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The scientific extraction of urban built-up area information and the exploration of the spatial-temporal characteristics of urban expansion have significant relevance for urban planning and management. The local-optimal thresholding method was refined for the quantitative extraction of urban built-up area information within the Baiyangdian Basin, and the extraction process utilized PANNDA nighttime light data and Landsat series data from four periods: 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2020. Subsequently, an analysis of the spatial-temporal characteristics of urban built-up area expansion in the basin over the past 30 years was conducted using the urban expansion index and landscape index. The results show the optimized local-optimal thresholding method is successfully used to extract the data of the built-up areas in the basin for all phases, and it is confirmed that the method exhibits enhanced applicability compared to its pre-optimization state. The urban built-up area in the Baiyangdian Basin experienced significant expansion throughout the study period, with a growth rate of 154.48%. The sizes of the built-up areas across the 35 cities in the basin exhibited high heterogeneity. Temporally, the expansion of urban built-up areas predominantly exhibited an accelerating trend, with a widening disparity in the pace of expansion among the cities within the basin. Spatially, the built-up area to the left of the Zhengding-Zhuozhou line was less developed than that to the right. Notable expansion trends were observed in municipal districts or county-level cities such as Lianchi District, Jingxiu District, and Gaobeidian City. Based on the results of the landscape index, the expansion of urban built-up areas in Baiyangdian Basin shows the spatial characteristics of “dispersion-fusion” during the study period, and the boundary of built-up areas showed the evolution characteristics of “regular-complex-regular”.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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