Based on 31 provincial data, the paper studies impact factors of citizens' scientific literacy based on spatial effect in China by the econometrics model. The results show that citizens' scientific literacy is not scattered randomly in geographical space in China, but has significant spatial dependence, showing very obviously spatial aggregation effect. The spatial relevance of the province area (section unit) plays an important role in strengthening regional development and people's livelihood, improving the level of scientific literacy analysis and policy-making process. Development and the livelihood have a significantly positive role in citizens' scientific literacy. Specifically, regional science and technology innovation level, ecological construction level, economic development level, the people's livelihood improvement and social development level are the factors affecting the improvement of citizens' scientific literacy by sequence. In addition, the effect of the afore-mentioned impact factors of the citizens' scientific literacy will be shown in two years. Those conclusions have a certain reference value for studying scientific literacy in China, contributing towards exploring new measures to improve citizens' scientific literacy in the future.