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4D printing, which distorts smart materials under specific stimulation, is emerging as a kind of modern fabrication technology. Underpinned by computer science and materialogy, 4D printing combines a wide range of disciplines including physics, bioengineering, medicine with manufacturing industry, and creates three-dimensional solid objects by adding smart materials layer by layer. Compared with 3D printing, 4D printing is functional demand-oriented, and the geometric structure formed by intelligent materials folds, bends, expands or shrinks under specific stimuli such as temperature and water, thus realizing the change of the performance of the object itself, such as hardness, stiffness, permeability and so on. 4D printing would serve as a new way of digital intelligent manufacturing, which emphasizes the need to consider the dynamic tissue healing and regeneration processes within human body. In addition, it can effectively realize the self-repair of the tissue and complete the bionics from structure to function, so it more truly simulates the dynamic evolution of human micro-environment. In this review, we collect the latest cases of 4D printing in biomedicines at home and abroad and then the potential advantages and challenges of 4D printing in practical application will be analyzed. Finally, we propose future directions and perspectives to further promote intelligentized 4D bioprinting technology in imitating architectures and function of native human tissues.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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