Energy storage has the characteristics of strong flexibility and fast response, which can effectively alleviate load fluctuations, voltage instability and other problems caused by new energy access. This paper proposes a doublelayer power distribution based on an improved manta ray foraging optimization algorithm. The network energy storage site selection and capacity strategy aims to minimize energy storage investment costs, daily voltage fluctuations and daily load fluctuations, establish a twolayer site selection and capacity model, and introduce elite reverse learning strategies and adaptive tumbling factor improvements. The manta ray foraging optimization algorithm solution model was used, and the proposed method was simulated and verified using the connected new energy IEEE33 node distribution network as an example. The results showed that the proposed site selection and capacity optimization scheme can significantly reduce system voltage and load fluctuations, effectively reducing system investment costs.

This paper studies the discharge performance and capacity changes of lithiumion batteries in wind farm energy storage systems. Through a welldesigned experimental scheme and advanced testing technology, the performance and capacity and temperature changes of lithiumion batteries at different discharge rates are systematically discussed. In the state of natural heat dissipation, the maximum temperature of the battery center is 69.87 °C. After adding liquid cooling heat dissipation method, the maximum temperature of the battery center is 63.25 °C, the temperature drops by 9.475%, the required heat dissipation time is reduced from 45 min to 25 min, and correspondingly, the temperature is reduced from 48.87 °C to 35.00 °C. Compared with natural heat dissipation, liquid cooling heat dissipation has a significant effect in the process of highrate discharge, which not only reduces the temperature rise but also shortens the time required to reduce the temperature. The research results show that lithiumion batteries exhibit good discharge performance in wind farm energy storage system applications under high discharge rate, but the discharge capacity will decrease to a certain extent as the rate increases. The research results of this paper not only provide theoretical support for the application of lithiumion batteries in wind farm energy storage systems, but also provide practical guidance for optimizing their use and heat dissipation technology.

The impacts of multivalent ions and organic substances on the energy generation efficiency of Reverse Electrodialysis (RED) devices were investigated in terms of uphill transport and membrane fouling. The results showed that the maximum power density was obtained when the 0.5 mol/L NaCl solutions was used as the feeding solution of the RED device. However, the power densities decreased by 72.45%, 68.82%, and 72.14%, respectively, as the feeding solutions were switched to 0.5 mol/L multivalent salt (MgCl2, CaCl2 and Na2SO4) solutions. By adding organic foulantssodium alginate (SA) into the multivalent salt solutions, the power density was enhanced with the increase of SA concentrations and reached a maximum level with addition of 30 mg/L SA, and then was gradually decreased when SA concentration was further raised. The NaCl solutions exerted minor influences on the adsorption of SA molecules onto cationexchange membranes. In contrast, the mixture of NaCl and MgCl2 obviously exacerbated the adhesion between SA molecules and cationexchange membranes

This paper takes Spirodela polyrhiza as the experimental object to study the effects of the dilution multiple of aquaculture wastewater and the initial inoculation amount on the growth and crude protein accumulation of Spirodela polyrhiza, as well as the absorption and purification patterns of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients in aquaculture wastewater by Spirodela polyrhiza. The results show that with the increase of the dilution multiple of aquaculture wastewater, the removal rates of NH4+N, NO3N, and PO43P by Spirodela polyrhiza gradually increase, and the absorption and purification of NH4+N by Spirodela polyrhiza is earlier than that of NO3N. With the increase of the initial inoculation amount of Spirodela polyrhiza, the removal rates of PO43P and NO3N both increase. When the initial inoculation amounts of Spirodela polyrhiza are 50% and 75%, the removal rates of NH4+N reach 97.6% and 94.1%, respectively. The crude protein content of Spirodela polyrhiza decreases with the increase of the dilution multiple of aquaculture wastewater. The highest growth amount and growth rate of Spirodela polyrhiza is achieved in the aquaculture wastewater diluted 20 times. Under the conditions of 20 times dilution of aquaculture wastewater and an initial inoculation amount of 75% of Spirodela polyrhiza, the annual protein yield of Spirodela polyrhiza can reach 0.91 t/hm².

This study constructs a full lifecycle model for BMF, spanning from cradle to grave, and assesses the carbon footprint throughout its life cycle. The research findings reveal significant variations in carbon emissions at different stages, notably during the processing phase, making it a key emission stage. The carbon footprint is influenced by various factors such as raw material types, composition ratios, processing technology differences, and transportation mode choices. In the discussion, the study emphasizes the importance of carbon footprint assessment in policy and market contexts, and analyzes potential strategies for reducing carbon emissions. This research provides crucial insights for decisionmakers, the energy industry, policymakers, and researchers, contributing to a better understanding of the carbon footprint of biomass molding fuel products and promoting sustainable energy production and utilization.

Proton exchange membrane (PEM) water electrolysis technology holds significant promise in the field of hydrogen production. To conduct an indepth investigation into the performance and optimization potential of this technology, this paper employs the commercial software Comsol Multiphysics to establish a threedimensional, twophase, nonisothermal fully coupled model of a proton exchange membrane electrolysis cell, taking into account the transport of water within the membrane. The research findings demonstrate that the trapezoidal channel design outperforms the rectangular channel configuration, resulting in a 5.5% performance enhancement at a working voltage of 2.4 V. Through an analysis of water/gas distribution, temperature profiles, membrane water content, and membrane conductivity variations with voltage, it is revealed that the trapezoidal channel exhibits superior gas/liquid transport performance compared to the rectangular channel. At 2.4 V voltage, the trapezoidal channel's anode catalytic layer exhibits a 7.92% increase in water saturation relative to the rectangular channel, a 10.36% reduction in oxygen concentration, a 1.22% elevation in membrane water content, and a 1.75% increase in membrane conductivity, despite the temperature differences within the membrane being relatively insignificant.

In recent years, spectral crossover photovoltaic/thermal (CPV/T)composite technology has attracted much attention by decoupling the crossover from the heat of the PV cell and avoiding problems such as ultratemperature of the PV cell and restricted taste of the system output thermal energy. However, the research in this field mainly focuses on simulation calculations and lacks experimental studies on thermal and electrical performance under actual meteorological and lighting conditions. In order to investigate the real operating performance of outdoor CPV/T systems, this paper builds a lowfrequency concentrated light crossover CPV/T system and a nonconcentrated light PV system, and compares and analyses the thermal and electrical output characteristics under concentrated light and nonconcentrated light conditions. The effects of the optical properties of the frequencysharing liquid on the thermal and electrical performance of the concentratingfrequencyshared CPV/T system are further investigated. The results show that the frequency divided CPV/T system has a higher electrical output power compared to the nonconcentrated PV system, with an electrical output power of 79.7 W and 72.9 W when using deionised water frequencydividing and silver/water nanofluid frequencydividing, respectively, compared to 45 W for the nonconcentrated PV system under the same conditions; meanwhile, after the frequencydividing liquid absorption characteristics are strengthened, the temperature of the cell is lowered, the filling factor is enlarged, and the cell At the same time, after the enhancement of the crossover liquid absorption property, the cell temperature is reduced, the filling factor is increased, the cell performance is improved, and the thermal efficiency of the system is increased by 2.7%, but the crossover liquid absorption property reduces the incident solar irradiation on the surface of the cell, which results in the reduction of the total electrical efficiency of the system by nearly 0.6%. Experimental data support is provided for a crossovertype CPV/T system at low convergence multiples.

To evaluate the importance of the startup process of the compressed air energy system (CAES), a mathematical model of the entire system was established based on a 300 MW CAES power plant. A series of analyses were conducted to evaluate the changes in the main parameters during the startup and the corresponding dynamic responses were obtained. These analyses include the antisurge operation of the compressors, 1drive4 variable frequency startup of the compressor train, the programmed startup of the turbine train, and the power regulation process under the airdistribution scheme. The results indicate that the optimization of startup process can shorten the start time of the compressor and turbine trains and improve the system efficiency. In addition, the qualitative data during many important operation process was determined. The study provides valuable date and theoretical basis for the safe and efficient operation of the CAES unit.

For the accumulator filled with phase change material thermal conductivity is low, heat storage time is long and other shortcomings, this paper establishes the concentric triplex tube regenerative heat exchanger builtin intermittent twisted fin model, the use of Fluent software for the melting process of the internal phase change material for the threedimensional unsteady numerical simulation of the structure of the structure of the different twisted fin number and the degree of twisted degree, analyze the phase change material liquid phase rate, the average temperature, the amount of heat storage and the average heat storage rate rule of law with time. Simulation results show that in this paper, compared with the triplex tube regenerative heat exchanger within the research parameters, with the increase of the degree of twist, the complete melting time is gradually shortened, when the twist rate is 2.5, the complete melting time can be reduced by up to 33.1%, with the increase in the number of twisted fins can also shorten the complete melting time, when the number of twisted fins is 4 complete melting time can be reduced by a maximum of 25.6%. The inclusion of intermittent twisted fin significantly shortens the complete melting time of the phase change material and enhances the heat storage capacity, which helps to improve the comprehensive heat storage performance of the triplex tube regenerative heat exchanger.

For the identification of wind turbine blade defect types. First, a physical models of thermal reflection coefficients of the defect were established. A new identification method of wind turbine blade defects based on the combination of thermal signal reconstruction technology and thermal reflection coefficient of defective materials was proposed. Then, the wind turbine blades specimen containing (bubble, impurity, wrinkle) was performed by the longpulse infrared thermogaphy technology. The experiments were subjected to nondestructive testing for two heating times. It is found from the experiments results that the defects of wind turbine blade specimen could identify by longpulse infrared thermal imaging technology at temperature cooling process. Experiments have proved that the physical models of the thermal reflection coefficient are feasible. The error between the test results and the prediction results is very small.