Adolescents are the reserve talents of national scientific and technological innovation. Improving the adolescents’ scientific literacy is necessary for realizing the high-quality development of the country. In the past 15 years, China has made great progress in creating an environment and providing resources for the development of adolescents’ scientific literacy, and Chinese adolescents have also achieved good results in international assessments. However, there are still some problems, such as low willingness of young people to engage in scientist career, insufficient attention to science education in schools, and insufficient connection between school and outside. To address these outstanding problems, the goal and corresponding measures of develop a large group of adolescents with scientist potential have been formulated. The promotion of scientist spirit should be the primary task, while giving full play to the role of formal school education as the main channel, actively exploring innovative talents’ training model, and laying a solid talent foundation for building national strength in science and technology.