism primarily employs active regulation to maintain homeostasis through remode-ling lipid，energy，and amino acid metabolism；once the threshold is exceeded，the organism is forced to activate glutathione-centered antioxidant defense，accompanied by concurrent purine metabolic disturbances. Under extreme stress，Gymnocypris przewalskii faces a metabolic trade-off dilemma between “homeostasis maintenance and stress defense”.

This study aimed to elucidate the pedigree and traits related to yield and quality of strong gluten wheat varieties bred in middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River，providing reference for genetic improvement of strong gluten wheat varieties in this region.

Strong gluten and medium-strong gluten wheat varieties proved by national or provincial registration in middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River were used as materials to analyze their genetic pedigree and contribution values of core parents，and data from regional trials were utilized to analyze their traits related to yield，quality，and diseases resistance.

From 2007 to 2023，a total of 70 strong or medium-strong gluten wheat varieties were registered in this region. The breeding methods included systematic selection，cross breeding，and recurrent selection breeding，among which cross breeding accounted for 95.6% of all developed varieties，with single-cross breeding being the predominant method （65.7%），multiple-cross breeding accounting for 25.6%，with three varie-ties developed through backcross breeding. Pedigree analysis of parents revealed that the strong gluten wheat varieties developed in Jiangsu were mainly derived from Sumai No. 6 and its derivative varieties （Zhenmai No. 9，Zhenmai No. 10，and Zhenmai 168），while those developed in Hubei were mainly derived from Zhengmai 9023 and Xinong 979. Among the superior wheat varieties developed in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River，medium-strong gluten varie-ties accounted for the highest proportion of 58.6%. All varieties met the strong gluten or medium-strong gluten standards in terms of grain protein content and extended area；however，12 varieties failed to meet the quality standard for stability time，five varieties failed for maximum resistance to extension，and five varieties failed to meet the first-class wheat standard for test weight. In terms of yield performance，92.9% of the varieties outyielded the control，with varying degrees of improvement in effective panicle number，kernel number per panicle，and thousand-kernel weight compared with the control. Regarding resistance to Fusarium head blight，the improvement was relatively effective，with 54.3% of varie-ties showing moderate resistance to Fusarium head blight，25.7% showing moderate to high resistance to stripe rust，2.9% showing moderate resistance to sheath blight，and 17.1% showing primary to moderate resistance to powdery mildew.

The breeding of superior strong gluten wheat in middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River has achieved considerable progress，with 70 high yield and superior strong gluten or medium-strong gluten wheat varieties developed. However，the problems of narrow parental sources and limited genetic basis remain，and thus the introduction and utilization of elite germplasm from other ecological regions or relatives of wheat should be strengthened. For quality improvement，more attention should be paid to the enhancement of gluten quality，and the screening of dough rheological pro-perty indicators should be reinforced. To improve the stable yield and adaptability of superior varieties，resistance to Fusarium head blight needs to be further enhanced，and particular emphasis should be placed on improving resistance to powdery mildew and sheath blight，so as to achieve the goal of superior，high-yield，and green production.

This study aimed to perform identification，subcellular localization，and expression analysis of the longan FLOE gene family members，explore the mechanism underlying the FLOE gene family during longan somatic embryogenesis and stress response，providing theoretical reference for molecular breeding of stress-tolerant longan.

Using the Arabidopsis thaliana FLOE family protein sequences as reference sequences，DlFLOE gene family members were identified from longan genome. Bioinformatic methods were employed to analyze their sequence characteri-stics. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR was utilized to analyze different early stages of somatic embryogenesis and expression patterns under hormones and abiotic stresses of DlFLOE gene family.

Three DlFLOE gene family members were identified and named DlFLOE1，DlFLOE2，and DlFLOE3 according to their positions on chromosomes. The number of amino acids encoded by DlFLOE family members ranged from 440 to 559，with relative molecular mass ranged from 48.36 to 61.25 kD，and theoretical isoelectric points of 5.51-6.16，indicating that they were all hydrophilic and unstable proteins. The DlFLOE2 protein located in the vacuole，while DlFLOE1 and DlFLOE3 proteins were located in nucleus. Phylogenetic analysis results showed that the DlFLOE3 gene clustered with the LITCHI022451.m1 gene of Litchi chinensis，indicating that the homologous genes of Sapindaceae were conserved. According to results of gene and protein structure analysis as well as collinearity analysis，the DlFLOE2 gene had five intron，and the rest genes contained two introns，with intron length showing difference between species；most members contained DUF1421 domain；a colli-near relationship was found between DlFLOE2 and DlFLOE3 genes，with the two genes located on different chromosomes and the Ka/Ks=0.261，suggesting that they had been under purifying selection during evolution. Promoter cis-element analysis and subcellular localization results showed that the promoters of DlFLOE family members contained elements responsive to light and drought stress；the DlFLOE1 gene had a strong positive response to high-concentration PEG and was located in nucleus，which was consistent with predictions from online software. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR detection results indicated that DlFLOE genes family members responded to different hormones and abiotic stress treatments，but their expression patterns varied.

The three FLOE gene family members identified from the longan genome exhibit functional differentiation and clear spatiotemporal specificity，showing important roles in stress response and hormone regulation for longan. The DlFLOE1 gene shows a strong positive response to high-concentration PEG，thus，it is suggested to be involved in drought-responsive pathways.