Objective To investigate the effect of simulated high altitude and cold conditions on the model of severe abdominal infection in rabbits. Methods 60 New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into plain group (altitude 100 m, temperature 5℃, n=20), sub-plateau group (altitude 1000 m, temperature –5℃, n=20) and plateau group (altitude 5000 m, temperature –25℃, n=20). Each group was kept in the corresponding animal feeding cabin for 14 days, then induced severe abdominal model by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). The basic data were measured before operation, and the peripheral vein blood was extracted 24 and 72 hours after operation. The levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin (PCT), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), albumin (ALB), prealbumin (PAB) were measured by ELISA, and the white blood cell count (WBC) was performed. The rabbits were killed 72 hours after operation, the ascites were collected from the abdominal fluid, and collected liver, kidney and small intestine, and the pathological changes were observed by HE staining. Pearson correlation was used to analyze the correlation between the infection indexes and the high cold factors at high altitude. Results Seventy-two hours after operation, the survival rate of CLP model rabbits in plain group, sub-plateau group and plateau group was 65.0%(13/20), 35.0%(7/20), 10.0%(2/20), respectively. With the increase of altitude and the decrease of temperature, the survival rate of CLP model rabbits decreased gradually (P<0.01). All CLP rabbits began to show signs of less movement, curling, mental burnout, shortness of breath, coarse breath tone, diarrhea and eye corner exudates. In the plain group, the anal temperature increased continuously and then decreased slowly, with the highest value of 39.2℃ and the lowest value of 36.5℃; in the sub-plateau group, the anal temperature increased sharply and then decreased gradually, with the highest value of 40.6℃ and the lowest value of 34.9℃; in the plateau group, the anal temperature decreased rapidly, with the highest value of 41.2℃ and the lowest value of 34.0℃. At 24 and 72 hours after operation, the levels of PCT and TNF-α in venous blood of CLP model rabbits in plateau group and sub-plateau group were higher than those in plain group, and those in plateau group were higher than those in sub-plateau group (P<0.05); at 72 hours after operation, the levels of ALB and PAB in venous blood of CLP model rabbits in plateau group and sub-plateau group were lower than those in plain group, and those in plateau group were lower than those in sub-plateau group (P<0.05). Pearson correlation analysis showed that PCT, TNF-α were positively correlated with high altitude cold factors (r=0.288, r=0.368, P<0.05), WBC and CRP had no significant correlation with them (r=0.462, r=0.397, P>0.05). The results of ascite culture showed that 51, 69 and 107 pathogens were isolated from plain group, sub-plateau group and plateau group respectively, among which gram-negative bacteria accounted for 52.94%(27/51), 49.27%(34/69), 42.06%(45/107), and gram-positive bacteria accounted for 29.41%(15/51), 34.78%(24/69), 43.93%(47/107). Conclusion The high cold condition at high altitude is an important factor in the infection degree and death of CLP model rabbits. It can aggravate the infection of abdominal cavity and damage the important organ function, affect the nutrition absorption and metabolism of the body. The difference between the pathogenic bacteria and the plain area under this condition may affect the process and treatment of abdominal infection diseases, which is worth further study.