To compare the propagation characteristics of Large-Scale Traveling Atmospheric Disturbances (LSTAD) and Large-Scale Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances (LSTID) that propagate in tandem in the thermosphere-ionosphere, this paper takes advantage of the CHAMP satellite’s ability to simultaneously observe atmospheric mass density and electron density across latitudes, studying a pair of LSTAD and LSTID events that propagated in tandem over long distances on 19 March 2002. Around 04:00－06:00 UT on 19 March, with a sudden and significant increase in the AE index, the CHAMP satellite observed the LSTAD and LSTID propagating in tandem in the Northern Hemisphere. Over the next approximately 6 h after 04:00 UT, these disturbances in atmospheric mass density and electron density propagated southward, crossed the equator, and entered the Southern Hemisphere, eventually dissipating there. On the other hand, the ground-based GNSS chain observations also confirmed the existence of the LSTID observed by the satellite. Through comparative analysis, it was found that due to the highly controlled movement of electrons by the Lorentz force while neutral particles are not constrained by it, the horizontal propagation speeds of LSTAD and LSTID along the meridian direction show significant differences. Therefore, at the same time and position on the same orbit, their phases are not the same and may even differ significantly.

This review systematically summarizes recent advances in filmwise and dropwise condensation under microgravity, elucidating two-phase heat transfer mechanisms and gravitational influence patterns. For condensing heat transfer in tubes, gravity-independent criterion numbers (Bond number, Froude number, etc.) are used to determine whether gravity affects heat transfer, and the effect of gravity can be attenuated by increasing the mass flow rate of the vapor and reducing the tube diameter. In microgravity environments, dropwise condensation can be achieved through vapor flow acceleration combined with functional surfaces and air-blowing techniques for condensate removal. Current experimental studies on microgravity condensation remain limited due to challenges in obtaining sustained microgravity conditions. The paper emphasizes the necessity of conducting long-term condensation experiments utilizing orbital platforms like the China Space Station and International Space Station to address data reproducibility issues, investigate gravity-dependent mechanisms, and provide theoretical foundations for space two-phase thermal management systems.

The Kp index is a parameter designed to indicate the level of global geomagnetic disturbances originating from the interaction of the solar wind with the magnetosphere. The index is defined at 3-hour intervals and has 28 levels. Kp is a global version of the local K index, which was conceived by Bartels and is commonly used in scientific research of the solar-terrestrial relationship. The continuity of the index over 50 year makes it particularly valuable in studies of solar-cycle variations and other long-term effects on interplanetary and magnetospheric phenomena. For example, Kp has been used in studies of solar wind shock waves, the interplanetary magnetic field, plasma density variations in the magnetosphere, and magnetospheric ULF waves. In addition, the index is widely used as an input to magnetospheric/ionospheric models. For example, the plasmapause is modeled to move closer to the Earth with increasing Kp. The location of substorm injection is modeled to have a similar Kp dependence. The magnetic field model of Tsyganenko has an explicit Kp dependence, and the magnetotail becomes more stretched for higher Kp. These models are used both in scientific research and in monitoring and predicting space weather. In 2011, the National Space Science Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences established the Chinese Academy of Sciences Space Environment Monitoring Network, which included Mohe, Beijing, Langfang, Sanya, and Fuke stations. A geomagnetic Kp_est index, which can effectively identify the day-to-day variation characteristics of the geomagnetic regular daily variation, reflect the seasonal and local time effects of geomagnetic disturbances, and is suitable for the distribution characteristics of China’s geomagnetic observatory network, has been developed through the integration and processing of the H-component monitoring data from fluxgate magnetometers at these five geomagnetic observatory stations. This dataset contains the geomagnetic Kp_est indices for the five geomagnetic observatory stations from 2022 to 2024. It addresses the current situation where the official Kp index is released with a two-week delay, failing to meet operational requirements, and can provide data support for space weather forecasting services.

The Chang’E-7 spacecraft is scheduled to be landed in the Aitken Basin region of the lunar south pole to conduct comprehensive exploration and research on the lunar surface environment. As one of the main detectors onboard the Chang’E-7 spacecraft, a lunar dust detector is developed for in-situ measurements of naturally suspended dust in the polar region, key parameters such as the particle size, velocity, and cumulative mass flux will be obtained. To achieve high-precision scientific detection, systematic ground calibration experiments were conducted. For particle size calibration, a single-particle free-fall method combined with an equivalent test scheme using neutral density filters was employed, achieving coverage of the particle size range from 1 µm to 5000 µm. Experimental results demonstrate that the particle size retrieval error does not exceed 17%. Velocity calibration was performed by measuring the time-of-flight of free-falling particles from different heights, yielding a velocity measurement error within 13%. For mass flux calibration, the solution titration method was used to obtain the sensitivity of the Quartz Crystal Microbalances, with sensitivities in three orthogonal directions all on the order of 10^–9 g·Hz^–1·cm^–2 and exhibiting good linearity. Furthermore, temperature-frequency correction curves were established to support the normalization of in-orbit data. The calibration results indicate that the performance indicators of the dust detector meet the requirements for detection in the extreme environment of the lunar south pole. The established calibration methods and retrieval models provide a reliable foundation for the interpretation of subsequent in-orbit scientific data.

In response to the performance impact of long cable signal transmission between the search coil and the preamplifier circuit, this paper establishes for the first time a circuit equivalent model of Search Coil-Cable-Preamplifier Circuit. Through simulation analysis and experimental verification, the influence of cable length on the frequency distribution of sensor noise is revealed. Theoretical analysis indicates that cable length has limited impact on sensor sensitivity, but significantly increases the noise level in the high-frequency band (>1 kHz). Based on a prototype search coil magnetometer with a target specification of 10～1000 Hz bandwidth and 30 fT·Hz^1/2 (1 kHz) noise, the variation law of noise with cable length is validated. Experimental results show that as the cable length increases from 3 m to 39 m, the noise corner frequency shifts forward from 7.5 kHz to 2 kHz, while the high-frequency noise at 10 kHz increases by a factor of six. The study finds that an increase in cable length has a significant impact on the noise of inductive magnetometers, specifically manifested as a slight improvement in low-frequency noise and a sharp deterioration in high-frequency noise. Although cable length has a notable effect on inductive magnetometers, its influence can be predicted and mitigated through theoretical modeling incorporating cable parameters. This research provides critical parameter basis for the engineering implementation of search coil magnetometers in space exploration scenarios requiring long-cable applications.

After the Chang’E-7 lunar microwave imaging radar in the fourth phase of the Lunar Exploration Project is put into on-orbit operation in the future, calibration devices will not be deployed on the lunar surface, making on-orbit External calibration impossible. To ensure the acquisition of high-precision lunar surface image data, a ground calibration method is proposed. This method combines the internal calibration of the radar system with the performance calibration in the inner field. During ground testing, the internal calibration accuracy and the consistency of internal calibration channels are obtained by measuring the temperature characteristics of the internal calibration network under a full-temperature environment. The internal calibration constants are acquired in an anechoic chamber. By constructing a wireless transceiver environment in the inner field with the help of the anechoic chamber, the absolute transceiver gains and the stability of the transceiver channels of the system are accurately calibrated. The basic data obtained through ground calibration can be used for the calibration of indicators such as on-orbit internal calibration constants, absolute and relative radiation accuracy, and polarization channel consistency, providing guarantee for high-resolution lunar surface exploration.

Single-Event Upsets (SEUs) in the space radiation environment pose a serious threat to the reliability of satellite-borne intelligent systems. Traditional fault-tolerance methods such as Triple Modular Redundancy (TMR) and periodic scrubbing face challenges including excessive resource overhead and high power consumption. This paper presents a lightweight fault-tolerance method based on Adaptive Boosting-based Fault-Tolerance Method (AB-FTM) to address SEU vulnerabilities in convolutional neural networks. The proposed approach constructs a heterogeneous ensemble architecture comprising three weak models (ResNet20, ResNet32, ResNet44) and integrated with a dynamic weight adjustment mechanism. By integrating a dynamic weight adjustment mechanism, the method not only significantly reduces the parameter scale (achieving an 18.2% reduction compared to ResNet110) but also enhances classification accuracy, robustness, and fault tolerance. Experimental validation on datasets including CIFAR-10, MNIST, EuroSAT, and Galaxy10 DECals demonstrates that when 0.032‰ of parameters are affected by single-event upsets, the proposed method improves classification accuracy by 53.25%, 63.49%, 57.67%, and 47.43% respectively compared to the TMR-based ResNet110, significantly outperforming traditional triple modular redundancy solutions. This approach provides a novel solution for future space science satellites employing satellite-borne intelligent systems, balancing reliability, lightweight design, and computational efficiency.

The Chang’E-7 mission will deploy China’s first independently developed lunar seismograph at the Moon’s south pole to record ground motions generated by moonquakes and meteoroid impacts. The instrument is designed for an eight-year operation lifetime aimed at characterizing the seismic activity and shallow interior structure of the Moon. To ensure measurement accuracy and long-term operational stability under the extreme conditions of the lunar environment, it is essential to establish a systematic calibration methodology. This will guarantee that the instrument’s key technical parameters and calibration indicators meet the requirements for scientific exploration and data inversion. Based on the technical criteria for ground-based seismograph network integration, and considering performance specifications such as bandwidth, dynamic range, and magnitude range, this paper proposes a comprehensive ground calibration test plan covering critical indicators, including amplitude-frequency response, sensitivity and sensitivity error, self-noise levels and measurement range. Furthermore, in accordance with the operational requirements during the lunar surface phase, an autonomous in-situ calibration scheme has been designed, along with a proposed manual source calibration method on the lunar surface. This study establishes a comprehensive calibration framework for the functionality and performance of the lunar seismograph, providing systematic procedures for performance testing and evaluation throughout all mission phases—from ground validation to in-situ operation on the lunar surface. The proposed framework lays an essential foundation for acquiring high-precision lunar seismic data and conducting subsequent scientific analyses.

The Grid-based Energetic Neutral Atom imager (GENA) onboard the Queqiao-2 Satellite is the first lunar-based magnetospheric Energetic Neutral Atom (ENA) panoramic remote sensing imaging payload. It aims to provide scientific data support for the study of the injection triggering mechanism of the Earth’s magnetospheric substorm, the magnetotail energy conversion mechanism, and the generation process of the Earth’s magnetic storm through high temporal and spatial resolution observation data. The GENA innovatively combines the time-of-flight method with the two-dimensional coded modulation imaging technology to achieve accurate detection of single-particle events and large-scale, high-resolution magnetospheric neutral atom remote sensing imaging. It can be used to measure 4～200 keV H atoms and 8～250 keV O atoms, and the energy resolution is better than 1 keV @10 keV. At the same time, its instrument field of view is greater than 20°×45°, and the resolution of ENA remote sensing images is better than 0.5°. To accurately calibrate the above performance indicators of the GENA, a study on the calibration method of the GENA was carried out. The accelerator beam calibration test verifies the GENA’s ability to identify the type of neutral atoms and measure their energy, and the optical calibration test verifies the GENA’s field of view coverage and image resolution. The calibration test results show that the GENA’s ability to measure H and O atoms can cover the design indicators.

The Low-Energy Ion Analyzer (LEIA) and Low-Energy Electron Analyzer (LEEA), integral components of the Chang’E-7 lander’s lunar surface environment detection system, conduct in-situ measurements of low-energy charged particles (0.001～30 keV) to elucidate solar wind-regolith interaction mechanisms, investigate microstructure evolution in the lunar near-surface plasma environment, and support space-environment assessment for future lunar research stations. Employing identical hemispherical electrostatic analyzers with asymmetric electrostatic deflectors, both analyzers achieve wide-field detection (90°×360° FOV), broad energy coverage, and voltage-controlled variable geometric factors. Ground calibration using standard plasma beam sources confirmed compliance with mission requirements: energy resolution <15% (ΔE/E), dynamic flux range spanning seven orders of magnitude, and angular resolution <15°×22.5°, collectively enabling comprehensive characterization of lunar surface plasma phenomena.