Neuro-developmental disorders (NDDs) are chronic developmental brain dysfunctions that affect multifunctional areas of the brain,caused by various genetic or acquired factors. Vitamin D (Vit D), as a neurosteroid hormone, can exert its function through both genetic and non-genetic mechanisms. Over the past few decades, studies on the relationship between Vit D levels and NDDs have found that Vit D deficiency during development is a risk factor for some NDDs. Vit D deficiency in early life can affect brain development, disrupt the balance of neurotransmitters in the brain, and reduce the body's and brain's antioxidant capacity. This review examines the mechanism of Vit D in the brain, explores the relationship between Vit D and neurodevelopmental disabilities, highlights recent research progress and identifies unsolved problems, in order to deepen understanding of the role of Vit D in NDDs and provide novel insights for the diagnosis and treatment of NDDs.