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It is a common phenomenon that the working ability of the people from moderate temperature areas generally decreases after entering high temperature areas, while heat acclimatization can improve the heat tolerance of human. This review summarized the molecular mechanism of the formation of heat acclimatization and the specific key markers produced after heat acclimatization from the perspectives of physiological function, biochemical metabolism and epigenetics. In addition, Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) strategy in exploring the main genetic differences among people with different heat adaptation was also discussed. Heat acclimatization changes the sensitivity of central and peripheral thermal effectors, reduces heart rate and increases stroke volume by regulating myocardial autonomic nerve tension to reduce endogenous heat production and accelerate exogenous heat dissipation. Heat acclimatization enhances the secretion of H2O and sodium retention hormones such as aldosterone and arginine vasopressin and the enrichment of NaCl in diet, which expands the plasma volume to maintain cardiovascular stability. The transcriptional activity of heat shock protein (HSP) and the calcium release of mitochondrial respiratory chain increases after heat acclimatization, in which HSP70 is a potential key genetic marker to distinguish between those with good heat adaptation (hot zone soldiers, firefighters, athletes, etc.) and those with poor heat adaptation. Moderately high concentration of Na+, Cl–, Ca2+ and low concentration of K+ in plasma can help to enhance heat tolerance and promote the formation of heat acclimatization, which can be used as potential markers for the study of heat acclimatization. Furthermore, heat acclimatization effect in the population has great heterogeneity. How heat acclimatization enhances human's heat tolerance and the balance between the plasticity of this heat tolerance and congenital genetic and acquired epigenetic modification need to be further explored.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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